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Lecumberri, David (Lecumberri Iriarte) 1973. "TCP performance improvements over heterogeneous networks". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/86444.
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Luan, Hao. "Performance Analysis of Integrated Multihop Heterogeneous Networks". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1273167630.
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Müller, Georg. "Traffic profiles and performance modelling of heterogeneous networks". Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2364.
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This thesis considers the analysis and study of short and long-term traffic patterns of heterogeneous networks. A large number of traffic profiles from different locations and network environments have been determined. The result of the analysis of these patterns has led to a new parameter, namely the 'application signature'. It was found that these signatures manifest themselves in various granularities over time, and are usually unique to an application, permanent virtual circuit (PVC), user or service. The differentiation of the application signatures into different categories creates a foundation for short and long-term management of networks. The thesis therefore looks from the micro and macro perspective on traffic management, covering both aspects. The long-term traffic patterns have been used to develop a novel methodology for network planning and design. As the size and complexity of interconnected systems grow steadily, usually covering different time zones, geographical and political areas, a new methodology has been developed as part of this thesis. A part of the methodology is a new overbooking mechanism, which stands in contrast to existing overbooking methods created by companies like Bell Labs. The new overbooking provides companies with cheaper network design and higher average throughput. In addition, new requirements like risk factors have been incorporated into the methodology, which lay historically outside the design process. A large network service provider has implemented the overbooking mechanism into their network planning process, enabling practical evaluation. The other aspect of the thesis looks at short-term traffic patterns, to analyse how congestion can be controlled. Reoccurring short-term traffic patterns, the application signatures, have been used for this research to develop the "packet train model" further. Through this research a new congestion control mechanism was created to investigate how the application signatures and the "extended packet train model" could be used. To validate the results, a software simulation has been written that executes the proprietary congestion mechanism and the new mechanism for comparison. Application signatures for the TCP/IP protocols have been applied in the simulation and the results are displayed and discussed in the thesis. The findings show the effects that frame relay congestion control mechanisms have on TCP/IP, where the re-sending of segments, buffer allocation, delay and throughput are compared. The results prove that application signatures can be used effectively to enhance existing congestion control mechanisms.
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Bhandari, Tapan. "Comprehensive Performance Analysis of Localizability in Heterogeneous Cellular Networks". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78664.
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The availability of location estimates of mobile devices (MDs) is vital for several important applications such as law enforcement, disaster management, battlefield operations, vehicular communication, traffic safety, emergency response, and preemption. While global positioning system (GPS) is usually sufficient in outdoor clear sky conditions, its functionality is limited in urban canyons and indoor locations due to the absence of clear line-of-sight between the MD to be localized and a sufficient number of navigation satellites. In such scenarios, the ubiquitous nature of cellular networks makes them a natural choice for localization of MDs. Traditionally, localization in cellular networks has been studied using system level simulations by fixing base station (BS) geometries. However, with the increasing irregularity of the BS locations (especially due to capacity-driven small cell deployments), the system insights obtained by considering simple BS geometries may not carry over to real-world deployments. This necessitates the need to study localization performance under statistical (random) spatial models, which is the main theme of this work.
In this thesis, we use powerful tools from stochastic geometry and point process theory to develop a tractable analytical model to study the localizability (ability to get a location fix) of an MD in single-tier and heterogeneous cellular networks (HetNets). More importantly, we study how availability of information about the location of proximate BSs at the MD impacts localizability. To this end, we derive tractable expressions, bounds, and approximations for the localizability probability of an MD. These expressions depend on several key system parameters, and can be used to infer valuable system insights. Using these expressions, we quantify the gains achieved in localizability of an MD when information about the location of proximate BSs is incorporated in the model. As expected, our results demonstrate that localizability improves with the increase in density of BS deployments.Master of Science
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Garcia, Johan. "Improving Performance in Heterogeneous Networks: A Transport Layer Centered Approach". Doctoral thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för ekonomi, kommunikation och IT, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-2364.
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The evolution of computer communications and the Internet has led to the emergence of a large number of communication technologies with widely different capabilities and characteristics. While this multitude of technologies provides a wide array of possibilities it also creates a complex and heterogeneous environment for higher-layer communication protocols. Specific link technologies, as well as overall network heterogeneity, can hamper user-perceived performance or impede end-to-end throughput. In this thesis we examine two transport layer centered approaches to improve performance. The first approach addresses the decrease in user satisfaction that occurs when web waiting times become too long. Increased transport layer flexibility with regards to reliability, together with error-resilient image coding, is used to enable a new trade-off. The user is given the possibility to reduce waiting times, at the expense of image fidelity. An experimental examination of this new functionality is provided, with a focus on image-coding aspects. The results show that reduced waiting times can be achieved, and user studies indicate the usefulness of this new trade-off. The second approach concerns the throughput degradations that can occur as a consequence of link and transport layer interactions. An experimental evaluation of the GSM environment shows that when negative interactions do occur, they are coupled to large variability in link layer round-trip times rather than simply to poor radio conditions. Another type of interaction can occur for link layers which expose higher layers to residual bit errors. Residual bit errors create an ambiguity problem for congestion controlled transport layer protocols which cannot correctly determine the cause for a loss. This ambiguity leads to an unnecessary throughput degradation. To mitigate this degradation, loss differentiation and notification mechanisms are proposed and experimentally evaluated from both performance and fairness perspectives. The results show that considerable performance improvements can be realized. However, there are also fairness implications that need to be taken into account since the same mechanisms that improve performance may also lead to unfairness towards flows that do not employ loss differentiation.
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Xu, Jianxuan. "Performance evaluation of TCP over optical channels and heterogeneous networks". [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000314.
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Tokgoz, Yavuz. "Heterogeneous ad hoc networks : performance improvement through supplementary agent nodes /". Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3167847.
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Sandberg, Henrik, Maben Rabi, Mikael Skoglund i Karl Henrik Johansson. "Estimation over heterogeneous sensor networks". KTH, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-30325.
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Design trade-offs between estimation performance, processing delay and communication cost for a sensor scheduling problem is discussed. We consider a heterogeneous sensor network with two types of sensors: the first type has low-quality measurements, small processing delay and a light communication cost, while the second type is of high quality, but imposes a large processing delay and a high communication cost. Such a heterogeneous sensor network is common in applications, where for instance in a localization system the poor sensor can be an ultrasound sensor while the more powerful sensor can be a camera. Using a time-periodic Kalman filter, we show how one can find an optimal schedule of the sensor communication. One can significantly improve estimation quality by only using the expensive sensor rarely. We also demonstrate how simple sensor switching rules based on the Riccati equation drives the filter into a stable time-periodic Kalman filter. ￜ 2008 IEEE.QC 20110224
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Alnuem, M. A. "Improving TCP performance over heterogeneous networks : the investigation and design of End to End techniques for improving TCP performance for transmission errors over heterogeneous data networks". Thesis, University of Bradford, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/3347.
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Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is considered one of the most important protocols in the Internet. An important mechanism in TCP is the congestion control mechanism which controls TCP sending rate and makes TCP react to congestion signals. Nowadays in heterogeneous networks, TCP may work in networks with some links that have lossy nature (wireless networks for example). TCP treats all packet loss as if they were due to congestion. Consequently, when used in networks that have lossy links, TCP reduces sending rate aggressively when there are transmission (non-congestion) errors in an uncongested network. One solution to the problem is to discriminate between errors; to deal with congestion errors by reducing TCP sending rate and use other actions for transmission errors. In this work we investigate the problem and propose a solution using an end-to-end error discriminator. The error discriminator will improve the current congestion window mechanism in TCP and decide when to cut and how much to cut the congestion window. We have identified three areas where TCP interacts with drops: congestion window update mechanism, retransmission mechanism and timeout mechanism. All of these mechanisms are part of the TCP congestion control mechanism. We propose changes to each of these mechanisms in order to allow TCP to cope with transmission errors. We propose a new TCP congestion window action (CWA) for transmission errors by delaying the window cut decision until TCP receives all duplicate acknowledgments for a given window of data (packets in flight). This will give TCP a clear image about the number of drops from this window. The congestion window size is then reduced only by number of dropped packets. Also, we propose a safety mechanism to prevent this algorithm from causing congestion to the network by using an extra congestion window threshold (tthresh) in order to save the safe area where there are no drops of any kind. The second algorithm is a new retransmission action to deal with multiple drops from the same window. This multiple drops action (MDA) will prevent TCP from falling into consecutive timeout events by resending all dropped packets from the same window. A third algorithm is used to calculate a new back-off policy for TCP retransmission timeout based on the network's available bandwidth. This new retransmission timeout action (RTA) helps relating the length of the timeout event with current network conditions, especially with heavy transmission error rates. The three algorithms have been combined and incorporated into a delay based error discriminator. The improvement of the new algorithm is measured along with the impact on the network in terms of congestion drop rate, end-to-end delay, average queue size and fairness of sharing the bottleneck bandwidth. The results show that the proposed error discriminator along with the new actions toward transmission errors has increased the performance of TCP. At the same time it has reduced the load on the network compared to existing error discriminators. Also, the proposed error discriminator has managed to deliver excellent fairness values for sharing the bottleneck bandwidth. Finally improvements to the basic error discriminator have been proposed by using the multiple drops action (MDA) for both transmission and congestion errors. The results showed improvements in the performance as well as decreases in the congestion loss rates when compared to a similar error discriminator.
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Legonkov, Pavel, i Vasily Prokopov. "Small Cell Wireless Backhaul in Mobile Heterogeneous Networks". Thesis, KTH, Kommunikationssystem, CoS, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-99010.
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Small cells are deployed in a crowded areas with a high demand for both coverage and capacity. It is hard to address both of these requirements simultaneous with a conventional mobile network architecture based on macro cells. In many case a wire is not available to connect the small cell to the core of the mobile network. Under these circumstances a wireless link could be a convenient solution for the backhaul. In this master’s thesis IEEE 802.11n technology was evaluated to assess its suitability for backhaul from a small wireless cell. The performance of wireless equipment manufactured by several vendors has been measured. The results of these measurements were analyzed and compared to a set of requirements established for small cell backhaul. The analysis has affirmed that IEEE 802.11n is capable of providing sufficient performance to be used for small cell backhaul in various deployment scenarios. Note that in this thesis we include femtocells, picocells, wireless LAN access points, and other technologies in the category of "small cells". Another research questions of this master’s thesis is security of small cell backhaul. In addition to protecting the backhaul link itself, the security research investigated the safety of the whole mobile network architecture remodeled with the introduction of small cells. A mechanism to integrate secure small cells into a mobile network was developed. The results obtained during the project will be used as an input for product development activities in the company hosting the project. The resulting product could become the target of future wireless system performance measurements.Små celler sätts ut i områden med höga krav på täckning och kapacitet. Det är svårt att adressera båda dessa krav samtidigt med en konventionell mobil nätverksarkitektur baserad på makro-celler. I många fall finns ingen kabel tillgänglig att koppla den lilla cellen till kärnan i det mobila nätverket. Under dessa omständigheter kan en trådlös länk vara en lämplig lösning för backhaul. I denna avhandling utvärderas IEEE 802.11n-teknikens lämplighet för backhaul av små celler. Prestandan hos trådlös utrustning tillverkad av flera olika tillverkare har mätts. Resultaten av dessa mätningar analyserades och jämfördes med en mängd krav uppsatta för backhaul av små celler. Analysen har förankrat att IEEE 802.11n är kapabel till att tillhandahålla tillräcklig prestanda för backhaul av små celler i diverse miljöer. Notera att i denna avhandling så inkluderas femto-celler, pico-celler, Wireless LAN-åtkomstpunkter, och andra teknologier i kategorin små celler". Andra forskningsfrågor berörda i avhandlingen är säkerhet vid backhaul av små celler. Utöver att skydda backhaul-länken själv så undersökte säkerhetsforskningen säkerheten av hela mobilnätsarkitekturen när små celler används i arkitekturen. En mekanism för att integrera säkra små celler i ett mobilnät utvecklades. De resultat som införskaffades under projektets genomförande kommer att användas som input till produktutvecklingsaktiviteter hos företaget som sponsrade projektet. Den resulterande produkten skulle kunna bli mål för framtida prestandamätningar av trådlösa system.
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Pacheco, Páramo Diego Felipe. "Performance analysis of access control and resource management methods in heterogeneous networks". Doctoral thesis, Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/34782.
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El escenario actual de las redes móviles se caracteriza por la creciente demanda de los usuarios por los servicios de datos, circunstancia que se ha visto potenciada por la popularidad de los teléfonos inteligentes y el auge de aplicaciones que necesitan de una conexión permanente a internet, como aquellas que hacen uso de recursos "en la nube" o los servicios de streaming para vídeo. El consumo de datos crece exponencialmente, tanto para los países desarrollados como en los países en desarrollo, y esto ha llevado a los operadores a plantearse soluciones que permitan proveer dichas condiciones de acceso.
Las redes heterogéneas se caracterizan por utilizar diferentes tecnologías de una manera coherente y organizada para proveer a los usuarios con la calidad de servicio requerida en sus comunicaciones, de tal manera que la comunicación sea para estos "transparente". Dicha heterogeneidad se puede dar a nivel de acceso, con la coexistencia de tecnologías como 802.11, WiMAX y redes móviles en sus diferentes generaciones, o incluso a nivel de capas dentro de las redes móviles con la coexistencia de macro, micro, pico y femto celdas. Haciendo un uso organizado de estos múltiples recursos, es posible optimizar las prestaciones de la red y proveer a los usuarios con una mejor calidad de servicio.
Pero la posibilidad de mejorar las prestaciones de la red no se da sólo por el uso simultáneo de estas tecnologías de acceso. Para mejorar la eficiencia en el uso del espectro electromagnético, un recurso limitado y subutilizado según diferentes estudios, se propuso la tecnología de cognitive radio. Por medio de esta tecnología es posible que un usuario sea capaz de medir el instante en el que una parte del espectro electromagnético no esta siendo utilizado para enviar información, siempre evitando interferir en las comunicaciones de aquellos usuarios que usan dicho espectro regularmente.
En el presente trabajo se proveen diferentes soluciones dentro del contexto de las redes heterogéneas que buscan optimizar el uso de los recursos disponibles en la red para proveer a los usuarios con la calidad de servicio esperada, ya sea por medio del control de acceso o la gestión de recursos.
Por un lado se estudia el efecto que la reserva de canales para realizar handoff espectral tiene sobre las prestaciones para los usuarios secundarios en un sistema de cognitive radio. Por otro lado se estudian políticas de acceso para una red en la que dos tecnologías de acceso están disponibles: TDMA y WCDMA, y los usuarios tienen acceso a los servicios de voz y datos. Por otro ladoPerformance requirements on mobile networks are tighter than ever as a result of the adoption of mobile devices such as smartphones or tablets, and the QoS levels that mobile applications demand for their correct operation. The data traffic volume carried in mobile networks for 2012 is the same as the total internet traffic in 2000, and this exponential growth tendency will continue in years to come. In order to fulfill users¿ expectations, it is imperative for mobile networks to make the best use of the available resources. Heterogeneous networks (Hetnets) have the ability to integrate several technologies in a coherent and efficient manner in order to enhance users¿ experience. The first challenge of heterogeneous networks is to integrate several radio access technologies, which exist as a result of simultaneous technology developments and a paced replacement of legacy technology. A joint management of several RAT¿s enhances network¿s efficiency, and this influences user¿s experience. Another challenge of heterogeneous networks is the improvement of current macrocells through an efficient use of the electromagnetic spectrum. Some approaches aim to optimize the antennas or use higher-order modulation techniques, but a more disruptive approach is the use of dynamic spectrum techniques through a technology known as cognitive radio. Finally, heterogeneous networks should be able to integrate several layers. In addition to the well studied micro and pico cells, a new generation of cheaper and easily configurable small cell networks have been proposed. However, its success is attached to its ability to adapt to the current context of mobile networks.
Pacheco Páramo, DF. (2013). Performance analysis of access control and resource management methods in heterogeneous networks [Tesis doctoral]. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/34782
Alfresco
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Boostanimehr, Hamidreza. "Resource allocation and performance evaluation in heterogeneous and relay-based wireless networks". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/50207.
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In the last decade, mobile data demand has been exponentially growing. Telecommunication industry finds it increasingly difficult to cope with this exponential growth through conventional cellular networks with carefully planned high power macro base stations (BSs). Therefore, the densification of BSs through introduction of low power BSs has been considered for implementation. The combination of macro BSs and low power BSs such as pico and femto BSs as well as relay nodes is referred to as heterogeneous networks (HetNets).
HetNets impose major technical challenges in implementation such as severe interference cases and imbalance of load among macro BSs and low power BSs. One problem that needs to be re-addressed in the context of HetNets is the cell association problem. Although centralized cell association schemes are important in realizing the potentials of HetNets, mobile operators are interested in distributed schemes in which network elements decide based on their local information. In this thesis, we consider distributed cell association algorithms with quality of service provisioning. First, we propose a unified cell association algorithm that is particularly designed for downlink. Next, we consider uplink to have a downlink and uplink aware cell association scheme. The performances of the proposed schemes are examined through numerical simulations.
Cooperative relay-based communication combined with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and its multi access variant, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) has gained an immense interest in the last decade. Among all the research topics in OFDM relay-based communication, analyzing the outage behavior has been an invariable concern to researchers. To analyze the outage behavior, most of the researchers ignore the correlation between OFDM subchannels, and also assume equal bit allocation on all the subchannels. In this thesis, we analyze the outage behavior of a three-node OFDM relay-based network when these two assumptions are relaxed. Next, we characterize the global outage probability of a multi-user single-relay OFDMA network. Finally, a network consisting of a cluster of source-destination pairs and a cluster of relays is considered where we propose a low complexity relay allocation scheme. The outage analyses and the relay allocation scheme are examined through numerical simulations.Applied Science, Faculty of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Bergenhem, Carl, i Magnus Jonsson. "Two Protocols with Heterogeneous Real-Time Services for High-Performance Embedded Networks". Högskolan i Halmstad, Centrum för forskning om inbyggda system (CERES), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-21296.
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High-performance embedded networks are found in computer systems that perform applications such as radar signal processing and multimedia rendering. The system can be composed of multiple computer nodes that are interconnected with the network. Properties of the network such as latency and speed affect the performance of the entire system. A node´s access to the network is controlled by a medium access protocol. This protocol decides e.g. real-time properties and services that the network will offer its users, i.e. the nodes. Two such network protocols with heterogeneous real-time services are presented. The protocols offer different communication services and services for parallel and distributed real-time processing. The latter services include barrier synchronisation, global reduction and short message service. A network topology of a unidirectional pipelined optical fibre-ribbon ring is assumed for both presented protocols. In such a network several simultaneous transmissions in non-overlapping segments are possible. Both protocols are aimed for applications that require a high-performance embedded network such as radar signal processing and multimedia. In these applications the system can be organised as multiple interconnected computation nodes that co-operate in parallel to achieve higher performance. The computing performance of the whole system is greatly affected by the choice of network. Computing nodes in a system for radar signal processing should be tightly coupled, i.e., communications cost, such as latency, between nodes should be small. This is possible if a suitable network with an efficient protocol is used. The target applications have heterogeneous real-time requirements for communication in that different classes of data-traffic exist. The traffic can be classified according to its requirements. The proposed protocols partition data-traffic into three classes with distinctly different qualities. These classes are: traffic with hard real-time demands, such as mission critical commands; traffic with soft real-time demands, such as application data (a deadline miss here only leads to decreased performance); and traffic with no real-time constraints at all. The protocols are analysed and performance is tested through simulation with different data-traffic patterns.
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Hu, Haonan. "Interference coordination in heterogeneous networks : stochastic geometry based modelling and performance analysis". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/22582/.
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Recently data traffic has experienced explosive increase with the proliferation of wireless devices and the popularity of media-based free services. The academic and industry of mobile communications have predicted an estimated $1000$x increase in traffic volume for the forthcoming 5G networks. This traffic explosion stimulates the deployment of heterogeneous networks (HetNets) with small cells (SCs) underlying in the traditional macrocells, which has been considered as a promising technique to contribute to the $1000$x traffic capacity gain. Initially, licensed spectrum bands are expected to be used in SCs, thus the SC deployment introduces the cross-tier interference between SCs and macrocells, which degrades the downlink signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) of user equipments (UEs) severely, especially for the edge UEs in a ultra-densely deployed scenario. To alleviate this cross-tier interference between SCs and macrocells, unlicensed spectrum bands are advocated to be used in SCs. Specifically, with the aid of carrier aggregation, the $5$ gigahertz (GHz) unlicensed band has become an option for SCs in the Long Term Evolution (LTE)-Unlicensed (LTE-U) scheme, but the $5$ Ghz unlicensed band has already been used by WiFi networks. Thus downlink cross-tier interference also occurs between LTE-U and WiFi networks. Accordingly, downlink cross-tier interference is inevitable no matter licensed or unlicensed spectrum band (i.e., 5 GHz) is used in SCs, and interference coordination schemes, such as further enhanced inter-cell interference coordination (FeICIC) for macrocells and SCs, and Licensed Assisted Access (LAA) for WiFi networks and LTE-U networks, have been proposed to mitigate these cross-tier interferences. In this dissertation, we mainly focus on the modelling and performance analysis of HetNets with the aforementioned two interference coordination schemes (i.e., FeICIC and LTE-LAA) under the stochastic geometry framework. Firstly, as the configuration of reduced power subframe (RPS)-related parameters was not well investigated in a two-tier HetNet adopting RPSs and cell range expansion (CRE), we derive the analytical expressions of the downlink coverage probability and rate coverage probability in such a HetNet. The optimal settings for the area of macrocell center regions, the area of SC range expansion regions, and the transmit power of RPSs for maximizing the rate coverage probability are analysed. As compared with the rate coverage probability in the two-tier HetNet with almost blank subframes (ABSs), which is proposed in the previous version of FeICIC, i.e., the enhanced inter-cell interference coordination (eICIC), the results show that ABSs outperform RPSs in terms of the rate coverage probability in the two-tier HetNet with the optimal range expansion bias, but lead to a heavier burden on the SC backhaul. However, with static typical range expansion biases, RPSs provide better rate coverage probability than ABSs in the two-tier HetNet. Secondly, the conventional FeICIC scheme ignores the potential of RPSs being adopted in both tiers of a two-tier HetNet without CRE, which is envisioned to improve the SINR level of edge UEs in both tiers. Accordingly, we study the downlink coverage probability and rate coverage probability of a two-tier HetNet applying with our proposed scheme. The results reveal that adopting RPSs in both tiers not only improves the coverage probabilities of edge UEs, but also increases the rate coverage probability of the whole two-tier HetNet. Thirdly, in both previous works, strict subframe alignment (SA) was assumed throughout the whole network, which is difficult to maintain between neighbouring cells in reality. Consequently, we propose a novel subframe misalignment (SM) model for a two-tier HetNet adopting RPSs with SM offsets restricted within a subframe duration, and analyse the coverage probability under the effects of RPSs and SM. The numerical results indicate that the strict SA requirement can be relaxed by up to $20\%$ of the subframe duration with a loss of below $5\%$ in terms of the downlink coverage probability. Lastly, since stochastic-geometry-based analysis of the coexisting LTE-LAA and WiFi networks, which adopt the carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) as the medium access control (MAC) scheme and share multiple unlicensed channels (UCs), was missing, we analyse the downlink throughput and spectral efficiency (SE) of the coexisting LTE-LAA and WiFi networks versus the network density and the number of UCs based on the Matern hard core process. The throughput and SE are obtained as functions of the downlink successful transmission probability (STP), of which analytical expressions are derived for both LTE-LAA and WiFi UEs. The results show that the throughput and SE of the whole coexisting LTE-LAA and WiFi networks can be improved significantly with an increasing number of accessible UCs. Based on the numerical results, insights into the trade-off between the throughput and SE against the number of accessible UCs are provided. All the derived results have been validated by Monte Carlo simulation in Matlab, and the conclusions observed from the results can provide guidelines for the future deployments of the FeICIC and LTE-LAA interference coordination schemes in HetNets.
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Zhu, Jing. "Layer 2 (LL/MAC) performance analysis and improvement of wireless heterogeneous networks /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5950.
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Ma, Chuan. "Distributed Resource Allocation and Performance Analysis in 5G Wireless Cellular Networks". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18886.
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This thesis focuses on the study of Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets), Device-to-device (D2D) communication networks, and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) networks in fifth generation wireless communication (5G) systems. HetNets that consist of macro-cells and small-cells have become increasingly popular in current wireless networks and 5G systems to meet the exponentially growing demand for higher data rates. Compared to conventional homogeneous cellular networks, the disparity of transmission power among different types of base stations (BSs), the relatively random deployment of SBSs, and the densifying networks, bring new challenges, such as the imbalanced load between macro and small cells and severe inter-cell interference. In the other hand, with the skyrocketing number of tablets and smart phones, the notion of caching popular content in the storage of BSs and users' devices is proposed to reduce duplicated wireless transmissions. To fulfill multi-fold communication requirements from humans, machine, and things, the 5G systems which include D2D communications, UAV communications, and so on, can improve the network performance. Among them, the performance analyses of these emerging technologies are attracting much attention and should be investigated first. This thesis focuses on these hot issues and emerging technologies in 5G systems, analyzing the network performance and conducting the allocation of available resources, such as serving BSs, spectrum resources, and storage resources. Specifically, three main research focuses are included in the thesis. The first focus of this thesis is the impact of the BS idle mode capacity (IMC) on the network performance of multi-tier and dense HCNs with both line-of-sight (LoS) and non-line-of-sight (NLoS) transmissions. I consider a more practical set-up with a finite number of UEs in the analysis. Moreover, the SBSs apply a positive power bias in the cell association procedure, so that macrocell UEs are actively encouraged to use the more lightly loaded SBSs. In addition, to address the severe interference that these cell range expanded UEs may suffer, the MBSs apply enhanced inter-cell interference coordination (eICIC), in the form of almost blank subframe (ABS) mechanism. For this model, I derive the coverage probability and the rate of a typical UE in the whole network or a certain tier. The impact of the IMC on the performance of the network is shown to be significant. In particular, it is important to note that there will be a surplus of BSs when the BS density exceeds the UE density, and thus a large number of BSs switch off. As a result, the overall coverage probability, as well as the area spectral efficiency (ASE), will continuously increase with the BS density, addressing the network outage that occurs when all BSs are active and the interference becomes LoS dominated. Finally, the optimal ABS factors are investigated in different BS density regions. One of major findings is that MBSs should give up all resources in favor of the SBSs when the small cell networks go ultra-dense. This reinforces the need for orthogonal deployments, shedding new light on the design and deployment of the future 5G dense HCNs. The second focus of this thesis is the content caching in D2D communication networks. In practical deployment, D2D content caching has its own problem that is not all of the user devices are willing to share the content with others due to numerous concerns such as security, battery life, and social relationship. To solve this problem, I consider the factor of social relationship in the deployment of D2D content caching. First, I apply stochastic geometry theory to derive an analytical expression of downloading performance for the D2D caching network. Specifically, a social relationship model with respect to the physical distance is adopted in the analysis to obtain the average downloading delay performance using random and deterministic caching strategies. Second, to achieve a better performance in more practical and specific scenarios, I develop a socially aware distributed caching strategy based on a decentralized learning automaton, to optimize the cache placement operation in D2D networks. Different from the existing caching schemes, the proposed algorithm not only considers the file request probability and the closeness of devices as measured by their physical distance, but also takes into account the social relationship between D2D users. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can converge quickly and outperforms the random and deterministic caching strategies. With these results, the work sheds insights on the design of D2D caching in the practical deployment of 5G networks. The third focus of this thesis is the performance analysis for practical UAV-enabled networks. By considering both LoS and NLoS transmissions between aerial BSs and ground users, the coverage probability and the ASE are derived. Considering that there is no consensus on the path loss model for studying UAVs in the literature, in this focus, three path loss models, i.e., high-altitude model, low-altitude model, and ultra-low-altitude model, are investigated and compared. Moreover, the lower bound of the network performance is obtained assuming that UAVs are hovering randomly according to homogeneous Poisson point process (HPPP), while the upper bound is derived assuming that UAVs can instantaneously move to the positions directly overhead ground users. From the analytical and simulation results for a practical UAV height of 50 meters, I find that the network performance of the high-altitude model and the low-altitude model exhibit similar trends, while that of the ultra-low-altitude model deviates significantly from the above two models. In addition, the optimal density of UAVs to maximize the coverage probability performance has also been investigated.
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Khan, Aroba. "Network Modeling in Heterogeneous and Cooperative Cellular Communications". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/15436.
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The rapid increase in use of smart phones and devices has introduced a growing demand in data traffic which the conventional homogeneous macro cells can no longer satisfy. A promising solution to this is by spectrum reuse through deploying various low-power small cells overlaid on the macro cell. This represents the heterogeneous cellular network that we see today. The change from homogeneous to heterogeneous environment requires new cellular network models to be developed. This thesis presents various novel approaches and models for both homogeneous and heterogeneous cellular networks. Cellular network models aim to provide insights into the performance of the network and its users. One of the most important metrics of network performance and user experience is the signal-to interference- plus-noise-ratio, or SINR. A network operator wanting to optimize the performance of a heterogeneous network needs to know the spatial distribution of the SINR. So, researchers need to carefully consider the network parameters and their spatial distributions while modeling cellular networks. Besides having low-power base stations deployed in hot spot regions, cooperative communication can also be used to improve user performance by reducing the effect of path loss and fading. Considering these facts, the proposed research considers the inclusion of cooperation while modeling cellular networks. Under the proposed scheme, a user in low coverage can use a nearby low-power base station via cooperation to communicate with the macro base station. The main contributions of this thesis can be summarized as below: • A simplified linear cellular network model is proposed which considers the average user distance to determine user performance under a uniform user distribution scenario. This model simplifies the linear grid based model while improving the conventional Wyner model with fading. The proposal is extended to incorporate Gaussian based non-uniform distribution of users within macro cells. The effect of cooperation on user performance is also included in the proposed model where a cell boundary user can use a nearby low-power base station as relay. Mathematical models for analytically evaluating both downlink and uplink transmissions are developed in a multi-cell scenario. The user distributions of interfering neighboring cells are also taken into account. • A two-dimensional heterogeneous cellular network model is developed which considers a realistic spatial distribution of both macro and low-power base stations. For avoiding the probability of severe interference caused by Poisson point process distributed macro base stations, the proposed model considers a grid based distribution for macro base stations and a random distribution for the low-power base stations. Cooperative communication is included in the proposed model where the low-power base stations can act as relays for macro users that are in low coverage. Mathematical models for analytically evaluating user outage and coverage performance is formulated. • A large number of the total cellular network users today are vehicular, i.e. traveling in public transports while using cellular connectivity. The signal strength inside vehicles are attenuated by vehicle penetration loss and hence, becomes weak. To solve this issue, recently researchers have proposed the use of moving relays (MRs) which are mounted on top of public transportation vehicles. However, the impact of having MRs in current heterogeneous cellular networks is not yet investigated. A network model is proposed which considers the presence of MRs on top of suburban trains and derives coverage performance of both vehicular and non-vehicular users for downlink. The effect of MRs in the overall network performance is also evaluated. • Cellular network modeling for uplink is generally known to be difficult since both signal and interference become user location dependent. Moreover, due to power control the transmission power of users varies across cell locations which complicate the analysis to a greater extent. A heterogeneous network model is proposed for uplink with the presence of MRs on suburban trains. Per-user fractional power control is considered and both vehicular and non-vehicular user outage performance is derived. • Cooperative communication via MRs is also included in the proposed heterogeneous network models for both uplink and downlink. According to the proposal, a train traveling in the macro cell with a MR mounted on top can be used as a relay for nearby non-vehicular users in low coverage. Different traveling directions for the train within macro cells are considered and the effect of cooperation via MR on user performance is analyzed for each case. Extensive simulations are carried out for evaluating network performance, which demonstrate the capability of the proposed models in substantially enhancing the performance. The performance evaluation is established with the inclusion of cooperation and MRs in the proposed heterogeneous cellular network models.
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Ramaboli, Allen Lehopotseng. "Concurrent multipath transmission to improve performance for multi-homed devices in heterogeneous networks". Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20404.
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Recent network technology developments have led to the emergence of a variety of access network technologies - such as IEEE 802.11, wireless local area network (WLAN), IEEE 802.16, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WIMAX) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) - which can be integrated to offer ubiquitous access in a heterogeneous network environment. User devices also come equipped with multiple network interfaces to connect to the different network technologies, making it possible to establish multiple network paths between end hosts. However, the current connectivity settings confine the user devices to using a single network path at a time, leading to low utilization of the resources in a heterogeneous network and poor performance for demanding applications, such as high definition video streaming. The simultaneous use of multiple network interfaces, also called bandwidth aggregation, can increase application throughput and reduce the packets' end-to-end delays. However, multiple independent paths often have heterogeneous characteristics in terms of offered bandwidth, latency and loss rate, making it challenging to achieve efficient bandwidth aggregation. For instance, striping the flow's packets over multiple network paths with different latencies can cause packet reordering, which can significantly degrade performance of the current transport protocols. This thesis proposes three new solutions to mitigate the effects of network path heterogeneity on the performance of various concurrent multipath transmission settings. First, a network layer solution is proposed to stripe packets of delay-sensitive and high-bandwidth applications for concurrent transmission across multiple network paths. The solution leverages the paths' latency heterogeneity to reduce packet reordering, leading to minimal reordering delay, which improves performance of delay-sensitive applications. Second, multipath video streaming is developed for H.264 scalable video, where the reference video packets are adaptively assigned to low loss network paths to reduce drifting errors, thus combatting H.264 video distortion effectively. Finally, a new segment scheduling framework - which carefully considers path heterogeneity - is incorporated into the IETF Multipath TCP to improve throughput performance. The proposed solutions have been validated using a series of simulation experiments. The results reveal that the proposed solutions can enable efficient bandwidth aggregation for concurrent multipath transmission over heterogeneous network paths.
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Sidi, Bah Aladé Habib. "Distributed algorithms in autonomous and heterogeneous networks". Thesis, Avignon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AVIG0184/document.
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La diversité croissante des différents agents constituant les réseaux de communication actuels ainsi que la capacité accrue des technologies concurrentes dans l’environnement réseau a conduit à la prise en compte d’une nouvelle approche distribuée de la gestion du réseau. Dans cet environnement réseau évolué, le besoin en accroissement de la bande passante et en ressources rares, s’oppose à la réduction de la consommation énergétique globale.Dans notre travail nous nous intéressons à l’application de mécanismes distribués et de méthodes d’apprentissages visant à introduire d’avantage d’autonomie dans les réseaux hétérogènes, mobiles en particulier, tout en améliorant les performances par rapport aux débits et à la qualité de service. Notre étude se concentre principalement sur l’élaboration de mécanismes distribués stochastiques et énergétiquement efficaces en profitant des capacités de calcul de tous les agents et entités du réseau. Divers outils de la théorie des jeux nous permettent de modéliser et d’étudier différents types de systèmes dont la complexité est induite par la grande taille, l’hétérogénéité et le caractère dynamique des interconnexions. Plus spécifiquement, nous utilisons des outils d’apprentissage par renforcement pour aborder des questions telles que l’attachement distribué des utilisateurs permettant une gestion dynamique, décentralisée et efficace des ressources radio. Nous combinons ensuite les procédures de sélection d’accès à des méthodes d’optimisation distribuées du type gradient stochastique, pour adresser le problème de coordination des interférences intercellulaires (ICIC) dans les réseaux LTE-A. Cette approche se base sur un contrôle de puissance dynamique conduisant à une réutilisation fractionnaire des fréquences radios. Par ailleurs nous adressons dans les réseaux décentralisés non-hiérarchiques, plus précisément les réseaux tolérants aux délais (DTNs), des méthodes décentralisées liées à la minimisation du délai de transmission de bout en bout. Dans ce cadre nous nous intéressons, en outre des équilibres de Nash, à la notion d’équilibre évolutionnairement stables dans différents contextes de jeux évolutionnaires, jeux évolutionnaires décisionnels markoviens et jeux de minorité. Enfin, la majeure partie du travail effectué se rattachant aux tests et validations par simulations,nous présentons plusieurs éléments d’implémentations et d’intégrations liés à la mise en place de plateformes de simulations et d’expérimentationsGrowing diversity of agents in current communication networks and increasing capacitiesof concurrent technologies in the network environment has lead to the considerationof a novel distributed approach of the network management. In this evolvednetwork environment the increasing need for bandwidth and rare channel resources,opposes to reduction of the total energy consumption.This thesis focuses on application of distributed mechanisms and learning methodsto allow for more autonomy in the heterogeneous network, this in order to improveits performances. We are mainly interested in energy efficient stochastic mechanismsthat will operate in a distributed fashion by taking advantage of the computationalcapabilities of all the agents and entities of the network. We rely on application ofGame theory to study different types of complex systems in the distributed wirelessnetworks with dynamic interconnectivity.Specifically, we use the stochastic reinforcement learning tools to address issuessuch as, distributed user-network association that allows achieving an efficient dynamicand decentralized radio resource management. Then, we combine access selectionprocedures with distributed optimization to address the inter-cells interferencescoordination (ICIC) for LTE-advanced networks using dynamic power control and designof fractional frequency reuse mechanisms. Moreover we address in non-hierarchicalnetworks, more precisely in Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs), decentralized methodsrelated to minimization of the end-to-end communication delay. In this framework weare interested, in addition to Nash equilibrium, to the notion of evolutionary stableequiliria in the different context of Evolutionary Games, Markov Decision EvolutionaryGames and Minority Games. As the major parts of our work includes testing andvalidations by simulations, eventually we present several implementations and integrationsmaterials for edition of simulation platforms and test beds
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Pervaiz, Haris Bin. "Optimising energy efficiency and spectral efficiency in multi-tier heterogeneous networks : performance and tradeoffs". Thesis, Lancaster University, 2016. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/80695/.
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The exponential growth in the number of cellular users along with their increasing demand of higher transmission rate and lower power consumption is a dilemma for the design of future generation networks. The spectral efficiency (SE) can be improved by better utilisation of the network resources at the cost of reduction in the energy efficiency (EE) due to the enormous increase in the network power expenditure arising from the densification of the network. One of the possible solutions is to deploy Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) consisting of several tiers of small cell BSs overlaid within the coverage area of the macrocells. The HetNets can provide better coverage and data rate to the cell edge users in comparison to the macrocells only deployment. One of the key requirements for the next generation networks is to maintain acceptable levels of both EE and SE. In order to tackle these challenges, this thesis focuses on the analysis of the EE, SE and their tradeoff for different scenarios of HetNets. First, a joint network and user adaptive selection mechanism in two-tier HetNets is proposed to improve the SE using game theory to dynamically re-configure the network while satisfying the user's quality-of-service (QoS) requirements. In this work, the proposed scheme tries to offload the traffic from the heavily loaded small cells to the macrocell. The user can only be admitted to a network which satisfies the call admission control procedures for both the uplink and downlink transmission scheme. Second, an energy efficient resource allocation scheme is designed for a two-tier HetNets. The proposed scheme uses a low-complexity user association and power allocation algorithm to improve the uplink system EE performance in comparison to the traditional cellular systems. In addition, an opportunistic joint user association and power allocation algorithm is proposed in an uplink transmission scheme of device to device (D2D) enabled HetNets. In this scheme, each user tries to maximise its own Area Spectral Efficiency (ASE) subject to the required Area Energy Efficiency (AEE) requirements. Further, a near-optimal joint user association and power allocation approach is proposed to investigate the tradeoff between the two conflicting objectives such as achievable throughput and minimising the power consumption in two-tier HetNets for the downlink transmission scheme. Finally, a multi-objective optimization problem is formulated that jointly maximizes the EE and SE in two-tier HetNets. In this context, a joint user association and power allocation algorithm is proposed to analyse the tradeoff between the achievable EE and SE in two-tier HetNets. The formulated problem is solved using convex optimisation methods to obtain the Pareto-optimal solution for the various network parameters.
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Opoku, Agyeman Michael. "Optimizing heterogeneous 3D networks-on-chip architectures for low power and high performance applications". Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.688307.
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Papapostolou, Apostolia. "Indoor localization and mobility management in the emerging heterogeneous wireless networks". Phd thesis, Institut National des Télécommunications, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00997657.
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Over the last few decades, we have been witnessing a tremendous evolution in mobile computing, wireless networking and hand-held devices. In the future communication networks, users are anticipated to become even more mobile demanding for ubiquitous connectivity to different applications which will be preferably aware of their context. Admittedly, location information as part of their context is of paramount importance from both application and network perspectives. From application or user point of view, service provision can upgrade if adaptation to the user's context is enabled. From network point of view, functionalities such as routing, handoff management, resource allocation and others can also benefit if user's location can be tracked or even predicted. Within this context, we focus our attention on indoor localization and handoff prediction which are indispensable components towards the ultimate success of the envisioned pervasive communication era. While outdoor positioning systems have already proven their potential in a wide range of commercial applications, the path towards a successful indoor location system is recognized to be much more difficult, mainly due to the harsh indoor characteristics and requirement for higher accuracy. Similarly, handoff management in the future heterogeneous wireless networks is much more challenging than in traditional homogeneous networks. Handoff schemes must be seamless for meeting strict Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of the future applications and functional despite the diversity of operation features of the different technologies. In addition, handoff decisions should be flexible enough to accommodate user preferences from a wide range of criteria offered by all technologies. The main objective of this thesis is to devise accurate, time and power efficient location and handoff management systems in order to satisfy better context-aware and mobile applications. For indoor localization, the potential of Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technologies as standalone location sensing technologies are first studied by testing several algorithms and metrics in a real experimental testbed or by extensive simulations, while their shortcomings are also identified. Their integration in a common architecture is then proposed in order to combine their key benefits and overcome their limitations. The performance superiority of the synergetic system over the stand alone counterparts is validated via extensive analysis. Regarding the handoff management task, we pinpoint that context awareness can also enhance the network functionality. Consequently, two such schemes which utilize information obtained from localization systems are proposed. The first scheme relies on a RFID tag deployment, alike our RFID positioning architecture, and by following the WLAN scene analysis positioning concept, predicts the next network layer location, i.e. the next point of attachment to the network. The second scheme relies on an integrated RFID and Wireless Sensor/Actuator Network (WSAN) deployment for tracking the users' physical location and subsequently for predicting next their handoff point at both link and network layers. Being independent of the underlying principle wireless access technology, both schemes can be easily implemented in heterogeneous networks. Performance evaluation results demonstrate the advantages of the proposed schemes over the standard protocols regarding prediction accuracy, time latency and energy savings
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Semiari, Omid. "Context-Aware Resource Management and Performance Analysis of Millimeter Wave and Sub-6 GHz Wireless Networks". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/86482.
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Emerging wireless networks are foreseen as an integration of heterogeneous spectrum bands, wireless access technologies, and backhaul solutions, as well as a large-scale interconnection of devices, people, and vehicles. Such a heterogeneity will range from the proliferation of multi-tasking user devices with different capabilities such as smartphones and tablets to the deployment of multi-mode access points that can operate over heterogeneous frequency bands spanning both sub-6 GHz microwave and high-frequency millimeter wave (mmW) frequencies bands. This heterogeneous ecosystem will yield new challenges and opportunities for wireless resource management. On the one hand, resource management can exploit user and network-specific context information, such as application type, social metrics, or operator pricing, to develop application-driven, context-aware networks. Similarly, multiple frequency bands can be leveraged to meet the stringent and heterogeneous quality-of-service (QoS) requirements of the new wireless services such as video streaming and interactive gaming. On the other hand, resource management in such heterogeneous, multi-band, and large-scale wireless systems requires distributed frameworks that can effectively utilize all available resources while operating with manageable overhead. The key goal of this dissertation is therefore to develop novel, self-organizing, and low-complexity resource management protocols -- using techniques from matching theory, optimization, and machine learning -- to address critical resource allocation problems for emerging heterogeneous wireless systems while explicitly modeling and factoring diverse network context information.
Towards achieving this goal, this dissertation makes a number of key contributions.
First, a novel context-aware scheduling framework is developed for enabling dual-mode base stations to efficiently and jointly utilize mmW and microwave frequency resources while maximizing the number of user applications whose stringent delay requirements are satisfied.
The results show that the proposed approach will be able to significantly improve the QoS per application and decrease the outage probability. Second, novel solutions are proposed to address both network formation and resource allocation problems in multi-hop wireless backhaul networks that operate at mmW frequencies. The proposed framework motivates collaboration among multiple network operators by resource sharing to reduce the cost of backhauling, while jointly accounting for both wireless channel characteristics and economic factors. Third, a novel framework is proposed to exploit high-capacity mmW communications and device-level caching to minimize handover failures as well as energy consumption by inter-frequency measurements, and to provide seamless mobility in dense heterogeneous mmW-microwave small cell networks (SCNs). Fourth, a new cell association algorithm is proposed, based on matching theory with minimum quota constraints, to optimize load balancing in integrated mmW-microwave networks.
Fifth, a novel medium access control (MAC) protocol is proposed to dynamically manage the wireless local area network (WLAN) traffic jointly over the unlicensed 60 GHz mmW and sub-6 GHz bands to maximize the saturation throughput and minimize the delay experienced by users.
Finally, a novel resource management approach is proposed to optimize device-to-device (D2D) communications and improve traffic offload in heterogeneous wireless SCNs by leveraging social context information that is dynamically learned by the network. In a nutshell, by providing novel, context-aware, and self-organizing frameworks, this dissertation addresses fundamentally challenging resource management problems that mainly stem from large scale, stringent service requirements, and heterogeneity of next-generation wireless networks.Ph. D.
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Venkatachalaiah, Suresh, i suresh@catt rmit edu au. "Mobility prediction and Multicasting in Wireless Networks: Performance and Analysis". RMIT University. Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2006. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20070301.130037.
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Handoff is a call handling mechanism that is invoked when a mobile node moves from one cell to another. Such movement may lead to degradation in performance for wireless networks as a result of packet losses. A promising technique proposed in this thesis is to apply multicasting techniques aided by mobility prediction in order to improve handoff performance. In this thesis, we present a method that uses a Grey model for mobility prediction and a fuzzy logic controller that has been fine-tuned using evolutionary algorithms in order to improve prediction accuracy. We also compare the self-tuning algorithm with two evolutionary algorithms in terms of accuracy and their convergence times. Our proposed method takes into account signal strengths from the base stations and predicts the signal strength of the next candidate base station in order to provide improved handover performance. The primary decision for mobility prediction is the accurate prediction of signal strengths obtained from the base stations and remove any unwanted errors in the prediction using suitable optimisation techniques. Furthermore, the model includes the procedures of fine-tuning the predicted data using fuzzy parameters. We also propose suitable multicasting algorithms to minimise the reservation of overall network resource requirements during handoff with the mobility prediction information. To be able to efficiently solve the problem, the situation is modelled using a multicast tree that is defined to maintain connectivity with the mobile node, whilst ensuring bandwidth guarantees and a minimum hop-count. In this approach, we have tried to solve the problem by balancing two objectives through putting a weight on each of two costs. We provide a detailed description of an algorithm to implement join and prune mechanisms, which will help to build an optimal multicast tree with QoS requirements during handoff as well as incorporating dynamic changes in the positions of mobile nodes. An analysis of how mobility prediction helps in the selection of potential Access Routers (AR) with QoS requirements - which affects the multicast group size and bandwidth cost of the multicast tree -- is presented. The proposed technique tries to minimise the number of multicast tree join and prune operations. Our results show that the expected size of the multicast group increases linearly with an increase in the number of selected destination AR's for multicast during handoff. We observe that the expected number of joins and prunes from the multicast tree increases with group size. A special simulation model was developed to demonstrate both homogeneous and heterogeneous handoff which is an emerging requirement for fourth generation mobile networks. The model incorporates our mobility prediction model for heterogeneous handoff between the Wireless LAN and a cellular network. The results presented in this thesis for mobility prediction, multicasting techniques and heterogeneous handoff include proposed algorithms and models which aid in the understanding, analysing and reducing of overheads during handoff.
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Zabanoot, Zaid Ahmed Said. "Modelling and Analysis of Resource Management Schemes in Wireless Networks. Analytical Models and Performance Evaluation of Handoff Schemes and Resource Re-Allocation in Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Wireless Cellular Networks". Thesis, University of Bradford, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5383.
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Over recent years, wireless communication systems have been experiencing a dramatic and continuous growth in the number of subscribers, thus placing extra demands on system capacity. At the same time, keeping Quality of Service (QoS) at an acceptable level is a critical concern and a challenge to the wireless network designer. In this sense, performance analysis must be the first step in designing or improving a network. Thus, powerful mathematical tools for analysing most of the performance metrics in the network are required. A good modelling and analysis of the wireless cellular networks will lead to a high level of QoS. In this thesis, different analytical models of various handoff schemes and resource re-allocation in homogeneous and heterogeneous wireless cellular networks are developed and investigated. The sustained increase in users and the request for advanced services are some of the key motivations for considering the designing of Hierarchical Cellular Networks (HCN). In this type of system, calls can be blocked in a microcell flow over to an overlay macrocell. Microcells in the HCN can be replaced by WLANs as this can provide high bandwidth and its users have limited mobility features. Efficient sharing of resources between wireless cellular networks and WLANs will improve the capacity as well as QoS metrics. This thesis first presents an analytical model for priority handoff mechanisms, where new calls and handoff calls are captured by two different traffic arrival processes, respectively. Using this analytical model, the optimised number of channels assigned to II handover calls, with the aim of minimising the drop probability under given network scenarios, has been investigated. Also, an analytical model of a network containing two cells has been developed to measure the different performance parameters for each of the cells in the network, as well as altogether as one network system. Secondly, a new solution is proposed to manage the bandwidth and re-allocate it in a proper way to maintain the QoS for all types of calls. Thirdly, performance models for microcells and macrocells in hierarchical cellular networks have been developed by using a combination of different handoff schemes. Finally, the microcell in HCN is replaced by WLANs and a prioritised vertical handoff scheme in an integrated UMTS/WLAN network has been developed. Simulation experiments have been conducted to validate the accuracy of these analytical models. The models have then been used to investigate the performance of the networks under different scenarios.
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Li, Chao. "A Non-Uniform User Distribution and its Performance Analysis on K-tier Heterogeneous Cellular Networks Using Stochastic Geometry". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38803.
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In the cellular networks, to support the increasing data rate requirements, many base
stations (BSs) with low transmit power and small coverage area are deployed in addition to classical macro cell BSs. Low power nodes, such as micro, pico, and femto nodes (indoor and outdoor), which complement the conventional macro networks, are placed primarily to increase capacity in hotspots (such as shopping malls and conference centers) and to enhance coverage of macro cells near the cell boundary. Combining macro and small cells results in heterogeneous networks (HetNets).
An accurate node (BS or user equipment (UE)) model is important in the research, design, evaluation, and deployment of 5G HetNets. The distance between transmitter (TX), receiver (RX), and interferer determines the received signal power and interference signal power. Therefore, the spatial placement of BSs and UEs greatly impacts the performance of cellular networks. However, the investigation on the spatial distribution of UE is limited, though there is ample research on the topic of the spatial distribution of BS. In HetNets, UEs tend to cluster around BSs or social attractors (SAs). The spatial distribution of these UEs is non-uniform. Therefore, the analysis of the impact of non-uniformity of UE distribution on HetNets is essential for designing efficient HetNets. This thesis presents a non-uniform user distribution model based on the existing K-tier BS distribution. Our proposed non-uniform user distribution model is such that a Poisson cluster process with the cluster centers located at SAs in which SAs have a base station offset with their BSs. There are two parameters (cluster radius and base station offset) the combination of which can cover many possible non-uniformity. The heterogeneity analysis of the proposed nonuniform user distribution model is also given.
The downlink performance analysis of the designed non-uniform user model is investigated. The numerical results show that our theoretical results closely match the simulation results. Moreover, the effect of BS parameters of small cells such as BS density, BS cell extension bias factor, and BS transmit power is included. At the same time, the uplink coverage probability by the theoretical derivation is also analyzed based on some simplifying assumptions as a result of the added complexity of the uplink analysis due to the UEs’ mobile position and the uplink power control. However, the numerical results show a small gap between the theoretical results and the simulation results, suggesting that our simplifying assumptions are acceptable if the system requirement is not very strict. In addition to the effect of BS density, BS cell extension bias factor, and BS transmit power, the effect of fractional power control factor in the uplink is also introduced. The comparison between the downlink and the uplink is discussed and summarized at the end.
The main goal of this thesis is to develop a comprehensive framework of the non-uniform user distribution in order to produce a tractable analysis of HetNets in the downlink and the uplink using the tools of stochastic geometry
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Ghatak, Gourab. "Millimeter wave multi-RAT small cells for heterogeneous mobile services : performance analysis and optimization". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLT010/document.
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Les futures applications sans fil anticipent une explosion de la pléthore de cas d'utilisation et de services, qui ne peut être soutenue par des améliorations incrémentielles des schémas de communication existants. Pour cela, deux axes de recherche sont particulièrement intéressants: la densification du réseau à l'aide de petites cellules et la communication par ondes millimétriques (ondes millimétriques). Dans cette thèse, nous modélisons et évaluons des réseaux cellulaires constitués de petites cellules à ondes millimétriques utilisant la technique d'accès multi-radio (RAT) déployées au-dessus de la macro-architecture existante. Premièrement, nous modélisons mathématiquement un déploiement homogène de petites cellules multi-RAT et caractérisons les performances de l'utilisateur et du réseau en termes de probabilité de couverture signal sur brouillage plus rapport de bruit (SINR), de débit descendant et de probabilité de surcharge de cellule. Ensuite, nous étudions l'association des utilisateurs à différents niveaux et la sélection optimale de différents RAT, de manière à optimiser ces mesures de performance. En règle générale, les modèles de réseau cellulaire qui supposent des déploiements homogènes de petites cellules ne tiennent pas compte des nuances des caractéristiques de blocage urbain. Pour résoudre ce problème, nous modélisons les emplacements de petites cellules le long des routes d'une ville, puis nous prenons en compte les blocages de signaux dus à la construction d'immeubles ou au déplacement de véhicules sur les routes. Sur ce réseau, nous supposons que l’opérateur prend en charge trois types de services v.i.z., les communications ultra-fiables à faible temps de latence (URLLC), les communications massives de type machine (mMTC) et le haut débit mobile amélioré (eMBB) avec des besoins différents. En conséquence, nous étudions la sélection optimale de RAT pour ces services avec divers blocages de véhicules. Enfin, sur la base du modèle de déploiement sur route de petites cellules à ondes millimétriques, nous étudions un réseau conçu pour prendre en charge simultanément des services de positionnement et de données. Nous caractérisons la précision du positionnement en fonction des limites de la localisation, puis étudions des stratégies optimales de partitionnement des ressources et de sélection de la largeur de faisceau afin de répondre à diverses exigences de positionnement et de débit de donnéesFuture wireless applications anticipate an explosion in the plethora of use-cases and services, which cannot be sustained by incremental improvements on the existing communication schemes. For this, two research directions are particularly attractive: network densification using small cells and millimeter wave (mm-wave) wave communications. In this thesis, we model and evaluate cellular networks consisting of multi-radio access technique (RAT) mm-wave small cells deployed on top of the legacy macro-architecture. First, we mathematically model a homogeneous deployment of multi-RAT small cells and characterize the user and network performance in terms of signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) coverage probability, downlink throughput, and the cell overloading probability. Then, we study users association to different tiers and optimal selection of different RATs, so as to optimize these performance metrics. Generally, cellular network models that assume homogeneous deployments of small cells fail to take into account the nuances of urban blockage characteristics. To address this, we model the small cell locations along the roads of a city, and subsequently, we take into consideration the signal blockages due to buildings or moving vehicles on the roads. In this network, we assume that the operator supports three types of services v.i.z., ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC), massive machine-type communications (mMTC), and enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) with different requirements. Consequently, we study the optimal RAT selection for these services with varying vehicular blockages. Finally, based on the on-road deployment model of mm-wave small cells, we study a network designed to support positioning and data services simultaneously. We characterize the positioning accuracy based on the localization bounds and then study optimal resource partitioning and beamwidth selection strategies to address varied positioning and data-rate requirements
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Yulei, W. U. "Performance modelling and evaluation of heterogeneous wired / wireless networks under Bursty Traffic. Analytical models for performance analysis of communication networks in multi-computer systems, multi-cluster systems, and integrated wireless systems". Thesis, University of Bradford, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4423.
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Computer networks can be classified into two broad categories: wired networks and wireless networks, according to the hardware and software technologies used to interconnect the individual devices. Wired interconnection networks are hardware fabrics supporting communications between individual processors in highperformance computing systems (e.g., multi-computer systems and cluster systems). On the other hand, due to the rapid development of wireless technologies, wireless networks have emerged and become an indispensable part for people's lives. The integration of different wireless technologies is an effective approach to accommodate the increasing demand of the users to communicate with each other and access the Internet. This thesis aims to investigate the performance of wired interconnection networks and integrated wireless networks under the realistic working conditions. Traffic patterns have a significant impact on network performance. A number of recent measurement studies have convincingly demonstrated that the traffic generated by many real-world applications in communication networks exhibits bursty arrival nature and the message destinations are non-uniformly distributed. Analytical models for the performance evaluation of wired interconnection networks and integrated wireless networks have been widely reported. However, most of these models are developed under the simplified assumption of non-bursty Poisson process with uniformly distributed message destinations. To fill this gap, this thesis first presents an analytical model to investigate the performance of wired interconnection networks in multi-computer systems. Secondly, the analytical models for wired interconnection networks in multi-cluster systems are developed. Finally, this thesis proposes analytical models to evaluate the end-to-end delay and throughput of integrated wireless local area networks and wireless mesh networks. These models are derived when the networks are subject to bursty traffic with non-uniformly distributed message destinations which can capture the burstiness of real-world network traffic in the both temporal domain and spatial domain. Extensive simulation experiments are conducted to validate the accuracy of the analytical models. The models are then used as practical and cost-effective tools to investigate the performance of heterogeneous wired or wireless networks under the traffic patterns exhibited by real-world applications.
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Mugga, Charles, i Dong Sun. "Performance comparison of multihoming and mobility protocols in IPv6 heterogeneous network environment". Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för datavetenskap och kommunikation, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-2800.
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Multihoming and mobility protocols enable computing devices to stay always best connected (ABC) to the Internet in the heterogeneous wireless environment. The ABC concept affords users the ability to choose the best available access networks and devices that best suit their needs, at any given point in time. With the emergence of multi-interfaced terminals, a mobile node may connect to different access networks simultaneously through multiple interfaces. This is called multihoming, and it allows a user to enjoy the best access for each application as well as other benefits such as fault tolerance, ubiquitous access and load balancing. Also, while the mobile node is moving from one wireless network to another, mobility management is important in keeping the node’s communication active during handover events. Therefore, the heterogeneous wireless environment requires the associated management of both multihoming and mobility since the mobile hosts are mobile and multihomed at the same time. Consequently, the purpose of our research is to compare the prevailing multihoming and mobility management protocols and corresponding implementations in the IPv6 heterogeneous wireless environment, and to identify the suitable protocol framework that supports both multihoming and mobility. The research started out with the study of the prominent host-based multihoming and mobility management protocols and solutions in IPv6. It then proceeded with a comparative qualitative review of the identified multihoming and mobility protocols according to their mechanisms, modes of operation, benefits and drawbacks. From the qualitative review, we identified suitable protocols that showed better performance for management of mobility and/or multihoming. Moreover, this provided a basis for defining the relevant simulation metrics for our comparative quantitative simulation analysis. The quantitative analysis was carried out using simulations on the OMNeT++ software platform, with the objective of comparing the performance of the studied multihoming and mobility protocols. Simulation scenarios were designed for mobility and multihoming cases, implemented and run using pertinent simulation protocol models of OMNeT++. The performance evaluation was investigated in terms of handover latency and rehoming time for mobility and multihoming protocols respectively. The simulation survey focused on the following protocols:Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6), Multiple Care-of Address (MCoA), Host Identity Protocol (HIP) and Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP). Both the qualitative analysis and the results from the simulation study have shown that HIP has the best performance for mobility and multihoming management. Accordingly, our research has identified HIP as the best suitable framework that supports both multihoming and mobility management in IPv6 heterogeneous network environment. In addition, this project has demonstrated that multihomed nodes with multiple addresses experience less impact on real-time communication in case network failures or mobile movements compared to single-homed nodes.Charles Mugga: +256790506653, Dong Sun: +8615106959570
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Wang, Guoqiang. "MAC LAYER AND ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR WIRELESS AD HOC NETWORKS WITH ASYMMETRIC LINKS AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION STUDIES". Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2007. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3402.
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In a heterogeneous mobile ad hoc network (MANET), assorted devices with different computation and communication capabilities co-exist. In this thesis, we consider the case when the nodes of a MANET have various degrees of mobility and range, and the communication links are asymmetric. Many routing protocols for ad hoc networks routinely assume that all communication links are symmetric, if node A can hear node B and node B can also hear node A. Most current MAC layer protocols are unable to exploit the asymmetric links present in a network, thus leading to an inefficient overall bandwidth utilization, or, in the worst case, to lack of connectivity. To exploit the asymmetric links, the protocols must deal with the asymmetry of the path from a source node to a destination node which affects either the delivery of the original packets, or the paths taken by acknowledgments, or both. Furthermore, the problem of hidden nodes requires a more careful analysis in the case of asymmetric links. MAC layer and routing protocols for ad hoc networks with asymmetric links require a rigorous performance analysis. Analytical models are usually unable to provide even approximate solutions to questions such as end-to-end delay, packet loss ratio, throughput, etc. Traditional simulation techniques for large-scale wireless networks require vast amounts of storage and computing cycles rarely available on single computing systems. In our search for an effective solution to study the performance of wireless networks we investigate the time-parallel simulation. Time-parallel simulation has received significant attention in the past. The advantages, as well as, the theoretical and practical limitations of time-parallel simulation have been extensively researched for many applications when the complexity of the models involved severely limits the applicability of analytical studies and is unfeasible with traditional simulation techniques. Our goal is to study the behavior of large systems consisting of possibly thousands of nodes over extended periods of time and obtain results efficiently, and time-parallel simulation enables us to achieve this objective. We conclude that MAC layer and routing protocols capable of using asymmetric links are more complex than traditional ones, but can improve the connectivity, and provide better performance. We are confident that approximate results for various performance metrics of wireless networks obtained using time-parallel simulation are sufficiently accurate and able to provide the necessary insight into the inner workings of the protocols.Ph.D.
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Engineering and Computer Science
Computer Science PhD
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Ericsson, Joakim. "Object Migration in a Distributed, Heterogeneous SQL Database Network". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Databas och informationsteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-148181.
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There are many different database management systems (DBMSs) on the market today. They all have different strengths and weaknesses. What if all of these different DBMSs could be used together in a heterogeneous network? The purpose of this thesis is to explore ways of connecting the many different DBMSs together. This thesis will explore suitable architectures, features, and performance of such a network. This is all done in the context of Ericsson’s wireless communication network. This has not been done in this context before, and a big part of the thesis is exploring if it is even possible. The result of this thesis shows that it is not possible to find a solution that can fulfill the requirements of such a network in this context
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Erjongmanee, Supaporn. "Study of network-service disruptions using heterogeneous data and statistical learning". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/43601.
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The study of network-service disruptions caused by large-scale disturbances has mainly focused on assessing network damage; however, network-disruption responses, i.e., how the disruptions occur depending on social organizations, weather, and power resources, have been studied little. The goal of this research is to study the responses of network-service disruptions caused by large-scale disturbances with respect to (1) temporal and logical network, and (2) external factors such as weather and power resources, using real and publicly available heterogeneous data that are composed of network measurements, user inputs, organizations, geographic locations, weather, and power outage reports. Network-service disruptions at the subnet level caused by Hurricanes Katrina in 2005 and Ike in 2008 are used as the case studies. The analysis of network-disruption responses with respect to temporal and logical network shows that subnets became unreachable dependently within organization, cross organization, and cross autonomous system. Thus, temporal dependence also illustrates the characteristics of logical dependence. In addition, subnet unreachability is analyzed with respect to the external factors. It is found that subnet unreachability and the storm are weakly correlated. The weak correlation motivates us to search for root causes and discover that the majority of subnet unreachability reportedly occurred because of power outages or lack of power generators. Using the power outage data, it is found that subnet unreachability and power outages are strongly correlated.
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Ritholtz, Lee. "Intelligent text recognition system on a heterogeneous multi-core processor cluster a performance profile and architecture exploration /". Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2009.
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Thesis (M.S.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Thomas J. Watson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2009.Includes bibliographical references.
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Bachtobji, Soumaya. "Performance Analysis of Enhancement Techniques for 3-D Cellular Networks". Thesis, Le Mans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LEMA1028.
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Les réseaux 5G présentent de nombreux défis et opportunités pour la conception des réseaux sans fil denses. Par conséquent, des efforts de recherche substantiels sont consacrés aux problèmes de la modélisation 3-D dans les réseaux HetNets basés sur les mmWave et la récupération d’énergie respectivement. Ainsi, la modélisation et l’amélioration des performances des réseaux cellulaires hétérogènes 3-D pour la prochaine génération méritent une étude approfondie, qui est l’objectif principal de cette thèse. Le travail de recherche présenté dans cette thèse a deux axes principaux. Premièrement, nous nous concentrons sur la modélisation en 3D des réseaux de communication sans fil. Ces modèles décrivent non seulement le système lorsque les blocages sont négligés, mais permettent également de modéliser les obstacles (tels que les bâtiments) afin d'étudier leur effet et de proposer une solution pour les surmonter. Deuxièmement, de nouvelles techniques de transmission sont proposées pour améliorer les performances des systèmes de communication sans fil urbains. Ainsi, nous introduisons une technique basée sur la récupération d’énergie (EH) tel que l’objectif est de réduire le délai de transmission et améliorer la capacité ergodique. Sur cette base, le délai de transmission moyen et les expressions de capacité ergodique sont détaillés et dérivés. Enfin, en considérant une hypothèse de canal nakagami-m pour les communications à ondes millimétriques, nous proposons un nouveau schéma min / max pour améliorer le taux de réussite de la transmission. Ce schéma est basé sur la sélection d’un relais disponible pouvant assister à la transmissionWith the explosive growth of mobile data demand, cellular networks have experienced several major evolutions, from the first generation to the present the fifth generation new radio cellular networks. These networks can cover a larger geographical area, with high network capacity, and low power consumption. For the next generation, the cellular networks consist in deploying a big number of small cells, such as femto-cells and picocells, which offers a lager zone of radio coverage. In fact, cell densification presents a simple and efficient solution to increase the network capacity, which relies on densely reusing the spectrum across a geographical area and hence brings base stations closer to users. Thus, the 3-D modeling and the performance enhancement of the increasingly heterogeneous cellular networks become important issues. The current thesis focuses on the study and the enhancement of 3-D cellular networks. The research work introduced in this thesis has two main axes. First, we focus on three-dimensional modeling of wireless communication networks. These models, not only describe the system when the blockages effect are neglected, but also capable of modeling the obstacles (such as buildings) in order to study their effect and propose solution to overcome. Second, new transmission schemes are proposed to enhance the performances of the urban wireless communication systems
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Wang, Lei. "A Performance Evaluation of Dynamic Transport Switching for Multi-Transport Devices". Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2006. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1603.pdf.
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Hu, Jia. "Analysis and improvement of medium access control protocols in wireless networks : performance modelling and Quality-of-Service enhancement of IEEE 802.11e MAC in wireless local area networks under heterogeneous multimedia traffic". Thesis, University of Bradford, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4466.
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In order to efficiently utilize the scarce wireless resource as well as keep up with the ever-increasing demand for Quality-of-Service (QoS) of multimedia applications, wireless networks are undergoing rapid development and dramatic changes in the underlying technologies and protocols. The Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol, which coordinates the channel access and data transmission of wireless stations, plays a pivotal role in wireless networks. Performance modelling and analysis has been and continues to be of great theoretical and practical importance in the design and development of wireless networks. This research is devoted to developing efficient and cost-effective analytical tools for the performance analysis and enhancement of MAC protocols in Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) under heterogeneous multimedia traffic. To support the MAC-layer QoS in WLANs, the IEEE 802.11e Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) protocol has proposed three QoS differentiation schemes in terms of Arbitrary Inter-Frame Space (AIFS), Contention Window (CW), and Transmission Opportunity (TXOP). This research starts with the development of new analytical models for the TXOP scheme specified in the EDCA protocol under Poisson traffic. A dynamic TXOP scheme is then proposed to adjust the TXOP limits according to the status of the transmission queue. Theoretical analysis and simulation experiments show that the proposed dynamic scheme largely improves the performance of TXOP. To evaluate the TXOP scheme in the presence of ii heterogeneous traffic, a versatile analytical model is developed to capture the traffic heterogeneity and model the features of burst transmission. The performance results highlight the importance of taking into account the heterogeneous traffic for the accurate evaluation of the TXOP scheme in wireless multimedia networks. To obtain a thorough and deep understanding of the performance attributes of the EDCA protocol, a comprehensive analytical model is then proposed to accommodate the integration of the three QoS schemes of EDCA in terms of AIFS, CW, and TXOP under Poisson traffic. The performance results show that the TXOP scheme can not only support service differentiation but also improve the network performance, whereas the AIFS and CW schemes provide QoS differentiation only. Moreover, the results demonstrate that the MAC buffer size has considerable impact on the QoS performance of EDCA under Poisson traffic. To investigate the performance of EDCA in wireless multimedia networks, an analytical model is further developed for EDCA under heterogeneous traffic. The performance results demonstrate the significant effects of heterogeneous traffic on the total delay and frame losses of EDCA with different buffer sizes. Finally, an efficient admission control scheme is presented for the IEEE 802.11e WLANs based on analytical modelling and a game-theoretical approach. The admission control scheme can maintain the system operation at an optimal point where the utility of the Access Point (AP) is maximized with the QoS constraints of various users.
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Jaziri, Aymen. "Tracking traffic peaks in mobile networks and the impact of its imperfection on system performances". Thesis, Evry, Institut national des télécommunications, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TELE0020/document.
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L'un des challenges le plus important pour les opérateurs des réseaux mobiles est de dimensionner le réseau de la manière la plus efficace possible, c'est-à-dire, bien planifier les ressources pour fournir une bonne couverture et une meilleure capacité. Afin de mieux gérer le trafic généré dans le réseau, les opérateurs déploient des petites cellules pour aider les macro-cellules à délester les zones de la cellule où le trafic de données est significativement supérieur au trafic moyen dans la cellule. Cependant, le problème majeur de ces réseaux hétérogènes consiste à bien localiser ces hotspots et puis de mettre en place la meilleure solution pour les absorber. Dans cette thèse, on traite le sujet de localisation de hotspot et on étudie l'impact de son imperfection sur les performances des déploiements des réseaux hétérogènes. Dans une première étape, on propose une nouvelle méthode de localisation de hotspot. Puis, on propose d'évaluer l'impact d'une mauvaise localisation de trafic sur le déploiement des petites cellules à travers une analyse de performances au niveau statique et dynamique. Sachant qu'une grande quantité de trafic de données dans le réseau mobile est générée par des utilisateurs qui sont en mouvement, on propose d'évaluer les performances des petites cellules mobiles. Enfin, la quatrième étape consiste à améliorer encore la solution de déploiement de petites cellules en utilisant les drones. On propose un mécanisme de décongestion du réseau et on discute les avantages et les points à explorer. Une analyse de performance est aussi réalisée pour comparer cette solution avec les solutions classiques de macro cellules et de petites cellulesThe continuous increasing traffic in cellular networks has forced the mobile operators to look for efficient and viable options to manage their networks so as to ensure more efficiency over the network life cycle while also evolving with the implementation of new technologies. Traffic hotspot localization can help operators to identify the areas where deploying small cells can reduce the congestion. We firstly propose and assess a new traffic hotspot localization method based on the projection of O&M KPIs on the coverage map. Compared to probing methods, the computational costs and the equipment expenditures are reduced. Moreover, the localization accuracy is improved. Next, in order to evaluate the impact of the limited accuracy of traffic localization tools on small cell deployment, we study the performances of three different scenarios. The first one considers a network of macrocells only and represents a benchmark to decide about the usefulness of small cells. The second one is based on a network of macrocells with a perfectly deployed small cell allowing to identify the limitations of small cell deployment and the last one is with an imperfectly deployed small cell. Realizing that a significant amount of cellular demand is generated on the go and suffers deteriorating quality, we investigate the potential performance gains of using moving small cells. The major outcome is to understand if moving cells leverage the relative operators' investments. Finally, we propose a new mobile data offloading mechanism which capitalizes on drone small cells to alleviate the data traffic load. We realize a performance evaluation and comparison with classic small cell deployment
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Wang, Lan. "Performance modeling of congestion control and resource allocation under heterogeneous network traffic : modeling and analysis of active queue management mechanism in the presence of poisson and bursty traffic arrival processes". Thesis, University of Bradford, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4455.
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Along with playing an ever-increasing role in the integration of other communication networks and expanding in application diversities, the current Internet suffers from serious overuse and congestion bottlenecks. Efficient congestion control is fundamental to ensure the Internet reliability, satisfy the specified Quality-of-Service (QoS) constraints and achieve desirable performance in response to varying application scenarios. Active Queue Management (AQM) is a promising scheme to support end-to-end Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) congestion control because it enables the sender to react appropriately to the real network situation. Analytical performance models are powerful tools which can be adopted to investigate optimal setting of AQM parameters. Among the existing research efforts in this field, however, there is a current lack of analytical models that can be viewed as a cost-effective performance evaluation tool for AQM in the presence of heterogeneous traffic, generated by various network applications. This thesis aims to provide a generic and extensible analytical framework for analyzing AQM congestion control for various traffic types, such as non-bursty Poisson and bursty Markov-Modulated Poisson Process (MMPP) traffic. Specifically, the Markov analytical models are developed for AQM congestion control scheme coupled with queue thresholds and then are adopted to derive expressions for important QoS metrics. The main contributions of this thesis are listed as follows: • Study the queueing systems for modeling AQM scheme subject to single-class and multiple-classes Poisson traffic, respectively. Analyze the effects of the varying threshold, mean traffic arrival rate, service rate and buffer capacity on the key performance metrics. • Propose an analytical model for AQM scheme with single class bursty traffic and investigate how burstiness and correlations affect the performance metrics. The analytical results reveal that high burstiness and correlation can result in significant degradation of AQM performance, such as increased queueing delay and packet loss probability, and reduced throughput and utlization. • Develop an analytical model for a single server queueing system with AQM in the presence of heterogeneous traffic and evaluate the aggregate and marginal performance subject to different threshold values, burstiness degree and correlation. • Conduct stochastic analysis of a single-server system with single-queue and multiple-queues, respectively, for AQM scheme in the presence of multiple priority traffic classes scheduled by the Priority Resume (PR) policy. • Carry out the performance comparison of AQM with PR and First-In First-Out (FIFO) scheme and compare the performance of AQM with single PR priority queue and multiple priority queues, respectively.
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Rosenbaum, Tommy. "Performance prediction of a future silicon-germanium heterojunction bipolar transistor technology using a heterogeneous set of simulation tools and approaches". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0550/document.
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Les procédés bipolaires semi-conducteurs complémentaires à oxyde de métal (BiCMOS) peuvent être considérés comme étant la solution la plus généralepour les produits RF car ils combinent la fabrication sophistiquée du CMOSavec la vitesse et les capacités de conduction des transistors bipolaires silicium germanium(SiGe) à hétérojonction (HBT). Les HBTs, réciproquement, sontles principaux concurrents pour combler partiellement l'écart de térahertzqui décrit la plage dans laquelle les fréquences générées par les transistors etles lasers ne se chevauchent pas (environ 0.3 THz à 30 THz). A_n d'évaluerles capacités de ces dispositifs futurs, une méthodologie de prévision fiable estsouhaitable. L'utilisation d'un ensemble hétérogène d'outils et de méthodes desimulations permet d'atteindre successivement cet objectif et est avantageusepour la résolution des problèmes. Plusieurs domaines scientifiques sont combinés, tel que la technologie de conception assistée par ordinateur (TCAO),la modélisation compacte et l'extraction des paramètres.Afin de créer une base pour l'environnement de simulation et d'améliorerla confirmabilité pour les lecteurs, les modèles de matériaux utilisés pour lesapproches hydrodynamiques et de diffusion par conduction sont introduits dèsle début de la thèse. Les modèles physiques sont principalement fondés surdes données de la littérature basées sur simulations Monte Carlo (MC) ou dessimulations déterministes de l'équation de transport de Boltzmann (BTE).Néanmoins, le module de TCAO doit être aussi étalonné sur les données demesure pour une prévision fiable des performances des HBTs. L'approchecorrespondante d'étalonnage est basée sur les mesures d'une technologie depointe de HBT SiGe pour laquelle un ensemble de paramètres spécifiques àla technologie du modèle compact HICUM/L2 est extrait pour les versionsdu transistor à haute vitesse, moyenne et haute tension. En s'aidant de cesrésultats, les caractéristiques du transistor unidimensionnel qui sont généréesservent de référence pour le profil de dopage et l'étalonnage du modèle. Enélaborant des comparaisons entre les données de références basées sur les mesureset les simulations, la thèse fait progresser l'état actuel des prévisionsbasées sur la technologie CAO et démontre la faisabilité de l'approche.Enfin, une technologie future de 28nm performante est prédite en appliquantla méthodologie hétérogène. Sur la base des résultats de TCAO, leslimites de la technologie sont soulignéesBipolar complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (BiCMOS) processescan be considered as the most general solution for RF products, as theycombine the mature manufacturing tools of CMOS with the speed and drivecapabilities of silicon-germanium (SiGe) heterojunction bipolar transistors(HBTs). HBTs in turn are major contenders for partially filling the terahertzgap, which describes the range in which the frequencies generated bytransistors and lasers do not overlap (approximately 0.3THz to 30 THz). Toevaluate the capabilities of such future devices, a reliable prediction methodologyis desirable. Using a heterogeneous set of simulation tools and approachesallows to achieve this goal successively and is beneficial for troubleshooting.Various scientific fields are combined, such as technology computer-aided design(TCAD), compact modeling and parameter extraction.To create a foundation for the simulation environment and to ensure reproducibility,the used material models of the hydrodynamic and drift-diffusionapproaches are introduced in the beginning of this thesis. The physical modelsare mainly based on literature data of Monte Carlo (MC) or deterministicsimulations of the Boltzmann transport equation (BTE). However, the TCADdeck must be calibrated on measurement data too for a reliable performanceprediction of HBTs. The corresponding calibration approach is based onmeasurements of an advanced SiGe HBT technology for which a technology specific parameter set of the HICUM/L2 compact model is extracted for thehigh-speed, medium-voltage and high-voltage transistor versions. With thehelp of the results, one-dimensional transistor characteristics are generatedthat serve as reference for the doping profile and model calibration. By performingelaborate comparisons between measurement-based reference dataand simulations, the thesis advances the state-of-the-art of TCAD-based predictionsand proofs the feasibility of the approach.Finally, the performance of a future technology in 28nm is predicted byapplying the heterogeneous methodology. On the basis of the TCAD results,bottlenecks of the technology are identified
Bipolare komplementäre Metall-Oxid-Halbleiter (BiCMOS) Prozesse bietenhervorragende Rahmenbedingungen um Hochfrequenzanwendungen zurealisieren, da sie die fortschrittliche Fertigungstechnik von CMOS mit derGeschwindigkeit und Treiberleistung von Silizium-Germanium (SiGe) Heterostruktur-Bipolartransistoren (HBTs) verknüpfen. Zudem sind HBTs bedeutendeWettbewerber für die teilweise Überbrückung der Terahertz-Lücke, derFrequenzbereich zwischen Transistoren (< 0.3 THz) und Lasern (> 30 THz).Um die Leistungsfähigkeit solcher zukünftigen Bauelemente zu bewerten, isteine zuverlässige Methodologie zur Vorhersage notwendig. Die Verwendungeiner heterogenen Zusammenstellung von Simulationstools und Lösungsansätzenerlaubt es dieses Ziel schrittweise zu erreichen und erleichtert die Fehler-_ndung. Verschiedene wissenschaftliche Bereiche werden kombiniert, wie zumBeispiel der rechnergestützte Entwurf für Technologie (TCAD), die Kompaktmodellierungund Parameterextraktion.Die verwendeten Modelle des hydrodynamischen Simulationsansatzes werdenzu Beginn der Arbeit vorgestellt, um die Simulationseinstellung zu erläuternund somit die Nachvollziehbarkeit für den Leser zu verbessern. Die physikalischenModelle basieren hauptsächlich auf Literaturdaten von Monte Carlo(MC) oder deterministischen Simulationen der Boltzmann-Transportgleichung(BTE). Für eine zuverlässige Vorhersage der Eigenschaften von HBTs muss dieTCAD Kon_guration jedoch zusätzlich auf der Grundlage von Messdaten kalibriertwerden. Der zugehörige Ansatz zur Kalibrierung beruht auf Messungeneiner fortschrittlichen SiGe HBT Technologie, für welche ein technologiespezifischer HICUM/L2 Parametersatz für die high-speed, medium-voltage undhigh-voltage Transistoren extrahiert wird. Mit diesen Ergebnissen werden eindimensionaleTransistorcharakteristiken generiert, die als Referenzdaten fürdie Kalibrierung von Dotierungspro_len und physikalischer Modelle genutztwerden. Der ausführliche Vergleich dieser Referenz- und Messdaten mit Simulationengeht über den Stand der Technik TCAD-basierender Vorhersagenhinaus und weist die Machbarkeit des heterogenen Ansatzes nach.Schlieÿlich wird die Leistungsfähigkeit einer zukünftigen Technologie in28nm unter Anwendung der heterogenen Methodik vorhergesagt. Anhand derTCAD Ergebnisse wird auf Engpässe der Technologie hingewiesen
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PETRINI, ALESSANDRO. "HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING MACHINE LEARNING METHODS FOR PRECISION MEDICINE". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/817104.
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La Medicina di Precisione (Precision Medicine) è un nuovo paradigma che sta rivoluzionando diversi aspetti delle pratiche cliniche: nella prevenzione e diagnosi, essa è caratterizzata da un approccio diverso dal "one size fits all" proprio della medicina classica. Lo scopo delle Medicina di Precisione è di trovare misure di prevenzione, diagnosi e cura che siano specifiche per ciascun individuo, a partire dalla sua storia personale, stile di vita e fattori genetici.
Tre fattori hanno contribuito al rapido sviluppo della Medicina di Precisione: la possibilità di generare rapidamente ed economicamente una vasta quantità di dati omici, in particolare grazie alle nuove tecniche di sequenziamento (Next-Generation Sequencing); la possibilità di diffondere questa enorme quantità di dati grazie al paradigma "Big Data"; la possibilità di estrarre da questi dati tutta una serie di informazioni rilevanti grazie a tecniche di elaborazione innovative ed altamente sofisticate.
In particolare, le tecniche di Machine Learning introdotte negli ultimi anni hanno rivoluzionato il modo di analizzare i dati: esse forniscono dei potenti strumenti per l'inferenza statistica e l'estrazione di informazioni rilevanti dai dati in maniera semi-automatica. Al contempo, però, molto spesso richiedono elevate risorse computazionali per poter funzionare efficacemente. Per questo motivo, e per l'elevata mole di dati da elaborare, è necessario sviluppare delle tecniche di Machine Learning orientate al Big Data che utilizzano espressamente tecniche di High Performance Computing, questo per poter sfruttare al meglio le risorse di calcolo disponibili e su diverse scale, dalle singole workstation fino ai super-computer.
In questa tesi vengono presentate tre tecniche di Machine Learning sviluppate nel contesto del High Performance Computing e create per affrontare tre questioni fondamentali e ancora irrisolte nel campo della Medicina di Precisione, in particolare la Medicina Genomica: i) l'identificazione di varianti deleterie o patogeniche tra quelle neutrali nelle aree non codificanti del DNA; ii) l'individuazione della attività delle regioni regolatorie in diverse linee cellulari e tessuti; iii) la predizione automatica della funzione delle proteine nel contesto di reti biomolecolari.
Per il primo problema è stato sviluppato parSMURF, un innovativo metodo basato su hyper-ensemble in grado di gestire l'elevato grado di sbilanciamento che caratterizza l'identificazione di varianti patogeniche e deleterie in mezzo al "mare" di varianti neutrali nelle aree non-coding del DNA. L'algoritmo è stato implementato per sfruttare appositamente le risorse di supercalcolo del CINECA (Marconi - KNL) e HPC Center Stuttgart (HLRS Apollo HAWK), ottenendo risultati allo stato dell'arte, sia per capacità predittiva, sia per scalabilità.
Il secondo problema è stato affrontato tramite lo sviluppo di reti neurali "deep", in particolare Deep Feed Forward e Deep Convolutional Neural Networks per analizzare - rispettivamente - dati di natura epigenetica e sequenze di DNA, con lo scopo di individuare promoter ed enhancer attivi in linee cellulari e tessuti specifici. L'analisi è compiuta "genome-wide" e sono state usate tecniche di parallelizzazione su GPU.
Infine, per il terzo problema è stato sviluppato un algoritmo di Machine Learning semi-supervisionato su grafo basato su reti di Hopfield per elaborare efficacemente grandi network biologici, utilizzando ancora tecniche di parallelizzazione su GPU; in particolare, una parte rilevante dell'algoritmo è data dall'introduzione di una tecnica parallela di colorazione del grafo che migliora il classico approccio greedy introdotto da Luby.
Tra i futuri lavori e le attività in corso, viene presentato il progetto inerente all'estensione di parSMURF che è stato recentemente premiato dal consorzio Partnership for Advance in Computing in Europe (PRACE) allo scopo di sviluppare ulteriormente l'algoritmo e la sua implementazione, applicarlo a dataset di diversi ordini di grandezza più grandi e inserire i risultati in Genomiser, lo strumento attualmente allo stato dell'arte per l'individuazione di varianti genetiche Mendeliane. Questo progetto è inserito nel contesto di una collaborazione internazionale con i Jackson Lab for Genomic Medicine.Precision Medicine is a new paradigm which is reshaping several aspects of clinical practice, representing a major departure from the "one size fits all" approach in diagnosis and prevention featured in classical medicine. Its main goal is to find personalized prevention measures and treatments, on the basis of the personal history, lifestyle and specific genetic factors of each individual. Three factors contributed to the rapid rise of Precision Medicine approaches: the ability to quickly and cheaply generate a vast amount of biological and omics data, mainly thanks to Next-Generation Sequencing; the ability to efficiently access this vast amount of data, under the Big Data paradigm; the ability to automatically extract relevant information from data, thanks to innovative and highly sophisticated data processing analytical techniques. Machine Learning in recent years revolutionized data analysis and predictive inference, influencing almost every field of research. Moreover, high-throughput bio-technologies posed additional challenges to effectively manage and process Big Data in Medicine, requiring novel specialized Machine Learning methods and High Performance Computing techniques well-tailored to process and extract knowledge from big bio-medical data. In this thesis we present three High Performance Computing Machine Learning techniques that have been designed and developed for tackling three fundamental and still open questions in the context of Precision and Genomic Medicine: i) identification of pathogenic and deleterious genomic variants among the "sea" of neutral variants in the non-coding regions of the DNA; ii) detection of the activity of regulatory regions across different cell lines and tissues; iii) automatic protein function prediction and drug repurposing in the context of biomolecular networks. For the first problem we developed parSMURF, a novel hyper-ensemble method able to deal with the huge data imbalance that characterizes the detection of pathogenic variants in the non-coding regulatory regions of the human genome. We implemented this approach with highly parallel computational techniques using supercomputing resources at CINECA (Marconi – KNL) and HPC Center Stuttgart (HLRS Apollo HAWK), obtaining state-of-the-art results. For the second problem we developed Deep Feed Forward and Deep Convolutional Neural Networks to respectively process epigenetic and DNA sequence data to detect active promoters and enhancers in specific tissues at genome-wide level using GPU devices to parallelize the computation. Finally we developed scalable semi-supervised graph-based Machine Learning algorithms based on parametrized Hopfield Networks to process in parallel using GPU devices large biological graphs, using a parallel coloring method that improves the classical Luby greedy algorithm. We also present ongoing extensions of parSMURF, very recently awarded by the Partnership for Advance in Computing in Europe (PRACE) consortium to further develop the algorithm, apply them to huge genomic data and embed its results into Genomiser, a state-of-the-art computational tool for the detection of pathogenic variants associated with Mendelian genetic diseases, in the context of an international collaboration with the Jackson Lab for Genomic Medicine.
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Gambetti, Claudio <1978>. "Wireless heterogeneous networks". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2007. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/394/1/Tesi_Gambetti_finale.pdf.
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Gambetti, Claudio <1978>. "Wireless heterogeneous networks". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2007. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/394/.
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Mugume, Edwin. "Green heterogeneous cellular networks". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/green-heterogeneous-cellular-networks(e7976a91-c891-4174-abaf-18820ff1736d).html.
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Data traffic demand has been increasing exponentially and this trend will continue over theforeseeable future. This has forced operators to upgrade and densify their mobile networks toenhance their capacity. Future networks will be characterized by a dense deployment of different kinds of base stations (BSs) in a hierarchical cellular structure. However network densification requires extensive capital and operational investment which limits operator revenues and raises ecological concerns over greenhouse gas emissions. Although networks are planned to support peak traffic, traffic demand is actually highly variable in both space and time which makes it necessary to adapt network energy consumption to inevitable variations in traffic demand. In this thesis, stochastic geometry tools are used to perform simple and tractable analysis of thecoverage, rate and energy performance of homogeneous networks and heterogeneous networks(HetNets). BSs in each tier are located according to independent Poisson Point Processes(PPPs) to generate irregular topologies that fairly resemble practical deployment topologies. The homogeneous network is optimized to determine the optimal BS density and transmit power configuration that minimizes its area power consumption (APC) subject to both coverage and average rate constraints. Results show that optimal transmit power only depends on the BSpower consumption parameters and can be predetermined. Furthermore, various sleep modemechanisms are applied to the homogeneous network to adapt its APC to changes in userdensity. A centralized strategic scheme which prioritize BSs with the least number of usersenhances energy efficiency (EE) of the network. Due to the complexity of such a centralizedscheme, a distributed scheme which implements the strategic algorithm within clusters of BSsis proposed and its performance closely matches that of its centralized counterpart. It is more challenging to model the optimal deployment configuration per tier in a multi-tier HetNet. Appropriate assumptions are used to determine tight approximations of these deployment configurations that minimize the APC of biased and unbiased HetNets subject tocoverage and rate constraints. The optimization is performed for three different user associationschemes. Similar to the homogeneous network, optimal transmit power per tier also depends onBS power consumption parameters only and can also be predetermined. Analysis of the effect of biasing on HetNet performance shows appropriate biasing can further reduce the deploymentconfiguration (and consequently the APC) compared to an unbiased HetNet. In addition, biasing can be used to offload traffic from congesting and high-power macro BSs to low-power small BSs. If idle BSs are put into sleep mode, more energy is saved and HetNet EE improves. Moreover, appropriate biasing also enhances the EE of the HetNet.
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Recayte, Estefania <1988>. "Caching in Heterogeneous Networks". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/8974/1/0_Thesis.pdf.
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A promising solution in order to cope with the massive request of wireless data traffic consists of having replicas of the potential requested content memorized across the network.
In cache-enabled heterogeneous networks, content is pre-fetched close to the users during network off-peak periods in order to directly serve the users when the network is congested. Caching content at the edge of heterogeneous networks not only leads to significantly reduce the traffic congestion in the backhaul link but also leads to achieve higher levels of energy efficiency. However, the good performance of a system foresees a deep analysis of the possible caching techniques. Due to the physical limitation of the caches' size and the
excessive amount of content, the design of caching policies which define how the content has to be cached and select the likely data to store is crucial.
Within this thesis, caching techniques for storing and delivering the content in heterogeneous networks are investigated from two different aspects. The first part of the thesis is focused on the reduction of the power consumption when the cached content is delivered over an Gaussian interference channel and per-file rate constraints are imposed. Cooperative approaches between the transmitters in order to mitigate the interference experienced by the users are analyzed. Based on such approaches, the caching optimization problem for obtaining the best cache allocation solution (in the sense of minimizing the average power consumption) is proposed. The second part of the thesis is focused on caching techniques at packet level with the aim of reducing the transmissions from the core of an heterogeneous network. The design of caching schemes based on rate-less codes for storing and delivering the cached content are proposed. For each design, the placement optimization problem which minimizes the transmission over the backhaul link is formulated.
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Pimentel, Niño Maria Alejandra. "Video adaptation over heterogeneous networks". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/283931.
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Los servicios de video hoy en día hacen parte de nuestras interacciones cotidianas y aportan la mayor parte del tráfico en la red. Su uso más amplio incluye escenarios fuera de lo común como lo son la ayuda en emergencias o en telemedicina. Por otra parte, las demandas de los usuarios de tales servicios, en términos de experiencia usuario, sigue en aumento, llevando a requerimientos más especializados de Calidad de Experiencia ( QoE en ínglés). Garantizar cierto nivel de satisfacción de usuario en escenarios exigentes donde las redes a disposición son heterogéneas continua siendo in problema abierto.
Los objetivos principales de esta tesis han sido: 1) proponer un marco de trabajo para networking heterogéneo que permita la transmisión de video de manera impecable a través de redes heterogéneas, 2) proponer un marco centrado en el usuario, para transmitir video que sea coherente con el networking heterogéneo, y 3) diseñar un modelo y solución completos para ofrecer video adaptativo tal que se cumplan los requerimientos de satisfacción de usuario.
A continuación se presentan las contribuciones de esta tesis que cumplen los tres objetivos trazados.
Primero, proponemos modelar las redes heterogéneas desde un ángulo holístico. La metodología de este diseño holístico de sistema está basado en dos conceptos novedosos. En primer lugar, proveer un marco a través del cual las instancias de red pueden ser modeladas para garantizar generalidad y robustez. En segundo lugar, caracterizar de manera única las instancias de red a través de su min-cut. La ventaja de este marco es que puede verse como un modelo de sistema subyacente que garantiza una impecable transmisión de contenido sin importar la instancia de red. Esto es posible formulando una optimización cross-layer para transmisión de contenido, coherente con la filosofía de networking centrada en la información (information-centric networking).
Segundo, proponemos un marco para video adaptativo impulsado por el QoE, basado en una formulación de optimización cross-layer. El algoritmo resultante permite la adaptación de video y se basa en los retardos de redes variantes en el tiempo, por lo tanto tiene en cuenta las restricciones de redes con retardos largos y las dificultades de establecer un camino de retorno que permita la adaptabilidad a los cambios en la red. Esta solución se ha evaluado sistemáticamente, tanto en entornos emulados como en una solución complemente implementada experimentalmente.
Tercero, proponemos la contribución principal de esta tesis: un modelo completo centrado en el usuario, que ofrece servicios de video en redes heterogéneas. El problema de borrado de paquetes y de congestión en las redes sin garantías (best-effort) es desacoplado para así hacerlos coincidir con los efectos respectivos que degradan el video. Esto permite la formulación de dos problemas de optimización, en tiempo (fotogramas congelados) y espacio (artefactos en la imagen). La solución completa además una novedosa dimensión semántica coherente con information-centric networking, que propone reflejar las necesidades perceptuales del usuario final. Probamos las ventajas de nuestro diseño para escenarios donde el video es necesario para adquirir conciencia de situaciones (situation awareness), donde se usan comúnmente redes heterogéneas y mostramos ganancias considerables en términos de reducción de los efectos de la congestión y el borrado de paquetes, mientras que mejoramos el QoE y cumplimos las demandas perceptuales de los usuarios.Video services have become part of everyday interactions and contribute to a major portion of network traffic. Their broader usage includes out-of-the-ordinary scenarios as aid in emergencies, or telemedicine. Moreover, user demands of such services in terms of overall user experience continue to increase, leading to more specialized Quality of Experience (QoE) requirements. Guaranteeing a level of satisfaction to the user in challenging scenarios where the alternative networks are heterogeneous in nature continues to be an open issue. The main objectives of this thesis have been to: 1) propose a framework for heterogeneous networking that allows for a seamless delivery of video content along diverse heterogeneous networks, 2) propose a user-centric framework for video transmission in line with heterogeneous networking, and 3) design a complete model and solution to provide video adaptation in heterogeneous networks such that it meets the requirements for user satisfaction. The contributions of this thesis, such that the three objectives are met are as follows. First, we propose to model heterogeneous networks with a holistic approach. The methodology of this holistic system design is based on two novel concepts. On one hand, to provide a framework by which heterogeneous network instances can be modeled to guarantee generality and robustness. On the other hand, to uniquely characterize the network instances via their min-cut. The strength of this framework is its usage as an underlying system model that can guarantee seamless content delivery regardless of the network instance. The latter is possible by formulating a general cross-layer optimization for content delivery, coherent to information-centric networking philosophy. Second, we propose a QoE-driven adaptive video framework, based on a cross-layer optimization formulation. The derived adaptive video algorithm for time-variant networks is delay-driven, hence contemplates the constraints of long-delayed networks and the challenges of establishing a feedback loop to enable the network adaptability. The framework is evaluated systematically, in both an emulation and a fully implemented experimental environment. Third, we propose the main contribution of this thesis: a complete model to provide user-centric video services in heterogeneous networks. The problem of combined erasures and congestion in best effort network is decoupled to match the specific degrading effects on the video. This allows for two separate QoE driven optimization approaches in time (freezes) and space (artifacts) domain. The complete solution offers a feasible dynamic streaming adaptation that suits constraint heterogeneous networks such as satellite. The performance is evaluated through a novel QoE three-dimensional analysis. The overall solution contemplates a novel semantical dimension, in line with information-centric networking, with an unexplored take on semantics that intends to reflect on the perceptual needs of the end user. We prove the strength of our design for the situation awareness scenario, where heterogeneous networks are often used, and show substantial gain in terms of mitigation of the effects of congestion and erasures while improving QoE and achieving the expected user's perceptual demands.
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Joyce, Robert Michael. "Self-organising heterogeneous cellular networks". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/6521/.
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The mobile communications market has experienced massive growth over the past 10 years, fuelled by the continuing take up of mobile services in the developing world and the exponential mobile data growth seen in the developed world. Current forecasts predict that today’s global mobile data traffic is set to rise by over 1000% by the year 2017 and in order to cope with this demand current 2nd and 3rd generation mobile networks are now evolving toward self-organising 4th generation heterogeneous networks in most markets. To address these capacity challenges this thesis firstly explores novel means to maximise the capacity of the existing macrocell network, therefore delaying the deployment of small cells and their associated costs. To do this it considers both higher order sectorisation and self-organising dynamic antenna tilt at the macrocell and shows through both detailed simulation and field trials that both techniques provide a reasonable capacity gain and therefore delay the need for the deployment of small cells. However, given current traffic forecasts, it is accepted that small cells will be required in the future and this thesis also considers the use of Self-Organising Network techniques to ensure that these small cells are located as close as possible to traffic hotspots to maximise their traffic and cost effectiveness. The thesis then goes on to show the effectiveness of low powered small cells to offload traffic from a co-channel macrocell layer and finally proposes a number of Self-Organising Network methods to maximise traffic offload from the macrocell layer onto a deployed small cell layer.
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Dandachi, Ghina. "Multihoming in heterogeneous wireless networks". Thesis, Evry, Institut national des télécommunications, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TELE0014/document.
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Les réseaux mobiles de la cinquième génération (5G) sont conçus pour introduire de nouveaux services nécessitant des débits de données extrêmement hauts et une faible latence. 5G sera un changement de paradigme qui comprend des réseaux hétérogènes densifiés, des réseaux d'accès radio virtualisés, des fréquences porteuses à ondes millimétrées et des densités de périphériques très élevées. Cependant, contrairement aux générations précédentes, 5G sera un réseau holistique, intégrant n'importe quelle nouvelle technologie radio avec les technologies LTE et WiFi existant. Dans ce contexte, on se concentre sur de nouvelles stratégies d'allocation de ressources capables de bénéficier du multihoming dans le cas d'accès double au réseau. On modélise ces algorithmes au niveau du flux et analyse leurs performances en termes de débit, de stabilité du système et d'équité entre différentes catégories d'utilisateurs. On se concentre tout d'abord sur le multihoming dans les réseaux hétérogènes LTE/WiFi. On considère les allocations centrées sur le réseau où un planificateur central effectue des allocations d'équité proportionnelle (PF) locale et globale pour différentes classes d'utilisateurs, utilisateurs individuels (single-homed) et multi-domiciliés (multihomed). Par rapport à un modèle de référence sans multihoming, on montre que les deux stratégies améliorent la performance et la stabilité du système, au détriment d'une plus grande complexité pour la stratégie PF globale. On étudie également les stratégies d'allocation centrées sur l'utilisateur, dans lesquelles les utilisateurs multihomed décident la partition de la demande d'un fichier en utilisant soit la maximisation du débit crête, soit la stratégie assistée par réseau. On montre que cette dernière stratégie maximise le débit moyen dans l'ensemble du réseau. On montre également que les stratégies centrées sur le réseau permettent d'obtenir des débits de données plus élevés que ceux centrés sur l'utilisateur. Ensuite, on se concentre sur les réseaux d'accès radio virtuels (V-RAN) et en particulier sur l'allocation de multi-ressources. On étudie la faisabilité de la virtualisation sans diminuer ni la performance des utilisateurs, ni la stabilité du système. On considère un réseau hétérogène 5G composé de cellules LTE et mm-wave afin d'étudier comment les réseaux hauts fréquence peuvent augmenter la capacité du système. On montre que la virtualisation du réseau est réalisable sans perte de performance lors de l'utilisation de la stratégie « dominant resource fairness » (DRF). On propose une stratégie d'allocation en deux phases (TPA) qui montre un indice d'équité plus élevé que DRF et une stabilité du système plus élevée que PF. On montre également des gains importants apportés par l'adoption des fréquences mm-wave au lieu de WiFi. Finalement, on considère l'efficacité énergétique et compare les stratégies DRF et TPA avec une stratégie éconergétique basée sur l'algorithme de Dinklebach. Les résultats montrent que la stratégie éconergétique dépasse légèrement DRF et TPA à charge faible ou moyenne en termes de débit moyen plus élevé avec une consommation d'énergie comparable, alors qu'elle les surpasse à une charge élevée en termes de consommation d'énergie moins élevée. Dans ce cas de charge élevée, DRF surpasse TPA et la stratégie éconergétique en termes de débit moyen. En ce qui concerne l'indice d'équité de Jain, TPA réalise l'indice d'équité le plus élevé parmi d'autres stratégiesFifth generation mobile networks (5G) are being designed to introduce new services that require extreme broadband data rates and utlra-reliable latency. 5G will be a paradigm shift that includes heterogeneous networks with densification, virtualized radio access networks, mm-wave carrier frequencies, and very high device densities. However, unlike the previous generations, it will be a holistic network, tying any new 5G air interface and spectrum with the currently existing LTE and WiFi. In this context, we focus on new resource allocation strategies that are able to take advantage of multihoming in dual access settings. We model such algorithms at the flow level and analyze their performance in terms of flow throughput, system stability and fairness between different classes of users. We first focus on multihoming in LTE/WiFi heterogeneous networks. We consider network centric allocations where a central scheduler performs local and global proportional fairness (PF) allocations for different classes of users, single-homed and multihomed users. By comparison with a reference model without multihoming, we show that both strategies improve system performance and stability, at the expense of more complexity for the global PF. We also investigate user centric allocation strategies where multihomed users decide the split of a file using either peak rate maximization or network assisted strategy. We show that the latter strategy maximizes the average throughput in the whole network. We also show that network centric strategies achieve higher data rates than the user centric ones. Then, we focus on Virtual Radio Access Networks (V-RAN) and particularly on multi-resource allocation therein. We investigate the feasibility of virtualization without decreasing neither users performance, nor system's stability. We consider a 5G heterogeneous network composed of LTE and mm-wave cells in order to study how high frequency networks can increase system's capacity. We show that network virtualization is feasible without performance loss when using the dominant resource fairness strategy (DRF). We propose a two-phase allocation (TPA) strategy which achieves a higher fairness index than DRF and a higher system stability than PF. We also show significant gains brought by mm-wave instead of WiFi. Eventually, we consider energy efficiency and compare DRF and TPA strategies with a Dinklebach based energy efficient strategy. Our results show that the energy efficient strategy slightly outperforms DRF and TPA at low to medium load in terms of higher average throughput with comparable power consumption, while it outperforms them at high load in terms of power consumption. In this case of high load, DRF outperforms TPA and the energy efficient strategy in terms of average throughput. As for Jain's fairness index, TPA achieves the highest one
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Belanche, Muñoz Lluís A. (Lluís Antoni). "Heterogeneous neural networks: theory and applications". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6660.
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Aquest treball presenta una classe de funcions que serveixen de models neuronals generalitzats per ser usats en xarxes neuronals artificials. Es defineixen com una mesura de similitud que actúa com una definició flexible de neurona vista com un reconeixedor de patrons. La similitud proporciona una marc conceptual i serveix de cobertura unificadora de molts models neuronals de la literatura i d'exploració de noves instàncies de models de neurona.
La visió basada en similitud porta amb naturalitat a integrar informació heterogènia, com ara quantitats contínues i discretes (nominals i ordinals), i difuses ó imprecises. Els valors perduts es tracten de manera explícita.
Una neurona d'aquesta classe s'anomena neurona heterogènia i qualsevol arquitectura neuronal que en faci ús serà una Xarxa Neuronal Heterogènia.
En aquest treball ens concentrem en xarxes neuronals endavant, com focus inicial d'estudi. Els algorismes d'aprenentatge són basats en algorisms evolutius, especialment extesos per treballar amb informació heterogènia.
En aquesta tesi es descriu com una certa classe de neurones heterogènies porten a xarxes neuronals que mostren un rendiment molt satisfactori, comparable o superior al de xarxes neuronals tradicionals (com el perceptró multicapa ó la xarxa de base radial), molt especialment en presència d'informació heterogènia, usual en les bases de dades actuals.
This work presents a class of functions serving as generalized neuron models to be used in artificial neural networks. They are cast into the common framework of computing a similarity function, a flexible definition of a neuron as a pattern recognizer. The similarity endows the model with a clear conceptual view and serves as a unification cover for many of the existing neural models, including those classically used for the MultiLayer Perceptron (MLP) and most of those used in Radial Basis Function Networks (RBF). These families of models are conceptually unified and their relation is clarified.
The possibilities of deriving new instances are explored and several neuron models --representative of their families-- are proposed.
The similarity view naturally leads to further extensions of the models to handle heterogeneous information, that is to say, information coming from sources radically different in character, including continuous and discrete (ordinal) numerical quantities, nominal (categorical) quantities, and fuzzy quantities. Missing data are also explicitly considered. A neuron of this class is called an heterogeneous neuron and any neural structure making use of them is an Heterogeneous Neural Network (HNN), regardless of the specific architecture or learning algorithm. Among them, in this work we concentrate on feed-forward networks, as the initial focus of study. The learning procedures may include a great variety of techniques, basically divided in derivative-based methods (such as the conjugate gradient)and evolutionary ones (such as variants of genetic algorithms).
In this Thesis we also explore a number of directions towards the construction of better neuron models --within an integrant envelope-- more adapted to the problems they are meant to solve.
It is described how a certain generic class of heterogeneous models leads to a satisfactory performance, comparable, and often better, to that of classical neural models, especially in the presence of heterogeneous information, imprecise or incomplete data, in a wide range of domains, most of them corresponding to real-world problems.
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Qachri, Naïm. "Heterogeneous Networks: from integration to mobility". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/216693.
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Français:La notion de réseaux hétérogènes correspond à l’intégration de plusieurs technologies de transmission de données sans-fil dans le but d’accroitre la qualité de service des communications dans les réseaux mobiles.Historiquement, les mécanismes de sécurité des réseaux mobiles et sans-fil ont été largement focalisés sur la protection d’équipement utilisateur au niveau du dernier saut de communication et sur base d’une connectivité simple et unique. Cette connectivité, réduite à sa plus simple expression, a restraint le développement des protocoles de sécurité à des protocoles bi-parties, qui couvrent l’authentification des équipements utilisateurs et le chiffrement sur des communicationsLes mécanismes de sécurité et de cryptographie ne sont donc pas suffisants pour protéger correctement et efficacement des connections parallèles ou leur mobilité au sein de réseaux hétérogènes. Le but de cette thèse de doctorat, à travers quatre contributions personnelles, est d’apporter de nouveaux mécanismes et protocoles de sécurité afin de protéger au mieux les réseaux hétérogènes:• La première contribution se focalise sur le développement d’une nouvelle primitive cryptographique pour la protection des transmissions sans-fil. La propriété principale de celle-ci est de protéger les trames en cas de capture. Cette primitive introduit, notamment, la notion de force brute probabiliste (ce qui veut dire qu’un attaquant ne peut pas choisir parmi différentes clés équiprobables laquelle est effectivement utilisée).• La seconde contribution propose un nouveau protocole pour gérer d’une manière sure et efficace la mobilité des équipements utilisateurs entre différentes technologies au sein de réseaux hétérogènes.• La troisième contribution couvre la gestion des clés maîtres des utilisateurs, embarqués au sein des cartes SIM, utilisées au sein des réseaux d’opérateurs mobiles. Nos protocoles et mécanismes automa- tisent des changements réguliers et sûrs de la clé maître, et ajoutent de la diversité dans la gestion des clés de sessions pour minimiser l’impact en cas de révélation de ces dernières (par le biais d’un vol de base de donnée, par exemple)• La quatrième contribution introduit un nouveau paradigme de connectivité pour les réseaux mo- biles basé sur des communications 1−à−n. Le paradigme redéfinit les frontières de sécurité et place l’équipement utilisateur au centre d’un groupe authentifié mobile. Par conséquent, le changement de paradigme mène à la création de nouveaux protocoles pour l’authentification, la gestion de la mo- bilité et la négociation protégées de clés afin de fournir une protection de bout en bout entre deux équipements utilisateurs ou plus.English:Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) is the integration of multiple wireless technologies to increase the quality of service of the communications in mobile networks. This evolution is the next generation of Public Land Mobile Networks (PLMNs).Mobile and wireless network security mechanisms have largely focused on the protection of the User Equipment (UE) within the last mile (the last hop of the communication in the chain of connected devices) and on single connections. The single connectivity has reduced the development of the security to two party protocols, and they cover the authentication of the UE to the mobile network and the encryption on a single channel based on homogeneous communications through a unique technology.The current security and cryptographic mechanisms are not sufficient to protect correctly, and efficiently, parallel connections or their mobility in HetNets. The purpose of the PhD Thesis is to bring new security protocols and mechanisms to protect HetNets.The contributions, that are brought by the thesis, follow the evolution of HetNets through 4 contributions by starting from the wireless transmissions to the largest frame of HetNets architecture:• The first contribution focuses on the development of an new cryptographic primitives for wireless transmissions. The main property is to protect the frame from eavesdropping. The primitive introduces the notion of probabilistic brute force (meaning that an attacker cannot decide among different keys which the used one).• The second contribution proposes a new protocol to manage efficiently and securely the mobility of the UEs between different technologies inside HetNets.• The third contribution covers the management of the master secrets, embedded within the Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM), in large PLMNs. Our mechanisms and protocols automate regular and secure changes of the master secret, and they add diversity in the management of session keys to minimize the impact of key leakages (in case of credential database theft, for instance).• The fourth contribution introduces a new connectivity paradigm for mobile networks based on one-to- many communications. The paradigm redesigns the security borders and puts the UE in the center of a mobile authenticated group. Therefore, the paradigm shift leads to new security protocols for authentication, mobility management, and secure negotiation to provide end-to-end encryption between two or more UEs.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Jonsson, Andreas. "Studies on heterogeneous packet switched networks /". Luleå, 2005. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1757/2005/056.
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