Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Pharyngeal chlamydia

Spis treści

Artykuły w czasopismach
Rozprawy doktorskie
Części książek
Streszczenia konferencji

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Pharyngeal chlamydia”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 19 lutego 2022

Utwórz poprawne odniesienie w stylach APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard i wielu innych

Wybierz rodzaj źródła:

Zobacz listy aktualnych artykułów, książek, rozpraw, streszczeń i innych źródeł naukowych na temat „Pharyngeal chlamydia”.

Przycisk „Dodaj do bibliografii” jest dostępny obok każdej pracy w bibliografii. Użyj go – a my automatycznie utworzymy odniesienie bibliograficzne do wybranej pracy w stylu cytowania, którego potrzebujesz: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver itp.

Możesz również pobrać pełny tekst publikacji naukowej w formacie „.pdf” i przeczytać adnotację do pracy online, jeśli odpowiednie parametry są dostępne w metadanych.

Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Pharyngeal chlamydia"

Andersen, Arthur A. "Comparison of Pharyngeal, Fecal, and Cloacal Samples for the Isolation of Chlamydia Psittaci from Experimentally Infected Cockatiels and Turkeys". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 8, nr 4 (październik 1996): 448–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879600800407.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Direct comparisons were made of Chlamydial isolation rates from pharyngeal swabs, fecal samples, and cloacal swabs from cockatiels and pharyngeal and cloacal swabs from turkeys experimentally infected with Chlamydia psittaci. During pathogenesis studies, 133 paired specimens were collected from cockatiels and 118 paired specimens were collected from turkeys. Of the 51 cockatiel Chlamydial infections detected, 80.4% were positive by the pharyngeal swab sample, 45.1% were positive by the fecal swab sample, and 37.3% were positive by the cloacal swab sample. Of the 87 turkey infections detected, 93.1% were positive by the pharyngeal swab sample and 77.0% were positive by the cloacal swab. The pharyngeal swabs were the most reliable sample for isolation of chlamydia from live birds. However, no single sampling site yielded positive results from all infected birds. Specimens from multiple sites are recommended because a number of infected birds were identified by isolation from only 1 sample.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Gaspari, Valeria, Antonella Marangoni, Antonietta D’Antuono, Greta Roncarati, Melissa Salvo, Claudio Foschi i Maria Carla Re. "Pharyngeal Chlamydia and gonorrhea: a hidden problem". International Journal of STD & AIDS 30, nr 8 (2.05.2019): 732–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462419838922.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

In this study we assessed the prevalence and predictors of pharyngeal infections due to Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) in a cohort of patients attending an STI Clinic. From January 2016 to September 2018, 893 patients attending the STI Clinic of St Orsola-Malpighi Hospital (Bologna, Italy) and reporting unprotected oral sex were enrolled. A pharyngeal swab for the molecular detection of CT and NG was collected from each patient. Positive CT samples were further genotyped by an omp1 gene PCR. A total of 134 cases of gonorrhea (15%) and 34 chlamydial infections (3.8%) were detected in the pharyngeal site, with no significant differences between males (all men who have sex with men [MSM]) and females. More than 90% of the infections were completely asymptomatic, suggesting that symptoms were not predictors of a pharyngeal infection ( P = 0.7). On the contrary, a history of sexual contacts with a partner positive for CT and/or NG ( P < 0.0001), HIV positivity ( P = 0.01), and the presence of concurrent genital and/or rectal infections ( P < 0.0001) were significantly associated with CT/NG pharyngeal infections. Pharyngeal lymphogranuloma venereum cases were rare (prevalence: 0.4%), asymptomatic, and only found in MSM. Better knowledge about pharyngeal CT/NG infections could help to set up effective strategies for their prevention.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Chan, Philip A., Ashley Robinette, Madeline Montgomery, Alexi Almonte, Susan Cu-Uvin, John R. Lonks, Kimberle C. Chapin, Erna M. Kojic i Erica J. Hardy. "Extragenital Infections Caused byChlamydia trachomatisandNeisseria gonorrhoeae: A Review of the Literature". Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2016 (2016): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5758387.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

In the United States, sexually transmitted diseases due toChlamydia trachomatisandNeisseria gonorrhoeaecontinue to be a major public health burden. Screening of extragenital sites including the oropharynx and rectum is an emerging practice based on recent studies highlighting the prevalence of infection at these sites. We reviewed studies reporting the prevalence of extragenital infections in women, men who have sex with men (MSM), and men who have sex only with women (MSW), including distribution by anatomical site. Among women, prevalence was found to be 0.6–35.8% for rectal gonorrhea (median reported prevalence 1.9%), 0–29.6% for pharyngeal gonorrhea (median 2.1%), 2.0–77.3% for rectal chlamydia (median 8.7%), and 0.2–3.2% for pharyngeal chlamydia (median 1.7%). Among MSM, prevalence was found to be 0.2–24.0% for rectal gonorrhea (median 5.9%), 0.5–16.5% for pharyngeal gonorrhea (median 4.6%), 2.1–23.0% for rectal chlamydia (median 8.9%), and 0–3.6% for pharyngeal chlamydia (median 1.7%). Among MSW, the prevalence was found to be 0–5.7% for rectal gonorrhea (median 3.4%), 0.4–15.5% for pharyngeal gonorrhea (median 2.2%), 0–11.8% for rectal chlamydia (median 7.7%), and 0–22.0% for pharyngeal chlamydia (median 1.6%). Extragenital infections are often asymptomatic and found in the absence of reported risk behaviors, such as receptive anal and oral intercourse. We discuss current clinical recommendations and future directions for research.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Lister, N. A., A. Smith, T. Read i C. K. Fairley. "Testing men who have sex with men for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis prior to the introduction of guidelines at an STD clinic in Melbourne". Sexual Health 1, nr 1 (2004): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh03005.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Background: Guidelines for testing men who have sex with men (MSM) were published in 2002. They did not recommend asymptomatic screening for urethral gonorrhoea or pharyngeal screening for chlamydia. To determine if these guidelines were appropriate, we audited gonorrhoea and chlamydia testing of MSM at our centre. Methods: We carried out two audits at our Centre between August 2001 to July 2002. The first was an audit of testing MSM for gonorrhoea and/ or chlamydia over 12 days. The second was an audit of all positive tests over this 12-month period for gonorrhoea or chlamydia among MSM. Results: During the 12 selected days 89 of 286 men tested (31%) were MSM. Among the MSM testing positive for gonorrhoea and/ or chlamydia infection (15, 17%), symptomatic urethral infection was the most common (n = 8). No rectal and pharyngeal infections had site-specific symptoms. Based on the guidelines, 100 of the 334 tests ordered (30%) were not recommended according to the guidelines, and none of these 100 tests yielded a positive result. Over the 12-month audit period, 135 MSM were diagnosed with gonorrhoea and/ or chlamydia. For gonorrhoea, site specific symptoms were present in 42 of 43 cases of urethral infection (98%), six of 23 cases of rectal infection (26%), and no cases of pharyngeal infection had symptoms. For chlamydia, site-specific symptoms were present in 29 of 48 cases of urethral infection (60%), six of 33 cases of rectal infection (18%), and in one of the two cases of pharyngeal chlamydia identified. A substantial proportion of cases occurred in clients with HIV infection (21, 16%). Conclusions: These findings strongly support screening among MSM and in particular not testing asymptomatic MSM for urethral gonorrhoea or any MSM for pharyngeal Chlamydia.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Goddard, Sian Louise, Preethi Rajagopal i David James Templeton. "Increasing yield of pharyngeal Chlamydia trachomatis among male gay and bisexual clinic attendees in Sydney: an observational study". Sexual Health 14, nr 3 (2017): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh16181.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Background The aim of the present study was to describe the temporal trends in Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) testing yield among gay and bisexual male (GBM) sexual health clinic attendees in Sydney. Methods: All CT testing occasions among GBM from January 2011 to December 2014 were reviewed. Yield was defined as the proportion of testing occasions where CT was detected. Results: In all, 2917 GBM were tested on 5445 occasions. CT was detected on 439 (8.1%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 7.4–8.8%) occasions. Pharyngeal, urethral and anorectal CT were detected on 74 (1.4%; 95% CI 1.1–1.7%), 109 (2.0%; 95% CI 1.7–2.4%) and 333 (6.1%; 95% CI 5.5–6.8%) occasions respectively. Over the study period, there was a significant increase in pharyngeal CT yield (from 0.70% to 1.6%; odds ratio (OR) 1.25; 95% CI 1.01–1.55; Ptrend = 0.043), which remained borderline significant (OR 1.22; 95% CI 0.99–1.52; P = 0.067) when adjusted for age. There was no change in yield of either urethral or anorectal infections. Almost half the pharyngeal CT (n = 35; 47.3%) occurred without concurrent anogenital infection. Excluding those who would have received anti-chlamydial treatment for another reason, 27.0% of pharyngeal and 4.6% of all CT infections would not have been treated without pharyngeal testing. Conclusions: A recent temporal increase was observed in the yield of pharyngeal CT without a concurrent increase in anogenital yield. Ongoing surveillance is warranted to inform testing guidelines for GBM.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Allan-Blitz, Lao-Tzu, Segundo R. Leon, Claire C. Bristow, Kelika A. Konda, Silver K. Vargas, Juan A. Flores, Brandon J. Brown, Carlos F. Caceres i Jeffrey D. Klausner. "High prevalence of extra-genital chlamydial or gonococcal infections among men who have sex with men and transgender women in Lima, Peru". International Journal of STD & AIDS 28, nr 2 (10.07.2016): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462416630909.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are among the most common sexually transmitted bacterial infections in the world. Data are limited, however, on the burden of extra-genital chlamydial and gonococcal infections among men who have sex with men and transgender women in Lima, Peru. Data were gathered from self-collected anal or pharyngeal swabs from participants in Lima, Peru, and analyzed via cross-sectional methods. Prevalence ratios for the association between extra-genital infection with socio-demographic and sexual behaviors were determined. Overall, 127 (32.8%) participants had anal or pharyngeal infections. On multivariate modeling, anal infection was positively associated with practicing both receptive and insertive anal sex, when compared to insertive alone (PR = 2.49; 95% CI = 1.32–4.71), and negatively associated with any antibiotic use in the prior three months (PR = 0.60; 95% CI = 0.39–0.91). Pharyngeal infection was negatively associated with age greater than 30 years compared to 18–30 years (PR = 0.54; 95% CI = 0.30–0.96), and positively associated with gender identity of transgender women (PR = 2.12; 95% CI = 1.20–3.73). This study demonstrates considerable burden of extra-genital chlamydial and gonococcal infections among men who have sex with men and transgender women in Lima, Peru.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Lister, Nichole A., Anthony Smith i Christopher K. Fairley. "Introduction of screening guidelines for men who have sex with men at an STD clinic, the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Australia". Sexual Health 2, nr 4 (2005): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh05006.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Background: A recent audit indicated that a substantial proportion of men who have sex with men (MSM) were not screened for rectal gonorrhoea and chlamydia at the Melbourne Sexual Health Clinic, Melbourne, Australia. In response, screening guidelines for MSM were introduced at the clinic using a computer reminder. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the guidelines and alert on screening MSM for gonorrhoea and chlamydia. Methods: The medical records of MSM were reviewed for gonorrhoea and chlamydia screening by site (pharyngeal, urethral and rectal), four months before the implementation of the guidelines and alert (July to October 2002), and one year thereafter (beginning November 2002). Results: After the introduction of the guidelines there was a significant increase in rectal chlamydia testing (55% to 67%, P < 0.001), and significant reduction in pharyngeal chlamydia and gonorrhoea testing (65% to 28%, P < 0.001, and 83% to 76%, P = 0.015 respectively). The proportion of tests that were positive by any site did not change (7% to 7%). Conclusions: The introduction of a computer reminder for new guidelines was temporally associated with screening that conformed more closely to clinical guidelines.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Maynard, Michaela, Hector R. Nunez, Jun Tao, Madeline Montgomery, Alexi Almonte, Genoviva Sowemimo-Coker, Christina Chu, Collette Sosnowy, Philip Chan i Philip Chan. "963. Extragenital Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Among Females Visiting an STD Clinic". Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (październik 2019): S29—S30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz359.065.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Abstract Background Rates of chlamydia (CT) and gonorrhea (GC) are increasing in the United States. Annual screening for urogenital infection is recommended for sexually active females less than 25 years and older females at risk. CT and GC can be detected at pharyngeal and rectal sites and are commonly asymptomatic. Currently, extragenital screening is only recommended in men who have sex with men (MSM). Data among females on extragenital CT and GC are limited. Methods We reviewed all females presenting to a sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinic in Providence, Rhode Island from May 2014 to December 2018. During this time, urogenital, pharyngeal, and rectal screenings were offered to all females presenting for care. We evaluated demographics, behaviors, and laboratory data on urogenital, pharyngeal and rectal CT/GC. Univariate and bivariate analyses were performed to determine the characteristics of demographic and behavioral variables associated with extragenital infection. Results During the study period, 2,672 females presented for STD screening. Median age was 26 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 33–22). Most patients (95%) reported engaging in sex with male partners. More than half (59%) had at least one extragenital (pharyngeal or rectal) test performed (77% pharyngeal only, 0.4% rectal only, 23% both). During the study period, there were 334 CT and 66 GC infections identified across all three anatomical sites. Of individuals with a positive CT result (N = 273), 85% (N = 233) had a positive urogenital, 19% (N = 53) a positive pharyngeal, and 18% (N = 48) a positive rectal specimen. Of individuals with a positive GC result (N = 50), 62% (N = 31) had a positive urogenital, 54% (N = 27) a positive pharyngeal, and 16% (N = 8) a positive rectal specimen. Among individuals with a positive CT or GC result, (N = 315), 17% (N = 55) had an extragenital infection in the absence of a positive urogenital result. No single risk factor was statistically associated with an extragenital CT or GC infection. Most individuals (82%) were asymptomatic at presentation. Conclusion In an STD clinic setting, a significant number of pharyngeal and rectal CT/GC infections may be missed in the absence of extragenital screening. Settings which engage at-risk females should consider implementation of routine CT/GC extragenital screening. Disclosures All Authors: No reported Disclosures.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Karlsson, Andreas, Anders Österlund i Annika Forssén. "Pharyngeal Chlamydia trachomatis is not uncommon any more". Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 43, nr 5 (7.02.2011): 344–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365548.2011.553243.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Richardson, Daniel, Alice Pickering, Daniel Trotman, Kayleigh Nichols, Zoe Buss, John Devlin i Fionnuala Finnerty. "Pharyngeal gonorrhoea in men who have sex with men". International Journal of STD & AIDS 32, nr 5 (3.02.2021): 449–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462420975627.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Pharyngeal gonorrhoea is important in the transmission dynamics of gonorrhoea, and generation of antimicrobial resistance and the performing of culture remains vital. We reviewed the notes of men who have sex with men (MSM) presenting to our clinic with a positive pharyngeal NAAT for gonorrhoea between January and December 2019. There were 383 cases of NAAT-positive pharyngeal gonorrhoea, and 28 (7%, 95% CI = 5.11–10.36) reported sore throat at presentation. Pharyngeal cultures were taken from 270/383 (70%), and 73/270 (27%) were culture positive with available antimicrobial sensitivities. Overall, the presence of pharyngeal symptoms was not associated with pharyngeal chlamydia (OR = 1.6, CI = 0.19–13.32, p = 0.7), HIV status (OR = 1.1, CI = 0.47–2.57, p = 0.8), positive cultures (OR = 1.9, CI = 0.78–4.62, p = 0.2) or age ( p = 0.3). Routine screening of MSM for pharyngeal gonorrhoea is important to maintain surveillance and measures need to be taken to improve pharyngeal culture sampling from MSM.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Więcej źródeł

Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Pharyngeal chlamydia"

Templeton, David James Public Health &amp Community Medicine Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "The role of circumcision and pharyngeal STIs in HIV and STI transmission among homosexual men". Publisher:University of New South Wales. Public Health & Community Medicine, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43239.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

This thesis presents data on two separate areas relevant to the prevention of HIV and sexually transmitted infection (STI) transmission in homosexual men. These data arise from the community-based Health in Men (HIM) cohort of HIV-negative homosexual men in Sydney. First, the association of circumcision status with HIV and STIs was examined. Older age, ethnicity and country of birth were demographic factors independently associated with circumcision status. Self-report was a valid measure of circumcision status in this population. Overall, being circumcised was associated with a non-significant reduced risk of HIV seroconversion in the HIM cohort (HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.41-1.41, p=0.381). Among the one-third of participants predominantly practising the insertive role in anal intercourse (AI), being circumcised was associated with a significantly reduced risk of HIV infection (HR 0.15, 95% CI 0.03-0.80, p=0.026). Circumcised HIM participants also had a lower risk of incident syphilis (HR 0.35, 95% CI 0.15-0.84, p=0.019), however circumcision status had no significant effect on the remainder of prevalent and incident STIs examined. Second, risk factors for pharyngeal gonorrhoea and chlamydia were investigated. The BD ProbeTec nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) had a positive predictive value (PPV) for pharyngeal gonorrhoea diagnosis of only 30.4% (95% CI 25.2-36.1%) when compared to a previously validated NAAT targeting the gonococcal porA pseudogene. Pharyngeal gonorrhoea was common in HIM, mostly occurred without concurrent anogenital infection and may frequently spontaneously resolve. Infection was independently associated with younger age (p-trend=0.001), higher number of male partners (p-trend=0.002), contact with gonorrhoea (p<0.001) and insertive oro-anal sex with casual partners (p-trend=0.044). Pharyngeal chlamydia was less common but a high prevalence/incidence ratio suggested that infection may persist in the pharynx for long periods. Pharyngeal chlamydia was independently associated with receptive penile-oral sex with casual partners (p-trend=0.009). In conclusion, circumcision may have a role as an HIV prevention intervention among the subgroup of homosexual men who predominantly practise insertive rather than receptive AI. Regular screening of the pharynx including a validated supplemental NAAT for gonorrhoea diagnosis may prevent much transmission to anogenital sites, whereas chlamydia occurs too infrequently in the pharynx to recommend routine screening in homosexual men.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Leon, Segundo R., Eddy R. Segura, Kelika A. Konda, Juan A. Flores, Alfonso Silva-Santisteban, Jerome T. Galea, Thomas J. Coates, Jeffrey D. Klausner i Carlos F. Caceres. "High prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in anal and pharyngeal sites among a community-based sample of men who have sex with men and transgender women in Lima, Peru". BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/595419.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

This study aimed to characterise the epidemiology of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) infections among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TW) in Lima, Peru.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Części książek na temat "Pharyngeal chlamydia"

Levy, Vivian, Craig S. Blackmore i Jeffrey D. Klausner. "Self-Collection of Specimens for Nucleic Acid-Based Diagnosis of Pharyngeal, Cervicovaginal, Urethral, and Rectal Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis Infections". W Methods in Molecular Biology, 407–18. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-937-2_28.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Pharyngeal chlamydia"

Evers, Y., G. Van Liere, N. Dukers-Muijrers, J. Van Bergen i C. Hoebe. "P055 Is there an optimal testing scenario for pharyngeal Chlamydia trachomatis in women?" W Abstracts for the STI & HIV World Congress, July 14–17 2021. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2021-sti.197.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Samarasekara, K., C. Fitzpatrick, F. Finnerty i D. Richardson. "P029 Pharyngeal Chlamydia trachomatis in HIV positive and HIV negative men who have sex with men (MSM)". W Abstracts for the STI & HIV World Congress, July 14–17 2021. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2021-sti.176.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Khosropour, C., O. Soge, M. Golden, J. Hughes i L. Barbee. "O10.4 Incidence and duration of pharyngeal Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) among a cohort of men who have sex with men (MSM)". W Abstracts for the STI & HIV World Congress, July 14–17 2021. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2021-sti.107.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Barbee, Lindley, Olusegun Soge, Micaela Haglund, Winnie Yeung, James Hughes, Christine Khosropour i Matthew Golden. "O02.4 Incidence and duration of pharyngeal and rectal gonorrhea and chlamydia among high-risk men who have sex with men (MSM)". W Abstracts for the STI & HIV World Congress (Joint Meeting of the 23rd ISSTDR and 20th IUSTI), July 14–17, 2019, Vancouver, Canada. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2019-sti.113.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Evers, Y., N. Dukers-Muijrers, G. Van Liere, J. Van Bergen, S. Kuizenga-Wessel i C. Hoebe. "P056 An overview of pharyngeal Chlamydia trachomatis in men who have sex with men using Dutch STI-clinic data from a 10-year-period". W Abstracts for the STI & HIV World Congress, July 14–17 2021. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2021-sti.198.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Oferujemy zniżki na wszystkie plany premium dla autorów, których prace zostały uwzględnione w tematycznych zestawieniach literatury. Skontaktuj się z nami, aby uzyskać unikalny kod promocyjny!