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Saha, Sourav, i J. Fraser Stoddart. "Photo-driven molecular devices". Chem. Soc. Rev. 36, nr 1 (2007): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b607187b.
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Nikić, Marta, Aleksandar Opančar, Florian Hartmann, Ludovico Migliaccio, Marie Jakešová, Eric Daniel Głowacki i Vedran Đerek. "Micropyramid structured photo capacitive interfaces". Nanotechnology 33, nr 24 (23.03.2022): 245302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac5927.
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Abstract Optically driven electronic neuromodulation devices are a novel tool in basic research and offer new prospects in medical therapeutic applications. Optimal operation of such devices requires efficient light capture and charge generation, effective electrical communication across the device’s bioelectronic interface, conformal adhesion to the target tissue, and mechanical stability of the device during the lifetime of the implant—all of which can be tuned by spatial structuring of the device. We demonstrate a 3D structured opto-bioelectronic device—an organic electrolytic photocapacitor spatially designed by depositing the active device layers on an inverted micropyramid-shaped substrate. Ultrathin, transparent, and flexible micropyramid-shaped foil was fabricated by chemical vapour deposition of parylene C on silicon moulds containing arrays of inverted micropyramids, followed by a peel-off procedure. The capacitive current delivered by the devices showed a strong dependency on the underlying spatial structure. The device performance was evaluated by numerical modelling. We propose that the developed numerical model can be used as a basis for the design of future functional 3D design of opto-bioelectronic devices and electrodes.
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Shin, Jihyun, i Hocheon Yoo. "Photogating Effect-Driven Photodetectors and Their Emerging Applications". Nanomaterials 13, nr 5 (26.02.2023): 882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13050882.
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Rather than generating a photocurrent through photo-excited carriers by the photoelectric effect, the photogating effect enables us to detect sub-bandgap rays. The photogating effect is caused by trapped photo-induced charges that modulate the potential energy of the semiconductor/dielectric interface, where these trapped charges contribute an additional electrical gating-field, resulting in a shift in the threshold voltage. This approach clearly separates the drain current in dark versus bright exposures. In this review, we discuss the photogating effect-driven photodetectors with respect to emerging optoelectrical materials, device structures, and mechanisms. Representative examples that reported the photogating effect-based sub-bandgap photodetection are revisited. Furthermore, emerging applications using these photogating effects are highlighted. The potential and challenging aspects of next-generation photodetector devices are presented with an emphasis on the photogating effect.
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Kirner, Simon, Peter Bogdanoff, Bernd Stannowski, Roel van de Krol, Bernd Rech i Rutger Schlatmann. "Architectures for scalable integrated photo driven catalytic devices-A concept study". International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 41, nr 45 (grudzień 2016): 20823–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.05.088.
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Samson, Kerr D. G., Eleonore C. L. Bolle, Mariah Sarwat, Tim R. Dargaville i Ferry P. W. Melchels. "Elastic Bioresorbable Polymeric Capsules for Osmosis-Driven Delayed Burst Delivery of Vaccines". Pharmaceutics 13, nr 3 (23.03.2021): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13030434.
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Single-administration vaccine delivery systems are intended to improve the efficiency and efficacy of immunisation programs in both human and veterinary medicine. In this work, an osmotically triggered delayed delivery device was developed that was able to release a payload after a delay of approximately 21 days, in a consistent and reproducible manner. The device was constructed out of a flexible poly(ε-caprolactone) photo-cured network fabricated into a hollow tubular shape, which expelled approximately 10% of its total payload within 2 days after bursting. Characterisation of the factors that control the delay of release demonstrated that it was advantageous to adjust material permeability and device wall thickness over manipulation of the osmogent concentration in order to maintain reproducibility in burst delay times. The photo-cured poly(ε-caprolactone) network was shown to be fully degradable in vitro, and there was no evidence of cytotoxicity after 11 days of direct contact with primary dermal fibroblasts. This study provides strong evidence to support further development of flexible biomaterials with the aim of continuing improvement of the device burst characteristics in order to provide the greatest chance of the devices succeeding with in vivo vaccine booster delivery.
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Grabowski, Przemysław, Jakub Haberko i Piotr Wasylczyk. "Photo-Mechanical Response Dynamics of Liquid Crystal Elastomer Linear Actuators". Materials 13, nr 13 (30.06.2020): 2933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13132933.
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With continuous miniaturization of many technologies, robotics seems to be lagging behind. While the semiconductor technologies operate confidently at the nanometer scale and micro-mechanics of simple structures (MEMS) in micrometers, autonomous devices are struggling to break the centimeter barrier and have hardly colonized smaller scales. One way towards miniaturization of robots involves remotely powered, light-driven soft mechanisms based on photo-responsive materials, such as liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs). While several simple devices have been demonstrated with contracting, bending, twisting, or other, more complex LCE actuators, only their simple behavior in response to light has been studied. Here we characterize the photo-mechanical response of a linear light-driven LCE actuator by measuring its response to laser beams with varying power, pulse duration, pulse energy, and the energy spatial distribution. Light absorption decrease in the actuator over time is also measured. These results are at the foundation of further development of soft, light-driven miniature mechanisms and micro-robots.
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Xiong, Yihuang, Weinan Chen, Wenbo Guo, Hua Wei i Ismaila Dabo. "Data-driven analysis of the electronic-structure factors controlling the work functions of perovskite oxides". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 23, nr 11 (2021): 6880–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cp05595f.
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Tuning the work functions of materials is critical to the performance of microelectronic and (photo)electrochemical devices. We validate data-driven models to predict the work functions of cubic perovskites from simple electronic descriptors.
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Shawkat, Mashiyat Sumaiya, Tanvir Ahmed Chowdhury, Hee-Suk Chung, Shahid Sattar, Tae-Jun Ko, J. Andreas Larsson i Yeonwoong Jung. "Large-area 2D PtTe2/silicon vertical-junction devices with ultrafast and high-sensitivity photodetection and photovoltaic enhancement by integrating water droplets". Nanoscale 12, nr 45 (2020): 23116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nr05670g.
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Darus, Libertus, Takuya Sadakane, Pablo Ledezma, Seiya Tsujimura, Isioma Osadebe, Dónal Leech, Lo Gorton i Stefano Freguia. "Redox-Polymers Enable Uninterrupted Day/Night Photo-Driven Electricity Generation in Biophotovoltaic Devices". Journal of The Electrochemical Society 164, nr 3 (6.12.2016): H3037—H3040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0091703jes.
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Vermaas, David A., Mark Sassenburg i Wilson A. Smith. "Photo-assisted water splitting with bipolar membrane induced pH gradients for practical solar fuel devices". Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, nr 38 (2015): 19556–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta06315a.
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Litchman, Michelle L., Heather R. Walker, Caroline Fitzgerald, Mariana Gomez Hoyos, Dana Lewis i Perry M. Gee. "Patient-Driven Diabetes Technologies: Sentiment and Personas of the #WeAreNotWaiting and #OpenAPS Movements". Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 14, nr 6 (4.07.2020): 990–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1932296820932928.
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Background: Patients with diabetes have developed innovative do-it-yourself (DIY) methods for adapting existing medical devices to better fit individual needs. Method: A multiple method study used Symplur Analytics to analyze aggregated Twitter data of #WeAreNotWaiting and #OpenAPS tweets between 2014 and 2017 to examine DIY patient-led innovation. Conversation sentiment was examined between diabetes stakeholders to determine changes over time. Two hundred of the most shared photos were analyzed to understand visual representations of DIY patient-led innovations. Finally, discourse analysis was used to identify the personas who engage in DIY patient-led diabetes technologies activities and conversations on Twitter. Results: A total of 7886 participants who generated 46 578 tweets were included. Sentiment analysis showed that 82%-85% of interactions around DIY patient-led innovation was positive among patient/caregiver and physician groups. Through photo analysis, five content themes emerged: (1) disseminating media and conference coverage, (2) showcasing devices, (3) celebrating connections, (4) providing instructions, and (5) celebrating accomplishments. Six personas emerged across the overlapping userbase: (1) fearless leaders, (2) loopers living it up, (3) parents on a mission, (4) the tech titans, (5) movement supporters, and (6) healthcare provider advocates. Personas had varying goals and behaviors within the community. Conclusions: #WeAreNotWaiting and #OpenAPS on Twitter reveal a fast-moving patient-led movement focused on DIY patient innovation that is further mobilized by an expanding and diverse userbase. Further research is indicated to bring technology savvy persons with diabetes into conversation with healthcare providers and researchers alike.
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Subirada, Francesc, Roberto Paoli, Jessica Sierra-Agudelo, Anna Lagunas, Romen Rodriguez-Trujillo i Josep Samitier. "Development of a Custom-Made 3D Printing Protocol with Commercial Resins for Manufacturing Microfluidic Devices". Polymers 14, nr 14 (21.07.2022): 2955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14142955.
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The combination of microfluidics and photo-polymerization techniques such as stereolithography (SLA) has emerged as a new field which has a lot of potential to influence in such important areas as biological analysis, and chemical detection among others. However, the integration between them is still at an early stage of development. In this article, after analyzing the resolution of a custom SLA 3D printer with commercial resins, microfluidic devices were manufactured using three different approaches. First, printing a mold with the objective of creating a Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) replica with the microfluidic channels; secondly, open channels have been printed and then assembled with a flat cover of the same resin material. Finally, a closed microfluidic device has also been produced in a single process of printing. Important results for 3D printing with commercial resins have been achieved by only printing one layer on top of the channel. All microfluidic devices have been tested successfully for pressure-driven fluid flow.
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Goda, Kazuya, Maya Omori i Kohki Takatoh. "Optical switching in guest–host liquid crystal devices driven by photo- and thermal isomerisation of azobenzene". Liquid Crystals 45, nr 4 (14.08.2017): 485–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02678292.2017.1355987.
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Kumar, Sandeep, i Sunil Kumar. "Ultrafast light-induced THz switching in exchange-biased Fe/Pt spintronic heterostructure". Applied Physics Letters 120, nr 20 (16.05.2022): 202403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0091934.
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The ultrafast optical control of magnetization in spintronic structures enables one to access to the high-speed information processing, approaching the realm of terahertz (THz). Femtosecond visible/near-infrared laser-driven ferromagnetic/nonmagnetic metallic spintronic heterostructures-based THz emitters combine the aspects from the ultrafast photo-induced dynamics and spin-charge inter-conversion mechanisms through the generation of THz electromagnetic pulses. In this Letter, we demonstrate photoexcitation density-dependent induced exchange-bias tunability and THz switching in an annealed Fe/Pt thin-film heterostructure, which otherwise is a widely used conventional spintronic THz emitter. By combining the exchange-bias effect along with THz emission, the photo-induced THz switching is observed without any applied magnetic field. These results pave the way for an all-optical ultrafast mechanism to exchange-bias tuning in spintronic devices for high-density storage, read/write magnetic memory applications.
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Fiorentino, Giuseppe, Ben Jones, Sophie Roth, Edith Grac, Murali Jayapala, Pieter Bex, Daniel D. De Almeida, Aurelie Humbert i Simone Severi. "Silicon-Quartz Microcapillary Opto-Fluidic Platform Obtained by CMOS-Compatible Die to Wafer 200 mm Dual Bonding Process". Proceedings 2, nr 13 (13.11.2018): 1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2131018.
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A composite, capillary-driven microfluidic system suitable for transmitted light microscopy of cells (e.g., red and white human blood cells) is fabricated and demonstrated. The microfluidic system consists of a microchannels network fabricated in a photo-patternable adhesive polymer on a quartz substrate, which, by means of adhesive bonding, is then connected to a silicon microfluidic die (for processing of the biological sample) and quartz die (to form the imaging chamber). The entire bonding process makes use of a very low temperature budget (200 °C). In this demonstrator, the silicon die consists of microfluidic channels with transition structures to allow conveyance of fluid utilizing capillary forces from the polymer channels to the silicon channels and back to the polymer channels. Compared to existing devices, this fully integrated platform combines on the same substrate silicon microfluidic capabilities with optical system analysis, representing a portable and versatile lab-on-chip device.
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Xu, Ruitong, Jun Pan, Bo Wu, Yangguang Li, Hong-En Wang i Ting Zhu. "Fabrication of Zn-Cu-Ni Ternary Oxides in Nanoarrays for Photo-Enhanced Pseudocapacitive Charge Storage". Nanomaterials 12, nr 14 (18.07.2022): 2457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12142457.
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To meet the increasing demands of energy consumption, sustainable energy sources such as solar energy should be better employed to promote electrochemical energy storage. Herein, we fabricated a bifunctional photoelectrode composed of copper foam (CF)-supported zinc-nickel-copper ternary oxides in nanoarrays (CF@ZnCuNiOx NAs) to promote photo-enhanced pseudocapacitive charge storage. The as-fabricated CF@ZnCuNiOx NAs have shown both photosensitive and pseudocapacitive characteristics, demonstrating a synergistic effect on efficient solar energy harvest and conversion. As a result, a high areal specific capacitance of 2741 mF cm−2 (namely 418 μAh cm−2) under light illumination can be calculated at 5 mA cm−2, which delivered photo-enhancement of 38.3% compared to that obtained without light. In addition, the photoelectric and photothermal effects of the light energy on pseudocapacitive charge storage have been preliminarily studied and compared. This work may provide some evidence on the different mechanisms of photoelectric/thermal conversion for developing solar-driven energy storage devices.
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Haussener, Sophia. "(Invited) Multi-Scale and Multi-Physics Modeling for Advancing Photoelectrochemical and Photocatalytic Material and Device Research". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2018-01, nr 31 (13.04.2018): 1856. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2018-01/31/1856.
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Modelling can efficiently support the choice of the most interesting conceptual design approaches, material choices, and operating conditions for photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic devices. Here, I will discuss modeling of three different ideas for versatile and cheap solar hydrogen and syngas production: i) photocatalytic particle suspended in a solution, ii) semiconductor particle-based photoelectrodes (PEs) fabricated by scalable dipping procedures, and iii) high-temperature approaches to photoelectrochemistry. Modeling of scalable photocatalysis suspensions require understanding of the single particle band energetics and kinetics and coupling it to the heat, mass and charge transport processes in a complete suspension. I will show how we use and couple 1D single particle models and 2D suspension simulations to provide material and design guidance of photocatalytic suspension approaches. Modeling of complicated particle-based PEs, on the other hand, requires full 3D multi-scale device models accounting for the morphological details of the nano-scale and then coupling them through homogenization theory to the macroscopic device model. I will show how we utilized nano-tomography to obtain the exact nano-scale morphology and how this morphology is incorporated into direct pore-level modeling to predict inhomogeneity in the variable fields and corresponding underutilization of parts of the PE. Finally, I will show how we use advanced 2D heat transfer models and detailed 1D junction models for mixed electron and ion conductor interfaces to model and explore high temperature approaches to photoelectrochemistry. I will end with a general outlook on modeling of photo-driven devices.
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Anwar, Asima, Muhammad Asif Yousuf, Bashir Tahir, Muhammad Shahid, Muhammad Imran, Muhammad Azhar Khan, Muhammad Sher i Muhammad Farooq Warsi. "New Er3+-substituted NiFe2O4 Nanoparticles and their Nano-heterostructures with Graphene for Visible Light-Driven Photo-catalysis and other Potential Applications". Current Nanoscience 15, nr 3 (19.02.2019): 267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573413714666180911101337.
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Background: Spinel ferrites have great scientific and technological significance because of their easy manufacturing, low cost and outstanding electrical and magnetic properties. Nickel ferrite nanoparticles are ferromagnetic material with an inverse spinel structure. They show remarkable magnetic properties and hence have a wide range of applications in magnetic storage devices, microwave devices, gas sensors, telecommunication, drug delivery, catalysis and magnetic resonance imaging. Objective: The aim and objective of this research article is to study the relative effect of NiErxFe2-xO4 nanoparticles and their composites with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) for the photocatalytic degradation reaction and other physical parameters. Method: Rare earth Er3+ substituted NiErxFe2-xO4 nanoparticles were synthesized via the facile wet chemical route. Six different compositions of NiErxFe2-xO4 with varied Er3+ contents such as (x) = 0.00, 0.005, 0.01, 0.015, 0.02 and 0.025 were selected for evaluation of the effect of Er3+ on various parameters of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles. Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was prepared by Hummer’s method and was characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Nano-heterostructures of NiErxFe2-xO4 with rGO were prepared by the ultra-sonication method. Results: X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) confirmed the spinel cubic structure of all the compositions of NiErx- Fe2-xO4 nanoparticles. The photocatalytic degradation rate of methylene blue and congo red under visible light irradiation was found faster in the presence of NiErxFe2-xO4-rGO nanocomposites as compared to bare nanoparticles. It was also investigated that as the Er3+ contents were increased in NiErxFe2-xO4 nanoparticles, the dielectric parameters were largely affected. The room temperature DC-resistivity measurements showed that the Er3+ contents in NiFe2O4 are responsible for the increased electrical resistivity of ferrite particles. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) analysis of NiErxFe2-xO4 nanoparticles and NiErxFe2-xO4-rGO nanocomposites revealed that the ferrite particles possess low conductance as compared to the corresponding composites with graphene. Conclusion: The data obtained from all these characterization techniques suggested the potential applications of the NiErxFe2-xO4 nanoparticles and NiErxFe2-xO4-rGO nanocomposites for visible light driven photo-catalysis and high-frequency devices fabrication.
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Cebrián, Cristina, i Matteo Mauro. "Recent advances in phosphorescent platinum complexes for organic light-emitting diodes". Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 14 (18.06.2018): 1459–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.14.124.
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Phosphorescent organometallic compounds based on heavy transition metal complexes (TMCs) are an appealing research topic of enormous current interest. Amongst all different fields in which they found valuable application, development of emitting materials based on TMCs have become crucial for electroluminescent devices such as phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PhOLEDs) and light-emitting electrochemical cells (LEECs). This interest is driven by the fact that luminescent TMCs with long-lived excited state lifetimes are able to efficiently harvest both singlet and triplet electro-generated excitons, thus opening the possibility to achieve theoretically 100% internal quantum efficiency in such devices. In the recent past, various classes of compounds have been reported, possessing a beautiful structural variety that allowed to nicely obtain efficient photo- and electroluminescence with high colour purity in the red, green and blue (RGB) portions of the visible spectrum. In addition, achievement of efficient emission beyond such range towards ultraviolet (UV) and near infrared (NIR) regions was also challenged. By employing TMCs as triplet emitters in OLEDs, remarkably high device performances were demonstrated, with square planar platinum(II) complexes bearing π-conjugated chromophoric ligands playing a key role in such respect. In this contribution, the most recent and promising trends in the field of phosphorescent platinum complexes will be reviewed and discussed. In particular, the importance of proper molecular design that underpins the successful achievement of improved photophysical features and enhanced device performances will be highlighted. Special emphasis will be devoted to those recent systems that have been employed as triplet emitters in efficient PhOLEDs.
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Ohta, Yasumi, Takaaki E. Murakami, Mamiko Kawahara, Makito Haruta, Hironari Takehara, Hiroyuki Tashiro, Kiyotaka Sasagawa, Jun Ohta, Metin Akay i Yasemin M. Akay. "Investigating the Influence of GABA Neurons on Dopamine Neurons in the Ventral Tegmental Area Using Optogenetic Techniques". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, nr 3 (20.01.2022): 1114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031114.
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Dopamine (DA) is the key regulator of reward behavior. The DA neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and their projection areas, which include the prefrontal cortex (PFC), nucleus accumbens (NAc), and amygdala, play a primary role in the process of reward-driven behavior induced by the drugs of addiction, including nicotine and alcohol. In our previous study, we developed a novel platform consisting of micro-LED array devices to stimulate a large area of the brain of rats and monkeys with photo-stimulation and a microdialysis probe to estimate the DA release in the PFC. Our results suggested that the platform was able to detect the increased level of dopamine in the PFC in response to the photo-stimulation of both the PFC and VTA. In this study, we used this platform to photo-stimulate the VTA neurons in both ChrimsonR-expressing (non-specific) wild and dopamine transporter (DAT)-Cre (dopamine specific) mice, and measured the dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens shell (NAcShell). We measured the DA release in the NAcShell in response to optogenetic stimulation of the VTA neurons and investigated the effect of GABAergic neurons on dopaminergic neurons by histochemical studies. Comparing the photo-stimulation frequency of 2 Hz with that of 20 Hz, the change in DA concentration at the NAcShell was greater at 20 Hz in both cases. When ChrimsonR was expressed specifically for DA, the release of DA at the NAcShell increased in response to photo-stimulation of the VTA. In contrast, when ChrimsonR was expressed non-specifically, the amount of DA released was almost unchanged upon photo-stimulation. However, for nonspecifically expressed ChrimsonR, intraperitoneal injection of bicuculline, a competitive antagonist at the GABA-binding site of the GABAA receptor, also significantly increased the release of DA at the NAcShell in response to photo-stimulation of the VTA. The results of immunochemical staining confirm that GABAergic neurons in the VTA suppress DA activation, and also indicate that alterations in GABAergic neurons may have serious downstream effects on DA activity, NAcShell release, and neural adaptation of the VTA. This study also confirms that optogenetics technology is crucial to study the relationship between the mesolimbic dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons in a neural-specific manner.
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Li, Chang, Ming Li, Zhongshi Ni, Qingwen Guan, Bamber R. K. Blackman i Eduardo Saiz. "Stimuli-responsive surfaces for switchable wettability and adhesion". Journal of The Royal Society Interface 18, nr 179 (czerwiec 2021): 20210162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2021.0162.
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Diverse unique surfaces exist in nature, e.g. lotus leaf, rose petal and rice leaf. They show similar contact angles but different adhesion properties. According to the different wettability and adhesion characteristics, this review reclassifies different contact states of droplets on surfaces. Inspired by the biological surfaces, smart artificial surfaces have been developed which respond to external stimuli and consequently switch between different states. Responsive surfaces driven by various stimuli, e.g. stretching, magnetic, photo, electric, temperature, humidity and pH, are discussed. Studies reporting on either atmospheric or underwater environments are discussed. The application of tailoring surface wettability and adhesion includes microfluidics/droplet manipulation, liquid transport and harvesting, water energy harvesting and flexible smart devices. Particular attention is placed on the horizontal comparison of smart surfaces with the same stimuli. Finally, the current challenges and future prospects in this field are also identified.
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Wei, Zhou, Naila Arshad, Chen Hui, Muhammad Sultan Irshad, Naveed Mushtaq, Shahid Hussain, Matiullah Shah i in. "Interfacial Photothermal Heat Accumulation for Simultaneous Salt Rejection and Freshwater Generation; an Efficient Solar Energy Harvester". Nanomaterials 12, nr 18 (15.09.2022): 3206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12183206.
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Water scarcity has emerged as an intense global threat to humanity and needs prompt attention from the scientific community. Solar-driven interfacial evaporation and seawater desalination are promising strategies to resolve the primitive water shortage issue using renewable resources. However, the fragile solar thermal devices, complex fabricating techniques, and high cost greatly hinder extensive solar energy utilization in remote locations. Herein, we report the facile fabrication of a cost-effective solar-driven interfacial evaporator and seawater desalination system composed of carbon cloth (CC)-wrapped polyurethane foam (CC@PU). The developed solar evaporator had outstanding photo-thermal conversion efficiency (90%) with a high evaporation rate (1.71 kg m−2 h−1). The interfacial layer of black CC induced multiple incident rays on the surface allowing the excellent solar absorption (92%) and intensifying heat localization (67.37 °C) under 1 kW m−2 with spatially defined hydrophilicity to facilitate the easy vapor escape and validate the efficacious evaporation structure using extensive solar energy exploitation for practical application. More importantly, the long-term evaporation experiments with minimum discrepancy under seawater conditions endowed excellent mass change (15.24 kg m−2 in consecutive 8 h under 1 kW m−2 solar irradiations) and promoted its operational sustainability for multi-media rejection and self-dissolving potential (3.5 g NaCl rejected from CC@PU surface in 210 min). Hence, the low-cost and facile fabrication of CC@PU-based interfacial evaporation structure showcases the potential for enhanced solar-driven interfacial heat accumulation for freshwater production with simultaneous salt rejection.
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Zhang, Qiang, Yajuan Feng, Xuanyu Chen, Weiwei Zhang, Lu Wu i Yuexia Wang. "Designing a Novel Monolayer β-CSe for High Performance Photovoltaic Device: An Isoelectronic Counterpart of Blue Phosphorene". Nanomaterials 9, nr 4 (11.04.2019): 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9040598.
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Using the first-principles method, an unmanufactured structure of blue-phosphorus-like monolayer CSe (β-CSe) was predicted to be stable. Slightly anisotropic mechanical characteristics in β-CSe sheet were discovered: it can endure an ultimate stress of 5.6 N/m at 0.1 along an armchair direction, and 5.9 N/m at 0.14 along a zigzag direction. A strain-sensitive transport direction was found in β-CSe, since β-CSe, as an isoelectronic counterpart of blue phosphorene (β-P), also possesses a wide indirect bandgap that is sensitive to the in-plane strain, and its carrier effective mass is strain-dependent. Its indirect bandgap character is robust, except that armchair-dominant strain can drive the indirect-direct transition. We designed a heterojunction by the β-CSe sheet covering α-CSe sheet. The band alignment of the α-CSe/β-CSe interface is a type-II van der Waals p-n heterojunction. An appreciable built-in electric field across the interface, which is caused by the charges transfering from β-CSe slab to α-CSe, renders energy bands bending, and it makes photo-generated carriers spatially well-separated. Accordingly, as a metal-free photocatalyst, α-CSe/β-CSe heterojunction was endued an enhanced solar-driven redox ability for photocatalytic water splitting via lessening the electron-hole-pair recombination. This study provides a fundamental insight regarding the designing of the novel structural phase for high-performance light-emitting devices, and it bodes well for application in photocatalysis.
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Long, Xiao, Huan Tan, Florencio Sánchez, Ignasi Fina i Josep Fontcuberta. "Disentangling electronic and thermal contributions to light-induced resistance switching in BaTiO3 ferroelectric tunnel junction". Journal of Applied Physics 132, nr 21 (7.12.2022): 214103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0125040.
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In the presence of asymmetric potential barriers, such as those created by imprint fields, ferroelectric polarization can be reversed by light due to the photoinduced suppression of polarization. Both thermal effects and photocarrier-induced polarization screening may agree with this experimental observation, challenging its understanding. Here, we explore light-induced ferroelectric polarization switching in BaTiO3 thin films. Time-dependent photocurrent and photoresistance experiments at different wavelengths indicate that the optical switch of polarization is mainly driven by photocarriers rather than thermal effects. The effect of light on sample polarization is found to be relatively slow and that an illumination period as long as ≈100 s is required to achieve complete switching when using a 405 nm light wavelength and 1.4 W/cm2 power density. It is shown that this response is governed by the concentration of photo-generated charges, which is low due to the reduced light absorption of BaTiO3 films at the explored wavelengths. Our conclusions can help us to better design optically switching devices based on ferroelectric materials.
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Zhang, Xinyi, Michael Schwarze, Reinhard Schomäcker, Roel van De Krol i Fatwa Abdi. "Net Energy Balance Assessment for a Coupled Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Device". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, nr 39 (7.07.2022): 1792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01391792mtgabs.
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Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is a promising renewable energy technology to produce green hydrogen for the future fossil-fuel-free society. Over the past decade, research on PEC water splitting devices has achieved significant improvements in the demonstrated solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiencies. The improved efficiencies have led to the development of large-scale devices [1,2] and the coupling of hydrogen production with the synthesis of valuable chemicals [3,4]. The co-generation approach offers a potential route towards achieving a levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) that is competitive with the current market price of hydrogen and increases the overall economic feasibility of the PEC technology. This study evaluates the potential of co-producing hydrogen and methyl succinic acid (MSA) by coupling the hydrogenation of itaconic acid (IA) into MSA inside a PEC water splitting reactor. We used a PEC device that uses BiVO4 as the top absorber and a silicon solar cell as the bottom absorber, as reported previously [1,5]. To address the feasibility of this approach, a net energy balance assessment is conducted, and the results are compared with the benchmark values for conventional MSA production. We follow the Techno-Economic Assessment & Life Cycle Assessment Guidelines for CO2 Utilization (Version 1.1) which provides a specific protocol for multi-functional PEC devices [6]. Life cycle inventory (LCI) values from the literature and Ecoinvent database [7] are used to construct the target scenarios in Simapro v9.2.0. Our results show that the energy demand of our PEC device is ca. 3800 MJ/m2, and the most energy intensive components are the photoelectrode (~70%) and the Nafion membrane (8%). Under the base case condition (i.e., STH = 5%, device longevity = 10 years) and when H2 is the only product, a negative net energy balance of ca. -160 MJ/m2/year is obtained. However, with a coupled hydrogenation reaction, a zero net energy balance (i.e., energy breakeven) can already be achieved when only 2% of the produced H2 molecules are converted into MSA (see red circle in Fig. 1a). Figure 1b shows the cumulative energy demand to produce one kg of MSA under a more optimistic scenario, in which the H2-to-MSA conversion efficiency is 0.4. Under this condition, the net energy production is ca. 3500 MJ/m2/year, which translates to a cumulative energy demand of ca. 13 MJ/kg of MSA (see red circle in Fig. 1b). This is much lower compared to MSA produced using conventional hydrogenation methods (i.e., ~90 MJ/kg MSA), which underlines the attractiveness of the coupled PEC approach. Finally, we analyze the potential for further improvement of the net energy balance. We explore possibilities of replacing device components (e.g., photoelectrode, membrane) and assess the impact to the net energy balance of the device. The result of this optimization study will be presented, and the most effective strategy will be outlined. Keywords : water splitting, (photo)electrochemistry, net energy assessment, coupled catalysis, hydrogenation References [1] Ahmet IY, Ma Y, Jang JW, Henschel T, Stannowski B, Lopes T, Vilanova A, Mendes A, Abdi FF, van De Krol R. Demonstration of a 50 cm2 BiVO4 tandem photoelectrochemical-photovoltaic water splitting device. Sustain Energy Fuels. 2019;3(9):2366–79. [2] Tolod KR, Hernández S, Russo N. Recent advances in the BiVO4 photocatalyst for sun-driven water oxidation: Top-performing photoanodes and scale-up challenges. Catalysts. 2017;7(1). [3] Mei B, Mul G, Seger B. Beyond Water Splitting: Efficiencies of Photo-Electrochemical Devices Producing Hydrogen and Valuable Oxidation Products. Adv Sustain Syst. 2017;1(1–2). [4] Luo H, Barrio J, Sunny N, Li A, Steier L, Shah N, Stephens IEL, Titirici MM. Progress and Perspectives in Photo- and Electrochemical-Oxidation of Biomass for Sustainable Chemicals and Hydrogen Production. Adv Energy Mater. 2021;11(43). [5] Abdi FF, Han L, Smets AHM, Zeman M, Dam B, van De Krol R. Efficient solar water splitting by enhanced charge separation in a bismuth vanadate-silicon tandem photoelectrode. Nat Commun. 2013;4:1–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3195 [6] Zimmermann AW, Wang Y, Wunderlich J, Buchner GA, Schomäcker R, Müller LJ, Langhorst T, Kätelhön A, Bachmann M, Sternberg A, Bardow A, Armstrong K, Michailos S, McCord S, Zaragoza AV, Styring P, Marxen A, Naims H, Cremonese L, Strunge T, Olfe-Kräutlein B, Faber G, Mangin C, Mason F, Stokes G, Williams E, Sick V. Techno-Economic Assessment & Life Cycle Assessment Guidelines for CO2 Utilization (Version 1.1). 2020;(September). [7] Jungbluth N, Stucki M FR. Photovoltaics. In Sachbilanzen von Energiesystemen: Grundlagen für den ökologischen Vergleich von Energiesystemen und den Einbezug von Energiesystemen in Ökobilanzen für die Schweiz. ecoinvent report No. 6-XII. Swiss Cent Life Cycle Invent Dübendorf, CH. 2009;16–69(6–XII). Figure 1
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Chen, Yuzhu, i Meng Lin. "(Digital Presentation) Photo-Thermo-Electrochemical Cells for on-Demand Solar Power and Hydrogen Generation". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, nr 36 (7.07.2022): 1560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01361560mtgabs.
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Converting solar energy into power and hydrogen provides a promising pathway to fulfilling instantaneous electricity demand (power generation) as well as continuous demand via storing energy in chemical bonds (hydrogen generation). Co-generation of power and hydrogen is of great interest due to its potential to overcome expensive electricity storage in conventional PV plus battery systems. Both solar thermochemistry processes and photo-electrochemical cells (PECs) are extensively explored technologies to produce solar hydrogen. The key challenges for solar thermochemistry processes are extremely high operating temperature (~ 1500 oC) and low demonstrated efficiency (< 1% for hydrogen generation). For PECs, the limited solar absorption together with sluggish electrochemical reactions, especially for OER, leads to limited theoretical solar fuel generation. Operating PECs at high temperature will lead to decreased photovoltage and interface stability. Inspired by the thermally regenerative batteries, we propose a photo-thermo-electrochemical (PTEC) device that uses the solid oxide-based moderate high temperature cell (~1000 ℃) as the photo-absorber for simultaneously converting concentrated solar radiation into heat and generating fuel or power electrochemically driven by the discharging power from the low temperature cell (~700 ℃). PTEC device enables full solar spectrum utilization, highly favorable thermodynamics and kinetics, and cost-effectiveness. A continuous PTEC device has two working modes, which are voltage differential (VD) mode and current differential (CD) mode. The current-voltage characteristics of a PTEC device are shown in Figure 1. It mainly consists of five parts. A high temperature cell (HTC) serves as a solar absorber and a low temperature cell (LTC) serves as heat recovery. Besides, the opposite electrochemical reactions take place in two cells meaning that HTC and LTC can also function as a hydrogen production as well as an electricity generator component, respectively. Heat exchanger(s) is placed between the HTC and LTC and hot fluids pass through a heat exchanger before entering LTC to reduce heat losses to environment as well as reducing input solar energy. The VD mode and CD mode can be realized in PTECs via controlling of DC-DC converter. In order to identify the main parameters, we develop a multi-physics model based on finite element method, including mass, heat and charge transfer, and electrochemical reactions. In addition, heat exchange is modeled by solving energy balance equation, DC-DC convertor is assumed by constant efficiency, and a lumped parameter model is used to describe solar receiver including energy losses of conduction and reradiation. This framework also allows us to provide design guidelines for PTEC devices with high solar-to-electricity (STE) efficiency and solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiency. The maximum STE and STH efficiency under reference conditions of PTEC device was found to be 4 % and 2 %. A further improved performance in terms of STE and STH efficiency are about 19 % and 16 %, respectively, via optimizing temperature configuration between HTC and LTC and material properties. It is also interesting to note that STH can reach higher than 80 % of STE at a large temperature difference, which shows a promising energy storage device by storing excessive electrical power in form of hydrogen. The main results show that the temperature of HTC and efficiency of heat exchange are key parameters to optimize PTEC efficiency. The performance of DC-DC convertor dominates STH efficiency. Besides, ionic conductivity of electrolyte can contribute to significantly expanding the operating current density range. The PTEC is a promising technology for solar energy conversion and storage as it is able to produce electricity and hydrogen in a single device. The solar conversion efficiency predicted with our numerical model supports that by optimizing the design and operational conditions, this technology can compete with existing solar fuel pathways. Figure 1
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Moody, Kevin, i Nick Stukan. "Embedded SIP Modules for next-GEN Heterogeneous “POWER-Devices”". Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2019, DPC (1.01.2019): 000383–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2380-4491-2019-dpc-presentation_tp1_073.
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In this paper will focus on the comprehension of System-in-Package (SiP) with embedded active and passive components integration will be described. Embedding of semiconductor chips into substrates provides many advantages that have been noted. It allows the smallest package form-factor with high degree of miniaturization through sequentially stacking of multiple layers containing embedded devices that are optimized for electrical performance with short and geometrically well controlled copper interconnects. In addition, the embedding gives a homogeneous mechanical environment of the chips, resulting in good reliability at system level. Furthermore, embedded technology is an excellent resolution to Power management challenges dealing with new device technologies (Si, GaS, GaN) and optimization on the thermal dissipation with improved efficiency. Embedded technology comes with many challenges in 2019, primarily design for manufacturability (DFM) and maturity. Customers are looking for better-performance capability and pricing normally that means same or lower than die free package cost (DFPC) comparison. This paper will discuss the challenges bring to market the Embedded SIP Modules for next-GEN Heterogeneous “POWER-Devices” Today, the embedded process is being developed by printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturers creating a new supply chain, bringing new players into the semiconductor industry. This new supply chain comes along with new business models. As a result of the increasing interest in implementing embedding technologies, ACCESS Semiconductors in China is committed to be a leader in the adaptation of embedding technologies, with over 10-yrs mature coreless technology and proved design rules for low profile dimensions with seamless Ti/Cu sputtering and Cu pillar interconnect giving advantages in both electrical & power performance. ACCESS Patented “Via-in-Frame” technology provides High Reliability (MSL1, PCT, BHAST) at Cost Effective in high panel utilization for HVM, using standard substrate/PCB known material sets, no need for wafer bumping/RDL, over-mold or under-fill cost adders. ACCESS Semiconductors is currently in HVM on single die 2L, and LVM on multi-devices actives/passives 4L SiP construction both platforms are driven from the power market segment. In-development on Die Last & Frameless (MeSiP) platforms utilizing hybrid technology (mSAP) and Photo Imageable Dielectric (PID) materials for cost down solutions in HVM by Q1FY2020. Also, ACCESS Semiconductors total turn-key solutions will include front-of-line (FOL) and end-of-line (EOL) capability from wafer handling, back-grinding, and dicing with KGD traceability thru the embedded chip process, frame/strip singulation, FT, marking pack & ship providing additional 30% cost reduction in the future. Here's an illustration of Embedded Technology Roadmap and Product Platforms.
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Naumann, Kathrin, Tim Tichter, Ole Hansen, Brian Seger, Ib Chorkendorff i Peter Vesborg. "Cu As Co-Catalyst for the Photo-Electrochemical CO Reduction on Multi-Junction Photoabsorbers". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, nr 36 (7.07.2022): 1605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01361605mtgabs.
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Substantial research effort has been dedicated to the electrochemical reduction of CO2 (CO2R) to higher carbon products throughout the recent years, baring the promise of a production pathway for green fuels and chemicals.1 However, only little progress has been achieved in the light driven heterogeneous CO2R catalysis, especially considering selective processes towards C2+ products. This arises from the additional complexity of photo-electrochemical reactions, which means that not only the sluggish reaction kinetics, high overpotentials and low selectivity of CO2R, but also the insufficient voltage and sensitivity towards harsh electrolyte conditions of photoabsorbers have to be encountered. Considering CO2R as multi-step process with CO as intermediate mitigates some issues of the process, e.g. the necessary overpotential is reduced and a higher selectivity towards valuable products can be achieved.2 Multi-junction solar stacks can provide operating voltages >2 V, which is sufficient for reducing CO2 to CO with high efficiencies or even produce multi-carbon products from CO while oxidizing water as anode reaction.3 In this work, we designed a process for photo-electrochemical CO reduction with multi-junction photoabsorbers. We start out by showing photo-electrochemical modelling of tandem photoabsorbers that emphasizes the advantages of CO as reactant compared to CO2. Further, we focus on the preparation of a nano-structured Cu catalyst, the most common material for reducing CO to C2+. Therefore, the electrochemical deposition and surface characterization using SEM, EDX and XPS of the catalyst on a dark model electrode coated with a sputter deposited TiO2 protection layer will be presented. Moreover, the CO reduction performance of the model at different potentials are characterized. In addition, the light transmission of the model electrode is reported, baring the possibility of illuminating the photoelectrode from the catalyst front side in mind. Lastly, the transfer of the model catalyst to a photoabsorber as well as the design of a photo-electrochemical flow-cell are discussed. Nitopi, S. et al. Progress and Perspectives of Electrochemical CO2 Reduction on Copper in Aqueous Electrolyte. Rev. 119, 7610–7672 (2019)1. Wang, L. et al. Electrochemical Carbon Monoxide Reduction on Polycrystalline Copper: Effects of Potential, Pressure, and pH on Selectivity toward Multicarbon and Oxygenated Products. ACS Catal. 8, 7445–7454 (2018) Seger, B., Hansen, O. & Vesborg, P. C. K. A Flexible Web-Based Approach to Modeling Tandem Photocatalytic Devices. RRL 1, e201600013 (2017). Figure 1
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Suarez, Hugo, Adrian Ramirez, Carlos J. Bueno-Alejo i Jose L. Hueso. "Silver-Copper Oxide Heteronanostructures for the Plasmonic-Enhanced Photocatalytic Oxidation of N-Hexane in the Visible-NIR Range". Materials 12, nr 23 (22.11.2019): 3858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12233858.
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Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are recognized as hazardous contributors to air pollution, precursors of multiple secondary byproducts, troposphere aerosols, and recognized contributors to respiratory and cancer-related issues in highly populated areas. Moreover, VOCs present in indoor environments represent a challenging issue that need to be addressed due to its increasing presence in nowadays society. Catalytic oxidation by noble metals represents the most effective but costly solution. The use of photocatalytic oxidation has become one of the most explored alternatives given the green and sustainable advantages of using solar light or low-consumption light emitting devices. Herein, we have tried to address the shortcomings of the most studied photocatalytic systems based on titania (TiO2) with limited response in the UV-range or alternatively the high recombination rates detected in other transition metal-based oxide systems. We have developed a silver-copper oxide heteronanostructure able to combine the plasmonic-enhanced properties of Ag nanostructures with the visible-light driven photoresponse of CuO nanoarchitectures. The entangled Ag-CuO heteronanostructure exhibits a broad absorption towards the visible-near infrared (NIR) range and achieves total photo-oxidation of n-hexane under irradiation with different light-emitting diodes (LEDs) specific wavelengths at temperatures below 180 °C and outperforming its thermal catalytic response or its silver-free CuO illuminated counterpart.
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Nakayashiki, Atsushi, Atsuhiro Nakagawa, Motohiko Sato, Fusako Mochizuki, Toshiki Endo, Teiji Tominaga i Tomohiro Kawaguchi. "Water Veil Effect to Control Splashing from the Pulsed Water Jet Device: Minimizing the Potential Risk of Dissemination Using Surgical Aspirators". Journal of Neurological Surgery Part A: Central European Neurosurgery 79, nr 04 (2.01.2018): 309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1608836.
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Objective Maximum resection with minimum damage to normal structures is required for a better clinical outcome. Several efficient surgical devices such as the Cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator are available. Our group developed the actuator-driven pulsed water jet (ADPJ) to dissect soft tissue with vessel preservation. Although these devices are very effective for resection, tumor seeding is a potential risk. The present study investigated the control of splashing during ADPJ use. We demonstrate the effect of additional water flow around the instrument tip to veil the splashing. Methods Pulsed water jet was ejected from the tip of the ADPJ nozzle. Effects of ADPJ parameters such as input voltage, suction pressure, and distance between the nozzle and the target (standoff distance) on the amount of splashing were analyzed. Methylene blue solution was ejected on photo paper, gelatin brain phantom, and porcine brain harvested and subsequently immersed into physiologic saline to quantify the amount of splashing. Results High-input voltage and a long standoff distance had significant correlations with large amounts of splashing (r > 0.5; p < 0.01). However, suction pressure had no correlation (r = 0.23). Additional water flow combined with the ADPJ decreased the amount of splashing. A high-speed camera recording revealed that the additional water flow formed a water veil that prevented droplet dispersion, as confirmed with experiments using the brain phantom and porcine brain, in which the irregularity and elasticity are specific. Conclusions The veil effect of additional water flow is important to reduce splashing during ADPJ use and can minimize the potential risk of dissemination and enhance the safety of the ADPJ.
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Zhao, Dongni, Yuezhen Lu i Dongge Ma. "Effects of Structure and Constituent of Prussian Blue Analogs on Their Application in Oxygen Evolution Reaction". Molecules 25, nr 10 (14.05.2020): 2304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102304.
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The importance of advanced energy-conversion devices such as water electrolysis has manifested dramatically over the past few decades because it is the current mainstay for the generation of green energy. Anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in water splitting is one of the biggest obstacles because of its extremely high kinetic barrier. Conventional OER catalysts are mainly noble-metal oxides represented by IrO2 and RuO2, but these compounds tend to have poor sustainability. The attention on Prussian blue (PB) and its analogs (PBA) in the field of energy conversion systems was concentrated on their open-framework structure, as well as its varied composition comprised of Earth-abundant elements. The unique electronic structure of PBA enables its promising catalytic potential, and it can also be converted into many other talented compounds or structures as a precursor. This undoubtedly provides a new approach for the design of green OER catalysts. This article reviews the recent progress of the application of PBA and its derivatives in OER based on in-depth studies of characterization techniques. The structural design, synthetic strategy, and enhanced electrochemical properties are summarized to provide an outlook for its application in the field of OER. Moreover, due to the similarity of the reaction process of photo-driven electrolysis of water and the former one, the application of PBA in photoelectrolysis is also discussed.
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Narasimhan, Vijay Kris, i Yi Cui. "Nanostructures for photon management in solar cells". Nanophotonics 2, nr 3 (1.07.2013): 187–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2013-0001.
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AbstractThe concurrent development of high-performance materials, new device and system architectures, and nanofabrication processes has driven widespread research and development in the field of nanostructures for photon management in photovoltaics. The fundamental goals of photon management are to reduce incident light reflection, improve absorption, and tailor the optical properties of a device for use in different types of energy conversion systems. Nanostructures rely on a core set of phenomena to attain these goals, including gradation of the refractive index, coupling to waveguide modes through surface structuring, and modification of the photonic band structure of a device. In this review, we present recent developments in the field of nanostructures for photon management in solar cells with applications across different materials and system architectures. We focus both on theoretical and numerical studies and on progress in fabricating solar cells containing photonic nanostructures. We show that nanoscale light management structures have yielded real efficiency gains in many types of photovoltaic devices; however, we note that important work remains to ensure that improved optical performance does not come at the expense of poor electrical properties.
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Gómez, Sergio, David Sánchez, Joan Mauricio, Eduardo Picatoste, Andreu Sanuy, Anand Sanmukh, Marc Ribó i David Gascón. "Multiple Use SiPM Integrated Circuit (MUSIC) for Large Area and High Performance Sensors". Electronics 10, nr 8 (17.04.2021): 961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10080961.
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The 8-channel Multiple Use Silicon Photo-multiplier (SiPM) Integrated Circuit (MUSIC) Application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) for SiPM anode readout has been designed for applications where large photo-detection areas are required. MUSIC offers three main features: (1) Sum of the eight input channels using a differential output driver, (2) eight individual single ended (SE) analog outputs, and (3) eight individual SE binary outputs using a time over threshold technique. Each functionality, summation and individual readout includes a selectable dual-gain configuration. Moreover, the signal sum implements a dual-gain output providing a 15-bit dynamic range. The circuit contains a tunable pole zero cancellation of the SiPM recovery time constant to deal with most of the available SiPM devices in the market. Experimental tests show how MUSIC can linearly sum signals from different SiPMs and distinguish even a few photons. Additionally, it provides a single photon output pulse width at half maximum (FWHM) between 5–10 ns for the analog output and a single-photon time resolution (SPTR) around 118 ps sigma using a Hamamatsu SiPM S13360-3075CS for the binary output. Lastly, the summation mode has a power consumption of ≈200 mW, whereas the individual readout consumes ≈30 mW/ch.
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OTSUJI, TAIICHI, TAKUYA NISHIMURA, YUKI TSUDA, YAHYA MOUBARAK MEZIANI, TETSUYA SUEMITSU i EIICHI SANO. "EMISSION AND INTENSITY MODULATION OF TERAHERTZ ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION UTILIZING 2-DIMENSIONAL PLASMONS IN DUAL-GRATING-GATE HEMT'S". International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 19, nr 01 (marzec 2009): 33–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156409006072.
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Two dimensional plasmons in submicron transistors have attracted much attention due to their nature of promoting emission/detection of electromagnetic radiation in the terahertz range. We have recently proposed and fabricated a highly efficient, broadband plasmon-resonant terahertz emitter. The device incorporates doubly interdigitated grating gates and a vertical cavity into a high electron mobility transistor. The device operates in various modes: (1) DC-current-driven self oscillation, (2) CW-laser excited terahertz emission, (3) two-photon injection-locked difference-frequency terahertz emission, and (4) impulsive laser excited terahertz emission. Furthermore, the device can operate in completely different functionalities including ultrahigh-speed intensity modulation for terahertz carrier waves. This paper reviews recent advances on plasma wave devices.
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Selvaraj, Madeshwaran, i Kenichi Takahata. "Electrothermally Driven Hydrogel-on-Flex-Circuit Actuator for Smart Steerable Catheters". Micromachines 11, nr 1 (8.01.2020): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11010068.
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This paper reports an active catheter-tip device functionalized by integrating a temperature-responsive smart polymer onto a microfabricated flexible heater strip, targeting at enabling the controlled steering of catheters through complex vascular networks. A bimorph-like strip structure is enabled by photo-polymerizing a layer of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel (PNIPAM), on top of a 20 × 3.5 mm2 flexible polyimide film that embeds a micropatterned heater fabricated using a low-cost flex-circuit manufacturing process. The heater activation stimulates the PNIPAM layer to shrink and bend the tip structure. The bending angle is shown to be adjustable with the amount of power fed to the device, proving the device’s feasibility to provide the integrated catheter with a controlled steering ability for a wide range of navigation angles. The powered device exhibits uniform heat distribution across the entire PNIPAM layer, with a temperature variation of <2 °C. The operation of fabricated prototypes assembled on commercial catheter tubes demonstrates their bending angles of up to 200°, significantly larger than those reported with other smart-material-based steerable catheters. The temporal responses and bending forces of their actuations are also characterized to reveal consistent and reproducible behaviors. This proof-of-concept study verifies the promising features of the prototyped approach to the targeted application area.
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Malavika, C., B. Manoj Kumar i E. S. Kannan. "Photo-induced exfoliation—A facile synthesis route for atomristor prototype". Applied Physics Letters 120, nr 14 (4.04.2022): 143503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0084889.
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Brain inspired memory prototypes, such as atomristors, are touted as next generation two terminal memories for neuromorphic computation. To make rapid progress toward developing such atomic scale memory, a facile technique to fabricate atomristor prototypes has to be developed. In this work, one such simple and lithography free technique to fabricate an atomristor prototype using photoexfoliated monolayer molybdenum di-sulfide (MoS2) is illustrated. Resistive switching characteristics of the atomristor were demonstrated by applying a write voltage pulse of 10 (SET) and −5 V (RESET) for 100 s between the active tantalum di-sulfide (TaS2) and inert indium tin oxide electrodes. During the SET process (ON state), the Ta2+ ions from the active electrode diffuse through monolayer MoS2 to create a number of parallel conducting channels. The persistence of the conducting channel even after removing the SET bias drives the atomristor to the low resistance state. On applying the “RESET” bias, the device resistance increased by a factor of five possibly due to the rupturing of the conducting channel. On cyclically applying the “SET” and “RESET” biases, the device was switched between low and high resistance states with excellent repeatability. Interestingly, it was also observed that the switching ratio increased on increasing the SET bias making this device a promising candidate for realizing tunable write once read many (WORM) memory devices.
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Li, Yu Xin, De Yong Chen, Gang Huang i Qi Li. "An Electromagnetic Vibrating Ring Gyroscope Using SOI-MEMS Technology". Key Engineering Materials 645-646 (maj 2015): 522–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.645-646.522.
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This paper presents the design, fabrication and tests of an electro-magnetic vibrating ring gyroscope based on a control system and SOI-MEMS technology. The control system, including variable gain control (VGC), drive-frequency control and regulation module, is designed to improve mode matching. In device fabrication, and buffered hydrofluoric acid (BHF) solution is used to remove the buried oxide layer and release the suspended spring. Meanwhile, a compensate disk and negative photo resist (AZ303) coated on the backside of the wafer are employed to weaken the Lag and Footing effects during through-wafer etching process. The design of the gyroscope is optimized by FEA simulation and the fabricated devices show a rather good performance.
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Yuan, P., J. M. McCracken, D. E. Gross, P. V. Braun, J. S. Moore i R. G. Nuzzo. "A programmable soft chemo-mechanical actuator exploiting a catalyzed photochemical water-oxidation reaction". Soft Matter 13, nr 40 (2017): 7312–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7sm01600j.
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A mechanistic investigation is described for an actuatable bilayer polymeric device in which a covalently-linked photo-active catalyst drives systemic pH gradients, effecting reversible and cyclic mechanical transformation across the interfacial boundary.
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Budden, M., T. Gebert, M. Buzzi, G. Jotzu, E. Wang, T. Matsuyama, G. Meier i in. "Evidence for metastable photo-induced superconductivity in K3C60". Nature Physics 17, nr 5 (4.02.2021): 611–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41567-020-01148-1.
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AbstractExcitation of high-Tc cuprates and certain organic superconductors with intense far-infrared optical pulses has been shown to create non-equilibrium states with optical properties that are consistent with transient high-temperature superconductivity. These non-equilibrium phases have been generated using femtosecond drives, and have been observed to disappear immediately after excitation, which is evidence of states that lack intrinsic rigidity. Here we make use of a new optical device to drive metallic K3C60 with mid-infrared pulses of tunable duration, ranging between one picosecond and one nanosecond. The same superconducting-like optical properties observed over short time windows for femtosecond excitation are shown here to become metastable under sustained optical driving, with lifetimes in excess of ten nanoseconds. Direct electrical probing, which becomes possible at these timescales, yields a vanishingly small resistance with the same relaxation time as that estimated by terahertz conductivity. We provide a theoretical description of the dynamics after excitation, and justify the observed slow relaxation by considering randomization of the order-parameter phase as the rate-limiting process that determines the decay of the light-induced superconductor.
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Krishna Prasad, S., P. Lakshmi Madhuri, Uma S. Hiremath i C. V. Yelamaggad. "A photo-driven dual-frequency addressable optical device of banana-shaped molecules". Applied Physics Letters 104, nr 11 (17.03.2014): 111906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4869224.
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Perez-Rodriguez, Paula, Yasmina Bennani, Mathew Jose Alani, Wilson Smith, Luuk Cornelis Rietveld, Miro Zeman i Arno Hendrikus Marie Smets. "Treatment of Organic Pollutants Using a Solar Energy Driven Photo-Oxidation Device". Advanced Sustainable Systems 1, nr 6 (21.04.2017): 1700010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adsu.201700010.
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McDonald, A. D., M. Febbraro, J. Asaadi i C. C. Havener. "Development of a pulsed vacuum ultraviolet light source with adjustable intensity". Review of Scientific Instruments 93, nr 5 (1.05.2022): 053103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0081175.
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This paper describes the development of a pulsed light source using the discharge from an electrode in a medium of various noble gases. This source can be used to aid in the characterization and testing of new vacuum-ultraviolet sensitive light detection devices. The source includes a novel spark driver circuit, a spark chamber into which different noble gases can be introduced, and an optical attenuation cell capable of being filled with different gases to allow for the attenuation of the pulsed light down to single photon levels. We describe the construction, calibration, and characterization of this device deployed at a dedicated light detection test stand at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
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Wei, Wei, Dong Guo i Li Ding Liu. "Design of Auto Dust Collection System in Different Regions of Blackboard". Advanced Materials Research 1044-1045 (październik 2014): 767–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1044-1045.767.
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New blackboard dust collection system mainly be used for conventional teawching actions. It divided board into four different regions without changing basic structure, when people go into the view of sensor in the one of regions which will drive the quit fans to collect the dust produced during writing and clearing words on the board. The device includes two parts, mechanical structure and the region control system. For structure, be made up with up and down parts, the dusting devices and fans are chose by the stress analysis of the dust model, and then begin design work. For control system, using photo-electric switch to drive fans, and the angle of wind board is controlled by DC motor, and chip microcomputer STC89C52 is chose as the system core to achieve logical functions. The system can effectively reduce the harm from dust to the human and equipments during teaching. It has great characteristics including high efficiency and energy saving, low cost, simple structure, easy operation, high reliability and practicality.
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Lhuillier, Emmanuel. "Narrow band gap nanocrystals for infrared cost-effective optoelectronics". Photoniques, nr 116 (2022): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/photon/202211654.
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Infrared optoelectronics is driven by epitaxially grown semiconductors and the introduction of alternative materials is often viewed with some suspicion until the newcomer has demonstrated a high degree of viability. Infrared nanocrystals have certainly reached this degree of maturity switching from the demonstration of absorption by chemists to their integration into increasingly complex systems. Here, we review some of the recent developments relative to the integration of nanocrystal devices in the 1-5 µm range.
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Wang, Faqiang, Weici Liu, Xiaolei Wang, Zhongchao Wei, Hongyun Meng i Ruisheng Liang. "Photon Counting Statistics of a Microwave Cavity Coupled with Double Quantum Dots". Applied Sciences 9, nr 22 (16.11.2019): 4934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9224934.
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The statistical properties of photon emission counting, especially the waiting time distributions (WTDs) and large deviation statistics, of a cavity coupled with the system of double quantum dots (DQDs) driven by an external microwave field were investigated with the particle-number-resolved master equation. The results show that the decay rate of the WTDs of the cavity for short and long time limits can be effectively tuned by the driving external field Rabi frequency, the frequency of the cavity photon, and the detuning between the microwave driving frequency and the energy-splitting of the DQDs. The photon emission energy current will flow from the thermal reservoir to the system of the DQDs when the average photon number of the cavity in a steady state is larger than that of the thermal reservoir; otherwise, the photon emission energy current will flow in the opposite direction. This also demonstrates that the effect of the DQDs can be replaced a thermal reservoir when the rate difference of a photon absorbed and emitted by DQDs is larger than zero; otherwise, it is irreplaceable. The results deepen our understanding of the statistical properties of photon emission counting. It has a promising application in the construction of nanostructured devices of photon emission on demand and of optoelectronic devices.
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Micheletto, Ruggero, Kotaro Oikawa i Christian Feldmeier. "Blinking in Photoluminescence of InGaN Devices is Caused by Slow Beating of THz Vibrations of the Quantum Well". Applied Mechanics and Materials 541-542 (marzec 2014): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.541-542.253.
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The photoluminescence from III-V wide band-gap semiconductors as InGaN is characterized by localized large intensity fluctuations, known as blinking, that, despite decades of research, is not yet completely understood. In structures where there is a three-dimensional confinement, as for example semiconductors nanocrystals, the phenomena is supposed to be related to temporary quenching due to highly efficient non-radiative recombination processes (for example, Auger). Nevertheless, in typical InGaN devices, the band structure is an infinitely wide quantum well, so the understanding of the blinking phenomenon remains elusive. We present experimental data and a model that suggests that the discussed optical fluctuations are a general phenomena caused by the slow beating between THz thermal vibrations of the Quantum Well. These minuscule displacements are occurring naturally all over the device, the displacements along the growth direction induce a modulation of the matrix elements that drives the optical emission process; this have measurable effect on the device photo-luminescence. In presence of impurities or gradient of concentration, the vibrations have locally slight frequency differences on adjacent domains, this give rise to a band of beats, and we observe the lower frequency tail of this band.
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Vaidya, V. D., B. Morrison, L. G. Helt, R. Shahrokshahi, D. H. Mahler, M. J. Collins, K. Tan i in. "Broadband quadrature-squeezed vacuum and nonclassical photon number correlations from a nanophotonic device". Science Advances 6, nr 39 (wrzesień 2020): eaba9186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba9186.
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We report demonstrations of both quadrature-squeezed vacuum and photon number difference squeezing generated in an integrated nanophotonic device. Squeezed light is generated via strongly driven spontaneous four-wave mixing below threshold in silicon nitride microring resonators. The generated light is characterized with both homodyne detection and direct measurements of photon statistics using photon number–resolving transition-edge sensors. We measure 1.0(1) decibels of broadband quadrature squeezing (~4 decibels inferred on-chip) and 1.5(3) decibels of photon number difference squeezing (~7 decibels inferred on-chip). Nearly single temporal mode operation is achieved, with measured raw unheralded second-order correlations g(2) as high as 1.95(1). Multiphoton events of over 10 photons are directly detected with rates exceeding any previous quantum optical demonstration using integrated nanophotonics. These results will have an enabling impact on scaling continuous variable quantum technology.
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Zhang, Danni, Baolin Sun, Hui Huang, Yongping Gan, Yang Xia, Chu Liang, Wenkui Zhang i Jun Zhang. "A Solar-Driven Flexible Electrochromic Supercapacitor". Materials 13, nr 5 (9.03.2020): 1206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13051206.
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Solar-driven electrochromic smart windows with energy-storage ability are promising for energy-saving buildings. In this work, a flexible photoelectrochromic device (PECD) was designed for this purpose. The PECD is composed of two flexible transparent conductive layers, a photocatalytic layer, an electrochromic material layer, and a transparent electrolyte layer. The photocatalytic layer is a dye-sensitized TiO2 thick film and the electrochromic layer is a WO3 thin film, which also possesses a supercapacitive property. Under illumination, dye-sensitized TiO2 thick film realizes photo-drive electrochromism that the WO3 changes from colorless to blue with large optical modulation. Meanwhile, the PECD has an electrochemical supercapacitance showing an energy storage property of 21 mF·cm−2 (114.9 F·g−1 vs the mass of WO3), stable mechanical performance and long cycle performance. The PECD can effectively adjust the transmittance of visible and near-infrared light without any external power supply, realizing zero energy consumption, and can convert solar energy into electrical energy for storage.
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Polcawich, Ronald G., i Susan Trolier-McKinstry. "Piezoelectric and dielectric reliability of lead zirconate titanate thin films". Journal of Materials Research 15, nr 11 (listopad 2000): 2505–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2000.0360.
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This work was directed toward developing a database for the long-term reliability of the transverse piezoelectric coefficient d31 under both unipolar and bipolar drive. Under unipolar drive, the films showed excellent reliability, with 99% of the devices surviving to 109 cycles. However, both aging and low amplitude bipolar drive resulted in rapid degradation of d31 due to backswitching of the ferroelectric domains. Both thermal and ultraviolet (UV) imprint prevented backswitching and resulted in improved aging and bipolar degradation behavior. Additionally, the UV imprinted samples showed nonlinear aging due to the presence of an internal space charge field that developed from photo-induced charge carriers.
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Teska, Kirk. "Defense Against the Asteroids". Mechanical Engineering 134, nr 09 (1.09.2012): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2012-sep-5.
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This article lists various schemes that have been patented to deal with near-Earth asteroids. NASA surveys the solar system for near-Earth asteroids; schemes to deal with them include a spacecraft to sample their minerals, and a photon momentum plane and a laser tractor beam to deflect them. According to a patent by Gregory A. Piccionelli of Westlake Village, California, nuclear devices are detonated on the moon and propulsion devices are then attached to the resultant moon pieces. These moon pieces are then driven into the incoming meteor to alter its orbit. Another example of a scheme is a NASA patent, which has three or four spacecrafts place a Kevlar loop around an asteroid. The spacecraft then docks on the asteroid and deploys a rigidized photon momentum transfer plane. Photons from the sun strike this reflective surface and alter the position of the asteroid. A start-up by the name of Planetary Resources is also developing technology to mine asteroids.