Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Phocion, – d. 318 B.C”

Studies conducted by Moseley and Manendez (1989) and Gill and Romney (1994) have indicated a good correlation between potential intake rate and voluntary food intake for certain feedstuffs. Therefore development of a simple technique to assess intake rate could enable rapid assessment of feed acceptability. This experiment examined what will be termed Short Term Intake Rate (STIR) as a method of ranking forage mixtures in terms of intake potential.Five individually fed multiparous Fresian Holstein dairy cows were offered five silage based diets ad libitum daily for five days in a latin square design. The diets consisted of grass silage (A), or grass silage and maize silage in a 1:3 DM ratio (B, C, D and E). The DM content of the grass silage (A) was 279 g DM/kg, and the target DM content of the maize silage used in diets B, C, D and E was 230, 280, 300 and 380 g DM/kg respectively. The DM content of the forage mixtures B, C, D and E were 278, 302, 318 and 373 g DM/kg.

Se evaluó la ecología del paisaje, el cual está dominado por tres coberturas: bosques, pastos y cultivos. Las principales métricas de paisaje obtenidas: a) Bosque: Área de la clase (CA): 11447,72 ha; Número de Parches (NumP): 16344; Tamaño promedio de parches (MPS): 0,70 ± 10,73 ha; Borde Total (TE): 5245378,35 m; Borde promedio de parche (MPE): 320,94 m/ha; Índice de forma promedio (MSI): 1,47. b) Pastos: CA: 10467,63 ha; NumP: 13930; MPS: 0,75 ± 23,93 ha; TE: 4432678,19 m; MPE: 318,21 m/ha; MSI: 1,47. c) Cultivos: CA: 3603,76 ha; NumP: 636; MPS: 5,67 ± 63,59 ha; TE: 7666342,78 m; MPE: 1204,94 m/ha; MSI: 1,93. Se obtuvo además un índice de diversidad de Shannon para el paisaje de 1,32. La composición florística y estructura se evaluaron en tres pisos altitudinales y para las principales coberturas forestales presentes. Se establecieron 68 parcelas temporales de 2000 m2 (20 x 100 m), identificándose las especies, la altura total y el diámetro de todos los árboles mayores a 10 cm de diámetro presentes en las parcelas de medición. Los valores promedio obtenidos: a) Basal: bosques<br />intervenidos, d: 23,3 cm; Ht: 24 m; N ha-1: 458 y G/ha: 22,8 m2. b) Premontano: bosques intervenidos, d: 22,6 cm; Ht: 27,3 m; N ha-1: 423 y G/ha: 20,6 m2, potreros arbolados, d: 24,3 cm; Ht: 18,9 m; N ha-1: 121 y G/ha: 6,6 m2. c) Montano bajo: bosques de altura, d: 26,6 cm; Ht: 27,5 m; N ha-1: 380 y G/ha: 27,2 m2, bosques intervenidos, d: 22,9 cm; Ht: 27 m; N ha-1: 318 y G/ha: 15,8 m2, potreros arbolados, d: 24,5 cm; Ht: 25 m; N ha-1: 118 y G/ha: 6,9 m2. La composición florística y las variables estructurales sugieren que los hábitats presentes en la microcuenca se encuentran en estado de recuperación.

Exposure of sheep to Borreliaburgdorferi sensulato (s.I.) complex, the causative agent of Lyme borreliosis (LB), has been reported in tick-abundant areas worldwide, while no data have been reported in Greece. The aim of the study was to identify the hematological alterations in sheep with seropositivity against Borrelia burgdorferi (s.I.). Blood samples were obtained from 318 tick infested sheep for blood analysis and serological determination of IgG and IgM antibodies against B. burgdorferi by indirect immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) assay after exclusion of endo-ectoparasites and other tick-borne infections. A total number of 162 sheep met the inclusion criteria, allocated in four groups based on the presence or absence of IgG and/or IgM; sheep found negative for IgM and IgG (Group A), positive for IgM (Group B), positive for both IgM and IgG (Group C) and positive for IgG (Group D). Anemia, thrombocytopenia and normal or decreased leukocyte count, mainly due to lymphopenia were the main hematological features observed in seropositive sheep. The presence of these features raises the suspicion of Borrelia infection in tick infested sheep. The seropositivity of 23.58% in sheep raises concerns of Borrelia circulation, especially in rural areas and potential risk of transmission to humans.

Abstract Lactose is a critical nutrient in post weaning diets to help pigs transition from sows’ milk to dry feed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing dietary lactose level on nursery pig performance. For this trial 1,080 weaned pigs (PIC 359 x 1050; BW = 6.24 kg; 21 d) were fed 5 lactose programs using a feed budget. Program A = 24, 18, 7%; B = 20, 14, 5%; C =16, 10, 3%; D = 12, 6, 1%; and E = 8, 2, 0% lactose for Phase 1, 2, and 3; respectively. The feed budget for Phase 1 (d 0–7), 2 (d 7–14), and 3 (d 14–20) was 0.91, 3.4, and 4.5 kg/pig; respectively. A common Phase 4 (d 20–48) diet (0% lactose) was fed ad libitum. There was a quadratic response to lactose level in treatments A through E for Phase 1 ADFI (89, 71, 73, 73, 89 g/d; respectively, P = 0.034) and G:F (1.09, 1.33, 1.14, 1.15, 0.91; respectively, P = 0.042). Treatment A through E Phase 1 ADG was 100, 95, 91, 82, and 82 g/d, and Phase 2 ADG (Linear, P = 0.023) was 322, 313, 318, 304, and 295 g/d; respectively. The result was a linear trend for increased BW at the end of Phase 2 (P = 0.10) for treatments A through E (9.21, 9.10, 9.16, 9.00, 8.86 kg; respectively). Although feed cost/pig increased as lactose level increased (Linear, P = 0.041), there was no significant response in margin over feed cost/pig during the overall nursery period for treatments A through E ($15.31, $16.41, $16.22, $15.87, $16.04; respectively). In conclusion, pig performance improved during Phase 1 and 2 with increasing level of dietary lactose. These results confirm previous research showing the importance of dietary lactose in weaned pig diets.

AbstractFrom 20 primary schools in Hong Kong, a sample of 59 boys and 62 girls in 4th grade and 98 boys and 99 girls in 5th grade (N = 318) responded to a survey about their learning-to-learn capabilities including (a) reading to learn, (b) self-management, (c) desire for knowledge, and (d) originality of ideas, and two facilitating factors for enabling such capabilities, including (e) academic self-concept, and (f) effort goal orientation. Confirmatory factor analysis provided support for the validity of the six psychological constructs. Analysis of variance found that although boys and girls did not differ in academic self-concept, desire for knowledge and originality, girls scored higher in effort goal orientation, reading to learn, and self-management. There was a gender x grade interaction effect in reading to learn, indicating that 5th grade girls were more willing than 4th grade girls to acquire knowledge through reading whereas 5th grade boys were less willing than 4th grade boys to do so. Advocates of education reform need to consider gender differences when formulating policies to promote students’ learning-to-learn capabilities and particularly to encourage boys to read.

The study was aimed at evaluating efficacy of inhaled combination of hypertonic saline solution and hyaluronic acid in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods. Male patients with COPD (n = 99) were involved in the study. Of them, 50 patients were treated with the standard therapy including bronchodilators and mucolytics and 49 patients were treated with bronchodilators and the inhaled combination of 7% hypertonic saline solution and 0.1% solution of hyaluronic acid via a nebulizer, 5 ml b.i.d. during 5 days. Both groups were additionally divided into B, C, and D categories according to severity of symptoms and a rate of exacerbations. The patients were followed-up for 6 months. Clinical and functional parameters including number of exacerbations of COPD and number of hospitalizations were analyzed. Results. Treatment with the inhaled combination of hypertonic saline solution and hyaluronic acid allowed decrease in number of exacerbations of COPD and number of hospitalizations due to exacerbations. Conclusion. The inhaled combination of hypertonic saline solution and hyaluronic acid allowed better control of COPD and could substitute therapeutic bronchoscopy. The combination is well tolerated, has acceptable safety profile without serious adverse events and is convenient to use.

In Colombia, daily maximum multiannual series are one of the main inputs for design streamflow calculation, which requires performing a rainfall frequency analysis that involves several prior steps: (a) requesting the datasets, (b) waiting for the information, (c) reviewing the datasets received for missing or data different from the requested variable, and (d) requesting the information once again if it is not correct. To tackle these setbacks, 318 rain gauges located in the Colombian Caribbean region were used to first evaluate whether or not the Gumbel distribution was indeed the most suitable by performing frequency analyses using three different distributions (Gumbel, Generalized Extreme Value (GEV), and Log-Pearson 3 (LP3)); secondly, to generate daily maximum isohyetal maps for return periods of 2, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, and 100 years; and, lastly, to evaluate which interpolation method (IDW, spline, and ordinary kriging) works best in areas with a varying density of data points. GEV was most suitable in 47.2% of the rain gauges, while Gumbel, in spite of being widely used in Colombia, was only suitable in 34.3% of the cases. Regarding the interpolation method, better isohyetals were obtained with the IDW method. In general, the areal maximum daily rainfall estimated showed good agreement when compared to the true values.

AbstractPoor effortful control is a key temperamental factor underlying behavioral problems. The bidirectional association of child effortful control with both positive parenting and negative discipline was examined from ages approximately 3 to 13–14 years, involving five time points, and using data from parents and children in the Oregon Youth Study—Three Generational Study (N= 318 children from 150 families). Based on a dynamic developmental systems approach, it was hypothesized that there would be concurrent associations between parenting and child effortful control and bidirectional effects across time from each aspect of parenting to effortful control and from effortful control to each aspect of parenting. It was also hypothesized that associations would be more robust in early childhood, from ages 3 to 7 years, and would diminish as indicated by significantly weaker effects at the older ages, 11–12 to 13–14 years. Longitudinal feedback or mediated effects were also tested. The findings supported (a) stability in each construct over multiple developmental periods; (b) concurrent associations, which were significantly weaker at the older ages; (c) bidirectional effects, consistent with the interpretation that at younger ages children's effortful control influenced parenting, whereas at older child ages, parenting influenced effortful control; and (d) a transactional effect, such that maternal parenting in late childhood was a mechanism explaining children's development of effortful control from middle childhood to early adolescence.

The paper presents the results of a study of solid-phase equilibria in the Tb–Te system and the thermodynamic properties of terbium tellurides obtained by the methods of electromotive forces and X-ray diffraction analysis. Based on the experimental data, it was established that the TbTe, Tb2Te3, TbTe2 и TbTe3 compounds are formed in the system. For the investigations of the alloys from the two-phase regions TbTe3+Te, TbTe2+TbTe3, and Tb2Te3+TbTe2, the EMF of concentration cells relative to the TbTe electrode was measured. The EMF of concentration cells relative to the terbium electrode was measured for the TbTe+Tb2T3 region. The partial thermodynamic functions of TbTe and Tb in alloys were determined bycombining the EMF measurements of both types in the 300–450 K temperature range, based on which the standard thermodynamic functions of formation and standard entropies of the indicated terbium tellurides were calculated. References1. Jha A. R. 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En el presente trabajo analizaremos el concepto de intuición, principalmente en relación con las tesis epistemológicas y metafísicas de la teoría schopenhaueriana. En la primera sección, plantearemos los ejes centrales del sistema metafísico de Schopenhauer, sobre todo en lo que concierne al concepto de voluntad (Wille ) y la relación que este guarda con su teoría del conocimiento. Luego, examinaremos la diferencia que el filósofo alemán establece entre el conocimiento representativo —o mediado— de la razón y el conocimiento directo —o inmediato— de la intuición. Asimismo, trazaremos, en un primer momento, las tesis y los problemas fundamentales del dualismo propios de la representación y la voluntad, para establecer —en un segundo momento— el problema de la intuición del cuerpo propio. Por último, consideraremos los alcances y los límites de la intuición, así como también sus distintas variantes: principalmente la intuición estética y su culminación en la intuición mística. Palabras clave Schopenhauer, intuición, conocimiento inmediato, representación, estética Referencias Bergson, H. (2013). El pensamiento y lo moviente. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Cactus.Cross, T. (2013). Schopenhauer’s encounter with Indian thought. Representation and will,and their Indian parallels. Honolulu, Estados Unidos: University of Hawaii Press.Ferrari, J. (2011). L’art dans le monde comme volonté et comme représentation d’ArthurSchopenhauer. Mayenne, Francia: Presses Universitaires de France.François, A. (2004). La volonté chez Bergson et Schopenhauer. Methodos, (4), https://doi.org/10.4000/methodos.135.Foster, C. (1999). Ideas and imagination. Schopenhauer on the proper foundationof art. En C. Janaway (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Schopenhauer(pp. 213-251). Nueva York, Estados Unidos: Cambridge University Press.Gardner, S. (1999). Schopenhauer, will and the unconscious. En C. Janaway(ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Schopenhauer (pp. 375-421). Nueva York,Estados Unidos: Cambridge University Press.Glock, H. J. (1999). Schopenhauer and Wittgenstein: representation as languageand will. En C. Janaway (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Schopenhauer(pp. 422-458). Nueva York, Estados Unidos: Cambridge University Press.González Ríos, J. (2017). Schopenhauer. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Galerna.Guyer, P. (2007). Pleasure and knowledge in Schopenhauer’s aesthetics. En D.Jacquette (Ed.), Schopenhauer, Philosophy and the Arts (pp. 109-132). NuevaYork, Estados Unidos: Cambridge University Press.Hannan, B. (2009). The riddle of the world. A reconsideration of Schopenhauer’s philosophy.Nueva York, Estados Unidos: Oxford University Press.Hume, D. (2002). Investigación sobre el conocimiento humano. Madrid, España: BibliotecaNueva.Janaway, C. (1989). Self and world in Schopenhauer’s philosophy. Nueva York, EstadosUnidos: Oxford University Press.Janaway, C. (1999a). Schopenhauer’s pessimism. En C. Janaway (Ed.), The CambridgeCompanion to Schopenhauer (pp. 318-343). Nueva York, Estados Unidos:Cambridge University Press.Janaway, C. (1999b). Introduction. En C. Janaway (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion toSchopenhauer (pp. 1-17). Nueva York, Estados Unidos: Cambridge University Press.Janaway, C. (2002). Schopenhauer. A very short introduction. Nueva York, EstadosUnidos: Oxford University Press.Kant, I. (2014). Crítica de la razón pura. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Colihue.Magee, B. (1983). The philosophy of Schopenhauer. Nueva York, Estados Unidos:Oxford University Press.Mann, T. (2018). Schopenhauer. París, Francia: Libella.