Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Personal Liberty Party (N.Y.)”
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Conley, Kaci T., i Dustin R. Nadler. "Reducing Ableism and the Social Exclusion of People With Disabilities: Positive Impacts of Openness and Education". Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research 27, nr 1 (2022): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24839/2325-7342.jn27.1.21.
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Research has shown that people with disabilities (PWD) face ableism, which is associated with their social exclusion. Based on the existing literature regarding the social exclusion of PWD, we hypothesized for the current study that higher education levels, personal experiences with PWD, and openness would reduce ableism and negative attitudes of PWD and increase the social inclusion of PWD. Additionally, we hypothesized that a negative correlation would exist between social inclusion of PWD and ableism and negative attitudes of PWD, moderated by the personality trait openness. Participants consisted of adults (N = 364) who identified as mostly White, female, and nondisabled, and were asked to complete an electronic survey consisting of 4 pre-existing scales measuring ableism, negative attitudes of PWD, social inclusion, and openness. The data were analyzed using regression analyses, t tests, ANOVAs, and moderation analyses. The results showed that higher education levels (R2 = .02) and personal experiences with PWD (d = –0.35) predicted lower ableism. Additionally, more openness predicted more social inclusion (R2 = .03), less ableism (R2 = .14), and higher completed levels of education (R2 = .06). Further, voting for conservative political party candidates predicted higher levels of ableism (R2 = .11), and voting for liberal political party candidates predicted lower levels of ableism (R2 = .13). Although this study had some limitations, it highlights the importance of education and openness in reducing ableism and increasing the social inclusion of PWD.
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Löve, Jesper, Monica Bertilsson, Johan Martinsson, Lena Wängnerud i Gunnel Hensing. "Political Ideology and Stigmatizing Attitudes Toward Depression: The Swedish Case". International Journal of Health Policy and Management 8, nr 6 (19.03.2018): 365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2019.15.
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Background: Stigmatizing attitudes toward persons with mental disorders is a well-established and global phenomenon often leading to discrimination and social exclusion. Although previous research in the United States showed that conservative ideology has been related to stigmatizing attitudes toward mental disorders, there is reason to believe that this mechanism plays a different role in the context of a universal welfare state with a multi-party system such as Sweden. Furthermore, "mental disorders" may signify severe psychotic disorders, which may evoke more negative attitudes. This suggests the importance of specific studies focusing on the more common phenomenon of depression. This paper investigates the relationship between political ideology and stigmatizing attitudes toward depression in Sweden. Methods: This study is part of the New Ways research program. Data were collected by the Laboratory of Opinion Research (LORE) at the University of Gothenburg in 2014 (N = 3246). Independent variables were political ideology and party affiliation. The dependent variable was the Depression Stigma Scale (DSS). Data were analyzed with linear regression analyses and analyses of variance. Results: More conservative ideology (B = 0.68, standard error [SE] = 0.04, P<.001) and more conservative party affiliation (F(8 2920) = 38.45, P<.001) showed more stigmatizing attitudes toward depression. Item-level analyses revealed a difference where the supporters of the conservative party differed (P<.05) from supporters of the liberal party, with a higher proportion agreeing that "people could snap out of " depression if they wanted to; the populist right-wing party differed from the conservative party with a higher proportion agreeing on items displaying people with depression as "dangerous" and "unpredictable." Even self-stigma was highest among the populist right-wing party with 22.3% agreeing that "if I had depression I wouldn’t tell…." Conclusion: Political ideology was associated with stigmatizing attitudes toward depression in Sweden. The results also confirm the need to distinguish between different forms of conservatism by observing social distance as being a more important driver among voters for the populist right-wing party compared with personal agency and responsibility among voters for the more traditional conservative party.
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Bryzgalin, Evgeniy A., Alexander E. Voiskounsky i Stanislav A. Kozlovskiy. "Value-Orientation Differentiation of Volunteers-Educating of the Internet Encyclopedia “Wikipedia” and the Project “Otvety.” Part 2". RUDN Journal of Psychology and Pedagogics 19, nr 4 (31.12.2022): 627–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-1683-2022-19-4-627-648.
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Over the past decades, altruistic cyber activities of online education volunteers who share useful knowledge with other Internet users have become widespread in the Internet space. Personal and group features of such prosocial behavior, which is strongly influenced by the realization of values, have not been sufficiently studied by psychological science so far. This study continues the psychological analysis of the value-orientation sphere of online educators, focusing on competent education volunteers who deal with the Internet encyclopedia “Wikipedia” (N = 92) and the question-answer (QA) online project “Otvety” (N = 113). The following tools were used in the work: the revised Portrait Value Questionnaire (PVQ-R2R) by Sh. Schwartz adapted by T.P. Butenko, D.S. Sedova and A.S. Lipatova and the Value Orientations Techniques developed by O.I. Motkov and T.A. Ogneva (version 2). The results of the analysis provide sufficient grounds to characterize the members of both groups as indivi- duals who are productively oriented towards informational and pro-social Internet activities that are not identical in format from the perspective of transfinite altruism, for the implementation of which optimal non-hierarchical-parity conditions have been created in their reference online communities, stimulating liberty in the process of individual self-realization. It is shown that, with a high homogeneity of the value profiles of the Wikipedia authors and QA “Otvety” service experts, the internal value-related self-determination (procedural in nature) has a basal meaning for them, since the external one, set in a heteronomous position, only weakly corresponds to their freedom-seeking way of life. It is concluded that the series of theoretical and empirical psychological studies of the diverse teams of online education volunteers will make it possible, by understanding their personal and group specifics, to lay a solid foundation, which can potentially lead to global unity of people with the prospect of large-scale amplification of knowledge as one of the highest human values.
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Izmozik, V. S. "N. N. Tagunov — a Stalin’s Correspondent". Modern History of Russia 11, nr 4 (2021): 921–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2021.406.
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The article explores one Bolshevik functionary between 1917 and the early 1930s, N. N. Tagunov. A child of the working class who completed secondary education, Tagunov represents a type of young Bolshevik actively involved in political life, passionate about philosophical problems, and irreconcilable to any deviation from the party line. In 1925–1934, Tagunov repeatedly sent letters to Joseph Stalin and several times received responses. In November 1925, Tagunov, as a member of the district committee bureau of the Central city district in Leningrad, sent a letter to the gubkom with sharp criticism of Zinoviev’s supporters on the eve of the Fourteenth party congress. Information about Tagunov’s letter was brought to Stalin, who replied to Tagunov; Tagunov in turn sent Stalin two long letters about the mood of Leningrad’s party leadership. At the same time, Tagunov tried to interest Stalin in his own theoretical works in the field of philosophy. After a short stay at the Institute of Red Professors in 1927, he sharply attacked leading Marxist philosophers of the time, accusing them of serious theoretical errors. At that time Stalin did not support Tagunov. After moving from Leningrad to Moscow in 1931, Tagunov worked in various institutions. At the end of December 1934, he sent Stalin a long letter for the last time, accusing former chairman of the Leningrad Soviet N. P. Komarov and a number of employees of the Party apparatus of feeding a gang of “Zinoviev’s murderers”. Stalin’s resolution read: “I read it. It is possible that comrade Tagunov is right”. The letter was sent to a number of Politburo members. After 1940 Tagunov was a personal pensioner.
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Riznyk, O. R. "The social conditioning of criminal responsibility for illegal deprivation of liberty". Actual problems of improving of current legislation of Ukraine, nr 59 (30.06.2022): 178–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/apiclu.59.178-190.
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Personal freedom is an inalienable property of a person embedded in his very essence, it is the embodiment of individuality and self-sufficiency of everyone, a normal condition for the development of an individual and society as a whole. We suggest that socially dangerous acts, which are provided by art. 146, 1461, 147, 149, 151, 349, 3491, 371, 444 of Criminal Code of Ukraine.Every time, researching the issue of the existence of criminal responsability and the forms of its implementation, scientists do not bypass the question of the social conditioning of these legal phenomena. In modern conditions of globalization, all civilized countries are trying to build their legislation, including criminal legislation, and, accordingly, to develop a system of countermeasures against socially dangerous acts, based on international normative acts. The international legal need to establish criminal law prohibitions in Ukrainian legislation depends on the international obligations that Ukraine has assumed before the international community. In accordance with such obligations, national legislation must be brought into line with the requirements and recommendations established in international legal documents to which Ukraine is a party. All these conventions establish the right of a person to personal freedom. In addition, some of them contain provisions on the need to establish criminal responsability and punishment for crimes related to illegal deprivation of liberty.Characterizing the criminally illegal acts connected with illegal deprivation of liberty to date, and analyzing in detail their crime-forming features, one should talk about their social danger. And the nature and degree of public danger of such criminally illegal acts is determined by the value of the entire system of criminal law protection objects, which are negatively affected.
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Păun, Mihaela Gabriela. "Commitment of Journalistic Discourse in Construction of National Identity". International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 17 (listopad 2013): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.17.42.
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The study is a focused application on the imagology field. The thesis in whose direction it is argumented is the following: a) the concept of identity retrieved in psychology, sociology, philosophy; b) the vision of the Romanians about themselves sequential exposed in the pages of the magazine „Dilema Veche” (“Old Dilemma”) in the period September-October 2006. Recently appeared on the scientific scene, the concept of identity is an essential component of the social contemporary existence. Romanian masters discover with sadness that in 2006 elements of cultural and identity, tradition are still imported and that‟s why, badly understanding democracy and liberty, Romanians allow themselves anything: gregarious spirit, colloquial talking, violence, brutish, arbitrariness. According to N. Berdiaev the concept of liberty implies respects the other‟s liberty, namely: we are free as long as personal liberty doesn‟t defy the other‟s right to liberty. The chaos and haste are the two constants that control the Romanians amplifying stress, abridging them the deepness of things. It is to be remarked also the superficiality and indifferent attitude towards the people and rejecting the values to the new generation which, although wanting to be free, still remains stuck into libertinism.
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Ziębińska-Witek, Anna. "Musealisation of communism, or how to create national identity in historical museums". Muzeológia a kultúrne dedičstvo 8, nr 4 (2020): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.46284/mkd.2020.8.4.5.
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The goal of the article is to critically analyse and deconstruct museum narratives about communism in East-Central Europe 30 years after transformation. The research material is museum exhibitions interpreted in accordance with the methodology of visual research (composition analysis, content analysis, analysis of material objects, and analysis of meanings). The first and most important museum type from the perspective of the memory cano The Act of 6 June 1997 Penal Code (Journal of Laws of 1997, item 553). Art. 125. § 1. Whoever destroys, damages or takes away a cultural object in an occupied area or in which military operations are taking place, violating international law, shall be subject to the penalty of deprivation of liberty for a term of between one and 10 years. § 2. If the act concerns goods of particular importance for culture, the perpetrator shall be subject to the penalty of deprivation of liberty for not less than 3 years. Art. 278. § 1. Whoever takes away someone else’s movable property for the purpose of appropriation shall be subject to the penalty of deprivation of liberty for a term of between 3 months and 5 years. § 2. The same punishment shall be imposed on anyone who, without the consent of the authorised person, obtains someone else’s computer program in order to gain financial benefits. § 3. In the case of an act of a lesser significance, the perpetrator is subject to a fine, limitation of liberty or deprivation of liberty for one year. § 4. If the theft was committed to the detriment of the closest person, the prosecution takes place at the request of the injured party. Art. 279. § 1. Whoever steals by burglary is punishable by imprisonment from one to 10 years. § 2. If the burglary was committed to the detriment of the closest person, the prosecution takes place at the request of the injured party. n, as it represents the official historical policy of most East-European states, is the so-called identity or heroic museum. Its purpose is not so much to show the truth about the past but to create the collective memory of a society and its positive self-image.
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Ovchinnikov, V. A., i E. V. Suverov. "Life and Work of Lieutenant Colonel of Militia Alexey N. Ovchinnikov in 1920s – 1941". Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 23, nr 4 (5.01.2022): 884–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2021-23-4-884-896.
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This article reconstructs the early history of the Soviet militia in Western Siberia. The research was based on the personal archive of Lieutenant Colonel A. N. Ovchinnikov and previously unpublished official documents stored in the archives of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the Altai Krai and in the Novosibirsk Region. The research featured A. N. Ovchinnikov’s professional activity and personal participation in the development of militia in the Altai Krai and Kuzbass. When A. N. Ovchinnikov joined the militia forces, the institution was undergoing some radical reforms, e.g. it merged with the Joint State Political Directorate, became militarized and politicized, etc. In the 1920s – 1940s, the Soviet militia turned into a command and administrative system that made collectivization and industrialization possible. Militia officers were evaluated not only by their professional qualities, but also by their party affiliation, political views, and education. The sources made it possible to reveal A. N. Ovchinnikov’s personal position in the process of militia development in the 1930s – 1940s. Despite the constant personnel shortage and the low level of education, the party managed to improve the discipline, qualifications, moral qualities, and political consciousness of militia officers, thus increasing their performance. The authors believe that personal historic narratives can be a valuable contribution to the historical studies of Soviet militia.
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Lu, Xuechun, i Hui Lu. "Understanding Chinese Millennials' Adoption Intention Towards Third-Party Mobile Payment". Information Resources Management Journal 33, nr 2 (kwiecień 2020): 40–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/irmj.2020040103.
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Different user groups will tend to value different third-party mobile payment offerings differently, and so make different adoption decisions. Millennials are regarded as creative, socially conscious and more willing to provide opinions on the advantages and disadvantages of new technologies. Therefore, it is important to investigate the key factors that affect Chinese Millennials' adoption behavior of third-party mobile payments as they grow in popularity in China. This study establishes a new conceptual model based on the Technology Acceptance Model incorporating additional variables such as perceived risk, personal innovativeness, compatibility, and social influence. This research collected quantitative data by questionnaire (N=380). The data was analyzed by SPSS. This study suggests that social influence and attitude directly affect adoption intention towards third-party mobile payments, whereas perceived usefulness, compatibility, perceived ease of use and personal innovativeness only indirectly affect adoption intention towards third-party mobile payments.
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Nedeljkovic, Sasa. "Ljuba Jovanovic: Statesman from Boka". Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, nr 133 (2010): 145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1033145n.
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Ljuba Jovanovic belongs to the generation that prepared, organized and carried out the liberation and union of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes into a single state. In 1876, as a grammar school student, together with friends, he organized the student organization 'Branko Radicevic', spreading the spirit of liberty among the youth of Boka Kotorska Bay. When the Second Boka Uprising broke out in Krivosije in 1882, the members of the organization decided to leave the grammar school and join the insurrectionists. After the uprising was put down, he fled to Serbia. In this new and unfamiliar setting, he made his way to the highest honors and titles, thanks exclusively to his own worthiness and abilities. He was among the initiators of the great national and cultural organizations whose activities would reverberate throughout the Slavic South: Sokoli, National Defense, Serbian Literary Cooperative. An initiative was launched in Boka Kotorska for Ljuba Jovanovic to head the candidate list for parliament of the National Radical Party in Dalmatia, due to his personal ties with his place of birth. Even though he came to hold some of the leading potations in Serbia and The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, he remained an honest man, leading the fight against corruption in the National Radical Party.
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Bredenkamp, DSM. "1 Korintiërs 9:24-27 – Kerklike leierskap vra ‘n besondere vorm van selfbeheersing". Verbum et Ecclesia 28, nr 1 (17.11.2007): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve.v28i1.95.
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The purpose of this article is to describe Paul’s self-control in 1 Corinthians 9 as an example to contemporary church leaders. After ascertaining the framework of 1 Corinthians 8:1 to 11:1 as following Christ in loving servitude, Paul’s introducing of his apostleship is described as a combination of an example and a defense. He utilizes the agon motif to make his point regarding his own sacrifices. To him self-control enkrateia) has a finite meaning: to relinquish certain liberties and rights for the sake of his mission in Christ, the identity of the church and the perseverance of his fellow believers. Church leaders can take heed of this necessity for restriction of personal liberty in response to the views of others.
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De Ornellas, Kevin. "From Tory Boy to #sadmanonatrain: Great British Railway Journeys and the hard and soft masculinities of Michael Portillo". Journal of Popular Television 9, nr 2 (1.06.2021): 251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jptv_00053_1.
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Before 2005, Michael Portillo was a reviled populist, right-wing British Conservative politician. Seemingly, he is a now a mellowed national treasure due largely to his approachable, friendly, prolific series of travelogues, Great British Railway Journeys (2010‐present). This multi-series documentary has been a remarkable BBC success: delivering upbeat music, dynamic camera work, a repetitive format, rosy-tinted Victoriana and celebratory subject matter, the programme makers ensure that the programme is feel-good, cosy, nostalgic and soothing. But Portillo’s political inclinations are apparent: Portillo, sometimes quite subtly, expresses consistently his passion for free enterprise, for the supposed benefits of historical colonialism, for the monarchy, for the military and for social liberalism. A believer in an enterprise-encouraging small state and in personal liberty and social mobility, Portillo’s politics chime in directly with the current thinking of the Conservative Party leadership. In short, the apparently benign travelogue series promotes Portillo’s mainstream post-Thatcherite British Conservatism: an analysis of the ubiquitous programme’s understated but clear Conservatism counters right-wing accusations about the BBC’s alleged leftist bias.
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Jordaan, Annette. "Die ‘moeilike reis’: Die skryf van ’n lewensverhaal oor ’n kontroversiële broer". Tydskrif vir Letterkunde 50, nr 3 (18.05.2018): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/tl.v50i3.5116.
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The essay reflects on the “difficult journey” undertaken when the essay writer was tasked to write the life story of her adoptive brother, the late lieutenant-general Lothar Neethling (1935–2005). His life story is a remarkable one: the author’s parents adopted this German war orphan in 1948 in his early teens; he became an exceptionally well qualified scientist and at the age of 35 he became the head of the South African Police Force’s forensic laboratory. The laboratory was instrumental in solving many crime-related cases during the period of National Party rule. Towards the end of 1989 newspaper reports implicated Neethling personally as the source of poison used against African National Congress activists. Although he ultimately won his case of defamation on appeal against these newspapers he was not exonerated unconditionally. The biographer reflects on her approach in writing his biography, the difficulties of balancing kindred loyalty, personal and collegial affinities and her objective to portray the life of a complex human being.
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Grant, H. Roger. "Cherny, American Politics In The Gilded Age, 1868-1900". Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 24, nr 1 (1.04.1999): 53–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.24.1.53-54.
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Robert Cherny, a member of the Department of History at San Francisco State University, has written a comprehensive overview of American politics from the immediate post-Civil War period to the Progressive Era. In a lively prose style, he reviews major political happenings and suggests ways to interpret this spirited period. Cherny contends that American voters principally responded to issues of ethnicity, religion, and race. At times a strong sense of class identity influenced behavior at the polls. Generally, Republicans represented a more homogeneous coalition of voters, who embraced Protestantism, promoted moral values, and endorsed a positive expectation that government could accomplish a limited number of social and economic goals. Democrats, on the other hand, showed greater religious heterogeneity, represented by Roman Catholics in the North and old-stock Protestants in the South, but they shared common opposition to the strong use of government. As Cherny suggests, Democrats were part of the "personal liberty party," carrying on the tradition of the Jeffersonian-Jacksonians. Moreover, there existed considerable popular interest in politics, resulting at times in fierce competition between the two major parties. Any effort to enact a national party agenda was doomed, given the need to win approval from two houses of Congress and the White House. After all, it was unusual for either Democrats or Republicans to dominate this all-powerful political trinity. And Cherny cogently argues that political assumptions, strategies, and events of the Gilded Age helped to establish the essential foundation for twentieth-century politics.
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Poyet, Corentin. "Personalised Representation in a Weak and Party-Controlled Legislature: Policy Responsiveness in the French Parliament". Political Studies Review 19, nr 3 (29.04.2021): 393–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14789299211007987.
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There is growing interest in personal representation and policy responsiveness in the European literature. The current scholarship mainly focuses on strong legislatures. This article aims to contribute to the discussion about policy responsiveness by investigating the least likely case, France. It asks whether French MPs engage in policy responsiveness, and if they do, how responsiveness interacts with party agenda and electoral vulnerability. Drawing on written parliamentary questions asked by French MPs from 1997 to 2007 ( N = 1172), the article shows that MPs’ behaviour is strongly affected by their district features. Moreover, the article shows that party agenda conditions the impact of district features. MPs are more likely to engage in policy responsiveness when the issue is also essential for the party. In other words, policy responsiveness is not independent of the party agenda. The article thus contributes to a better understanding of the personalisation of political representation and its relationship with political parties.
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Bell-Martin, Rebecca V., i Alejandro Díaz Domínguez. "The Unmasked Electorate: Co-Partisanship, Personal Experience, and Perceptions of COVID-19 Risk in Mexico". Revista Latinoamericana de Opinión Pública 10, nr 2 (30.11.2021): 137–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14201/rlop.26490.
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Research suggests partisanship influences individual perceptions of COVID-19 risk and preventative behaviors. We ask a distinct but equally urgent question: what factors are associated with variation in risk perception among co-partisans? Even among members of the same party, some individuals’ risk perceptions reflect the party line while others deviate from it. We explore this question in Mexico, where the president utilized his rhetoric to downplay the severity of the pandemic. Why do some of the presidents’ co-partisans perceive COVID-19 as a serious risk (despite partisan appeals to the contrary), while others do not? Drawing on theories of risk perception, we hypothesize that this variation is associated with personal risk experience, like knowing someone who contracted COVID-19. We test this hypothesis via a large-n survey of MORENA supporters. We find that personal experiences are consistently associated with variation in risk perception. Strength of partisan ties, meanwhile, is only activated when paired with risk experience.
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Burnes, David, Risa Breckman, Charles R. Henderson, Mark S. Lachs i Karl Pillemer. "Utilization of Formal Support Services for Elder Abuse: Do Informal Supporters Make a Difference?" Gerontologist 59, nr 4 (21.06.2018): 619–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/gny074.
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Abstract Background and Objectives Few elder abuse (EA) victims ever seek or receive assistance from formal support services designed to mitigate risk and harm of revictimization. This study examined whether the presence of third-party “concerned persons” in victims’ personal social networks plays a role in enabling formal support service utilization. Research Design and Methods A representative population-based survey administered to adults (n = 800) in New York State identified 83 EA cases from the past year. Penalized likelihood logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between availability of a concerned person and victim formal support services usage. Results EA victims who had a concerned person in their personal life were significantly more likely to use formal EA support services than victims without a concerned person. EA victims who lived with their perpetrator were significantly less likely to use formal services. Discussion and Implications Third-party concerned persons represent a critical population to target in efforts designed to promote EA victim help-seeking.
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Viktorovich, Vladimir. "N. N. Strakhov and Dostoevsky’s “Pushkin Speech”". Неизвестный Достоевский 10, nr 2 (lipiec 2023): 224–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15393/j10.art.2023.6741.
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The article considered three versions of N. N. Strakhov’s essay on the Pushkin Celebration of June 6–8, 1880 and Dostoevsky’s Speech delivered there. A comparative analysis of the texts published in 1880, 1883 and 1888 reveals the evolution of their author’s consciousness and fills in the existing gap in the history of his attitude to Dostoevsky, which has led to the infamous letter to Tolstoy dated November 28, 1883. According to Strakhov, the artistic flair manifested in Dostoevsky’s “Pushkin speech”, originates directly in God, whose mouthpiece the artist becomes aside from his own earthly personality, which does not only lack a connection with the meanings being transmitted, but may also directly contradict them. This is the ideological ground (combined with personal antipathy) on which the “aversion” to Dostoevsky ripens. As he revises his essay, Strakhov arrives increasingly closer to explaining the triumph of “Pushkin’s speech” solely as a victory of the “party,” and ultimately explains it by the insignificance of the event itself. The article draws a conclusion on the ambivalent nature of Strakhov’s thinking. One and the same phenomenon — in this case, Dostoevsky’s “conciliatory attitude” — is “exaggerated” by the critic alternately in a positive and in a negative sense. In regard to the significance of “Pushkin’s speech” in the history of Russian culture, Strakhov moves from unconditional approval to destructive doubt (from I. Aksakov to K. Leontiev).
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Zhou, Quan, Yulong Zheng, Kaijun Wei, Minhui Chen i Zhikang Zeng. "A Multi-Party Functional Signatures Scheme for Private Blockchain". Cryptography 7, nr 2 (12.04.2023): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryptography7020021.
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Digital signature technology is essential for ensuring the authenticity and unforgeability of transactions in a private blockchain framework. In some scenarios, transactions require verification from multiple parties, each of whom needs to authenticate different parts of the transaction. To address this issue, researchers have developed multi-party ECDSA (Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm) signature schemes. However, these schemes either need to consider the authentication of different parts of the transaction or generate an aggregated signature. This paper proposes a novel solution that combines functional signatures and multi-party ECDSA signatures to create a multi-party functional signature for private blockchains. Compared to previous constructions, the proposed scheme ensures that each part of the transaction is verified. Furthermore, when the aggregate signature of the entire transaction cannot be verified, this scheme identifies the specific part of the transaction for which the signature authentication fails instead of rejecting the entire transaction. This paper uses a smart contract to securely deploy the proposed scheme and authenticate the f in functional signatures. The constructed scheme also provides security under the existential unforgeability of the ECDSA signature, even if n−1 parties are corrupted, assuming a total of n parties. The scheme of this paper successfully conducted experiments on a personal computer, with three users taking approximately 343 ms, six users taking 552 ms, and nine users taking 791 ms.
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Sivov, Anatoly N. "Transformation of Soviet Ideological Attitudes in the Works of A.N. Yakovlev in 1985-1991". RUDN Journal of Russian History 19, nr 2 (15.12.2020): 468–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2020-19-2-468-482.
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The present article studies the views of the godfather of Glasnost, CPSU Central Committee Secretary Alexander N. Yakovlev (1923-2005), and how they evolved during the Perestroika period in the second half of the 1980s. The author analyzes Yakovlev's positions on issues of Soviet ideology at the beginning of Perestroika, arguing that at that time his statements on the need for radical improvement of ideological work did not differ from the views of other party leaders. Yakovlev's personal biography shaped his interpretation of important events of twentieth-century Russian history; he had fought in the Great Patriotic war and participated in the work of the 20th Party Congress and in the Commission of the CPSU Central Committee for the rehabilitation of victims of political repression. Yakovlev became the target of critique from the leaders of the newly created Communist party of the RSFSR, as well as from conservative CPSU members, in particular during the XVIII Party Congress in the summer of 1990; they criticized Yakovlev's work in the Central Committee of the CPSU and the extent of his influence on M.S. Gorbachev. The article traces changes in Yakovlev's assessments of the socialist formation, of Marxism, and of the political and legal structure of the CPSU. The author identifies a direct link between the problems of social and political life in the Soviet Union and changes in Yakovlev's public statements. This analysis leads to the conclusion that Yakovlev's influence on the President of the USSR, M.S. Gorbachev, was not as big as sometimes assumed. Since the beginning of 1991, Yakovlev's influence was gradually declining, and on the eve of the August putsch it reached its lowest point. The article is based on Yakovlev's published articles and public speeches as well as on archival materials from his personal fund that is preserved in the State Archive of the Russian Federation.
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Vorozhbitova, Aleksandra A., Serhiy I. Potapenko, Natalya Yu Khachaturova i Yuliya N. Khoruzhaya. "Linguistic rhetoric of Soviet discourse: official vs personal register (J. Stalin – A. Dovzhenko)". Revista Amazonia Investiga 9, nr 29 (18.05.2020): 224–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2020.29.05.25.
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Within the conception of the Sochi Linguistic & Rhetorical School the paper discusses the diglossia of the Soviet discourse employed in the former USSR, distinguishes official and personal registers as well as shows their difference drawing on Joseph Stalin’s speech of 31 January 1944 to the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks concerning Alexander Dovzhenko’s screenplay “Ukraine in Flames” and in the writer’s diaries. The comparison reveals a few specific linguistic rhetorical features of cognitive communicative type ontologically characteristic of the Soviet linguistic personality’s communicative cognitive activity in a totalitarian state. The cognitive features of Stalin’s individual discourse representing the official register and his system of argumentation rest on the significative component of linguistic units, arguments from literature to illustrate the postulates and dogmas of Marxist-Leninist doctrine forming the foundation of the Soviet discourse. It is also found that the official register represented by Stalin’s speech is characterized by the following features: 1) repetition; 2) sarcastic remarks; 3) dramatic mutually exclusive contrast of mental spaces (“our own, true in the last resort” and destructed, represented by the opponent’s discourse); 4) rigidly adversarial characteristic of the alternative linguistic rhetorical worldview; 5) appeal to the Soviet collective linguistic personality’s opinion; 6) ideological translation from one subdiscourse into the other, from personal register into the official one; 7) biased retelling of the discourse regarded as anti-Soviet; 8) appeal to the facts lacking in the discourse under criticism; 9) “ideological editing” taking on the form of peremptory lecturing with consequences threatening the liberty of the person under criticism. The personal register of the Soviet Ukrainian writer Dovzhenko is characterized by a broad interpretation of reality devoid of the “Marxist-Leninist blinds” and a more objective interpretation of the world due to a bigger ratio of denotative references (“evidential arguments” like “I say” and “I heard” etc) and communicative cognitive activity relative to two axiological hierarchies: national and Christian, i.e. the dominance of human values over class morality. It is proved that Dovzhenko’s screenplay was criticized within Stalin’s official register for its deviation from the cognitive schemas and the model of the Soviet discourse, for the focus on Ukraine and its citizens rather than on class struggle.
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Sonnekus, JC. "Regspraak: Géén teenprestasie vir ’n serwituut van parkering oor eiendom van ’n aandeleblokskema – bedenklik – ook wat kompetensie betref". Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2021, nr 3 (2021): 571–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/tsar/2021/i3a9.
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The consequence of encumbering property with a perpetual praedial servitude is to burden all subsequent rightful holders of the servient tenement with the encompassing restriction to their entitlements as holders of the real right to the property. Such an encumbrance results in a severe subtraction from the dominium of the servient property. It would be deemed proof of prodigality if an owner were to consider such encumbrance unless a reasonable quid pro quo is received in lieu of the encumbrance, and this may take the form of damages payable to the owner of the servient property. The competencies of prodigals are restricted in their own interest and any perceived unassisted disposals of their assets are deemed a nullity. The same applies to any perceived disposal of valuable assets if the law limits the competency of the party to the disposal. In light of the premise that when in doubt any presumed servitude should be interpreted restrictively it is submitted that a court should be sceptical when claim is laid to a perpetual servitude encumbering 250 out of a total of 311 parking spaces in a housing development scheme for retired persons for the benefit of unspecified generations of clients frequenting businesses housed on the neighbouring property if no meaningful quid pro quo was paid by the owner of the neighbouring property and the competence of the directors who mandated a lawyer to register the servitude may be doubted. In order to protect the interest of holders of an interest in a share block scheme or a housing development scheme for retired persons the legislature enacted that any subtraction from the dominium of such schemes as owners of immovable property may only be agreed to when mandated by a special resolution. In the Olive Marketing case no special resolution was minuted where the required decision had been taken. On account of a stipulatio alteri the first defendant acquired the property from the eThekwini Municipality in terms of an agreement of sale to which it was not a party. The sale agreement provided that a parking servitude over the subject property would be created in favour of the adjoining property as dominant tenement. The court held that: it was the clear intention of the municipality and the buyer to create a praedial servitude, and the agreement of sale accurately reflected this intention. This judgement regarding the obligatory agreement may be sound but it is submitted that the court failed to consider whether any valid real agreement could be concluded to transfer the limited real right of the servitude unless the statutory requirements were met. By its signature to the sale agreement, the buyer had bound itself to grant and register the servitude, but the buyer never acquired ownership of the property. The plaintiff only acquired ownership of the perceived dominant property fourteen years later and was not a party to the original sale. Therefore, it is doubtful whether he was entitled to compel the first defendant to cooperate in registration and the utilisation of the so-called praedial servitude. If a servitude was involved, it is submitted that at most a personal servitude could have been considered, because the utilisation of the parking spaces does not meet the requirement that the entitlement of the servitude must benefit the dominant property and not the drivers of the vehicles seeking parking. It is comparable to the well-known examples of a personal servitude to play tennis on the servient property or the walk on that property, but such a personal servitude is not transferable and is extinguished by the death of the holder. It does not burden the servient property in perpetuity. The court’s finding that the special resolution requirement under section 4B of the Housing Development Schemes for Retired Persons Act 65 of 1988 was not applicable because the registration of the servitude did not impact on a right of occupation under the act cannot be supported. The special resolution requirement prohibits not merely the alienation of land intended to be used for occupational purposes in the narrow sense but also aspects that impact on the quality of the housing of the residents including the parking facilities. It is submitted that any subtraction from the dominium is included under the restriction and requires a special resolution and the transfer of such a perpetual praedial servitude does subtract from the dominium.
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Katz, Jennifer, Samuel Colbert i Liane Colangelo. "Effects of Group Status and Victim Sex on Female Bystanders’ Responses to a Potential Party Rape". Violence and Victims 30, nr 2 (2015): 265–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-13-00099.
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This research examined bystander responses to 1 of 4 potential party rape scenarios. Undergraduate women (N = 249) imagined attending a party either alone or with three friends where a sober man led an intoxicated potential victim (either male or female) into a bedroom. After random assignment to conditions, participants reported on intent to help and barriers to helping the potential victim. In contrast to the classic bystander effect, bystanders in groups intended to offer more help than lone bystanders. Bystanders also intended to offer more help to potential female than male victims and experienced more barriers to helping male victims. Two of these barriers (lack of personal responsibility to help and identifying risk) explained the lower intentions to help potential male victims. Potential male victims were more likely than female victims to be perceived as gay, and bystanders reported the least intentions to help presumably gay men at risk.
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Keen, Steven, Keith Brown, Jane Holroyd i Emily Rosenorn-Lanng. "Evaluating the impact of the IPOP (Improving Personal and Organisational Performance) programme". Social Work and Social Sciences Review 17, nr 1 (11.04.2013): 64–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1921/swssr.v17i1.543.
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A host of recent UK social work publications have highlighted the critical importance of leadership and management development for social work managers. The lack of specialist leadership and management development is evidenced by the General Social Care Council’s figures on the uptake of post-qualifying leadership and management programmes. There is a limited amount of published research on the impact of this type of professional learning as most studies focus on programme delivery rather than on their impact on practice. Hence, this paper will report on an evaluation of the practice-related impact of an introductory leadership and management programme, using data from pre- and post-programme questionnaires (n=75), follow up telephone interviews at 3-months (n=24) and an initial analysis of submitted assignments (n=32). Those data are drawn from consenting social work managers across 5 widespread local authorities in England. The programme, Improving Personal and Organisational Performance, is taught over 4-days in two, 2-day blocks and focuses on three areas of development: self-leadership, communication and resilience as a leader. A third-party testimony process, alongside assignment submission, ensures the involvement of, and validation from, the employer. The findings of the evaluation indicate positive, statistically significant evidence of initial programme impact on managers and longitudinal examples of actual programme impact on managers, their teams, organisations and services. The implications of these findings will be considered in relation to the new Professional Capabilities Framework.
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Makliuk, D. M. "Specificity of embodiment of Shevchenko’s image in Lev Colodub’s opera “Poet”". Aspects of Historical Musicology 18, nr 18 (28.12.2019): 40–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.34064/khnum2-18.03.
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Formulation of the problem, analysis of the publications on the topic. The opera by Lev Kolodub “Poet” is one of the recognized examples of modern “Shevchenkian music” and the outstanding achievement of the composer. From the very premiere at the Kharkiv Opera and Ballet Theater named after M. Lysenko (2001) to this day, this work has been preserved in the theater’s repertoire, and the 2011 Kharkiv performance has become a world event: in the recording of Ukrainian Radio, it was broadcast to 78 countries of the world by the European Broadcasting Union. L. Kolodub’s creativity attracts considerable attention of researchers and was covered in various sources, including monographic essays (Zahaikevych, M., 1973), scientific, encyclopedic, journalistic articles (Bielik Zolotariova, N., 2009; Sulim, R., 2010; Paukov, S., 2007), where the opera “Poet” is mentioned in different contexts. The reviews of premiere performances of this opera were given: in scenic version at Kharkiv (Velychko, Yu., 2002) and in philharmonic variant in Kyiv (Sikorska, I., 2004); in his interviews, the composer also recalled this work. Nevertheless, the holistic analysis of the concept of the opera and the image of its leading hero, as well as its vocal-stage interpretation by the Kharkiv Opera’s artistic collective, has not been carried out yet. The objective of this article is to formulate the concept of the stage embodiment of the Poet’s image in the opera of the same name by L. Kolodub, on the basis of its interpretation at the Kharkiv National Opera and Ballet Theatre and self-own scenic experience of the author of these words, which is currently the only performer of the protagonist’s part. Summary of the main material. The composer has many times emphasized the outstanding importance of Taras Shevchenko’s work for every Ukrainian. “I consider Shevchenko to be a personality who has arisen on the basis of Ukrainian folklore. She is understandable to everyone, everyone cares - this is a very social poet. Many perceive him naturally, since the problems of his works excite and affect people. Shevchenko is incredibly interesting! I constantly re-read him and every time I find a new one. The main thing is that he himself suffered, all this is transmitted in his poetry. At the same time, he is a very big optimist, a warm-hearted person” (from the interview, as cited by Koskin, V., 2008b). The composer noted that the scenic life of his opera was not easy: at first the work arose interest both in Dnipropetrovsk and Kyiv (Children’s Music Theater on Podol, National Opera Theater). In 1988, when the opera was created, S. Turchak, who was supposed to be the conductor, suddenly passed away, and the new management of National Opera deleted it from their plans. Nevertheless, the opera was staged at Kyiv in the philharmonic performance in the arrangement for soloists, choir and brass band (2004). In I. Sikorska’s (2004) opinion, the composer “broke the stereotypes”, having redrafted the score in such a way that the brass orchestra’s timbre palette rivals the symphonic one. The opera is written on the basis of drama “Path” by O. Biletskyi and Z. Sagalov. The librettists’ idea was that the events of poet’s life intervene with the plot collisions of his works. For example, execution of Jun Hus symbolically coincides with the moment of death of Shevchenko himself. Moreover, the poet’s image is identified with heroes of his works. So, Colodub’s opera is the authors’ interpretation of Shevchenko-Kobzar’s fate from the XX century human’s point of view. Therefore, both, phantasmagoria and cinematographic methods are justified. The composer thought that “modern opera requires novel forms of delivering the material. The art of cinema and drama theater are developing fast, and opera esthetics is sort of frozen in the 19th century, she is not seeing even the heels of the far-ahead walking dramaturgy of the modern theater” (from the interview, Koskin, V., 2008a). The principle of introspection became the main dramaturgical principle of opera libretto’s construction. Avoiding the symphonic introduction, the first scene instantly transfers the viewer to the last March night of the Poet’s life. Being on the edge of eternity, the heavily ill Shevchenko is diving in memories. The Poet in the opera acts simultaneously as the event’s participant and its commenter, revealing gradually through different scenic roles: as a naïve creative person (scene 10), as a poet-citizen, who points out social injustices (scenes 3, 4, 15, 16), as a loving and beloved person (scenes 6, 7, 14, 20), or a thinker (scenes 11, 13, 1, 22). Over time, these roles are summing up, turning Shevchenko’s image into polyphonic and lifting the latter to the epic generalization. The image of the Poet become the symbol of the nation’s self-consciousness lost in the conditions of imperial Russia’s brutal reality (scene 29, “The burning of Jan Hus” – the Czech thinker is the hero of the Shevchenko’s poem of the same name). The opera’s authors do not separate the title hero from the storm of events and kaleidoscope of others scenic personages, which stipulates the specificity of vocal dramaturgy of Shevchenko’s opera character. The Poet’s vocal party does not include the developed solo or duet episodes, but it consists of concise replicas-phrases written by the recitative (Dargomyzhsky-Mussorgsky’s tradition) and several solo statements of arioso type. Conclusions. So, “Poet” by L. Kolodub, continuing the line of psychological opera-drama, vividly presented in the twentieth century by the works of D. Shostakovich, A. Berg, B. Britten and their followers, at the same time appeals to symbolism as to one of the main means of artistic expression. The image of Taras Shevchenko is interpreted as polysemantic: the fate of the Poet coincides in the perception of the audience with the fate of the Ukrainian people in their desire for liberty in a situation of opposition to the autocratic regime. And the freedom of expression of poetic and civic thought appears as a conscious necessity in the struggle for personal freedom, honor and human dignity. The logical culmination of the development of the image is the final scene of the auto-da-fé, where the burning of Jan Hus, the hero of Shevchenko’s poem, acts as a symbol of cruelty to the Poet himself, and to the people, of whose part he is. The musical language of the Poet’s vocal party, on the one hand, is quite naturally approaches to the style of Ukrainian kobzars folk lyrics; on the other hand, it inherits the recitative type of melodicism, which is a characteristic feature of psychological musical theater. Such a synthesis helps to reveal the image of the Poet as the outstanding representative and spiritual leader of the Ukrainian people, and, at the same time, to emphasize the rich content of his work, and the beauty of the inspirited poetic Word. Theopera provides rich artistic material for the study of innovative type of dramatic thinking in the context of the development of the national tradition of the genre and is promising for further study.
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Twardawski, Mathias, i Benjamin E. Hilbig. "The motivational basis of third-party punishment in children". PLOS ONE 15, nr 11 (9.11.2020): e0241919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241919.
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People willingly accept personal costs to sanction norm violations even if they are not personally affected by the wrongdoing and even if their sanctioning yields no immediate benefits—a behavior known as third-party punishment. A notable body of literature suggests that this behavior is primarily driven by retribution (i.e., evening out the harm caused), rather than by the utilitarian motives of special prevention (i.e., preventing recidivism), or general prevention (i.e., preventing imitation). This has led to the conclusion that laypeople are “retributivists” in general. More recent evidence, however, raises doubts about the ubiquity of retributivism, showing that punishment is driven by multiple motives. The present research adds to this debate by investigating the motives underlying punishment in children around age 10. Specifically, we investigate children’s (N = 238) punishment motives in an economic game paradigm, isolating punishment motives by experimentally manipulating the extent to which the offender and a bystander learn about the punishment. This offers the possibility to examine whether (and to what extent) children engage in punishment even when it is devoid of any preventive effects. Results show that children’s punishment is motivated by retributive, special preventive, and general preventive purposes. These results point to a clear need for further theory specification on the motivational basis of punishment in humans and provide practical implications for the treatment of child misbehavior.
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Rusakov, Sergey V. "Comparative Analysis of Life Plans of Inmates of Different Regimes in Places of Deprivation of Liberty". Victimology 10, nr 4 (28.02.2024): 525–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.47475/2411-0590-2023-10-4-525-537.
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The relevance of the research topic is due to the importance of studying and analyzing the life plans of prisoners in prison. The purpose of this study was a comparative analysis of the life plans of prisoners of different regimes (strict, general, colony-settlement). The study was conducted on the basis of correctional institutions of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia in the Ryazan region . It was attended by 118 male convicts serving sentences in various regimes (general, strict, penal colony). Methods. During the study, the following methods were used: observation, conversation, questioning, analysis of personal files, methods: “Self-assessment of life plans” by A. V. Naprisa (modified version of the “Self-Assessment of Orientation” test by V. G. Deev); “Time Perspective Questionnaire” by F. Zimbardo; “Time Attitude Scale” by J. Nuytten, V. Lensom; Questionnaire “Style of Explanation of Successes and Failures” (STONE-B) T.O. Gordeeva, Ye. N. Osina, V. Yu. Shevyakhova; “Vitality test” S. Maddi (adapted by D. A. Leontiev, Ye. I. Rasskazova); methods of mathematical statistics. Results. It has been established that convicts in colony settlements have the most constructive life plans . For general convicts and strict regimes requires the development of a psychocorrectional program that will allow them to realize the values of their life, model positive plans for the future, and admit guilt in the crime committed and become law-abiding citizens
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Kim, Yoojung, Bongshin Lee i Eun Kyoung Choe. "Investigating data accessibility of personal health apps". Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 26, nr 5 (12.03.2019): 412–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocz003.
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Abstract Objective Despite the potential values self-tracking data could offer, we have little understanding of how much access people have to “their” data. Our goal of this article is to unveil the current state of the data accessibility—the degree to which people can access their data—of personal health apps in the market. Materials and Methods We reviewed 240 personal health apps from the App Store and selected 45 apps that support semi-automated tracking. We characterized the data accessibility of these apps using two dimensions—data access methods and data types. Results More than 90% of our sample apps (n = 41) provide some types of data access support, which include synchronizing data with a health platform (ie, Apple Health), file download, and application program interfaces. However, the two approachable data access methods for laypeople—health platform and file download—typically put a significant limit on data format, granularity, and amount, which constrains people from easily repurposing the data. Discussion Personal data should be accessible to the people who collect them, but existing methods lack sufficient support for people in accessing the fine-grained data. Lack of standards in personal health data schema as well as frequent changes in market conditions are additional hurdles to data accessibility. Conclusions Many stakeholders including patients, healthcare providers, researchers, third-party developers, and the general public rely on data accessibility to utilize personal data for various goals. As such, improving data accessibility should be considered as an important factor in designing personal health apps and health platforms.
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Zufferey, Noé, Kavous Salehzadeh Niksirat, Mathias Humbert i Kévin Huguenin. "Our Data, Our Solutions: A Participatory Approach for Enhancing Privacy in Wearable Activity Tracker Third-Party Apps". Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2024, nr 4 (październik 2024): 734–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.56553/popets-2024-0139.
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Wearable activity trackers (WATs) have recently gained worldwide popularity, with over a billion devices collecting a range of personal data. To receive additional services, users commonly share this data with third-party applications (TPAs). However, this practice poses potential privacy risks. Privacy-enhancing technologies have been developed to address these concerns, but they often lack user-centered design, and therefore, are less likely to be directly related to users' concerns and to be widely adopted. This study takes a participatory design approach involving N=26 experienced WAT users who share data with TPAs. Through a series of design sessions, participants conceptualized 19 solutions, from which we identified seven different design features. We further analyze and discuss how these features can be combined to assist users in managing their data sharing with TPAs and, therefore, enhancing their privacy. Finally, we selected the three most promising features, namely partial sharing, reminder, and revocation assistance, and conducted an online survey with N=201 WAT users to better understand the potential effectiveness and usability of these features. This work makes an important contribution by offering user-centered solutions and valuable insights for integrating privacy-enhancing technologies into the WAT ecosystem.
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September-Van Huffel, Anthea-lee. "Notes: Commodus usus, exclusive trade rights and public policy in lease: Masstores (Pty) Ltd v Pick ’n Pay Retailers (Pty) Ltd". South African Law Journal 139, nr 2 (2022): 286–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/salj/v139/i2a3.
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In Masstores (Pty) Ltd v Pick ’n Pay Retailers (Pty) Ltd 2017 (1) SA 613 (CC) the Constitutional Court found that the personal right of exclusive trade in the lease contract was contrary to public policy and not worthy of protection. To do so, the court relied on the ‘competition principle’ — that the competitor who delivers the best or fairest (most reasonable) performance must achieve victory, while the one rendering the weakest (worst) performance must suffer defeat. The court was of the view that, as a general proposition, third parties have no legal duty not to infringe contractually derived exclusive rights to trade. According to the majority, exclusive trading rights make the competitive field uneven. The court emphasised that the boni mores must be understood in terms of the values of the Constitution, and that the values contained in the Bill of Rights are a crucial tool in the development of the common law. Although the majority judgment focused on the delict of unlawful third-party interference in a contractual relationship and the nature of interdicts, the judgment relates also to the question of the personal right to commodus usus in a lease contract, and the remedies available to vindicate this right. The intersection of these issues is investigated in this note.
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Watanabe, Shoko, i Sean M. Laurent. "Feeling Bad and Doing Good". Social Psychology 51, nr 1 (styczeń 2020): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000390.
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Abstract. Previous forgiveness research has mostly focused on victims’ forgiveness of transgressors, and offenders’ post-transgression efforts intended to promote victim forgiveness have been collectively branded as apology. However, decisions concerning forgiveness frequently occur outside of dyadic contexts, and the unique roles of repentance and atonement in determining forgivability of offenders, despite their preeminence in theology and law, have received little empirical attention. Across five experiments ( N = 938), we show that repentance and atonement independently influence third-party perception of forgivability for a variety of harms, even in disinterested contexts. Our findings provide a systematic examination of decisions about forgivability disentangled from direct personal involvement, demonstrating that components of apology known to facilitate forgiveness in victims also increase perceived forgivability from unharmed observers.
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Katz, Jennifer, Christine Merrilees, Jill C. Hoxmeier i Marisa Motisi. "White Female Bystanders’ Responses to a Black Woman at Risk for Incapacitated Sexual Assault". Psychology of Women Quarterly 41, nr 2 (10.02.2017): 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361684316689367.
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We investigated White female college students’ responses to risk for an incapacitated sexual assault involving a Black potential victim. Participants ( N = 160) read about attending a party where they saw a man lead an intoxicated woman into a private bedroom. The potential victim was referred to as having either a distinctively Black name (e.g., LaToya) or a non-distinct control name (e.g., Laura). After random assignment to one of these two conditions, participants reported on their intent to intervene and their perceptions of the situation and the potential victim. As expected, participants assigned to the Black potential victim condition reported less intent to intervene, less personal responsibility to intervene, and greater perceived victim pleasure than participants assigned to the control condition. Neither the certainty of risk nor the perceived victim blame differed as a function of the potential victim’s race. In path analyses, personal responsibility to intervene mediated the relationship between victim race and intent to intervene. The current results suggest that White women in college may choose not to help Black women at risk for sexual assault. Bystander education programs should explicitly address race as a potential barrier to helping others in need.
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Slijepcevic, Dusanka. "THEORETICAL CONCEPTUALISATIONS OF IDENTITY: ON THE FALSE PROBLEM OF NON-COMPLEMENTARITY OF COLLECTIVE". Sprin Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences 2, nr 11 (1.11.2023): 01–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.55559/sjahss.v2i11.178.
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The research subject refers to the theoretical perspectives of the identity of several authors – N. Sekulic, Z. Golubovic, B. Anderson, N. Djukic, E. Goffman, M. Castells, R. Watson, G. Small, Z. Bauman, S. Hall, V. Jerotic, R. Jenkins and A. Benoist. The search is for an answer to the question: Could priority be given to personal or social identity, according to importance? A noticeable research problem is the pluralism of conceptions that attach more importance to either individual or collective identity. The main hypothesis is that there is a false problem of non-complementarity of collective and personal identity, as well as an experiential connection (scientific law) between the political construction of collective identity and totalitarianism. The scientific goals are: 1) to describe the identity and the process of its creation; 2) to classify and explain the difference between personal and collective identity, with an emphasis on the integrative point of view of Golubovic and Jenkins on the complementarity between them; 3) to anticipate the experiential connection between the political construction of collective identity and totalitarianism due to the exclusion of Others from the constructed identity pattern, in order to establish complete state-political (party) control over all dimensions of everyday life beyond States. The methods of (descriptive and comparative) analysis, deduction, synthesis, induction, case studies and content analysis of identity conceptions based on a simple classification (significant - less significant type of identity) (Kukic & Markic, 2006: 217) and desk research will be used. The results of qualitative research are knowledge about identity, its types, its construction and the consequences of identity engineering, which were obtained through secondary, qualitative data (Kothari, 2004; Dale, Wathan & Higgins, 2008) during 'research in the library' (Kuba & Koking, 2004: 90) on bibliographic units from an abstracted sample.
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Peric, Zinaida, Helene Schoemans, Christophe Peczynski, Christian Koenecke, Ivan S. Moiseev, Grzegorz W. Basak, William Boreland, Hildegard T. Greinix, Daniel Wolff i Olaf Penack. "Management of Steroid-Refractory Graft-Versus-Host Disease - a Survey By the Transplant Complications Working Party of the EBMT". Blood 138, Supplement 1 (5.11.2021): 2884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2021-152305.
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Abstract Introduction: As there is limited evidence to guide management of patients with steroid-refractory graft-versus-host disease (SR-GVHD) there is a broad variability of clinical practices. To document the current practice and assess the impact of emerging new drugs in SR-GVHD, Transplant Complications Working Party (TCWP) of the EBMT performed a survey among EBMT centers that covered specific treatment decisions on first- and second-line treatment of acute and chronic GVHD (aGVHD and cGVHD). Methods: The survey was conducted from December 2020 to March 2021 among EBMT centers. A questionnaire was developed by the study authors and used for data collection. It consisted of 40 questions focused on general approach in the first-line treatment, preferred second-line treatment in SR-GVHD and ancillary care in aGVHD and cGVHD. Results: 145 centers from 33 countries agreed to participate and responded to the questionnaire. First-line treatment of aGVHD was reported as rather homogenous; with most centers (68%) starting with lower doses of corticosteroids (CS) (<2mg/kg) in lower grade aGVHD (grade 2a) and most centers (88%) starting with higher doses (2mg/kg) in aGVHD grades >2b. On the other hand, the evaluation of response to CS was more heterogeneous: at 3 days in 33%, at 5 days in 30%, at 7 days in 15% of centers and depending on severity of aGVHD in most other centers. In the presence of SR-aGVHD, 50% of centers consider inclusion of patients in clinical trials. Although as much as 85% of centers reported to have a standard operating procedure (SOP) for SR-aGVHD management, only 45% (n=66) have an established one or 2-agent second-line treatment; most frequently ruxolitinib (n=46) and/or extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) (n=29). All other centers reported a very heterogeneous practice and listed multiple agents (range, 3-10) as second-line treatment options. In total, the most used agents for SR-aGVHD as shown in Figure 1A are ruxolitinib in 68%, ECP in 59%, mycophenolate-mofetil (MMF) in 27%, calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) in 25%, high-dose CS (>2mg/kg) in 15%, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in 14%, etanercept in 13%, infliximab in 11% and anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) in 10% of centers. Clinical practice in first-line treatment of cGVHD again appeared relatively homogeneous; 58% of centers reported to treat mild forms with topical treatment only, unless affected organs could not be reached topically. In moderate/severe cGVHD, the majority (71%) of centers start with 0.5-1mg/kg of CS, in 45% with addition of CNI, while others use higher doses of CS +/- other agents. The evaluation of response was done before 4 weeks in 41% of centers, between 5-8 weeks in 41%, while a minority performed later response assessment or based the latter on organ affection/severity. In case of SR-cGVHD, 56% of centers would consider the inclusion in clinical trials, while only 65% have a SOP on management of these patients. One third of centers (35%) has an established multidisciplinary cGVHD team. Practices for SR-cGVHD again varied significantly, with most centers reporting on the use of more than 2 agents (range, 3-13) as second-line and with most applied agents as depicted in Figure 1B; ruxolitinib and ECP in 68% of centers, CNI in 40%, MMF in 37%, rituximab in 27%, imatinib in 25%, mTOR inhibitors in 23%, ibrutinib and methotrexate (MTX) in 19%, pulse of CS in 17%, MSC in 12% and PUVA therapy in 10% of centers. Conclusions:In summary, this survey revealed a rather homogenous first-line management of aGVHD and cGVHD based on steroids in the majority of centers. However, when first-line fails, the definition of SR-GVHD remains highly variable and SR-GVHD is still treated with a seemingly "trial and error" approach as demonstrated by significant variability of clinical practices among EBMT centers for second-line treatment. However, in line with recently published prospective trials, ruxolitinib comes forth as one of the most used therapeutic modalities in both SR-aGVHD and cGVHD, together with already widely administered ECP. On the contrary, ibrutinib has not emerged as standard of care in this setting. Future efforts should be invested in finding a standardized approach in SR-GVHD by directly comparing most applied second-line agents in prospective trials as well as evidence-based personalized treatment approaches. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Peric: Therakos, Servier, MSD, Astellas, Novartis, Abbvie, Pfizer: Honoraria. Schoemans: Novartis: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: personal fees , Research Funding; Incyte: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Travel grants and personal fees; Gilead: Other: travel grants; CIBMTR: Consultancy, Other: travel grants; Janssen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; BHS: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: travel grants and personal fees , Research Funding; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Other: personal fees; Takeda: Other: personal fees. Koenecke: Novartis: Consultancy; Janssen: Consultancy; BMS/Celgene: Consultancy; Kite/Gilead: Consultancy; EUSA Pharm: Consultancy. Basak: Saventic Health: Current holder of individual stocks in a privately-held company. Greinix: Celgene: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy; Sanofi: Consultancy; Takeda: Consultancy; Therakos: Consultancy. Penack: Omeros: Consultancy; Shionogi: Consultancy; Priothera: Consultancy; Incyte: Research Funding; Takeda: Research Funding; Therakos: Honoraria; Pfizer: Honoraria; Neovii: Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria; MSD: Honoraria; Jazz: Honoraria; Gilead: Honoraria; Astellas: Honoraria.
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Ajogwu, Idachaba Martins. "Critical Examination of Hate Speech in Nigeria". American Journal of Society and Law 1, nr 1 (21.11.2022): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54536/ajsl.v1i1.620.
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Hate speech touches on contested issues of dignity, free expression, liberty and democracy. It can thus be argued that there is a conflict between the right to freely advocate however distasteful the idea may be and the right to be free from prejudice and discrimination. In some circumstances, speech is restrained and the right to non-discrimination is preferred over free speech. Hate speech has been used invariably to mean expression which is abusive, insulting, intimidating, harassing or which incites violence, hatred, discrimination against group identified by characteristics such as race, religion, place of birth, residence, region, language, caste, community, sexual orientation or personal convictions. The methodology adopted in this paper was doctrinal. Both primary and secondary sources were employed in carrying out this paper. The finding of the paper is that asides from Nigeria, various countries of the world have adopted some measures to deal with hate speech and other related issues. While some countries have clearly defined laws, some others find it quite unnecessary to create laws that seek to regulate hate speech as it is perceived as an infringement to the fundamental human rights of freedom of expression. This paper recommended that the existing Cyber Crimes Act and the Anti-Terrorism Act, among other pre-existing regulations cover many of the offences the new bill seek to address rather than waste valuable resources on the enactment of fresh laws to enable effective implementation and avoid a situation of plurality of laws. Perhaps one of the most effective ways of combating hate speech would be to marginalize purveyors of such speeches. In the U.K., while far-right, fascist parties like the British National Party and the racist ideas they support are not banned, mainstream British politician avoid associating openly with members of such parties. In Nigeria, on the other hand, offensive and hate speech mongers are often seen as regional and ethnic heroes.
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Lang, Jun, i Zhuo Jing-Schmidt. "The blurry lines between popular media and party propaganda: China’s convergence culture through a linguistic lens". PLOS ONE 19, nr 1 (25.01.2024): e0297499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0297499.
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There is a growing body of scholarly evidence that media convergence blurs the boundary between media production and media consumption and obscures the lines between institutions and individuals. Media convergence in the context of China has garnered attention in communication studies and in cultural studies. However, there is a scarcity of research on convergence culture from a linguistic perspective. Recent research has generated initial evidence that state media appropriates a pop-cultural social address for clickbait and information management in China’s digital media space. However, the patterns and perceptual reality of linguistic convergence remain unexplored. This study investigates popular and party uses of xiaojiejie ‘little older sister’, a familiar expression of fictive kinship reborn as a viral personal reference and social address in China’s convergence culture. Analysis of the Target Group Index in the Baidu search engine suggests xiaojiejie is gaining ground over its predecessor among young Chinese. Trends analysis of its usage in WeChat public accounts showed that the term has spread from popular media to state media, which employs the viral address to drive clickbait and disguise propaganda. An online survey of young Chinese WeChat users (N=330) on their perception of xiaojiejie headlines from WeChat public accounts showed that respondents could not tell state media uses from popular uses, providing perceptual evidence of the blurry boundaries between popular and state media uses of the viral address. The findings demonstrate the reality of linguistic convergence driven by participatory performance and its perceptual consequences in China’s convergence culture.
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Li, Leon, Bari Britvan i Michael Tomasello. "Young children conform more to norms than to preferences". PLOS ONE 16, nr 5 (26.05.2021): e0251228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251228.
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As members of cultural groups, humans continually adhere to social norms and conventions. Researchers have hypothesized that even young children are motivated to act conventionally, but support for this hypothesis has been indirect and open to other interpretations. To further test this hypothesis, we invited 3.5-year-old children (N = 104) to help set up items for a tea party. Children first indicated which items they preferred but then heard an informant (either an adult or another child) endorse other items in terms of either conventional norms or personal preferences. Children conformed (i.e., overrode their own preference to follow the endorsement) more when the endorsements were framed as norms than when they were framed as preferences, and this was the case whether the informant was an adult or another child. The priority of norms even when stated by another child opposes the interpretation that children only conformed in deference to adult authority. These findings suggest that children are motivated to act conventionally, possibly as an adaptation for living in cultural groups.
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Yusof, Norhafezah, Rosna Awang-Hashim, Amrita Kaur, Marzura Abdul Malek, S. Kanageswari Suppiah Shanmugam, Nor Aziah Abdul Manaf, Angelina Seow Voon Yee i Ainol Madziah Zubairi. "The Role of Relatedness in Student Learning Experiences". Asian Journal of University Education 16, nr 2 (6.08.2020): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v16i2.10308.
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Failure in addressing students’ needs in the context of student learning experiences may lead to negative impact on the image of higher education. Framed in self-determination theory, this study examined students’ relatedness on most satisfying experiences in their respective universities. Participants’ (N=1974) responses to open-ended questions were inductively coded to understand relatedness principles of student learning experiences to emerge from the data. The findings revealed that students valued the role of lecturers in professional and personal contexts, peers for friendship and teamwork and academic and non-academic experiences resulted from projects and activities. Given this, to provide a positive learning environment for students, university management needs to address and support lecturers’ well-being, pay attention to student relations on campus and support academic and non-academic activities. By understanding the roles of connecting students to lecturers, students to students and students to administrative staff, we could build a dynamic and functional campus environment for each party to live and care about each other.
Keywords: Learning environment, Learning experience, Relatedness, Student engagement
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Strekalov, I. N. "Problems of Soviet Democracy Development in the Activities of the CC CPSU Working Group on Drafting New Constitution of the USSR in January – April 1962". Herald of an archivist, nr 1 (2021): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2021-1-181-192.
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The article analyses the introduction of practices of interaction between the authorities and the society in the USSR during the Khrushchev Thaw; it was connected with drafting of new Constitution of the USSR. The article reviews the period from creation of the CC CPSU working group to public creation of the Constitutional Commission under the USSR Supreme Soviet (January – April 1962). It attempts to identify archival documents related to the activities of the working group under the Central Committee of the Communist Party that demonstrate the attitude of the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party N. S. Khrushchev to its proposals and to conduct their comparative analysis. Along with traditional methods of historicism, analysis, synthesis, the comparative method of source analysis has been used when studying documents on elaboration of the Constitution of the USSR in the personal provenance fond of L. F. Ilichev (fond 97) from the Russian State Archive of the Contemporary History (RGANI). The author establishes what issues, ideas, and notions were considered by participants of the constitutional project and addresses N. S. Khrushchev’s reaction to their proposals. The study provides an opportunity to fill the gap in the scholarship on the initial stage of the Soviet Constitution drafting. The issue is quite significant due to the need to review the history of attempts to build up the interactions between the power and the masses and to take this study up to the present. The article adds to existing notions on the nature of the political regime of the USSR in the period from the mid-1950s to the early 1980s. The paper contributes to the study of the period and of the issue, it reconsiders the established views on Soviet social and political system as a structure of either purely totalitarian nature or, on the contrary, of democratic nature, and it helps to understand the complexity of its internal social and political mechanisms.
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Ndabu, Theophile, Lavlin Agrawal i Raj Sharman. "The Role of Access Type and Age Group in the Breadth of Use of Patient Portals: Observational Study". Journal of Medical Internet Research 24, nr 12 (27.12.2022): e41972. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/41972.
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Background Health care delivery and patient satisfaction are improved when patients engage with their medical information through patient portals. Despite their wide availability and multiple functionalities, patient portals and their functionalities are still underused. Objective We seek to understand factors that lead to patient engagement through multiple portal functionalities. We provide recommendations that could lead to higher patients’ usage of their portals. Methods Using data from the Health Information National Trends Survey 5, Cycle 3 (N=2093), we performed descriptive statistics and used a chi-square test to analyze the association between the demographic variables and the use of mobile health apps for accessing medical records. We further fitted a generalized linear model to examine the association between access type and the use of portal functionalities. We further examined the moderation effects of age groups on the impact of access type on portal usage. Results Our results show that accessing personal health records using a mobile health app is positively associated with greater patient usage of access capabilities (β=.52; P<.001), patient-provider interaction capabilities (β=.24, P=.006), and patient–personal health information interaction capabilities (β=.23, P=.009). Patients are more likely to interact with their records and their providers when accessing their electronic medical records using a mobile health app. The impacts of mobile health app usage fade with age for tasks consisting of viewing, downloading, and transmitting medical results to a third party (β=–.43, P=.005), but not for those involving patient-provider interaction (β=.05, P=.76) or patient–personal health information interaction (β=–.15, P=.19). Conclusions These findings provide insights on how to increase engagement with diverse portal functionalities for different age groups and thus improve health care delivery and patient satisfaction.
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Annooz, Amal, i Qasem Janabi. "The Role of Regional Organizations in Reducing Organized Rape". European Journal of Social Science Education and Research 5, nr 1 (1.04.2018): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ejser-2018-0011.
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Abstract Organized rape in armed conflict is one of the most serious violations of human rights, which creates a clear crisis in the identity of the other party and solidifies the sense of bitterness of defeat. Rape in armed conflicts is thus different from that of others, which can have a negative impact on social and international peace and security. Conservative and racially conservative societies are also affected by systematic organized gang rape, which occurs systematically from parties to a non-international armed conflict or within the policy of the aggressor State in the event of an international armed conflict. In contrast to the efforts made by the United Nations to curb organized rape, regional organizations have made little effort in this direction. The role of regional organizations in the framework of Chapter VIII of the UN. Charter in reducing armed conflicts and protecting human rights, and in cooperation of the United Nations and the Security Council in the task of maintaining international peace and security. The European Convention on Human Rights has established a mechanism to monitor the extent to which individuals enjoy their rights and freedoms and the extent to which States parties respect them. The US Convention on Human Rights followed the same approach as the European Convention, but through the regulatory body of the American Commission on Human Rights and the American Court of Human Rights. Although women and children suffered systematic rape as a result of armed conflict on the African continent, the African Charter on Human Rights did not provide the necessary mechanisms to curb crimes of sexual violence, and the Arab Charter on Human Rights did not play a role in the face of organized rape. We therefore considered the adequacy of the provisions of the International Bill and the mechanisms of action of regional organizations in curbing the crimes of sexual violence, organized rape in particular in places of non-international armed conflict, and whether organized rape can be considered a violation of personal liberty and dignity. Or is it a crime against humanity? And other questions that can be raised, which we will try to answer in the context of this research.
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Osmukhina, Olga Yurievna, i Ekaterina Pavlovna Ovsyannihova. "Features of representation of the genre tradition of the Bildungsroman in the Russian prose of the late 1920s". Philology. Issues of Theory and Practice 17, nr 6 (28.06.2024): 2079–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/phil20240298.
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The article analyzes the novellas “Kostya Ryabtsev’s Diary” by N. Ognev and “School” by A. Gaidar, which, on the one hand, continue the Bildungsroman tradition in Russian prose and, on the other hand, anticipate the birth of socialist realist literature. The aim of the study is to identify the features of the embodiment of the Bildungsroman genre tradition in these novellas. The study is original in that it is the first to analyze the phase of the socialist realist proto-canon in the context of the problem of the novel of personality formation based on the works of A. Gaidar and N. Ognev, which allows us not only to expand the scientific understanding of the artistic distinctness of socialist realism and its chronological boundaries, but also to comprehend the specifics of the refraction of the Bildungsroman tradition in them. As a result, it was found, firstly, that the genre tradition of the Bildungsroman, represented in these texts, embodies the general universal idea of the socialist realist novel – the education of workers in the spirit of socialist realism. Secondly, the markers of socialist realist consciousness, carried by the main characters, are: a clearly formed position in relation to the bourgeois class, a heightened sense of justice. Thirdly, A. Gaidar’s and N. Ognev’s protagonists have not yet come to an exclusive “positivity”: the process of transformation of Kostya Ryabtsev and Boris Gorikov is identical – it is a path from spontaneity to conscious obedience to the party. Finally, unlike that of the heroes of socialist realism, the personal development trajectory of A. Gaidar’s and N. Ognev’s heroes is a downward movement, down to the point of symbolic death.
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Sonnekus, JC. "Regterlike herverdelingsdiskresie vir batedeling by egskeiding beleef ’n heropstanding ondanks grondwetlike bedeling téén arbitrêre ontneming sonder vergoeding". Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2022, nr 4 (2022): 603–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/tsar/2022/i4a1.
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The recognition of and respect for the party autonomy of every legal subject of majority not limited by any personal cognitive handicap is part and parcel of the foundation of an orderly legal community governed by the rule of law. “Making rules of law discretionary or subject to value judgments may be destructive of the rule of law” (Bredenkamp v Standard Bank of South Africa Ltd 2010 4 SA 468 (SCA) 481E). The discretionary power of a divorce court under section 7(3) of the Divorce Act 70 of 1979 stems from before the current constitutional dispensation. Almost thirty years after the acceptance of the constitutional values of the current system, it was hoped that as time went by, the transitional exception dating to 1984 that exhibits clear elements of arbitrariness would be relied on with declining frequency. There is only a limited number of marriages still in existence concluded before November 1984 with an ante-nuptial contract providing for the proverbial “cold exclusion of all benefits” that could potentially at this late stage in the spouses’ lives be expected to end in the divorce court justifying a reliance on this section. The act limits the discretionary power to explicit conditions: it can be considered only where the divorce concerned a marriage concluded before the commencement of Act 88 of 1984 with an ante-nuptial contract that excluded accrual sharing and any form of asset sharing and in the absence of any agreement at any time between the erstwhile spouses regarding the division of their assets. Provided these conditions are met, the court can order that such assets, or such part of the assets of the other party as the court may deem just, be transferred to the first-mentioned party (s 7(3)). In all these circumstances a valid ante-nuptial contract exists to which both parties agreed in the presence of a notary public and the applicant in reality never acquired any claim to the other party’s assets. The applicant in addition represented to the other spouse, the notary public and the public at large a claim would never be made to any of the respondent’s assets. “Reasonableness and fairness are not freestanding requirements for the exercise of a contractual right. … Acceptance of the notion that judges can refuse to enforce a contractual provision merely because it offends their personal sense of fairness and equity will give rise to legal and commercial uncertainty” (Potgieter v Potgieter NO 2012 1 SA 637 (SCA) 650F-H). In Greyling v Minister of Home Affairs ((40023/21) 2022 ZAGPPHC 311 (11 May 2022)) the court regarded the upholding of the claim of the applicant contrary to the explicit misrepresentation by the applicant that she is in agreement with the terms contained in the notarially registered ante-nuptial contract of 1989 governing the marriage, potentially fair. The court ordered the first condition in section 7(3) of Act 70 of 1979, limiting its application to pre-November 1984 marriages, unconstitutional. This judgment may be popular and in line with what the woman in the street might regard as fair, presumably abandoning the principle of pacta sunt servanda as well as the principles underlying estoppel, but does not bode well for the upholding of the rule of law. “The court does not as yet sit, as under a palm tree, to exercise a general discretion to do what the man in the street, on a general overview of the case, might regard as fair” (Springette v Defoe 1992 2 FLR 388 391). It is argued that legal certainty will not be enhanced should the constitutional court confirm this judgment. An alleged reliance on principles or policy exclusively based on common law jurisdictions as justification for the recognition of such a discretionary power under these circumstances, without any consideration of the position under civil law systems which indeed share common roots with specifically the South African private law system is once more an example of the demise of our jurisprudence where legal professionals seem to be unable to do proper, relevant and reliable comparative legal research. Since the husband in the Greyling case did not even oppose the claim of his spouse (all prior to a divorce application) and chose to abide by the court’s decision, it is indeed strange that the court refrained from referring to and recognising that the parties could at any stage since 1989, have relied on section 21(1) of Act 88 of 1984 to have effected a change in their matrimonial property regime. It reeks of misuse of the court process for the court, under these circumstances, to hold as unconstitutional that part of section 7(3) as being the only possible remedy for the claimant against the perceived injustice she would be suffering on divorcing her husband because of their matrimonial property regime, is mind-blowing. The only benefit of not relying on section 21(1) would be to not be bound by the requirements contained in section 21(1)(a-c) – there are sound reasons for the proposed change; sufficient notice of the proposed change has been given to all the creditors of the spouses; and no other person will be prejudiced by the proposed change – and that would constitute misuse. Section 36(1)(e) of the constitution provides that the rights in the bill of rights may be limited but only in terms of a law of general application to the extent that the limitation is reasonable and justifiable in an open and democratic society based on human dignity, equality and freedom (party autonomy), taking into account all relevant factors, including less restrictive means to achieve the purpose. It is clearly not the case in instances like these.
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Kohoutek, Jan, i Martin Nekola. "Politizace pracovníků ministerstev v České republice dle pracovních pozic: současná teorie a praxe". Sociální studia / Social Studies 13, nr 3 (1.07.2016): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/soc2016-3-85.
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The article analyses perceptions of the nature and extent of politicization by officials at eleven ministries of the Czech Republic. The empirical part of the article is based on a large-N inquiry among ministerial officials that were divided into four groups (directors of section, directors of department, heads of division, rank-and-file officials) following their work position. From the theory perspective, the article builds upon two types of politicization – formal and functional – with the latter further subdivided into hidden and partisan politicization. Such theoretical assumptions help towards formulating six hypotheses verified with relation to the four work positions. The corresponding analysis of officials’ perceptions by position attests to a rather limited extent of the two main types of politicization with the exception of functional politicization of top management (director of section). Compared to the other three positions, directors of section show more proclivity to personal contacts (functional-hidden politicization) or to direct party political nomination (functional-partisan politicization). Unlike the conclusions of previous, largely expert or qualitative, inquiries, the officials’ perceptions generally point towards rather moderate politicization of the Czech ministries without excessive direct influence of political representatives.
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Robards, Brady, i Darren Graf. "“How a Facebook Update Can Cost You Your Job”: News Coverage of Employment Terminations Following Social Media Disclosures, From Racist Cops to Queer Teachers". Social Media + Society 8, nr 1 (styczeń 2022): 205630512210770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20563051221077022.
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Social media posts and profiles have become a key part of hiring and firing processes, producing a “hidden curriculum of surveillance.” When hiring, employers routinely engage in “cybervetting” job candidates, making judgments based on their social media presence (or absence), and so too can social media disclosures impact (positively and negatively) employment progression and even result in termination. Where is the line between personal social media use and professional identities? What is the difference between holding people in positions of power to account and invading the privacy of everyday people? What kinds of social media posts get people fired? In this article, we report on a study of 312 news media articles that document stories of people being fired because of a social media post. We divide the corpus into posts made by the individuals who are fired (“self-posts,” n = 264) and posts made by others that resulted in the subject of those posts losing their job (“third party,” n = 48). Racism was the most common reason people were fired in these news stories, followed by other forms of discriminatory behavior (such as queerphobia), offensive content, workplace conflict, political content, acts of violence, and abuse. We examine these narratives through the lens of what van Dijck describes as “professional value,” and ultimately seek to question how these stories normalize the “hidden curriculum of surveillance,” putting additional pressure on employees and young people who are called to act on social media through the prism of future employment.
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Sergeichik, Elena M. "Global values of the global world". Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies 37, nr 3 (2021): 532–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu17.2021.313.
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The article is devoted to the problem of global values, whose existence is problematized in the face of increased regionalization as a vector of world development. Regionalization is not “the end of globalization”, but its stage, which is “the revolution of plurality” (M. Naim) — distribution regularities of the network society on the whole world. The global world is not a homo geneous world of mankind based on the same values, rather the global world is a combination of diverse social communities striving for autonomy and self-determination. Building on the concepts of M. McLuhan, A. Toffler, D. Bell and N. Luhman, the article analyzes the information society in which the main element is communication as a source of social innovations. Digital technologies contribute to the development of human abilities and personal qualities without which social progress is impossible. If the vision of humanity in the development of the network society, where relations between the countries, regions, social communities and people are built on the basis of the values of life, liberty, creativity, justice, law, etc., then these values should be recognized as global. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the reaction of various social communities on regionalization, which finds its expression in the deepening of social inequality, increasing conflict of generations and other phenomena that contribute to disseminating conservative ideas and moods. Based on the works of J. Derrida, N. Luhman and D. Kean, it is shown that global values are not the achievements of exclusively European culture but are to varying degrees implemented and developed in all cultures. Against the background of the crisis of multiculturalism, the integration of cultures should be based on intercultural communication, for which the process of coordinating positions is important. The purpose of intercultural communication is not only the exchange of cultural values, but the demonstration of the benefits of life in those communities that are guided by global values.
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Lamri, Manal, i Lyazid Sabri. "Semantic Knowledge Management and Blockchain-based Privacy for Internet of Things Applications". Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology 3, nr 2022 (29.09.2022): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2022.161522.
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Design of distributed complex systems raises several important challenges, such as: confidentiality, data authentication and integrity, semantic contextual knowledge sharing, as well as common and intelligible understanding of the environment. Among the many challenges are semantic heterogeneity that occurs during dynamic knowledge extraction and authorization decisions which need to be taken when a resource is Accessem in an open, dynamic environment. Blockchain offers the tools to protect sensitive personal data and solve reliability issues by providing a secure communication architecture. However, setting-up blockchain-based applications comes with many challenges, including processing and fusing heterogeneous information from various sources. The ontology model explored in this paper relies on a unified knowledge representation method and thus is the backbone of a distributed system aiming to tackle semantic heterogeneity and to model decentralized management of Access control authorizations.We intertwine the blockchain technology with an ontological model to enhance knowledge management processes for distributed systems. Therefore, rather than reling on the mediation of a third party, the approach enhances autonomous decision-making. The proposed approach collects data generated by sensors into higher-level abstraction using n-ary hierarchical structures to describe entities and actions. Moreover, the proposed semantic architecture relies on hyperledger fabric to ensure the checking and authentication of knowledge integrity while preserving privacy.
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Bartoš, František. "Openness of the Public to Right-Wing Extremism and Social Distance to Minorities". Slovak Journal of Political Sciences 12, nr 1 (1.01.2012): 42–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjps-2013-0001.
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Abstract The article informs of the results of research for the Ministry of Interior of the Czech Republic. Its main aim was to state the measure of risk of right-wing extremism in the Czech Republic and to define the most endangered groups. One of the phases of the project was a questionnaire research (n = 2056, population older than 15 years, probability selection). Through personal interviews has been found that in the Czech Republic there are 2.5 % of inhabitants who share ultra-right ideas and they are willing to support the parties offering a radical solution only with their votes. People sharing ideas characteristic of right-wing extremism and at the same time willing to actively support a party offering a radical solution represent 6 %. From the research then results that the main risk from the viewpoint of the fight against right-wing extremism is represented by the second mentioned group. Both high-risk groups show the highest measure of social distance to the Jews, black people and the Ukrainians, but also to homosexuals. The high-risk group is statistically significantly more distant to the Romas as well. The Romas represent the group that the studied high-risk groups perceive with the biggest antagonism.
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Quinn, Kelly, Jessie Chin, Smit Desai, Carrie O'Connell, David Marquez i Naoko Muramatsu. "Privacy and Smart Speakers in Research With Older Adults". Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (1.12.2021): 257–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.994.
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Abstract Advances in artificial intelligence and computational linguistics have made smart speakers, such as Amazon Alexa^TM^ and Google Home^TM^, economical and widely available. For older adults particularly, devices with voice interfaces can help to overcome accessibility challenges that often accompany interaction with today’s technologies. However, voice-activation also requires devices to be in a continuous state of ambient listening, which can create a significant privacy risk for the user, one that is often amplified as smart speakers are placed in highly personal home spaces to facilitate their utility. Deployment of these devices in research settings poses additional risk, as traces of data filter through research teams, app developers, and third-party services that support research efforts. This presentation addresses the privacy aspects of deploying Google Home Mini^TM^ speakers in research that examined their feasibility for enhancing physical activity among sedentary older adults. Interviews with participants were conducted in two studies: the first included a demonstration of the device and physical activity program (n=15); and the second included in-home use of devices and a physical activity program (n=15). Content analysis of study documentation, field notes, and interviews revealed specific areas that require additional attention when utilizing smart speakers in research, including the capture of identifying information, protocols for data handling, and requirements for informed consent. These findings are discussed in context with extant literature on individual privacy concerns and behaviors related to smart household devices. Results from this study can inform future research efforts incorporating smart speakers, to mitigate potential risks of privacy violation.
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Froelicher, David, Patricia Egger, João Sá Sousa, Jean Louis Raisaro, Zhicong Huang, Christian Mouchet, Bryan Ford i Jean-Pierre Hubaux. "UnLynx: A Decentralized System for Privacy-Conscious Data Sharing". Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2017, nr 4 (1.10.2017): 232–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/popets-2017-0047.
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Abstract Current solutions for privacy-preserving data sharing among multiple parties either depend on a centralized authority that must be trusted and provides only weakest-link security (e.g., the entity that manages private/secret cryptographic keys), or leverage on decentralized but impractical approaches (e.g., secure multi-party computation). When the data to be shared are of a sensitive nature and the number of data providers is high, these solutions are not appropriate. Therefore, we present UnLynx, a new decentralized system for efficient privacy-preserving data sharing. We consider m servers that constitute a collective authority whose goal is to verifiably compute on data sent from n data providers. UnLynx guarantees the confidentiality, unlinkability between data providers and their data, privacy of the end result and the correctness of computations by the servers. Furthermore, to support differentially private queries, UnLynx can collectively add noise under encryption. All of this is achieved through a combination of a set of new distributed and secure protocols that are based on homomorphic cryptography, verifiable shuffling and zero-knowledge proofs. UnLynx is highly parallelizable and modular by design as it enables multiple security/privacy vs. runtime tradeoffs. Our evaluation shows that UnLynx can execute a secure survey on 400,000 personal data records containing 5 encrypted attributes, distributed over 20 independent databases, for a total of 2,000,000 ciphertexts, in 24 minutes.