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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Photo- electrochemical cell"
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Chu, Li-Kang, Chun-Wan Yen i Mostafa A. El-Sayed. "Bacteriorhodopsin-based photo-electrochemical cell". Biosensors and Bioelectronics 26, nr 2 (15.10.2010): 620–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2010.07.013.
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Bedoya-Lora, Franky E., Anna Hankin i Geoff H. Kelsall. "En route to a unified model for photo-electrochemical reactor optimisation. I - Photocurrent and H2 yield predictions". Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, nr 43 (2017): 22683–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta05125e.
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Ifraemov, Raya, Ran Shimoni, Wenhui He, Guiming Peng i Idan Hod. "A metal–organic framework film with a switchable anodic and cathodic behaviour in a photo-electrochemical cell". Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, nr 7 (2019): 3046–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta10483b.
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Amiry, C., P. Clechet i J. R. Martin. "(Photo)electrochemical laminar flow cell with two reference electrodes". Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry 269, nr 2 (wrzesień 1989): 423–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(89)85149-6.
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Jäker, Philipp, Dino Aegerter, Till Kyburz, Roman Städler, Rea Fonjallaz, Blanka Detlefs i Dorota Koziej. "Flow cell for operando X-ray photon-in-photon-out studies on photo-electrochemical thin film devices". Open Research Europe 2 (7.06.2022): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.14433.1.
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Background: Photo-electro-chemical (PEC) water splitting represents a promising technology towards an artificial photosynthetic device but many fundamental electronic processes, which govern long-term stability and energetics, are not yet fully understood. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and particularly its high energy resolution fluorescence-detected (HERFD) mode, emerges as a powerful tool to study photo-excited charge carrier behavior under operating conditions. The established thin film device architecture of PEC cells provides a well-defined measurement geometry, but it puts many constraints on conducting operando XAS experiments. It remains a challenge to establish a standardized thin film exchange procedure and concurrently record high-quality photoelectrochemical and X‑ray absorption spectroscopy data that is unperturbed by bubble formation. Here we address and overcome these instrumental limitations for photoelectrochemical operando HERFD-XAS. Methods: We constructed a novel operando photo-electro-chemical cell by computer numerical control milling, guided by the materials’ X‑ray and visible light absorption properties to optimize signal detection. To test the cell’s functionality, semiconducting thin film photoelectrodes have been fabricated via solution deposition and their photoelectrochemical responses under simulated solar light were studied using a commercial potentiostat in a three-electrode configuration during HERFD-XAS experiments at a synchrotron. Results: We demonstrate the cell’s capabilities to measure and control potentiostatically and in open‑circuit, to detect X‑ray signals unperturbed by bubbles and to fluently exchange different thin film samples by collecting high-resolution Fe K-edge spectra of hematite (α -Fe2O3) and ferrite thin film (MFe2O4, M= Zn, Ni) photoelectrodes during water oxidation. Conclusions: Our cell establishes a measurement routine that will provide experimental access of photo-electro-chemical operando HERFD-XAS experiments to a broader scientific community, particularly due to the ease of sample exchange. We believe to enable a broad range of experiments which acquired fundamental insights will spur further photoelectrochemical research and commercialization of water splitting technologies
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Jäker, Philipp, Dino Aegerter, Till Kyburz, Roman Städler, Rea Fonjallaz, Blanka Detlefs i Dorota Koziej. "Flow cell for operando X-ray photon-in-photon-out studies on photo-electrochemical thin film devices". Open Research Europe 2 (23.12.2022): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.14433.2.
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Background: Photo-electro-chemical (PEC) water splitting represents a promising technology towards an artificial photosynthetic device but many fundamental electronic processes, which govern long-term stability and energetics, are not yet fully understood. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and particularly its high energy resolution fluorescence-detected (HERFD) mode, emerges as a powerful tool to study photo-excited charge carrier behavior under operating conditions. The established thin film device architecture of PEC cells provides a well-defined measurement geometry, but it puts many constraints on conducting operando XAS experiments. It remains a challenge to establish a standardized thin film exchange procedure and concurrently record high-quality photoelectrochemical and X‑ray absorption spectroscopy data that is unperturbed by bubble formation. Here we address and overcome these instrumental limitations for photoelectrochemical operando HERFD-XAS. Methods: We constructed a novel operando photo-electro-chemical cell by computer numerical control milling, guided by the materials’ X‑ray and visible light absorption properties to optimize signal detection. To test the cell’s functionality, semiconducting thin film photoelectrodes have been fabricated via solution deposition and their photoelectrochemical responses under simulated solar light were studied using a commercial potentiostat in a three-electrode configuration during HERFD-XAS experiments at a synchrotron. Results: We demonstrate the cell’s capabilities to measure and control potentiostatically and in open‑circuit, to detect X‑ray signals unperturbed by bubbles and to fluently exchange different thin film samples by collecting high-resolution Fe K-edge spectra of hematite (α -Fe2O3) and ferrite thin film (MFe2O4, M= Zn, Ni) photoelectrodes during water oxidation. Conclusions: Our cell establishes a measurement routine that will provide experimental access of photo-electro-chemical operando HERFD-XAS experiments to a broader scientific community, particularly due to the ease of sample exchange. We believe to enable a broad range of experiments which acquired fundamental insights will spur further photoelectrochemical research and commercialization of water splitting technologies
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Cardenas-Morcoso, Drialys, Raya Ifraemov, Miguel García-Tecedor, Itamar Liberman, Sixto Gimenez i Idan Hod. "A metal–organic framework converted catalyst that boosts photo-electrochemical water splitting". Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, nr 18 (2019): 11143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta01559k.
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Walch, Gregor, Bernhard Rotter, Georg Christoph Brunauer, Esmaeil Esmaeili, Alexander Karl Opitz, Markus Kubicek, Johann Summhammer, Karl Ponweiser i Jürgen Fleig. "A solid oxide photoelectrochemical cell with UV light-driven oxygen storage in mixed conducting electrodes". Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, nr 4 (2017): 1637–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta08110j.
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Smandek, Bernhard, i Heinz Gerischer. "Photo- and electroluminescence on n-TiO2 in an electrochemical cell". Electrochimica Acta 34, nr 10 (październik 1989): 1411–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(89)87180-4.
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Ronaszegi, Krisztian, Eric S. Fraga, Jawwad Darr, Paul R. Shearing i Dan J. L. Brett. "Application of Photo-Electrochemically Generated Hydrogen with Fuel Cell Based Micro-Combined Heat and Power: A Dynamic System Modelling Study". Molecules 25, nr 1 (28.12.2019): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25010123.
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Photo-electrochemical (PEC) hydrogen generation is a promising technology and alternative to photovoltaic (PV)-electrolyser combined systems. Since there are no commercially available PEC cells and very limited field trials, a computer simulation was used to assess the efficacy of the approach for different domestic applications. Three mathematical models were used to obtain a view on how PEC generated hydrogen is able to cover demands for a representative dwelling. The analysed home was grid-connected and used a fuel cell based micro-CHP (micro-combined heat and power) system. Case studies were carried out that considered four different photo-electrode technologies to capture a range of current and possible future device efficiencies. The aim for this paper was to evaluate the system performance such as efficiency, fuel consumption and CO2 reduction capability. At the device unit level, the focus was on photo-electrode technological aspects, such as the effect of band-gap energy represented by different photo-materials on productivity of hydrogen and its uncertainty caused by the incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE), which is highly electrode preparation specific. The presented dynamic model allows analysis of the performance of a renewable energy source integrated household with variable loads, which will aid system design and decision-making.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Photo- electrochemical cell"
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García, García Matías Alejandro. "Photo-anodes based on molybdenum oxides for the hydrolysis of water in a photo-electrochemical cell". Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2019. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/170678.
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Tesis para optar al grado de Doctor en Ciencias de la Ingeniería, mención Ingeniería Química y BiotecnologíaLas fuentes de energía limpias y sostenibles deben ser consideradas una base importante para el futuro crecimiento y desarrollo económico de cualquier país. Actualmente, el suministro mundial de energía depende en gran medida de los combustibles fósiles. Esto conlleva a que tecnologías tales como las celdas foto-electroquímicas se vuelvan especialmente atractivas, ya que permiten usar energía solar para producir hidrógeno. El funcionamiento de las celdas foto-electroquímicas se basa en el uso de semiconductores como electrodos, que al ser irradiados generan pares hueco-electrón, los cuales pueden migrar en la superficie del semiconductor y reaccionar con las especies adsorbidas o recombinarse entre sí. El hueco electrónico generado por la migración de un electrón puede oxidar una molécula de agua para producir oxígeno en el ánodo, mientras que los electrones generados viajan hacia el cátodo para reducir los protones presentes en el agua formando hidrógeno El presente trabajo de tesis tuvo como objetivo general la sintesis (a través de los métodos de electrodeposición y de spin-coating) y caracterización del desempeño de foto-ánodos basados en óxidos de molibdeno para la producción de hidrógeno en una celda foto-electroquímica a partir de electrólisis de agua. Películas de óxido de molibdeno dopadas con niquel y sin dopar se electrodepositaron aplicando un potencial de -1,377 V vs Ag / AgCl (KCl 3 M) durante 3 horas en un vidrio de cuarzo cubierto con dióxido de estaño dopado con flúor - FTO - sumergido en soluciones acuosas de molibdato-citrato a pH 9. Por otra parte, se depositaron peliculas de MoOx, WO3 y MoOx dopado con W sobre vidrio de aluminoborosilicato recubierto con óxido de estaño dopado con flúor. Este proceso se realizó mediante spin-coating a 4000 rpm durante 40 segundos. La caracterización de los foto-ánodos fabricados a través de electrodeposición y spin-coating sugiere que presentan propiedades semiconductoras y catalíticas que los hacen atractivos para su uso en una celda foto-electroquímica para la hidrólisis del agua. Sin embargo, aunque los foto-electrodos sintetizados a través de las técnicas mencionadas tienen un intervalo de banda prohibida óptimo para aprovechar eficientemente la luz solar, la caracterización foto-electroquímica mostró que estos electrodos no exhiben una estabilidad en solución acuosa y que son susceptibles a la foto-corrosion, que son factores limitantes para el uso de semiconductores convencionales como foto-electrodos.
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Eskandari, Azin. "A preliminary theoretical and experimental study of a photo-electrochemical cell for solar hydrogen production". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAC104.
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Afin de relever le défi énergétique et climatique du 21ième siècle qui s’annonce, une solution consiste, pour valoriser la ressource solaire, à mettre au point des procédés de production de vecteurs énergétiques stockables par photosynthèse artificielle permettant la synthèse de carburants solaires, en particulier l’hydrogène. La compréhension de ses procédés et l’obtention de performances cinétiques et énergétiques élevées nécessitent le développement de modèles de connaissance génériques, robustes et prédictifs considérant le transfert de rayonnement comme processus physique contrôlant le procédé à plusieurs échelles mais aussi les différents autres phénomènes intervenant dans la structure ou la réification du modèle.Dans le cadre de ce travail de doctorat, le procédé photo-réactif au cœur de l’étude était la cellule photo-électrochimique. D’un fonctionnement plus complexe que le simple photoréacteur, avec une photo-anode et une (photo)cathode, la cellule photo-électrochimique dissocie spatialement les étapes d’oxydation et de réduction. En se basant à la fois sur la littérature existante (essentiellement dans le domaine de l’électrochimie) et en déployant les outils développés par l’équipe de recherche sur le transfert de rayonnement et la formulation du couplage thermocinétique, il a été possible d’établir des indicateurs de performance des cellules photo-électrochimiques.En parallèle de l’établissement de ce modèle, une démarche expérimentale a été entreprise en se basant tout d’abord sur une cellule commerciale de type Grätzel (DS-PEC) indiquant les tendances générales de tels convertisseurs de l’énergie des photons avec en particulier une chute de l’efficacité énergétique en fonction de la densité incidente de flux de photons. Un dispositif expérimental modulable (Minucell) a aussi été développé et validé afin de caractériser des photo-anodes de différentes compositions comme des électrodes de TiO2 imprégnées de chromophore pour un fonctionnement en cellule de Grätzel ou bien des électrodes d’hématite Fe2O3 (SC-PEC) où le semiconducteur joue à la fois les fonctions d’absorption des photons et de conduction des porteurs de charges. Surtout, le dispositif Minucell a permis de tester, caractériser et modéliser le comportement d’une cellule photo-électrochimique de type bio-inspiré pour la production d’H2 utilisant à la photo-anode un catalyseur moléculaire Ru-RuCat (développé par ICMMO Orsay/CEA Saclay) et à la cathode un catalyseur CoTAA (développé par LCEMCA Brest). Minucell a été utilisé pour caractériser chaque élément constitutif d’une cellule photo-électrochimique puis la cellule dans son ensemble, confirmant les tendances et observations obtenues sur les efficacités énergétiques.Ce travail préliminaire ouvre de très nombreuses perspectives de recherche, il pose des bases communes entre électrochimie et génie des systèmes photo-réactifs et donne des pistes quant à la conception et l’optimisation cinétique et énergétique des cellules photo-électrochimiques pour la production d’hydrogène et de carburants solairesIn order to meet the energy and climate challenge of the coming 21st century, one solution consists of developing processes for producing storable energy carriers by artificial photosynthesis to synthesize solar fuels, in particular hydrogen, in order to valorize the solar resource. The understanding of these processes and the achievement of high kinetic and energetic performances require the development of generic, robust and predictive knowledge models considering radiative transfer as a physical process controlling the process at several scales but also including the various other phenomena involved in the structure or reification of the model.In this PhD work, the photo-reactive process at the heart of the study was the photo-electrochemical cell. More complex than the simple photoreactor, with a photo-anode and a (photo)cathode, the photo-electrochemical cell spatially dissociates the oxidation and reduction steps. Based both on the existing literature (mainly in the field of electrochemistry) and by deploying the tools developed by the research team on radiative transfer and thermokinetic coupling formulation, it was possible to establish performance indicators of photo-electrochemical cells.In parallel to the establishment of this model, an experimental approach was undertaken based first on a commercial Grätzel-type cell (DS-PEC) indicating the general trends of such photon energy converters with in particular a drop in energy efficiency as a function of the incident photon flux density. A modular experimental device (Minucell) has also been developed and validated in order to characterize photo-anodes of different compositions such as chromophore impregnated TiO2 electrodes for operation in Grätzel cells or Fe2O3 hematite electrodes (SC-PEC) where the semiconductor plays both the functions of photon absorption and charge carrier conduction. Above all, the Minucell device allowed to test, characterize and model the behavior of a bio-inspired photo-electrochemical cell for H2 production using at the photo-anode a Ru-RuCat molecular catalyst (developed by ICMMO Orsay/CEA Saclay) and at the cathode a CoTAA catalyst (developed by LCEMCA Brest). Minucell was used to characterize each constituent element of a photo-electrochemical cell and then the cell as a whole confirming the trends and observations obtained on energy efficiencies.This preliminary work opens up a wide range of research prospects, lays common ground between electrochemistry and photo-reactive systems engineering, and provides insights into the design and kinetic and energy optimization of photo-electrochemical cells for the production of hydrogen and solar fuels
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Gonzalez, Aravena Arely Carolina. "Strategies to enhance extracellular electron transfer rates in wild-type cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942 for photo-bioelectricity generation". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/274353.
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The aim of this thesis is to enhance the extracellular electron transfer rates (exoelectrogenesis) in cyanobacteria, to be utilised for photo-bioelectricity generation in biophotovoltaics (electrochemical cell). An initial cross comparison of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942 against other exoelectrogenic cultures showed a hindered exoelectrogenic capacity. Nonetheless, in mediatorless biophotovoltaics, it outperformed the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. Furthermore, the performance of S. elongatus PCC7942 was improved by constructing a more efficient design (lower internal resistance), which was fabricated with carbon fibres and nitrocellulose membrane, both inexpensive materials. To strategically obtain higher exoelectrogenic rates, S. elongatus PCC7942 was conditioned by iron limitation and CO2 enrichment. Both strategies are novel in improving cyanobacteria exoelectrogenesis. Iron limitation induced unprecedented rates of extracellular ferricyanide reduction (24-fold), with the reaction occurring favourably around neutral pH, different to the cultural alkaline pH. Iron limited cultures grown in 5% and 20% CO2 showed increased exoelectrogenic rates in an earlier stage of growth in comparison to air grown cultures. Conveniently, the cultural pH under enriched CO2 was around neutral pH. Enhanced photo-bioelectricity generation in ferricyanide mediated biophotovoltaics was demonstrated. Power generation was six times higher with iron limited cultures at neutral pH than with iron sufficient cultures at alkaline pH. The enhanced performance was also observed in mediatorless biophotovoltaics, especially in the dark phase. Exoelectrogenesis was mainly driven by photosynthetic activity. However, rates in the dark were also improved and in the long term it appeared that the exoelectrogenic activity under illumination tended to that seen in the dark. Proteins participating in iron uptake by an alleged reductive mechanism were overexpressed (2-fold). However, oxidoreductases in the outer membrane remain to be identified. Furthermore, electroactive regions in biofilms of S. elongatus PCC7942 were established using cyclic voltammetry. Double step potential chronoamperometry was also successfully tested in the biofilms. Thus, the electrochemical characterisation of S. elongatus PCC7942 was demonstrated, implying that the strategies presented in this thesis could be used to screen for cyanobacteria and/or electrode materials to further develop systems for photo-bioelectricity generation.
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Zhu, Jianfeng M. Eng Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "An evaluation of the hydrogen economy and metal oxide based photo-electrochemical cells". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62684.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2010.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 130-142).
Fossil fuels depletion and climate change are driving the need for sustainable development and renewable energy sources globally [1]. Solar being the most abundant and widespread source of renewable energy is resulting in a rapidly growing, with a growth rate more than 35% annually for the past 10 years [4]. Hydrogen is an ideal energy carrier for next generation given its high efficiency, environmental friendliness, wide application as well as several attractive methods for storage and distribution [17]. The hydrogen economy, a proposed system of producing, delivering and employing energy by using hydrogen, is under intensive research and development, and is projected to be realized at the end of this century as one of the leading suppliers [60]. Photo-electrochemical (PEC) cells connect the solar energy and hydrogen economy together by directly converting solar energy into chemical energy in the form of hydrogen gas. The metal oxide based PEC cell has advantages of low cost, high stability and durability and environmental friendliness [14], a good option for commercialization. With the rapid development of nanotechnology in recent years, novel nano-structured metal oxide PEC cells can have higher efficiency and better performance due to the effects of quantization, large surface areas, improved charge transport, etc. In this thesis, the current status and future development of the hydrogen economy in terms of identifying the markets, opportunities and risks of solar-hydrogen has been reviewed and accessed. The technology review of PEC cells in terms of the working mechanism and efficiency determining factors has been studied. The current research efforts on metal oxide based PEC cells for optimizing the performances and processing methods have also been studied. A case study and cost modeling in the context of scenario has been conducted; the analysis showed the cost of PEC cells was still very high mainly due to the high materials and processing costs. Thus, future research development should focus on the technological approaches with low materials and processing costs and high energy conversion efficiency for earlier commercialization of PEC cells. Besides, hydrogen storage, distribution, safety codes and standards, education and training as well as fuel cell technology must also require intensive research and development to insure the realization of solar-hydrogen economy.
by Jianfeng Zhu.
M.Eng.
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DESTRO, MATTEO. "Towards Realization of an Innovative Li-Ion Battery: Materials Optimization and System Up-Scalable Solutions". Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2506270.
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The optimisation of existing chemistries by the introduction of environmentally friendly materials and the simplification of the device production process are intriguing challenges to promote the future widespread diffusion of LIBs. Moreover, the recent development of the next-generation electronic devices promoted a new research field for the modification of the current systems into light, flexible and/or micro-sized device. The enhancement of mechanical properties through the introduction of flexible electrodes will enable LIBs to be embedded into various functional systems in a wide range of innovative products such as smart cards, displays and implantable medical devices. Moreover, the optimisation of the electrolyte by moving towards an all-solid-state configuration will offer adaptability to various designs and stressful mechanical handling, as well as enhance cell safety and reliability.
During the three years of the Ph.D. course, the attention was focused on the optimisation of innovative materials for Li-ion batteries as well as the development of easily up-scalable procedures for the production of electrodes and polymer electrolytes. The basic idea was to start from eco-friendly materials to develop simple, low-cost and easily adaptable processes in order to propose innovative solutions for LIBs with a wide range of possible applications. Moreover, during my experimental activities, I considered the performances and the cycling stability of Li-ion batteries, by studying the mechanisms related to the capacity fade of lab-scale batteries and also by analysing commercial Li-ion batteries for automotive application. The results of the research work are presented in this thesis (Chapters 4-7) following an introductory section that provides the general information needed to follow the discussions (Chapters 1-3).
The experimental research work presented in Chapter IV was carried out in collaboration with the Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science and Graphic Arts (LGP2) in Grenoble (France). A well-known natural material such as cellulose was exploited for the production of innovative low-cost and easily recyclable electrodes for Li-ion batteries. A simple aqueous filtration process, based on a well-known industrialised paper-making technology, was developed and the electrodes (graphite-based anodes and LiFePO4-based cathodes) produced and partly characterized in Grenoble by Dr. Lara Jabbour were electrochemically studied in our Labs in Politecnico di Torino. In particular, cellulose fibres (FBs) were used as natural binder for the production of paper-like electrodes obtained without addition of any synthetic binder and/or solvent and showing electrochemical performance comparable to those produced with the same active materials by a standard process.
In Chapter V, results are reported regarding a newly developed procedure where a methacrylic-based polymer electrolyte is directly formed in situ at the interface with the electrodes. Exploiting the versatile nature of UV-induced free-radical photo-polymerisation, novel ready-to-use multiphase electrode/electrolyte composites (MEEC) were developed in which the electrode is conformally coated by the polymer electrolyte. This “one-shot” process was successfully applied to enhance the cycling performances of two nanostructured materials conceived for microbattery application, such as Cu2O (in collaboration with CSHR@Polito IIT research institute in Torino) and V2O5 (in collaboration with Prof. Mustarelli’s group in University of Pavia), prepared in the form of thin films and proposed respectively as anode and cathode. The proposed one-shot process, thanks to the intimate interfacial contact between electrodes surface and electrolyte obtained by in situ process, induced a huge effect of stabilization thus improving the cycling stability of both the nanostructures.
All along Chapter VI, the problems related to the assembling of complete Li-ion cells, starting from two well performing electrodes, are progressively discussed and valuable solutions are proposed. A strong capacity fade was initially found, thus the possible causes were studied also considering the failure mechanisms proposed in the literature. Several measures were adopted to improve the cycling stability, considering the effect of all the different cell components as well as the effects of both charging protocol and cell apparatus. Moreover, due the knowhow progressively achieved on the intimate characteristics of complete Li-ion cells and their assembly, even thanks to a three months stage at ENEA Casaccia Research Centre of Rome, the installation of a 10 m2 dry room was personally followed at our Electrochemistry Research Group Labs in Politecnico di Torino and the results obtained are presented in the same Chapter VI. These results include the realisation of an all-paper Li-ion battery with the cellulose-based electrodes and paper hand-sheets as separator.
Finally, the cycling stability and the failure prediction issue was studied for a 53 Ah commercial battery. The results obtained, by means of different standard reference tests, are reported in Chapter VII. The commercial battery was also disassembled in the controlled atmosphere of an Ar-filled dry box in order to study the system structure and characterise the various components. A testing protocol was personally developed and the results obtained allowed to evaluate the commercial battery based on the performances requested for HEV and EV application. In particular, an easy measure of the internal resistance was developed, by opportunely modulating the measured parameters, and the obtained results were found to be very useful in directly predicting the cell failure which is fundamental in practical application.
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Delices, Annette. "Organized Organic Dye / Hole Transporting Materials for TiO2- and ZnO- based Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (s-DSSCs)". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC066/document.
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En raison des problèmes d'instabilité à moyen termes des cellules solaires à colorant (DSSC), l'électrolyte liquide à base d'iodure a été remplacé par plusieurs types de matériaux solides transport de trous (HTM) pour obtenir des DSSCs à l'état solide (s-DSSCs). Parmi ces matériaux, l’utilisation des polymères conducteurs(PC) a attiré une attention considérable en raison de leur bonne stabilité, de leur haute conductivité et de la facilité de leur dépôt sur le semi-conducteur mésoporeux TiO2. Dans ce travail de thèse, plusieurs s-DSSCs basées sur des PC utilisés comme HTM ont été développés dans le but d'améliorer leurs performances photovoltaïques en tenant compte des deux objectifs suivants: (i) l'optimisation des processus de transfert inter facial de charge dans la cellule solaire, et (ii) l'optimisation du transport de charge dans le semi-conducteur d'oxyde de type n. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, chaque composant de la s-DSSC a été modifié afin d'étudier son effet sur les performances du dispositif final. En première tentative, une étude analytique est réalisée en faisant varier le sensibilisateur afin de déterminer les fragments de la structure du colorant, qui ont un effet important sur le processus de photopolymérization électrochimique in-situ (PEP) à la fois en milieu organique et en milieu aqueux mais aussi sur les performances des s-DSSCs. Sur la base de ces résultats, un nouveau concept a été développé et consiste en la suppression totale de l'interface entre le colorant et le HTM. Ceci est obtenu par la synthèse de nouveaux colorants liés de façon covalente à un monomère électroactif qui est co-polymérisé par la PEP in-situ. Le copolymère résultant, utilisé comme HTM, est lié de manière covalente au colorant. En outre, la nature de la liaison chimique, reliant le résidu triphénylamine TPA au monomère, est également étudiée comme un facteur clé dans les performances de s-DSSC. En outre, et pour optimiser les processus de transport de charges dans ce type de s-DSSC, de nouvelles s-DSSC basées sur ZnO ont été réalisées et étudiéesDue to instability problems of dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) in longtime uses, the iodine based liquidelectrolyte has been replaced by several types of solid hole transporting materials (HTM) to perform solidstate DSSCs (s-DSSCs). Among them, the substitution by conducting polymers (CP) has attractedconsiderable attention because of their good stability, high hole-conductivity and simple deposition withinthe mesoporous TiO2 semiconductor. In this thesis work, several s-DSSCs based on CPs used as HTM havebeen developed in order to improve their photovoltaic performances taking into account the following twoobjectives: (i) the optimization of the interfacial charge transfer processes within the solar cell, and (ii) theoptimization of the charge transport within the n-type oxide semiconductor. To reach these goals, eachcomponent that constitutes the device was varied in order to investigate its effect on the device’sperformances. As first attempt, an analytical study is carried out by varying the sensitizer in order todetermine the fragments of the dyes structures, that have an important effect on the in-situ photoelectrochemical polymerization process (PEP) both in organic and in aqueous media and hence on theperformances of the s-DSSCs. Based on these results, a new concept of removing completely the interfacebetween the dye and the HTM is developed. This is achieved by the synthesis of new dyes covalently linkedto an electroactive monomer which is co-polymerized by in-situ PEP. The resulting co-polymer, used asHTM, is covalently linked to the dye. In addition, the nature of the chemical bond linking the triphenylamineresidue TPA to the monomer is also investigated as a key factor in the s-DSSCs performances. Besides, andto optimize the charge transport processes within this type of s-DSSC, the elaboration of novel ZnO baseds-DSSCs has been achieved and investigated
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You, Sheng Mu. "Metal organic frameworks as efficient photosensitizer for TiO₂ nanoarray anode and application to water splitting in PEC cells Fe/Ni Bimetallic organic framework deposited on TiO₂ nanotube array for enhancing higher and stable activity of oxygen evolution reaction Novel nano-architectured water splitting photoanodes based on TiO₂-nanorod mats surface sensitized by ZIF-67 coatings Surface sensitization of TiO₂ nanorod mats by electrodeposition of ZIF-67 for water photo-oxidation Electrochemically capacitive deionization of copper (II) using 3D hierarchically reduced graphene oxide architectures". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASF015.
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Les réserves de combustibles fossiles diminuent et leur utilisation illimitée depuis la révolution industrielle a généré de profonds changements du climat, notamment des cycles de la température atmosphérique. Stocker l'énergie solaire sous forme d'hydrogène produit par dissociation de l'eau est un moyen idéal pour combattre le réchauffement climatique. Les matériaux de la famille des «metal organic framework» (MOF) commencent à être utilisés comme photo-électrocatalyseurs, notamment pour la photo-dissociation de l'eau. Leur porosité extrêmement élevée et leur grande polyvalence, tant chimique que structurelle, les désignent comme des candidats potentiels pour faciliter l'absorption du rayonnement solaire et catalyser la dissociation de l'eau dans les cellules photoélectrochimiques. En contrôlant la composition chimique et le dopage du linker utilisé dans le MOF, il est possible d'ajuster l'énergie de la bande interdite, de favoriser la fonctionnalisation sur des substrats très variés ou encore d'ajuster leur résistance à la corrosion dans divers environnements chimiques. Ce sont donc des matériaux d'un grand intérêt pour la catalyse, l'électrocatalyse ou la photo-électro-catalyse. D'autre part, le TiO₂ nano-structuré, par exemple sous forme de tapis d’épaisseur micrométrique de nanotubes ou de nanofils, parfois appelé TNA, est un matériau bien adapté à la construction de photoanodes pour le dégagement d'oxygène en milieu aqueux. Il a déjà été largement étudié et décrit dans la littérature. Au cours de notre thèse, nous avons fabriqué des matériaux composites constitués de MOF de métaux de transition (Ni, Co, Fe) déposés sur TNA (TDNR et TNTA). Pour cela, nous avons utilisé une méthode électrochimique d'électrodéposition. Cela nous a permis de déposer des nanoparticules métalliques sur du TNA à potentiel fixe - 1,0 V puis de les transformer par réaction chimique avec des ligands organiques (BTC, BDC, et 2MZ) par voie thermo-thermique. Les matériaux obtenus présentent une activité électrocatalytique significative et une excellente durabilité photoélectrochimique. Ces matériaux composites ont été utilisés avec succès comme phase active dans des photo-électrodes pour la réaction de dégagement d'oxygène moléculaire (OER)The fossil fuel reserves are dwindling and their unrestricted use has generated profound changes in Earth's surface temperature and climate. Storing solar energy in the form of hydrogen produced by dissociation of water is an ideal way to mitigate global warming. Materials from the “metal organic framework” (MOF) family are starting to be used as photo-electrocatalysts, especially for photo-dissociation of water. Their extremely high porosity and their great versatility, both chemical and structural, designate them as potential candidates to facilitate the absorption of solar radiation and catalyze the dissociation of water in photoelectrochemical cells. By controlling the chemical composition and doping of the linker used in the MOF, it is possible to adjust the band gap energy, to favor the functionalization on very varied substrates or even to adjust their resistance to corrosion in various chemical environments. They are therefore materials of great interest for catalysis, electrocatalysis or photo-electro-catalysis. On the other hand, nano-structured TiO₂, for example in the form of nanotube or nanowire mats, sometimes called TiO₂ nanoarray (TNA), is a material very suitable for the construction of photoanodes for the evolution of oxygen in aqueous medium. It has already been extensively studied and described in the literature. During our thesis, we manufactured composite materials made up of MOFs of transition metals (Ni, Co, Fe) deposited on TNA (network of nanotubes or nanowires). For this we used an electrochemical method of electrodeposition (cyclic voltammetry). This allowed us to deposit metallic nanoparticles on TNA with fixed potential - 1.0 V and then transform them by chemical reaction with organic ligands (1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid, BTC, 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid, BDC and imidazole, 2MZ) by thermal-thermal route. The materials obtained exhibit significant electrocatalytic activity and excellent photoelectrochemical durability. These composite materials have been successfully used as an active phase in photo-electrodes for the oxygen release reaction (OER)
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Lai, Chien-Ming, i 賴建銘. "Investigation of the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy on the Direct Methanol Fuel Cell and Silicon Photo-electrochemical Etching". Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/33638895267346313990.
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博士國立中央大學
機械工程研究所
96
The technique of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) diagnosis has been used to investigate the electrochemical kinetics in the systems of (1) direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) and (2) photo-electrochemical etching on silicon. The results and contributions of this work were summarized as follows. 1. EIS was carried out to monitor the performance of DMFC under a variety of current densities. Based on analysis of the EIS data that depend upon the performing conditions, an innovative model including the qualitative sketch and its quantitative description relying on postulated equivalent circuit (EQC) was established to delineate the reaction mechanism of DMFC on the membrane electrode assembly (MEA). This model provides a satisfactory diagnosis in the performance of DMFC in terms of the EQC sets. One EQC sets comprises elements such as the internal resistance (Rs) at the highest frequency, the high-frequency impedance (Rif /Cif) that is a parallel combination of the interfacial resistance (Rif) and interfacial capacitance (Cif) resultant from the interfaces in the cell, the medium-frequency impedance (Rrxn /Crxn) that is a parallel combination of the resistance (Rrxn) and capacitance (Crxn) resultant from electrochemical reactions, and the low-frequency impedance (LCO /RCO) that is a parallel combination of the resistance (RCO) and inductance (LCO) resultant from the adsorption and relaxation of CO. This postulated model provides a useful tool to diagnose the degradation mechanism for a cell subject to a test of accelerating degradation. Through the diagnosing and the evidences supported by the examinations through instruments such as the electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS), the degradation is major attributed to (a) the increase of Rif and Rrxn resultant from catalytic degradation that may arise from a series of processes including the dissolution of Ru from the anodic catalyst Pt-Ru, the migration of Ru ions to be reduced on the membrane nearby the cathode. The Ru-dissolution leads to a decrease of catalytic activity on the anode that could be confirmed by the technique of CO stripping in company with the observation through EPMA and XPS. The particles reduced on the membrane nearby the cathode were verified by the examination through TEM and EPMA. (b) The increase of internal resistance (Rs) is ascribed to the loss of sulfonic-acid group from the graded membrane near the anode. Membrane degradation possibly arisen from the heat accumulation in a severely acidic environment near the anode derived from cell reactions. The loss of sulfonic acid group was verified by EPMA and XPS analyses. 2. The photo-electrochemical etching on Si (100) surface reveals different SEM morphologies depending on whether or not the HF solution contains ethanol. Finer smooth pores (around 4 μm in diameter) were formed in the presence of ethanol but larger rough pores (around 8 μm in diameter) formed in 2 M HF solution alone during silicon etched at 0.250 V (vs. SCE) under 50W-illumination for 3 h. The characteristic potentials and current such as transition potential (Etrans), half-wave potential (Ep/2), and limiting current density (jlimit), resulted from dc anodic polarization, were the major parameters used in EIS to diagnose the etching system. There appears an extra low-frequency inductive loop in the Nyquist plot for the etching system in the presence of ethanol. This loop is attributed to relaxation of the adsorption of ethanol in the pores. The contact angle between the etching solution and the silicon decreases with increasing the ethanol concentration. Accordingly, ethanol plays a wetting role in the etching process thus forming fine smooth pores.
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Ding, Jia-Chi, i 丁嘉碁. "Photo-Electrochemical Polymerization and Photovoltaic Properties of Polyaniline Used as a Hole Transport Layer in Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell". Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/17808308465213967703.
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碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
化學工程與材料工程系
99
Various morphologies polyaniline (PANI) deposited on the interface betweenTiO2 and Dye (TiO2-Dye/PANI) and ITO counter electrode (PANI-ITO C.E.) were prepared by photo-chemical and electrochemical polymerization method, respectively, where deposited PANI used as the electro hole transport layer material (HTM) in the part of solid state dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). The solid state TiO2-Dye/PANI/ITO and TiO2/Dye/PANI-ITO solar cells were further fabricated by using sandwich assembling technique. As a result, in spite of the photo-chemical polymerization method can effectively improve the electric contact between TiO2 and PANI, leading to increase in current density, but the PANI chains may penetrate into the TiO2-Dye layer and growth on the surface of ITO, results in the total photoelectric conversion efficiency () is apparently depressed. As the total charge is 0.3 coulomb, the deposited PANI exhibits the best surface roughness, conjugated degree and electrochemical activity than those of applied coulombs. When 4-tert-Butylpyridine (TBP) added into HTM, the electron-hole recombination between TiO2 and HTM is significantly reduced; the Voc hence increases to 0.52 V. As TBP and LiI added into HTM, LiI acts as the dopant of PANI and the redox couple in the solar cell, leading to the improvement of photovoltaic characteristics. At 0.7M TBP and 0.1 M LiI, the η of TiO2/Dye/PANI-ITO solar cells is 0.643 %.
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TAVELLA, FRANCESCO. "Development of Catalytic Electrodes and Cell Design for Solar Fuel Generation". Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11570/3131224.
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The possibility of exploiting solar energy for the direct production of fuels and chemicals
(e.g. hydrogen, hydrocarbons, alcohols) represents a future challenge to move towards a new
green economy, recently defined as “solar-driven chemistry”.
In this view, this PhD thesis focuses on the development of a new approach to convert solar
energy, through the synthesis of innovative photoactive materials/electrodes for the
production of solar fuels. By assembling these photo-electrodes in a photo-electrochemical
(PEC) cell, designed on purpose to mimic what nature does with the leaves, solar energy can
be captured and used to produce hydrogen from water (by water photo-electrolysis) or to
generate value-added carbon products (by reducing atmospheric CO2) in a one-step process,
like an “artificial leaf”. Thus, the main objective of the present PhD work was to develop
photocatalytic thin films able to work as photoanodes in efficient PEC devices, especially for
the production of hydrogen.
The PhD activities were carried out at the laboratory CASPE/INSTM (Laboratory of Catalysis
for Sustainable Production and Energy) of the University of Messina. During the three years of
activity, all the aspects concerning the performances of the photocatalysts and the related
PEC electrodes and cell, have been carefully evaluated.
Initially, the research activity focused on the preparation of titania (TiO2) nanotubes
synthesized by controlled anodic oxidation technique. The peculiarity of this method is the
possibility to “tailor” the morphology and the nanostructure of the catalyst by modulating
some parameters during the synthesis (such as the electrolyte composition, the pH, the
applied voltage, the anodization time). In general, the use of titanium dioxide as a
photocatalyst, despite many advantages (low cost, non-toxicity, resistance to photocorrosion,
high quantum yield), has two main drawbacks: i) the low absorption of light in the
visible region, due to the high band gap (in the range of 3.0-3.2 eV) and ii) the fast charge
recombination, which usually occurs at the grain boundaries of the particles. The latter can be
mitigated by the realization of nanostructures such as nanotubes or nanorods, which may
improve the vectorial transport of electrons to the collector layer.
VI
Different characterization techniques (SEM-EDX, TEM, XRD, UV-vis Diffuse Reflectance
Spectroscopy) were used to investigate the properties of the as-prepared TiO2 nanotube
arrays, as well as to evaluate their electrochemical behaviour (Cyclic voltammetry, Chronoamperometry).
Part of the characterization by electron microscopy was carried out in
collaboration with the Department of Chemical Sciences of the University of Padua. The main
aim was to obtain a correlation between synthesis parameters, nanostructure properties and
photo-catalytic performances.
Moreover, particular attention was given to the evaluation of the efficiency of the PEC cell.
To pursue this aim, titania nanotubes of different lengths (from 0.5 to 6 m) were synthesized
by varying the anodization time from 30 min to 5 h. A monochromator and a
spectroradiometer were used to evaluate the light irradiance at different wavelengths directly
inside the PEC device. These measurements allowed for the calculation of different kinds of
efficiencies: i) the photoconversion efficiency, also called solar-to-hydrogen efficiency (STH),
which takes into account the amount of energy supplied in terms of light and the products
obtained (i.e. hydrogen); ii) the Faradaic efficiency (η), which relates the photo-generated
current to the produced hydrogen; iii) the quantum efficiency, expressed as IPCE (incident
photon to current efficiency) and APCE (absorbed photon to current efficiency). The most
important results (reported in detail in Chapter 3) showed that, for use in a PEC cell, the 45-
min-anodized nanotube arrays (tube length of about 1 μm) provided the best performance,
with a H2 production of 22.4 mol h-1 cm-2 and a STH efficiency as high as 2.5%. These values
are among the best ever reported insofar as undoped TiO2 photoanodes are used and in
absence of external bias or sacrificial agents. The final part of Chapter 3 was dedicated to the
preparation of 3D-type meso/macro porous structured photoanodes based on Ti mesh,
working as a hierarchical structure (consisting of Ti mesh macropores and TiO2 nanotube
mesopores) to improve the mass and charge transport within the PEC cell.
In order to improve the light absorption in the visible region, it is necessary to dope the
nanostructured TiO2 materials with heteroatoms or decorate their surface with metal
nanoparticles. In this direction, nanoparticles of gold (Au) were deposited on the surface of
TiO2 nanotubes by optimizing three different techniques (wet impregnation, photo-reduction
and electrodeposition) and their performances were studied by using a gas photo-reactor (GP)
VII
and a photo-electrochemical (PEC) cell, both homemade. Furthermore, with the aim of
exploiting earth-abundant and low-cost materials, photocatalysts based on Cu-doped TiO2
nanotubes were also synthesized and successfully tested in the PEC cell for H2 production in
water-photo-electrolysis and ethanol photo-reforming. This part of the work was carried out
in collaboration with the Institute of Chemistry in Araraquara (Brazil). The CuO nanoparticles
were deposited by adopting two different techniques, dip-coating and electrodeposition. The
results (reported in detail in Chapter 4) showed that the presence of small metal (Au and Cu)
nanoparticles strongly increased H2 production rate in a gas photo-reactor, with a maximum
of about 190 mol in 5 h of light irradiation obtained for Au-doped TiO2 nanotubes prepared
by electrodeposition. However, in the PEC cell (with oxidation/reduction half reactions
separated in two different chambers of the cell) it was observed that the presence of metal
nanoparticles on TiO2 surface at the photo-anode can create a counter-circuited current,
diminishing the H2 production at the cathode side. However, this phenomenon was
successfully minimized by preparing very small CuO nanoparticles (lower than 2 nm)
decorating the internal walls of the TiO2 nanotubes by controlled dip-coating technique.
Finally, nanostructured tantalum oxynitride (Ta-oxy-N) electrodes were synthesized
through controlled anodic oxidation technique, by adapting the synthesis conditions
previously optimized for TiO2. The advantages of these tantalum-based materials refer to their
lower band-gap (1.9-2.5 eV) with respect to titania (3.0-3.2 eV), thus improving light
absorption in the visible region. After the anodization, a high temperature nitridation process
(600-900 °C) was needed to replace partially oxygen with nitrogen in the Ta2O5 lattice. The
results (reported in detail in Chapter 5) allowed to obtain a clear correlation between the
parameters using during the synthesis (i.e. applied voltage, anodization time) and the Ta-oxy-
N nanostructures (nanotube diameter and length, wall thickness and grade of voids). The best
photocurrent response was obtained for the Ta-oxy-N sample anodized at 40 V for 1 min and
then thermally treated with ammonia at 800°C. However, further investigation is needed to
improve the mechanical resistance of these photo-catalysts.
Części książek na temat "Photo- electrochemical cell"
1
Alexander, John Callum. "Principles of Photo-Electrochemical Cells". W Springer Theses, 47–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-34229-0_3.
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Fukuzawa, Kenji, Keiichi Yanagisawa i Hiroki Kuwano. "Photo-Electrochemical Cell Utilizing Bacteriorhodopsin Immobilized onto a Thin-Film Lattice Fabricated by Micromachining Techniques". W Biosensors '94, 340. Elsevier, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-85617-242-4.50284-6.
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Chawla, Priyanka, Shivangi Trivedi i Kumari Pooja. "Investigation on Various Polymer Electrolytes for Development of Dye Sensitized Solar Cell". W Materials Science: A Field of Diverse Industrial Applications, 158–73. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815051247123010012.
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Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on TiO2 nanoparticles film have attracted extensive attention from both industry and academia. Generally, the liquid electrolyte is used in dye sensitized solar cells, but the vaporization of liquid electrolyte hinders its commercialization as its affects its stability. And also the reduction in performance of dye sensitized solar cells was observed due to electron recombination in semiconductor liquid electrolyte interfaces. The situation worsens when the photoanode is in contact with the vaporization of electrolyte solution that affects the charge distribution at the semi conductor electrolyte interface and initiates photo corrosion on the photoanode. With the finding of ionic conductivity in polymer, electrolytes complexed with salt give a breakthrough to the development of DSSC devices. Various types of electrolytes have been developed and tested in different DSSCs configurations to overcome this problem. Among all polymer electrolytes, PEO (Polyethylene oxide) based polymer electrolyte has shown excellent performance in different electrochemical application areas. In DSSCs, it is also considered a novel candidate due to its excellent ability to form complexes with ionic salts. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) is also a promising candidate acting as a host polymer due to its inherent characteristics like high mechanical strength, good tensile strength, high temperature resistance, non toxicity, good optical properties and high hydrophilicity. PVA have a large extent of poly hydroxyl group, which makes PVA highly hydrophile. It also offers other advantages like excellent chemical stability, ease of preparation, and flexibility. In the present paper, we review different types of polymer electrolytes which have been used for improving the performance and stability of DSSCs.
4
Putz, Mihai V., Marina A. Tudoran i Marius C. Mirica. "Bondonic Electrochemistry". W Renewable and Alternative Energy, 277–359. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1671-2.ch010.
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The main concepts of electrochemistry are reviewed in a fundamental manner as well for the applicative approach of asymmetric currents in the galvanic cells; the whole electrochemical process is eventually combined with embedded the bondonic chemistry modeling the electronic charge transfer sensitizing the anode electrode and the overall photovoltaic effect through the electrolyte fulfilling the red-ox closed circuit; the resulted bondonic electrochemistry may be suited for integration with the fresh approach of sensitization of the solar cells by the bonding quantum dots (the bondots), see the preceding chapter of the same book, towards a bondonic-bondotic photo-electrochemical integrated and cost-effective photo-current conversion; it may be used as well as for laser-based technique in controlling the electrochemical effects with optical lattices acting towards condensing the electrons into bondons and controlling them thereof.
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Putz, Mihai V., Marina A. Tudoran i Marius C. Mirica. "Bondonic Electrochemistry". W Sustainable Nanosystems Development, Properties, and Applications, 328–411. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0492-4.ch010.
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The main concepts of electrochemistry are reviewed in a fundamental manner as well for the applicative approach of asymmetric currents in the galvanic cells; the whole electrochemical process is eventually combined with embedded the bondonic chemistry modeling the electronic charge transfer sensitizing the anode electrode and the overall photovoltaic effect through the electrolyte fulfilling the red-ox closed circuit; the resulted bondonic electrochemistry may be suited for integration with the fresh approach of sensitization of the solar cells by the bonding quantum dots (the bondots), see the preceding chapter of the same book, towards a bondonic-bondotic photo-electrochemical integrated and cost-effective photo-current conversion; it may be used as well as for laser-based technique in controlling the electrochemical effects with optical lattices acting towards condensing the electrons into bondons and controlling them thereof.
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Lee, Byunghong, i Robert Bob Chang. "A New Generation of Energy Harvesting Devices". W Solar Cells [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94291.
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This chapter has been mainly focused on the development and fabrication of various nanostructured materials for electrochemical energy conversion, specially, third generation (3rd) thin film photovoltaic system such as organic dye or perovskite -sensitized Solar Cells. Enormous efforts have been dedicated to the development of a variety of clean energy, capable of harvesting energy of various forms. Among the various energy forms, electrochemical devices that produce electric energy from chemical energy have received the most attention as the most promising power sources. In the majority of cases, researchers who come from the different background could engage on certain aspects of the components to improve the photovoltaic performances from different disciplines: (i) chemists to design and synthesize suitable donor–acceptor dyes and study structure–property relationships; (ii) physicists to build solar cell devices with the novel materials, to characterize and optimize their performances, and to understand the fundamental photophysical processes; and (iii) engineers to develop new device architectures. The synergy between all the disciplines will play a major role for future advancements in this area. However, the simultaneous development of all components such as photosensitizers, hole transport layer, photoanodes and cost effective cathode, combined with further investigation of transport dynamics, will lead to Photovoltaic cells, 30%. Herein, in this book, with taking optimized processing recipe as the standard cell fabrication procedure, imporant breakthough for each components is achieved by developing or designing new materials, concepts, and fabrication technique. This book report the following studies: (i) a brief introduction of the working principle, (ii) the detailed study of the each component materials, mainly including TiO2 photoanode under the category of 0D and 3D structures, strategies for co-sensitization with porphyrin and organic photosensitizers, and carbon catalytic material via controlled fabrication protocols and fundamental understanding of the working principles of electrochemical photovoltaic cell has been gained by means of electrical and optical modelling and advanced characterization techniques and (iii) new desgined stratages such as the optimization of photon confinement (iv) future prospects and survival stratagies for sensitizer assisted solar cell (especially, DSSC).
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P. Khirade, Pankaj, i Anil V. Raut. "Perovskite Structured Materials: Synthesis, Structure, Physical Properties and Applications". W Recent Advances in Perovskite Materials [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106252.
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There is a constant need for newer exceptional materials with better than ever properties to achieve new prerequisites of the future society and progress inventive industrial improvement. The potential to combine these oxides in composite structures to produce multifunctional materials has rekindled interest in perovskites (ABO3) compounds over the past 10 years. Because of its intriguing characteristics, such as ferroelectricity, piezoelectricity, superconductivity, multiferroicity, photocatalysis, enormous magnetoresistance, dielectric, ionic conduction characteristics, etc., a huge variety of perovskite types have been thoroughly explored. Current applications for perovskite solids include electronics, geophysics, astronomy, nuclear, optics, medicine, the environment, etc. Perovskite compounds have distinctive features that make them suitable for a variety of commercial and technological applications, including capacitors, non-volatile memories, photo-electrochemical cells, catalysts in contemporary chemistry, actuators and sensors, ultrasonic and underwater devices, drug delivery, spintronics devices, tunable microwave devices, and many others. Potential applications for nanoscale perovskites include energy storage, fuel cells, nanomedicine, molecular computing, nanophotonics adjustable resonant devices, catalysts, and sensors. Nanoscale perovskites have intriguing features that are comparable to or better than those of bulk perovskites. This review includes topics such as perovskite structured materials’ chronology, classification, production, crystal structure, special physical properties, and applications.
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Haga, Masa-aki. "Surface-Confined Ruthenium Complexes Bearing Benzimidazole Derivatives: Toward Functional Devices". W Ruthenium - an Element Loved by Researchers [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97071.
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Substitutionally inert ruthenium complexes bearing benzimidazole derivatives have unique electrochemical and photochemical properties. In particular, proton coupled electron transfer (PCET) in ruthenium–benzimidazole complexes leads to rich redox chemistry, which allows e.g. the tuning of redox potentials or switching by deprotonation. Using the background knowledge from acquired from their solution-state chemistry, Ru complexes immobilized on electrode surfaces have been developed and these offer new research directions toward functional molecular devices. The integration of surface-immobilized redox-active Ru complexes with multilayer assemblies via the layer-by-layer (LbL) metal coordination method on ITO electrodes provides new types of functionality. To control the molecular orientation of the complexes on the ITO surface, free-standing tetrapodal phosphonic acid anchor groups were incorporated into tridentate 2,6-bis(benzimidazole-2-yl)pyridine or benzene ligands. The use of the LbL layer growth method also enables “coordination programming” to fabricate multilayered films, as a variety of Ru complexes with different redox potentials and pKa values are available for incorporation into homo- and heterolayer films. Based on this strategy, many functional devices, such as scalable redox capacitors for energy storage, photo-responsive memory devices, proton rocking-chair-type redox capacitors, and protonic memristor devices have been successfully fabricated. Further applications of anchored Ru complexes in photoredox catalysis and dye-sensitized solar cells may be possible. Therefore, surface-confined Ru complexes exhibit great potential to contribute to the development of advanced functional molecular devices.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Photo- electrochemical cell"
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Maity, Subhasis, i Nabin Baran Manik. "Safranine T dye based photo electrochemical solar cell: Effect of electrodes on device mechanism". W 2007 International Workshop on Physics of Semiconductor Devices. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iwpsd.2007.4472584.
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Tseng, C. Y., C. H. Wu, H. Y. Shin i C. T. Lee. "Investigation of Surface Passivation on III-V compound Solar Cell using Photo-electrochemical Oxidation Method". W 2009 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/ssdm.2009.p-6-8.
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Cardenas-Valencia, A. M., D. P. Fries, G. Steimle, H. Broadbent, L. C. Langebrake i R. F. Benson. "Fabrication of Micro-Actuated Galvanic Cells as Power on Demand for Lab on a Chip Applications by Means of Novel PCB/MEMS Technology". W ASME 2003 1st International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2003-1731.
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A novel copper-clad liquid crystal polymer material is proposed as a basic material for the construction of galvanic cells. Copper is an ideal material that allows not only the formation of conductor patterns in the material but also can be electroplated selectively with a wide variety of metals to create heterogeneous systems. The use of a novel mask-less patterning system described herein opens up the opportunity for micro fabrication of different microstructures that can be layered to form complex two and potentially three-dimensional micro fluidic networks. Achieving the photo-imprinting by the use of a novel mask-less system not only reduces the cost but also allows for ease and flexibility in making systems and is ideal for research and development environments. In this paper micro galvanic cells actuated by means of fluidic actuators have been designed and constructed. The electrochemical galvanic cells used as power source examples are a Daniell’s (Copper-Zinc) electrochemical battery, and an aluminum-air galvanic system. The choice for the electrochemical systems is discussed and some preliminary results are presented to show the levels of energy available. In addition, the basic concept of an electrically induced expansion mechanism for circuit activation on demand is described. Lastly, the mechanics of the suggested actuation mechanism are discussed.
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Liu, Xiaolu, Yang Liu, Kai Ren, Paul Lawson, Andrew Moening, Matthew Haubert, Yong X. Gan i in. "Clean Energy Generation by a Nanostructured Biophotofuel Cell". W ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology collocated with the ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2013-18261.
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In this paper, clean energy generation from hazardous materials by a nanostructured biophotofuel cell was studied. Specifically, electrodeposition of polyaniline on TiO2 nanotube as photoelectrochemical anode for a sodium sulfide fuel cell was performed. The photoelectrochemical response of the TiO2 nanotube capped by polyaniline nanoparticles was studied in UV and visible light illumination using sodium sulfide as the electrolyte. The polyaniline was added onto the top end of the nanotube via electrochemical deposition from 0.1 M aniline (C6H7N) in 1 M HCl solution. Polyaniline nanoparticle/TiO2 nanotube was made into an anode and put into 0.5 M sodium sulfide solution for photoelectrochemical response tests under both visible and ultraviolet light irradiation. The photoelectrochemical anode shows good photo-catalytic property, as evidenced by the open circuit potential changes when the illumination conditions were changed. Its response to ultraviolet light is much stronger than to visible light. It is also found that the higher the temperature of the sodium sulfide solution, the weaker the photo-catalytic response of the anode.
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Li, Jinwei, i Yong Shi. "Electron Transport and Recombination in TiO2 Nanofiber Dye Sensitized Solar Cell". W ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-64979.
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Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), a new type of photo-electrochemical solar cells, are a promising alternative to the silicon based photovoltaic because they hold advantages of low cost, simple manufacturing processes and higher conversion efficiency compared with other types of excitonic solar cell. DSSCs with conversion efficiencies of up to 11% have been achieved with a highly stable electrolyte under AM1.5G conditions. Recently, one dimensional (1D) electrospun TiO2 nanofibers have been used as the DSSC photoanode to improve the electron transport efficiency and enhance the light harvest efficiency by scattering more light in the red part of the solar spectrum. In this paper, stepped light induced transient measurement of photocurrent and voltage (SLIM-PCV) has been employed to study electron transport and recombination in DSSCs. Electron diffusion coefficients and electron lifetimes were measured with differing light intensities. The electron diffusion coefficients and electron lifetimes strong correlate with intensity, which indicates the trap limited diffusion process for electrons in the TiO2 nanofiber DSSC.
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Nagayama, Gyoko, Ryuji Ando, Kei Muramatsu i Takaharu Tsuruta. "Fabrication of Macroporous on No-Mask Silicon Substrate for Application to Microsystems". W 2008 Second International Conference on Integration and Commercialization of Micro and Nanosystems. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/micronano2008-70323.
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We applied the anodic etching (i. e. photo assisted electrochemical etching) to the n type silicon substrate of orientation (100) without masking to fabricate macropores penetrated Si substrate. The anodic etching conditions of the macroporous formation were discussed and the effects of the resistivity, voltage, current density, electrolyte concentration and illumination etc. on the pore size and the porosity were investigated. The pores in high aspect ratio through the cross section of the silicon wafer were obtained with polishing and RIE (reactive ion etching) from the back side. It is found that the pore size at the back side is about 1.5 to 2 times larger than that of the front side. Also, as one example of the applications of porous silicon to microsystems, we demonstrate the results obtained in a micro fuel cell system using a porous silicon membrane (PSM). The PSM was fabricated by a porous silicon wafer which was filled with Nafion dispersion solution with ultrasonic vibrations. It was used as a proton conduction membrane by assembling into the H2 / air feed fuel cell at ambient conditions using conventional electrodes. We found that the Nafion filled PSM worked well and a maximum power density of 89.2 mW/cm2 were achieved under the flow rate of 100ml/min for H2 and 200ml/min for air.
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Paudel, Yamuna, i Matthew Y. Sfeir. "GaAs photo diode for electrochemical process enhancement". W Frontiers in Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fio.2022.jw4a.48.
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We have fabricated visible-absorbing gallium arsenide metasurfaces for use in photoelectrochemical cells and demonstrated resonant enhancements of the incident photon-to-current photocurrent efficiency by approximately four times compared to unpattern surfaces.
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Smirnov, Vladimir, i Katharina Welter. "Multijunction Si Solar Cells for Integrated Photo-Electrochemical Devices". W nanoGe Fall Meeting 2018. València: Fundació Scito, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.fallmeeting.2018.056.
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Smirnov, Vladimir, i Katharina Welter. "Multijunction Si Solar Cells for Integrated Photo-Electrochemical Devices". W nanoGe Fall Meeting 2018. València: Fundació Scito, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.nfm.2018.056.
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Elsenberg, A., T. Emmler, M. Schieda, F. Gärtner i T. Klassen. "Aerosol Deposition of BiVO4 Films for Solar Hydrogen Generation". W ITSC2022. DVS Media GmbH, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2022p0056.
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Abstract Due to its suitable semiconductor band gap energies and associated visible light absorption, bismuth vanadate offers high photon efficiencies in solar photo-anodes, enabling green hydrogen generation in photoelectrochemical water splitting cells. Respective bismuth vanadate films have to ensure high efficiencies in electron / hole pair generation, and sufficiently high rates of charge transfer, for both, electrons to the conducting substrate, as well as holes to the electrolyte. Thus, tuning of coating properties has to aim for high phase purity and good layer integrity. So far, respective films are mainly produced by thin film techniques, but at rather high costs and low deposition rates. Less costly processing routes are opened by thermal spraying or sol-gel techniques, however, these cannot guarantee the required phase purity or absence of remnants from the binder. As solid state and binderless alternative, Aerosol Deposition (AD) offers several advantages: comparative low costs, high deposition rates, no undesired phase transformations, and no impurities or residues that could reduce the photoelectrochemical activity. Under the scope of this research on photo-electrochemically active bismuth vanadate films, powder sizes were tailored by milling, and spray parameter sets like the process gas pressure were varied, in order to elucidate their influence on microstructure and application properties. Covering a wide parameter range in aerosol deposition allowed for the development of a window of deposition. Most promising combinations for layer build-up were derived. The results on stainless steel substrates were transferred to FTO-coated glass substrates, as needed in backlit cell layouts. For fine tuning of maximum photocurrents, layer thickness and conductivity were then systematically adjusted. Homogeneous large-scale prototypes demonstrate that aerosol deposition is suitable for processing layers for solar energy harvesting.