Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Pharmacy (Firm)”

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this report is to create a better understanding of the new pharmacy initiatives in the South African market, with specific reference to the Nuclicks and Pick 'n Pay groups. In order to understand the respective business concepts better the following abstracts from each chapter of the study is given. Chapter one is basically the introduction to the study and describes the events that lead to the above mentioned corporate retailers to enter the pharmacy market place. An introduction to Hamel's business model theory is also discussed and identified as a possible means of evaluating the corporate retailers' business concepts. In Chapter two the strategic analysis of the South African retail pharmacy industry is performed. This analysis is performed to create an understanding of the different forces at work in the industry. Some of the key findings in this chapter are that changes to the pharmacy act and the way dispensing licences are going to be awarded creates uncertainty. The profit outlook of retail pharmacy, though on the decline, still compares favourably to other retailers. In chapter three the core concepts of Hamel's business model are presented in more detail and applied to the retail pharmacy environment. In his view, a strategy needs to change the industry rules. This chapter ends with the concept of wealth potential based on Hamel's teachings. The wealth potential concept is about creating cash flow and profits. A business model that is able to create customer benefits well below the cost of the competitors is regarded as efficient. By utilising the Hamel way the Nuclicks (chapter four) and Pick 'n Pay (chapter five) business concepts is unpacked. Both Nuclicks and Pick 'n Pay pharmacy business models are presented within the corporate framework of the groups. Nuclicks bought an established pharmacy franchise while Pick 'n Pay launched Healthpharm. Nuclicks creates a possible choke point by buying UPD. The Nuclicks pharmacy strategy is a more comprehensive health strategy, while Pick 'n Pay follows a more cautious approach. As franchising will playa major role in both pharmacy concepts, the theory of franchising is presented in chapter six. Telephonic interviews with Link franchisees are conducted and the possible reasons for the ambiguity that crept into the Link business model are discussed. As the Healthpharm franchise is a new concept, it is evaluated based on information gathered from press releases and the Healthpharm web-site. In chapter seven universal conclusions and recommendations, based upon the literature study and this investigation, are presented. One of the key findings are, success in the face of changes requires more than the current way of doing business. It requires an innovative thinking process. New business models have to be formulated that allows retail pharmacists to establish a focused and well-differentiated value proposition. This value proposition needs to be meaningful for consumers and must strengthen a pharmacy outlet's competitive position.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie verslag is om 'n beter begrip vir die nuwe apteek inisiatiewe in die Suid-Afrikaanse mark te ontwikkel, met spesifieke verwysing na die Nuclicks en Pick 'n Pay groepe. Om die onderskeie besiqheidskonsepte beter te verstaan, word die volgende opsomming van elke hoofstuk van die studie uiteengesit. Hoofstuk een is 'n inleiding tot die studie en beskryf die gebeure wat aanleiding gegee het tot die bogenoemde korporatiewe kleinhandelaars se toetrede tot die apteek mark. 'n Inleiding van Hamel se besigheidsmodel teorie is ook bespreek en is geïdentifiseer as evaluering van die korporatiewe kleinhandelaars se besigheidskonsepte. Hoofstuk twee bied 'n strategiese analise van die Suid-Afrikaanse kleinhandelaars apteek industrie. Hierdie analise is geskep om beter begrip te ontwikkel vir die verskillende kragte wat inwerk in die industrie. Van die bevindinge in die hoofstuk is die veranderinge in die apteek wetgewing en die wyse waarop resepteer lisensies toegeken gaan word, en hoeveel onsekerhede dit tot gevolg het. Die wins vooruitsigte van kleinhandelaars apteke, alhoewel aan die afneem, vergelyk steeds gunstig met ander kleinhandelaars. In Hoofstuk drie is die kern konsepte van Hamel se besigheidsmodel in meer detail uiteengesit en toegepas op die kleinhandelaar apteek omgewing. Uit sy oogpunt, is 'n strategie nodig om veranderinge te weeg te bring in die industrie reëls. Hierdie hoofstuk eindig met die konsep van waarde potensiaal wat gebaseer is op Hamel se teorie. Hierdie waarde potensiaal konsep is gebaseer op die skep van kontantvloei en 'n Besigheidsmodel wat in staat is om die kliënt te begunstig heelwat laer as die koste van die teenstander, word beskou as effektief. Hamel se teorie is gebruik om Nuclicks (hoofstuk vier) en Pick 'n Pay (hoofstuk vyf) se besigheidskonsepte te analiseer. Beide Nuclicks en Pick 'n Pay se besigheidsmodelle word aangebied binne die korporatiewe raakwerke van die groepe. Nuclicks het 'n gevestigde apteek konsessie gekoop terwyl Pick 'n Pay vir Healthpharm begin het. Nuclicks het 'n moontlike 'wurgpunt" geskep deur die aankoop van UPD. Die Nuclicks apteek strategie is 'n meer omvattende gesondheidstrategie, terwyl Pick 'n Pay 'n meer versigtige benadering volg. Aangesien besigheid konsessie 'n belangrike rol speel in beide apteek konsepte, word die teorie van konsessie in hoofstuk ses behandel. Telefoniese onderhoude is gevoer met Link konsessiehouers en die moontlike redes vir die twyfelagtigheid van die Link besigheidsmodel word bespreek. Aangesien die Healthpharm konsessie 'n nuwe konsep is, word dit geëvalueer op grond van inligting wat versamel is uit die media en die Healthpharm webtuiste. In Hoofstuk sewe word universele afleidings en aanbevelings, gebaseer op die literatuurstudie en die ondersoek, uiteengesit. Een van die hoof bevindings was dat sukses benodig meer as die huidige manier van besigheid doen. Nuwe besigheidsmodelle moet geformuleer word, wat dit vir kleinhandelaar apteke moontlik sal maak om 'n gefokusde en goed gedifferensieerde waarde voorstel tot stand te bring. Hierdie voorstel moet betekenisvol wees vir die verbruiker en moet die apteek kompeterende posisie versterk.

This diploma thesis deals with the promotion activities to pharmaceutical distributors which are important part of the chain from producer to consumer, to pharmacies and patient as well. The main goal is to analyse if the activities are used and addressed effectively. There is special part devoted to merchandising in pharmacies because it is important in promotion in the point of purchase.

The aim of this study is to analyse the portfolio of the pharmaceutical company Meda Pharma s.r.o. and then, according to the results, suggest a marketing stratégy to be effective up to 2020. The work has two parts, theoretical and practical. The theoretical part explains the basic concepts related to the market, marketing, marketing mix, marketing strategy and its instruments. This part is also dedicated to concepts relating to the pharmaceutical industry. The practical part is focused on analysis of portfolio of the company. I will use the marketing mix, the Boston matrix, evaluate the largest competitors in each product and focus also on the profitability of products of the company. In conclusion, I will propose a marketing strategy to be put in place by 2020.

This thesis is focused on adaptation of GEHE Pharma marketing strategy on the Czech wholesaler's market with pharmaceutical products. In the first part the theoretical background needed for the application part of the thesis is summarized. I mention here the possibilities of internationalization, visions and targets of the firms working on the foreign markets and basic analyses needed for acting there. Then I summarize the possibilities of adaptation of the marketing mix mention the specifics of the B2B and the pharmaceutical market. In the following application part GEHE Pharma Company is presented and also her acting on the pharmaceutical market. Then the concrete analyses are made (PEST analysis, SWOT analysis, and Czech pharmaceutical market analysis) and the adaptation of marketing mix of the company was summarized. In the last part of the thesis some suggestions for ameliorations of particular parts of marketing mix are made.

Master's thesis deals with the assessment of the BENU pharmacy information system and proposes the necessary changes to increase the efficiency and effectiveness that will help the companyin their internal processes. The introductory part is focused on the theoretical basis of the work, where the basic concepts are explained. The second part is devoted to the company and the analysis of the information system, its features, characteristics and requirements. The last part, which is based on the analysis of the current state, containts suggestions for improvement, benefits and economic evaluation.

This thesis makes use of the unique reregulation of pharmaceutical monopoly in Sweden to critically examine intraindustry firm heterogeneity. It contributes to existing divestiture research as it studies the dynamism in between reconfigurations of value constellations and its effects on value creation of divested pharmacies. Because the findings showed that the predominant theory of intraindustry firm heterogeneity could not explain firm performance, the value constellation concept was applied as it captured the phenomena. A patterned finding informed how reconfigurations of value constellations in a reregulated market characterized by strict rules, regulations, and high competition did not generate additional value for firms on short term. My study unveils that value creation is hampered in situations where rules and regulations significantly affect firms’ ability to reconfigure their value constellations. The key practical implication is an alternative perspective on fundamental aspects of the reregulation and how policy-makers may impede firm performance and the intended creation of new value for not only firms but for society as a whole.

Grade: A

This thesis makes use of the unique reregulation of pharmaceutical monopoly in Sweden to critically examine intraindustry firm heterogeneity. It contributes to existing divestiture research as it studies the dynamism in between reconfigurations of value constellations and its effects on value creation of divested pharmacies. Because the findings showed that the predominant theory of intraindustry firm heterogeneity could not explain firm performance, the value constellation concept was applied as it captured the phenomena. A patterned finding informed how reconfigurations of value constellations in a reregulated market characterized by strict rules, regulations, and high competition did not generate additional value for firms on short term. My study unveils that value creation is hampered in situations where rules and regulations significantly affect firms’ ability to reconfigure their value constellations. The key practical implication is an alternative perspective on fundamental aspects of the reregulation and how policy-makers may impede firm performance and the intended creation of new value for not only firms but for society as a whole.

Betyg: A

The thesis is basically divided in three chapter: the first one introduces a literature review on capital strucutre and financial policies, and also the impact of R&D on those aspects.In the second chapter, the focus is on the pharma sector. The uncertainties related to the development of drugs and their market launch are analysed,in particular corporate strategies within the industry . Last chapter is devoted to an empirical analysis on parametric and non-parametric models for the assessment of FDA approvals on stock’s performances, given the financial policies adopted .

This study is to evaluate the effect of curing and casting methods on the physicochemical properties of polymeric coating systems. Aqueous-dispersion-based and organic-solvent-based Kollicoat® SR30D (poly(vinyl acetate)) and Kollicoat® MAE100P (poly(methacrylic acid-ethyl acrylate)) free films or film-coated pellets were used to evaluate the physicochemical properties resulting from different solvents and different curing treatments. Diffusion coefficients of water in organic-solvent-based films were lower than those in aqueous-dispersion-based films. Increases in curing temperature and curing time decreased the diffusion coefficient. Regardless of preparation method, the tensile strengths of films increased with an increase in curing temperature and curing time. Changes in elongation percentage of the films were dependent on the polymer and curing. The tensile strengths of aqueous-dispersion-based SR30D films are lower compared to those of organic-solvent-based SR30D films. However, the “core-shell” structure is preserved in the aqueous-dispersion-based MAE100P film and formed a rigid frame, which greatly increased the mechanical properties of the films. Therefore, the tensile strength of aqueous-dispersion-based MAE100P films is greater than in the case of organic-solvent-based films. In swelling studies, water uptake and weight loss for all of the films increased with an increase in incubation time. The water uptake and weight loss of SR30D films cast from water were higher than those of organic-solvent-based films. However, contradictory results were observed for MAE100P films due to the core-shell structure in the aqueous-dispersion-based MAE100P films. An increase in curing time and temperature increased the Tg of SR30D films. Curing treatments led to a second glass transition temperature for MAE100P films, which may result from microphase separation. Curing decreased acetaminophen release from pellets coated with an aqueous-dispersion-based SR30D film. Curing effects are also dependent on the coating formulation and coating parameters. The drug release rate from organic-solvent-based film-coated pellets was slower in comparison to pellets coated with aqueous-dispersion-based films. Acetaminophen release in 0.1 N HCl from aqueous-dispersion-based MAE100P coated pellets was reduced after the curing treatment. Curing has no effect on drug release for acetaminophen-containing pellets coated with organic-solvent-based SR30D or MAE100P films. The ionization of surface carboxylic-acid groups on MAE100P polymer particles alters the properties of polymer films by increasing ionic aggregates and solubilizing the polymer chains. Increased ionic aggregates improve the mechanical properties of films. However, solubilizing polymer chains will change the film formation mechanism from a dispersion-based film to a solution-based film. Therefore, tensile strength was decreased with an increase in ionization degree. The drug release rates were continuously increased when the degree of ionization of surface acid groups increased. Overall, curing and casting methods have significant effects on the physicochemical properties of SR30D and MAE100P films and on the drug release behavior from film-coated, drug-loaded pellets. The core-shell structure in aqueous-dispersion-based MAE100P films also greatly changed the properties of this film or coat.

The performance of regenerated cellulose (RC) films and capsules was investigated for their applications in oral controlled drug delivery. Regenerated cellulose films were prepared by non-solvent-mediated, phase inversion of native and depolymerized cotton linter solutions (methylolcellulose; cellulose dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide/ paraformaldehyde solvent system) in water as well as by phase inversion of native cotton linter solutions in organic non-solvents followed by thermal annealing. These films were monolithic in dry state and formed porous structures when hydrated. Irrespective of the degree of polymerization of the starting cellulose source or the use of organic non-solvents, the cellulose chain length was not significantly altered and cellulose was in an amorphous state. Flux analysis in diffusion cells, using ethanol-water mixtures as the solvent medium, indicated that the films take up solvent to form porous routes for transport of solute. The amount of solvent uptake required to form these routes was greater for films prepared from depolymerized cotton linter. Ionic and hydrophobic solutes traverse the films using the porous pathways following hydration of the film. Blended RC films were prepared by combining native and depolymerized cotton linter solutions in varying ratios and phase-inverting in water, followed by thermal annealing. Porosity, pore size and water uptake of the hydrated films decreased, while the length of the transport pathway (tortuosity) increased, as the fraction of depolymerized cellulose increased in the blended films. Differences in methylene blue dye adsorption on phase-inverted vs. phase-inverted and thermally annealed RC films indicated that the type of non-solvent utilized for phase-inversion does not affect the internal RC film structure during the phase-inversion process. However, as the boiling point of the non-solvent increased, the amount of irreversible polymer consolidation and formation non-swelling domains (hornification) increased during the thermal annealing process. This, in turn, led to reduced porosity and solute flux through these RC films. Two-piece cellulose capsules were fabricated by phase-inversion of methylolcellulose solutions in water using a dip-coating approach. Zero-order release rates for a number of drugs increased as their water solubility increased. The release of water soluble drugs occurred by osmotically-driven convection and diffusion through the pores in the capsule wall, while the release of moderate to poorly soluble drugs predominantly occurred by diffusion. Moreover, as the drug solubility increased, the apparent permeability of the drugs through the capsule wall decreased, which indicated that the inward osmotic flux of water reduced the diffusivity of the drug through the pores. The hydraulic permeability of the cellulose capsules was determined to be higher than for conventional ethylcellulose and cellulose acetate coated osmotic drug delivery systems, indicating that the cellulose-based capsules may be better suited for osmotic drug delivery.

La mise en place de la démarche PAT (Process Analytical Technology), initiée par la FDA (Food and Drug Administration) s’est développée au cours de ces dernières années, au sein de l’industrie pharmaceutique. Grâce à des contrôles en continu au coeur des procédés de fabrication, elle permet une meilleure compréhension et une maîtrise de la formulation et du procédé, afin d’assurer la qualité finale des médicaments.A travers ce travail, nous avons mis en place un suivi en temps réel, par spectroscopie proche infrarouge, d’une opération d’enrobage suite à l’intégration d’une sonde à l’intérieur d’une turbine d’enrobage. La quantité d’enrobage, déterminée par une simple et rapide pesée mais néanmoins soumise à la variabilité de la masse des comprimés nus, ainsi que l’épaisseur du film, obtenue avec précision par imagerie térahertz ont servi de valeurs de référence pour calibrer l’information spectrale. Dans les deux cas, ces deux attributs qualité critiques ont été prédits avec de faibles erreurs de prédiction, qui se sont révélées être similaires. Par ailleurs, la prédiction en temps réel des propriétés de dissolution de comprimés prêts à être libérés, à partir de spectres acquis in-line, a permis de déterminer l’arrêt optimal de l’opération d’enrobage.Suite à un enrobage réalisé à partir d’une dispersion aqueuse de polymère une étape supplémentaire de traitement thermique ou curing est généralement nécessaire afin de stabiliser le film d’enrobage. Un travail de caractérisation mené à partir de techniques innovantes a permis d’apporter un nouvel éclairage sur la compréhension des phénomènes impliqués dans la formation du film au cours du curing. La caractérisation approfondie de la structure d’enrobage de comprimés soumis à un curing en turbine (conditions dynamiques) a mis en évidence la diminution de la porosité, couplée à l’évaporation de l’eau et à une meilleure organisation des chaînes de polymère au cours du curing. L’étude de comprimés soumis à un curing de référence en étuve durant 24 h (conditions statiques) a confirmé l’obtention d’un film stable après 4 h de curing dynamique. De nouveaux phénomènes, indépendants du curing, liés à la cristallisation et à la migration de l’alcool cétylique, couplée à la migration du lauryl sulfate de sodium, au sein de la couche d’enrobage ont été détectés au cours de la conservation des comprimés enrobés
Implementation of PAT (Process Analytical Technology) approach has recently been promoted by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) within the pharmaceutical industry. A desired goal of the PAT framework is to enhance understanding and control of the manufacturing process through timely measurements, during processing, to ensure final product quality. Real-time monitoring of a coating operation was performed from in-line Near Infrared (NIR) measurements inside a pan coater. Mass of coating materials, determined by simple and fast weighing but depending on core tablet weight uniformity, and film coating thickness, obtained from accurate and non-destructive Terahertz Pulsed Imaging (TPI) measurements, were used as reference values to calibrate NIR spectral information. In both cases, these two critical quality attributes were predicted with low predictive errors, which were found to be similar. In addition, real-time predictions of drug release from cured tablets were carried out by in-line NIR measurements. The coating operation was successfully stopped when desired dissolution criteria were achieved. A post-coating thermal treatment, known as curing, is generally required to stabilize film coating from aqueous polymer dispersion. Innovative techniques were jointly used to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of film formation along the curing process. This study provided a new insight into the tablet coating structure, highlighting a reduced internal coating porosity, a decrease in water content and showing a better structural rearrangement of polymer chains, with dynamic curing. All investigated techniques confirmed that a stabilized state was reached after a 4 h dynamic curing in comparison with a reference curing carried out in an oven for 24 h. Interestingly even prior to curing, new findings were pointed out, during coated tablets storage, related to the crystallisation and the upward migration of cetyl alcohol, coupled to the downward migration of sodium lauryl sulfate within the coating layer

Dans un premier temps, ce travail a concerné la réalisation de microparticules chargées en agent antimicrobien suivant la technique de microencapsulation par évaporation de solvant en émulsion simple. Différentes morphologies ont été obtenues avec des microparticules éloignées du standard lisse, démontrant des cicatrices et des défauts, de la rugosité ou encore des trous. Les paramètres ainsi que les mécanismes physico-chimiques responsables des dégradations morphologiques ont été identifiés et discutés. Il a été démontré que les paramètres de formulation tels que la masse et masse molaire du polymère ou encore la présence de tensioactifs ainsi que les paramètres du procédé tels que la force et la vitesse de cisaillement modifient l'état de surface finale des microparticules. Ce travail a notamment prouvé qu'il existe une compétition entre la cinétique d'évaporation du solvant et la vitesse de coalescence des gouttelettes d'émulsion qui est à l'origine des dégradations morphologiques. Suite à cette étude, les microsphères résultantes contenant de l'alcool phényléthylique ont été enduites à la surface du conditionnement primaire polyoléfine sous forme de films minces de différentes épaisseurs grâce à la technique de revêtement par immersion. L'introduction de microparticules au sein du liant ralentit la diffusion de l'agent antimicrobien en augmentant le nombre de matrices polymériques à traverser pour atteindre le milieu extérieur. La réalisation de telles couches a permis d'obtenir des libérations sur des périodes supérieures à au moins trois mois ce qui est 15 fois plus important que celles obtenues pour l'agent antimicrobien non encapsulé. Ce travail de thèse a également étudié l'activité antimicrobienne de l'alcool phényléthylique au sein d'une émulsion. Il a été mesuré le partage de l'alcool phényléthylique entre les phases aqueuse, huileuse et micellaire de l'émulsion. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de développer un modèle mathématique calculant la fraction en agent antimicrobien libre présent en solution aqueuse. Ce dernier a été corrélé à des dosages de l'émulsion et des mesures microbiologiques utilisant les cinq souches microbiennes du challenge test sur 14 jours. Ainsi, il a été démontré que les calculs permettent de prédire la concentration en conservateur nécessaire afin d'assurer la protection antimicrobienne des formulations. Cette étude a notamment prouvé que la quantité d'alcool phényléthylique nécessaire à la conservation des formulations est respectivement 1,6 et 4,3 fois plus importante dans une solution micellaire et une émulsion par rapport à une solution aqueuse
First, this work focused on the formulation of microparticles loaded with antimicrobial agent using the emulsion/solvent evaporation method. Several morphologies have been obtained with nonsmooth microparticles characterized by scars and defects, roughness and holes. The parameters and the physico-chemical mechanisms involved in these morphological deteriorations have been identified and discussed. It has been shown that the formulation and processing parameters as the polymer mass and molar mass, the surfactant as well as the speed and shear rate of the propeller play a key role in the final microparticles surface states. This study proved that there is a competition between solvent evaporation and the coalescence of emulsion droplets which is responsible for the morphological degradations. Following this study, the resulting microspheres loaded with phenylethyl alcohol were dispersed in a binder and coated as thin films of various thicknesses by the dip-coating method at the polyolefin surface. It has been measured that the use of microparticles slows the antimicrobial agent diffusion by increasing the number of polymeric matrices that have to be crossed in order to reach the external medium. Such thin films resulted in an antimicrobial agent delivery up to 3 months which is 15 times higher than the delivery obtained for the non-encapsulated antimicrobial agent. The antimicrobial activity of the phenylethyl alcohol in an emulsion has also been investigated. The phenylethyl alcohol partition between the water phase, the oil phase and the micellar phase of an emulsion has been measured. These results led to the development of a mathematical model calculating the fraction of free antimicrobial agent present in the aqueous phase. It has been correlated with emulsion dosages and microbiological measurements using the five microorganisms of the challenge test during 14 days. It has been demonstrated that calculations enable the prediction of the antimicrobial agent concentration needed to ensure the antimicrobial protection. In particular, this work proved that the phenylethyl alcohol quantity necessary for antimicrobial protection is respectively 1.6 and 4.3 times higher for a micellar solution and an emulsion compared to an aqueous solution

碩士
國立彰化師範大學
企業管理學系國際企業經營管理
98
The study aims to explore the influence of user satisfaction when pharmacists fill a prescription after pharmacies adopt application software. Research subjects for the study are the pharmacies in Taichung City and Taichung County. Aspects include the computer system assisting management, health insurance cost reporting system, pharmacists interviewing patients and offering service, and pharmacies applying related system to increase rofessional efficiency. The study draws examples of pharmacies adopting systematic process and related applications and analyzes effectiveness. Moreover supplement the various determining factors, design surveys and conduct statistics research. Then synthesize the professional opinions to illustrate Taiwanese pharmacies industrial development and its characteristics. Further, explore, compare and analyze the differences among the influence of industrial characteristics and regulations, health insurance management and service. Conclusions are as follows: 1. The higher information and service quality of software provider leads the better perceived performance of pharmacies. 2. The higher system quality of software procider leads the better perceived performant of pharmacies. 3. The stronger support function of software perceived by pharmacies leads the higher satisfaction. 4. The higher self effectiveness of user at pharmacies leads the better perceived performace of pharmacies. 5. The higher perceived performance of pharmacies leads the better satisfaction.

Hypothèse : Le nanobroyage d'une suspension de nystatine augmentera son efficacité antifongique in vitro et in vivo. Méthode : Une nanosupension de nystatine a été obtenue en utilisant le broyage humide. Elle a été caractérisée pour sa distribution de taille des particules et pour sa teneur en principe actif. L'activité in vitro a été évaluée contre les souches de C. albicans SC5314 et LAM-1 aux concentrations 12.5 μg/mL jusqu'à 5000 μg/mL. L'efficacité in vivo a été évaluée en utilisant un modèle murin de candidose oropharyngée. Résultats : La taille médiane des particules de la nanosuspension de nystatine a été réduite de 6577 nm à 137 nm. L'analyse CLHP a demontré une teneur de 98.7 ± 0.8%. L'activité in vitro de la nanosuspension était supérieure à la suspension aux concentrations 100 μg/mL à 5000 μg/mL. La charge fongique orale était inférieure dans le groupe traité par la nanosuspension comparativement aux autres groupes. La survie des souris était aussi supérieure.
Hypothesis : Nanomilling of a nystatin suspension will increase its antifungal efficacy in vitro and in vivo. Methods: A nystatin nanosuspension was obtained using wet bead milling. It was characterized for its particle size distribution and for its drug content. In vitro activity was evaluted against C. albicans strains SC5314 and LAM-1 at concentrations of 12.5 μg/mL up to 5000 μg/mL. The in vivo efficacy was evaluated using a murine model of oropharyngeal candidiasis. Results: Median particle size of the nystatin nanosuspension was reduced from 6577 nm to 137 nm. HPLC analysis demonstrated a content assay of 98.7 ± 0.8%. In vitro activity of the nanosuspension was superior to the suspension’s at concentrations ranging from 100 μg/mL to 5000 μg/mL. Oral fungal burdens were inferor in the nanosuspension group compared to the suspension and saline groups. Mice survival was also superior in the nanosuspension group.

The thesis deals with a current issue of the relationship between pharmaceutical manufacturers and physicians. Its objective it to find out the influence pharmaceutical companies exercise on a physician decision making on providing health care, what influences physicians´ medication selection and whether there are differences in individual physicians´ specializations. Based on the findings of the research the thesis aims at creating suggestions of changes in legislation concerning the relationship between a physician and a pharmaceutical company and the establishment of new rules. The introductory theoretical part describes the role of a physician and pharmaceutical companies in the current health care system. In the practical part the method of qualitative research, characteristics of the research database and results of standardized interviews using direct quotations are presented. Discussion is focused on comparing the research results with the views of media articles and the own opinion of the thesis writer. In the conclusive part of the thesis existing rules are described and the writer recommends some measures which may lead to changes in public attitudes. Another issue, which goes beyond this thesis and could become a topic for further research, is also outlined. Based on the collected data, in the closing part of the work a hypothesis for a potential quantitative research is stated. The contribution of the thesis is based on the possibility of clarifying complicated relations between physicians and pharmaceutical manufacturers both for professional and general public.