Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Phase Angle Bunching”

Abstract. This article describes the observation techniques and suggests processing methods to estimate dynamical sea-ice parameters from data of the Earth Explorer 10 candidate Harmony. The two Harmony satellites will fly in a reconfigurable formation with Sentinel-1D. Both will be equipped with a multi-angle thermal infrared sensor and a passive radar receiver, which receives the reflected Sentinel-1D signals using two antennas. During the lifetime of the mission, two different formations will be flown. In the stereo formation, the Harmony satellites will fly approximately 300 km in front and behind Sentinel-1, which allows for the estimation of instantaneous sea-ice drift vectors. We demonstrate that the addition of instantaneous sea-ice drift estimates on top of the daily integrated values from feature tracking have benefits in terms of interpretation, sampling and resolution. The wide-swath instantaneous drift observations of Harmony also help to put high-temporal-resolution instantaneous buoy observations into a spatial context. Additionally, it allows for the extraction of deformation parameters, such as shear and divergence. As a result, Harmony's data will help to improve sea-ice statistics and parametrizations to constrain sea-ice models. In the cross-track interferometry (XTI) mode, Harmony's satellites will fly in close formation with an XTI baseline to be able to estimate surface elevations. This will allow for improved estimates of sea-ice volume and also enables the retrieval of full, two-dimensional swell-wave spectra in sea-ice-covered regions without any gaps. In stereo formation, the line-of-sight diversity allows the inference of swell properties in both directions using traditional velocity bunching approaches. In XTI mode, Harmony's phase differences are only sensitive to the ground-range direction swell. To fully recover two-dimensional swell-wave spectra, a synergy between XTI height spectra and intensity spectra is required. If selected, the Harmony mission will be launched in 2028.

This work compares several versions of the equations of motion for a test particle encountering cyclotron resonance with a single, field-aligned whistler mode wave. The gyro-averaged Lorentz equation produces both widespread phase trapping (PT) and “positive phase bunching” of low pitch angle electrons by large amplitude waves. Approximations allow a Hamiltonian description to be reduced to a single pair of conjugate variables, which can account for PT as well as phase bunching at moderate pitch angle, and has recently been used to investigate this unexpected bahavior at low pitch angle. Here, numerical simulations using the Lorentz equation and several versions of Hamiltonian-based equations of motion are compared. Similar behavior at low pitch angle is found in each case.

Radiation belt electrons are strongly affected by resonant interactions with cyclotron-resonant waves. In the case of a particle passing through resonance with a single, coherent wave, a Hamiltonian formulation is advantageous. With certain approximations, the Hamiltonian has the same form as that for a plane pendulum, leading to estimates of the change at resonance of the first adiabatic invariant I, energy, and pitch angle. In the case of large wave amplitude (relative to the spatial variation of the background magnetic field), the resonant change in I and its conjugate phase angle ξ are not diffusive but determined by nonlinear dynamics. A general analytical treatment of slow separatrix crossing has long been available and can be used to give the changes in I associated with “phase bunching,” including the detailed dependence on ξ, in the nonlinear regime. Here we review this treatment, evaluate it numerically, and relate it to previous analytical results for nonlinear wave-particle interactions. “Positive phase bunching” can occur for some particles even in the pendulum Hamiltonian approximation, though the fraction of such particles may be exponentially small.

In this study we consider the Hamiltonian approach for the construction of a map for a system with nonlinear resonant interaction, including phase trapping and phase bunching effects. We derive basic equations for a single resonant trajectory analysis and then generalize them into a map in the energy/pitch-angle space. The main advances of this approach are the possibility of considering effects of many resonances and to simulate the evolution of the resonant particle ensemble on long time ranges. For illustrative purposes we consider the system with resonant relativistic electrons and field-aligned whistler-mode waves. The simulation results show that the electron phase space density within the resonant region is flattened with reduction of gradients. This evolution is much faster than the predictions of quasi-linear theory. We discuss further applications of the proposed approach and possible ways for its generalization.

This study analyzes the effects of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves on relativistic electron scattering and losses in the Earth’s outer radiation belt. EMIC emissions are commonly observed in the inner magnetosphere and are known to reach high amplitudes, causing significant pitch angle changes in primarily >1 MeV electrons via cyclotron resonance interactions. We run test-particle simulations of electrons streaming through helium band waves with different amplitudes and wave normal angles and assess the sensitivity of advective and diffusive scattering behaviors to these two parameters, including the possibility of very oblique propagation. The numerical analysis confirms the importance of harmonic resonances for oblique waves, and the very oblique waves are observed to efficiently scatter both co-streaming and counter-streaming electrons. However, strong finite Larmor radius effects limit the scattering efficiency at high pitch angles. Recently discussed force-bunching effects and associated strong positive advection at low pitch angles are, surprisingly, shown to cause no decrease in the phase space density of precipitating electrons, and it is demonstrated that the transport of electrons into the loss cone balances out the scattering out of the loss cone. In the case of high-amplitude obliquely propagating waves, weak but non-negligible losses are detected well below the minimum resonance energy, and we identify them as the result of non-linear fractional resonances. Simulations and theoretical analysis suggest that these resonances might contribute to subrelativistic electron precipitation but are likely to be overshadowed by non-resonant effects.