Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Perceptual activity theory”
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Shapcott, Katharine A., Joscha T. Schmiedt, Kleopatra Kouroupaki, Ricardo Kienitz, Andreea Lazar, Wolf Singer i Michael C. Schmid. "Reward-Related Suppression of Neural Activity in Macaque Visual Area V4". Cerebral Cortex 30, nr 9 (30.04.2020): 4871–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhaa079.
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Abstract In order for organisms to survive, they need to detect rewarding stimuli, for example, food or a mate, in a complex environment with many competing stimuli. These rewarding stimuli should be detected even if they are nonsalient or irrelevant to the current goal. The value-driven theory of attentional selection proposes that this detection takes place through reward-associated stimuli automatically engaging attentional mechanisms. But how this is achieved in the brain is not very well understood. Here, we investigate the effect of differential reward on the multiunit activity in visual area V4 of monkeys performing a perceptual judgment task. Surprisingly, instead of finding reward-related increases in neural responses to the perceptual target, we observed a large suppression at the onset of the reward indicating cues. Therefore, while previous research showed that reward increases neural activity, here we report a decrease. More suppression was caused by cues associated with higher reward than with lower reward, although neither cue was informative about the perceptually correct choice. This finding of reward-associated neural suppression further highlights normalization as a general cortical mechanism and is consistent with predictions of the value-driven attention theory.
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D'Ambrosio, Justin. "A New Perceptual Adverbialism". Journal of Philosophy 116, nr 8 (2019): 413–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jphil2019116826.
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In this paper, I develop and defend a new adverbial theory of perception. I first present a semantics for direct-object perceptual reports that treats their object-positions as supplying adverbial modifiers, and I show how this semantics definitively solves the many-property problem for adverbialism. My solution is distinctive in that it articulates adverbialism from within a well-established formal semantic framework and ties adverbialism to a plausible semantics for perceptual reports in English. I then go on to present adverbialism as a theory of the metaphysics of perception. The metaphysics I develop treats adverbial perception as a directed activity: it is an activity with success conditions. When perception is successful, the agent bears a relation to a concrete particular, but perception need not be successful; this allows perception to be fundamentally non-relational. The result is a novel formulation of adverbialism that eliminates the need for representational contents, but also treats successful and unsuccessful perceptual events as having a fundamental common factor.
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Toomela, Aaro. "A perceptual theory of knowledge: Specifying some details". Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, nr 4 (sierpień 1999): 633–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99492143.
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We attempt to resolve some details of Barsalou's theory. (1) The mechanism that guides selection of perceptual information may be the efferent control of activity. (2) Information about a world that is not accessible to the senses can be constructed in the process of semiotic mediation. (3) Introspection may not be a kind of perception; rather, semiotically mediated information processing might be necessary for the emergence of introspection.
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Ponomarev, A. I. "Tye’s Theory of the Unconceptual Content of the Perceptual Mental States". Discourse 5, nr 4 (29.10.2019): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/2412-8562-2019-5-4-18-25.
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Introduction. In modern philosophy of perception, the issue of the content of perceptual mental states is actively discussed, in particular the possibility of nonconceptual content is one of the most significant problem. Usually conceptual activity is attributed to thinking, and perception is intended to be non-conceptual. Such an approach may deprive perception of opportunity to serve as a basis for judgment. The paper analyzes Tye’s theory of non-conceptual content of perceptual mental states, which does not deprive the perception of its epistemological function.Methodology and sources. Methodologically, the research work is based on philosophical analysis of modern theories of perception and results of cognitive research.Results and discussion. In accepted terminology, the content of perceptual mental states can be of three types: conceptual, non-conceptual detailed (fine-grained) and nonconceptual coarse (coarse-grained). Tye's position is that perceptual mental states have only the third kind of content. This approach faces a number of objections that are presented in this paper. The analysis of objections shows their surmount ability, thus, it can be concluded that the Tye’s position of nonconceptual content can be considered as reasonable. The main result of the presented research is the presentation of additional grounds for the theory of non-conceptual content of perceptual mental states.Conclusion. The problem of the content of perceptual mental states is crucial for understanding the epistemological role of perception. The theory of non-conceptual content of perceptual mental states provides new insights into perception.
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Adriaenssen, Han Thomas. "Peter John Olivi on Perceptual Representation". Vivarium 49, nr 4 (2011): 324–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853411x606356.
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Abstract This paper studies Olivi’s account of perceptual representation. It addresses two main questions: (1) how do perceptual representations originate? and (2) how do they represent their objects? Regarding (1), it is well known that Olivi emphasizes the activity of the soul in the production of perceptual representations. Yet it is sometimes argued that he overstresses the activity of the soul in a way that yields a philosophically problematic result. I argue that Olivi was well aware of the problem that could be raised for his theory and that he sought to cope with it. Regarding (2), Pasnau argues that for Olivi, causal relationships with external objects determine the content of perceptual representations. I argue that, rather, perceptual representations are about their objects because they are their similitudes. This makes him an internalist about representational content.
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Rhodes, Gillian, i Michael L. Kalish. "Cognitive penetration: Would we know it if we saw it?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, nr 3 (czerwiec 1999): 390–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99492027.
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How can the impenetrability hypothesis be empirically tested? We comment on the role of signal detection measures, suggesting that context effects on discriminations for which post-perceptual cues are irrelevant, or on neural activity associated with early vision, would challenge impenetrability. We also note the great computational power of the proposed pre-perceptual attention processes and consider the implications for testability of the theory.
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Ren, Hong, Chunyu Zhang i Ningning Zhang. "Research on EEG-based Graphic User Interface Kansei Design Evaluation". E3S Web of Conferences 179 (2020): 02103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017902103.
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Graphical user interface (GUI) is designed as the interaction medium between the user and the interface, and the perceptual experience of GUI design has been paid more and more attention by users. Based on the theory of perceptual engineering (KE), two groups of different visual style interfaces were taken as an example to record the EEG data when users watched two groups of visual interfaces, in order to explore the user’s perceptual imagery and perceptual experience for the visual interface. It aims to meet the user’s perceptual needs and provide an effective evaluation method and design basis for the graphical user interface design. Firstly, the EEG spectrogram and brain topographic maps were obtained by data analysis and processing. The results showed that the activity levels of the θ wave and α wave induced by the two groups of different visual style interfaces were significantly different. Secondly, this paper analyzed the user’s perceptual imagery with GUI perceptual design elements, and concluded that the perceptual design elements of GUI would affect the user’s cognitive interest and perceptual experience. GUI design should focus on the unity and coordination of perceptual design elements and perceptual imageries. Finally, it is concluded that the EEG-based perceptual design evaluation method can effectively evaluate the GUI visual interface.
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Ikkai, Akiko, Trenton A. Jerde i Clayton E. Curtis. "Perception and Action Selection Dissociate Human Ventral and Dorsal Cortex". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, nr 6 (czerwiec 2011): 1494–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21499.
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We test theories about the functional organization of the human cortex by correlating brain activity with demands on perception versus action selection. Subjects covertly searched for a target among an array of 4, 8, or 12 items (perceptual manipulation) and then, depending on the color of the array, made a saccade toward, away from, or at a right angle from the target (action manipulation). First, choice response times increased linearly as the demands increased for each factor, and brain activity in several cortical areas increased with increasing choice response times. Second, we found a double dissociation in posterior cortex: Activity in ventral regions (occipito-temporal cortex) increased linearly with perceptual, but not action, selection demands; conversely, activity in dorsal regions (parietal cortex) increased linearly with action, but not perceptual, selection demands. This result provides the clearest support of the theory that posterior cortex is segregated into two distinct streams of visual processing for perception and action. Third, despite segregated anatomical projections from posterior ventral and dorsal streams to lateral pFC, we did not find evidence for a functional dissociation between perception and action selection in pFC. Increasing action, but not perceptual, selection demands evoked increased activation along both the dorsal and the ventral lateral pFC. Although most previous studies have focused on perceptual variables (e.g., space vs. object), these data suggest that understanding the computations underlying action selection will be key to understanding the functional organization of pFC.
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Rogé, Joceline, i Catherine Gabaude. "Deterioration of the Useful Visual Field with Age and Sleep Deprivation: Insight from Signal Detection Theory". Perceptual and Motor Skills 109, nr 1 (sierpień 2009): 270–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.109.1.270-284.
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The goal of this study was to establish whether the deterioration of the useful visual field due to sleep deprivation and age in a screen monitoring activity could be explained by a decrease in perceptual sensitivity and/or a modification of the participant's decision criterion (two indices derived from signal detection theory). In the first experiment, a comparison of three age groups (young, middle-aged, elderly) showed that perceptual sensitivity decreased with age and that the decision criterion became more conservative. In the second experiment, measurement of the useful visual field was carried out on participants who had been deprived of sleep the previous night or had a complete night of sleep. Perceptual sensitivity significantly decreased with sleep debt, and sleep deprivation provoked an increase in the participants' decision criterion. Moreover, the comparison of two age groups (young, middle-aged) indicated that sensitivity decreased with age. The value of using these two indices to explain the deterioration of useful visual field is discussed.
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Thomas, Nigel J. T. "The false dichotomy of imagery". Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25, nr 2 (kwiecień 2002): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x02510049.
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Pylyshyn's critique is powerful. Pictorial theories of imagery fail. On the other hand, the symbolic description theory he manifestly still favors also fails, lacking the semantic foundation necessary to ground imagery's intentionality and consciousness. However, contrary to popular belief, these two theory types do not exhaust available options. Recent work on embodied, active perception supports the alternative perceptual activity theory of imagery.
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Lewin, David. "Music Theory, Phenomenology, and Modes of Perception". Music Perception 3, nr 4 (1986): 327–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40285344.
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Recent years have seen an increasing influence on music theory of perceptual investigations that can be called phenomenological in the sense of Husserl, either explicitly or implicitly. The trend is problematic, particularly in what one might call its sociology, but it is also very promising. Potential or at least metaphorical links with Artificial Intelligence are especially suggestive. A formal model for "musical perceptions," incorporating some of the promising features, reveals interesting things in connection with Schubert's song Morgengruβ. The model helps to circumvent some traditional difficulties in the methodology of music analysis. But the model must be used with caution since, like other perceptual theories, it appears to make " listening" a paradigmatic musical activity. Composer/ performer/playwright/actor/director/poet can be contrasted here to listener/reader. The two genera can be compared in the usual ways, but also in some not-so-usual ways. The former genus may be held to be perceiving in the creative act, and some influential contemporary literary theories actually prefer members of this genus to those of the other as perceivers. The theories can be modified, I believe, to allow a more universal stance that also regards acts of analytic reading/listening as poetry.
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Leptourgos, Pantelis, Vincent Bouttier, Renaud Jardri i Sophie Denève. "A functional theory of bistable perception based on dynamical circular inference". PLOS Computational Biology 16, nr 12 (14.12.2020): e1008480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008480.
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When we face ambiguous images, the brain cannot commit to a single percept; instead, it switches between mutually exclusive interpretations every few seconds, a phenomenon known as bistable perception. While neuromechanistic models, e.g., adapting neural populations with lateral inhibition, may account for the dynamics of bistability, a larger question remains unresolved: how this phenomenon informs us on generic perceptual processes in less artificial contexts. Here, we propose that bistable perception is due to our prior beliefs being reverberated in the cortical hierarchy and corrupting the sensory evidence, a phenomenon known as “circular inference”. Such circularity could occur in a hierarchical brain where sensory responses trigger activity in higher-level areas but are also modulated by feedback projections from these same areas. We show that in the face of ambiguous sensory stimuli, circular inference can change the dynamics of the perceptual system and turn what should be an integrator of inputs into a bistable attractor switching between two highly trusted interpretations. The model captures various aspects of bistability, including Levelt’s laws and the stabilizing effects of intermittent presentation of the stimulus. Since it is related to the generic perceptual inference and belief updating mechanisms, this approach can be used to predict the tendency of individuals to form aberrant beliefs from their bistable perception behavior. Overall, we suggest that feedforward/feedback information loops in hierarchical neural networks, a phenomenon that could lead to psychotic symptoms when overly strong, could also underlie perception in nonclinical populations.
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Qin, Shuai. "PERCEPTUAL ENABLERS OF GLOBAL NASCENT ENTREPRENEURS: A QUANTITATIVE INVESTIGATION BASED ON GLOBAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP MONITOR DATA". International Journal of Entrepreneurial Knowledge 9, nr 1 (30.06.2021): 112–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37335/ijek.v9i1.132.
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With the deepening of research on entrepreneurial activity motivation, academic discourse has been cognizant of the incompleteness of macro-contextual factors and micro-personality in explaining entrepreneurship momentum. The interaction mechanism between context and potential nascent entrepreneurs has gradually become a theoretical hot spot in the 21st century. This article aims to elaborate on the emerging debate about perceptual factors of entrepreneurship and identify salient perceptual enablers of entrepreneurial activities for global nascent entrepreneurs. In order to bring empirical breakthroughs to the table, this article employs nascent entrepreneurial activity data of more than 50 countries from 2011 to 2019 gathered by Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). The author built a pooled cross-sectional dataset to unveil the perceptual determinants shared by new entrepreneurs worldwide and employed pooled OLS regression. The study confirms the significant positive influence of the 'perceived opportunity' (PO), 'perceived capability' (PC), and 'immersion in entrepreneurial culture/social norm' (CSN) and negative influence of 'fear of failure' (FF) on national entrepreneurial activity. This empirical article is a prompt exploration of entrepreneurial enablers. Among the existing empirical milestones, few attempts mentioned shared perceptual needs among entrepreneurs on various continents. This paper introduces an emerging cross-national variable structure grounded on existing conceptual elements. It contributes to corresponding knowledge by updating the time span/contextual background, expands the scope of theory applicability, and recommends an inclusive environment practically. When reflecting on the entrepreneurship context and policies, this research can serve as a priori insights for evaluating entrepreneurial support and proffer 'perceptual criteria' for comparison between cross-national policies.
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Młynarski, Wiktor, i Gašper Tkačik. "Efficient coding theory of dynamic attentional modulation". PLOS Biology 20, nr 12 (21.12.2022): e3001889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001889.
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Activity of sensory neurons is driven not only by external stimuli but also by feedback signals from higher brain areas. Attention is one particularly important internal signal whose presumed role is to modulate sensory representations such that they only encode information currently relevant to the organism at minimal cost. This hypothesis has, however, not yet been expressed in a normative computational framework. Here, by building on normative principles of probabilistic inference and efficient coding, we developed a model of dynamic population coding in the visual cortex. By continuously adapting the sensory code to changing demands of the perceptual observer, an attention-like modulation emerges. This modulation can dramatically reduce the amount of neural activity without deteriorating the accuracy of task-specific inferences. Our results suggest that a range of seemingly disparate cortical phenomena such as intrinsic gain modulation, attention-related tuning modulation, and response variability could be manifestations of the same underlying principles, which combine efficient sensory coding with optimal probabilistic inference in dynamic environments.
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Swain, Joseph P. "Music Perception and Musical Communities". Music Perception 11, nr 3 (1994): 307–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40285625.
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Should certain negative results cause music theory to abandon its dependence on perception studies for the corroboration of its key principles? Recent experiments in music perception that have failed to confirm certain important principles of music theory are reviewed from the perspective of musical communities. A musical community is defined to be those listeners for whom a given musical perception is real and useful. It is argued that (1) the significance of experimental results should be interpreted not only according to traditional criteria of statistical significance but also according to the status of relevant musical communities; (2) a perceptual object that is real for only a small minority of listeners may yet be deemed significant if that minority performs some crucial activity in the musical culture; (3) important perceptual objects can be explicitly taught by advanced musical communities; (4) although this perspective calls into question the objectivity of theoretical principles, music theory must continue to incorporate the results of experiments in music perception.
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Lepora, Nathan F., i Kevin N. Gurney. "The Basal Ganglia Optimize Decision Making over General Perceptual Hypotheses". Neural Computation 24, nr 11 (listopad 2012): 2924–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00360.
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The basal ganglia are a subcortical group of interconnected nuclei involved in mediating action selection within cortex. A recent proposal is that this selection leads to optimal decision making over multiple alternatives because the basal ganglia anatomy maps onto a network implementation of an optimal statistical method for hypothesis testing, assuming that cortical activity encodes evidence for constrained gaussian-distributed alternatives. This letter demonstrates that this model of the basal ganglia extends naturally to encompass general Bayesian sequential analysis over arbitrary probability distributions, which raises the proposal to a practically realizable theory over generic perceptual hypotheses. We also show that the evidence in this model can represent either log likelihoods, log-likelihood ratios, or log odds, all leading proposals for the cortical processing of sensory data. For these reasons, we claim that the basal ganglia optimize decision making over general perceptual hypotheses represented in cortex. The relation of this theory to cortical encoding, cortico-basal ganglia anatomy, and reinforcement learning is discussed.
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Sun, Cailei. "A Probe into the Path of the Moral Issues From the Perspective of Marxist Philosophy’s Practical Existence Theory". World Journal of Social Science Research 5, nr 1 (28.02.2018): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjssr.v5n1p103.
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<em>In the present era of the rapid development of market-oriented economy, the strangeness between people, the division of production and the diversity of occupations, and the different thinking ways of individual lead everyone to stand in their own position. As a result, the western tragedy appears and the social moral problems are becoming more and more serious. Marx turns his philosophical attention to the way of human existence—practical activities and their historical development. This paper analyzes the current moral problems from the perspective of Marxist practical existentialism. The rational path of virtue is to regard people as a rational being and its acquirement mainly depends on the intellect to overcome the perceptual preference. The spiritual path of virtue regards human as a spiritual being and its acquisition is through dialectical deduction of spirit itself. The practical path of virtue is to emphasize human’s perceptual activity and understand and manage things through practical activities.</em>
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Heeger, David J. "Theory of cortical function". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, nr 8 (6.02.2017): 1773–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1619788114.
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Most models of sensory processing in the brain have a feedforward architecture in which each stage comprises simple linear filtering operations and nonlinearities. Models of this form have been used to explain a wide range of neurophysiological and psychophysical data, and many recent successes in artificial intelligence (with deep convolutional neural nets) are based on this architecture. However, neocortex is not a feedforward architecture. This paper proposes a first step toward an alternative computational framework in which neural activity in each brain area depends on a combination of feedforward drive (bottom-up from the previous processing stage), feedback drive (top-down context from the next stage), and prior drive (expectation). The relative contributions of feedforward drive, feedback drive, and prior drive are controlled by a handful of state parameters, which I hypothesize correspond to neuromodulators and oscillatory activity. In some states, neural responses are dominated by the feedforward drive and the theory is identical to a conventional feedforward model, thereby preserving all of the desirable features of those models. In other states, the theory is a generative model that constructs a sensory representation from an abstract representation, like memory recall. In still other states, the theory combines prior expectation with sensory input, explores different possible perceptual interpretations of ambiguous sensory inputs, and predicts forward in time. The theory, therefore, offers an empirically testable framework for understanding how the cortex accomplishes inference, exploration, and prediction.
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Hickey, Paige, Annie Barnett-Young, Aniruddh D. Patel i Elizabeth Race. "Environmental rhythms orchestrate neural activity at multiple stages of processing during memory encoding: Evidence from event-related potentials". PLOS ONE 15, nr 11 (18.11.2020): e0234668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234668.
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Accumulating evidence suggests that rhythmic temporal structures in the environment influence memory formation. For example, stimuli that appear in synchrony with the beat of background, environmental rhythms are better remembered than stimuli that appear out-of-synchrony with the beat. This rhythmic modulation of memory has been linked to entrained neural oscillations which are proposed to act as a mechanism of selective attention that prioritize processing of events that coincide with the beat. However, it is currently unclear whether rhythm influences memory formation by influencing early (sensory) or late (post-perceptual) processing of stimuli. The current study used stimulus-locked event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate the locus of stimulus processing at which rhythm temporal cues operate in the service of memory formation. Participants viewed a series of visual objects that either appeared in-synchrony or out-of-synchrony with the beat of background music and made a semantic classification (living/non-living) for each object. Participants’ memory for the objects was then tested (in silence). The timing of stimulus presentation during encoding (in-synchrony or out-of-synchrony with the background beat) influenced later ERPs associated with post-perceptual selection and orienting attention in time rather than earlier ERPs associated with sensory processing. The magnitude of post-perceptual ERPs also differed according to whether or not participants demonstrated a mnemonic benefit for in-synchrony compared to out-of-synchrony stimuli, and was related to the magnitude of the rhythmic modulation of memory performance across participants. These results support two prominent theories in the field, the Dynamic Attending Theory and the Oscillation Selection Hypothesis, which propose that neural responses to rhythm act as a core mechanism of selective attention that optimize processing at specific moments in time. Furthermore, they reveal that in addition to acting as a mechanism of early attentional selection, rhythm influences later, post-perceptual cognitive processes as events are transformed into memory.
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Rikhye, Rajeev V., Ralf D. Wimmer i Michael M. Halassa. "Toward an Integrative Theory of Thalamic Function". Annual Review of Neuroscience 41, nr 1 (8.07.2018): 163–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317-062144.
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The thalamus has long been suspected to have an important role in cognition, yet recent theories have favored a more corticocentric view. According to this view, the thalamus is an excitatory feedforward relay to or between cortical regions, and cognitively relevant computations are exclusively cortical. Here, we review anatomical, physiological, and behavioral studies along evolutionary and theoretical dimensions, arguing for essential and unique thalamic computations in cognition. Considering their architectural features as well as their ability to initiate, sustain, and switch cortical activity, thalamic circuits appear uniquely suited for computing contextual signals that rapidly reconfigure task-relevant cortical representations. We introduce a framework that formalizes this notion, show its consistency with several findings, and discuss its prediction of thalamic roles in perceptual inference and behavioral flexibility. Overall, our framework emphasizes an expanded view of the thalamus in cognitive computations and provides a roadmap to test several of its theoretical and experimental predictions.
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Kinalzik, Noelle, i Vivien Heller. "Establishing joint imagined spaces in game explanations". Research on Children and Social Interaction 4, nr 1 (21.07.2020): 28–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/rcsi.12417.
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This study builds on the observation that establishing joint imagined space is an integral part of a wide range of discursive practices, e.g. telling a story or discussing architectonic problems. Conceptualizing imagination as a co-operative and interactively organized activity that involves the participants’ embodied co-orientation to absent entities, we examine in detail how an imagined space of a game board is created in the activity of explaining a game. The analysis is based on video recordings of children with varying capabilities as they engage in game explanations with an adult. Drawing on multimodal conversation analysis and Bühler’s theory of deixis, we examine how two children come to terms with the epistemic and perceptual tasks involved in establishing joint imagined spaces. Findings demonstrate that both children demonstrate considerable skills in dealing with the perceptual task, i.e. mobilizing and monitoring the addressee’s visual co-orientation. They differ, however, in how they attend to the epistemic task, i.e. take into account differential states of knowledge and reorganize the indexical ground.
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Lang, Liam, Giancarlo La Camera i Alfredo Fontanini. "Temporal progression along discrete coding states during decision-making in the mouse gustatory cortex". PLOS Computational Biology 19, nr 2 (7.02.2023): e1010865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010865.
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The mouse gustatory cortex (GC) is involved in taste-guided decision-making in addition to sensory processing. Rodent GC exhibits metastable neural dynamics during ongoing and stimulus-evoked activity, but how these dynamics evolve in the context of a taste-based decision-making task remains unclear. Here we employ analytical and modeling approaches to i) extract metastable dynamics in ensemble spiking activity recorded from the GC of mice performing a perceptual decision-making task; ii) investigate the computational mechanisms underlying GC metastability in this task; and iii) establish a relationship between GC dynamics and behavioral performance. Our results show that activity in GC during perceptual decision-making is metastable and that this metastability may serve as a substrate for sequentially encoding sensory, abstract cue, and decision information over time. Perturbations of the model’s metastable dynamics indicate that boosting inhibition in different coding epochs differentially impacts network performance, explaining a counterintuitive effect of GC optogenetic silencing on mouse behavior.
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Ntoumanis, Ioannis, Olga Agranovich, Anna N. Shestakova, Evgeny Blagovechtchenski, Maria Koriakina, Dzerassa Kadieva, Grigory Kopytin i Iiro P. Jääskeläinen. "Altered Cerebral Processing of Videos in Children with Motor Dysfunction Suggests Broad Embodiment of Perceptual Cognitive Functions". Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, nr 11 (4.11.2022): 1841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm12111841.
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Embodied cognition theory suggests that motor dysfunctions affect cognition. We examined this hypothesis by inspecting whether cerebral processing of movies, featuring both goal-directed movements and content without humans, differ between children with congenital motor dysfunction and healthy controls. Electroencephalography was recorded from 23 healthy children and 23 children with limited or absent arm movement due to either arthrogryposis multiplex congenita or obstetric brachial plexus palsy. Each individual patient exhibited divergent neural responses, disclosed by significantly lower inter-subject correlation (ISC) of brain activity, during the videos compared to the healthy children. We failed to observe associations between this finding and the motor-related content of the various video scenes, suggesting that differences between the patients and controls reflect modulation of perceptual-cognitive processing of videos by upper-limb motor dysfunctions not limited to the watching-mirroring of motor actions. Thus, perceptual-cognitive processes in the brain seem to be more robustly embodied than has previously been thought.
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Halloway, Shannon, JoEllen Wilbur, Michael E. Schoeny i Lisa L. Barnes. "The Relation Between Physical Activity and Cognitive Change in Older Latinos". Biological Research For Nursing 19, nr 5 (29.06.2017): 538–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800417715115.
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Cognitive impairment in older Latinos is of concern due to the rapid growth of this population and their increased risk for dementia due to chronic disease. Evidence, primarily from studies of non-Latino Whites, suggests that physical activity (PA) may reduce cognitive decline. Few longitudinal studies have included older Latinos, objective measures of PA, or neurocognitive tests that assess domains of cognition. The purpose of this longitudinal study was to explore the relationship between changes in PA and cognitive decline in older Latinos over an average of 5 years. Inclusion criteria for the baseline sample were age ≥50 years, Latino ethnicity (English or Spanish speaking), no ambulation disability, no evidence of dementia, and Chicago address. Of the 174 baseline participants, 59 (33.9%) participated at follow-up. PA was measured by questionnaire and accelerometer worn for 7 days. A battery of neurocognitive tests assessed episodic memory, perceptual speed, and semantic memory. Change in cognitive function was dichotomized to maintenance versus decline. Binary logistic regression results indicated that those who had less decline from baseline to follow-up in self-reported light PA maintained episodic memory, odds ratio ( OR) = 1.16 (95% confidence interval [CI] [1.03, 1.32]), while those who had less decline in accelerometer moderate–vigorous bouts maintained semantic memory, OR = 16.08 (95% CI [1.53, 168.89]), controlling for baseline age, chronic health problems, depressive symptoms, and acculturation. These findings suggest that maintenance of PA with aging may prevent cognitive decline. This work can inform future intervention development that aims to maintain PA in order to prevent cognitive decline.
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Falikman, Maria, i Alexander Asmolov. "Cognitive Psychology of Activity: Attention as a Constructive Process". Revue internationale du CRIRES : innover dans la tradition de Vygotsky 4, nr 1 (21.09.2017): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.51657/ric.v4i1.40993.
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The problem of consciousness is one of the core problems in the contemporary cogni-tive science. Driven by the neuroimaging boom, most researchers look for the neural correlates or signatures of consciousness and awareness in the human brain. However, we believe that the explanatory potential of the cultural-historical activity approach to this problem is far from being exhausted. We propose Cognitive Psychology of Activity research program, or the activity theory-based constructivism as an attempt to account for multiple phenomena of human awareness and attention. This approach relies upon cultural-historical psychology and the concept of mediation by Lev S. Vygotsky, activity theory and the concept of image generation by Alexey N. Leontiev, the physiology of ac-tivity and the metaphor of movement construction by Nikolai A. Bernstein, transferred to the psychology of perception as image construction by a number of Russian researchers in 1960-es, and the understanding of attention as action by evolutionary cognitive psy-chologists of 1980-es. The central concept of our approach is a concept of task, defined by Leontiev as “a goal assigned in specific circumstances”. The goal determines choice and use of available cultural means (“mediators”) consistent with the circumstances or conditions of task performance, which in turn provide for the construction of processing units allowing for more successful (“attentive”) performance and for the awareness of visual stimuli which could otherwise be missed or ignored. The perceptual task accom-plishment is controlled at several levels organized heterarchically, with possible strategic reorganizations of this system demonstrating the constructive nature of human cognition.
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Benjamin, Kathleen, Nancy C. Edwards i Virendra K. Bharti. "Attitudinal, Perceptual, and Normative Beliefs Influencing the Exercise Decisions of Community-Dwelling Physically Frail Seniors". Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 13, nr 3 (lipiec 2005): 276–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.13.3.276.
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For seniors, an inactive lifestyle can result in declines in mental and physical functioning, loss of independence, and poorer quality of life. This cross-sectional descriptive study examined theory-of-planned-behavior, health-status, and sociodemographic predictors on exercise intention and behavior among 109 older and physically frail adults. Significant predictors of being a high versus a low active were a strong intention to continue exercising, positive indirect attitudes about exercise, and having been advised by a doctor to exercise. Findings indicate that a strong intention to continue exercising differentiates between those who report low levels and those who report high levels of physical activity. The results also highlight the salience of physician’s advice for seniors to exercise.
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EGGER, SETH W., i KENNETH H. BRITTEN. "Linking sensory neurons to visually guided behavior: Relating MST activity to steering in a virtual environment". Visual Neuroscience 30, nr 5-6 (30.10.2013): 315–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523813000412.
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AbstractMany complex behaviors rely on guidance from sensations. To perform these behaviors, the motor system must decode information relevant to the task from the sensory system. However, identifying the neurons responsible for encoding the appropriate sensory information remains a difficult problem for neurophysiologists. A key step toward identifying candidate systems is finding neurons or groups of neurons capable of representing the stimuli adequately to support behavior. A traditional approach involves quantitatively measuring the performance of single neurons and comparing this to the performance of the animal. One of the strongest pieces of evidence in support of a neuronal population being involved in a behavioral task comes from the signals being sufficient to support behavior. Numerous experiments using perceptual decision tasks show that visual cortical neurons in many areas have this property. However, most visually guided behaviors are not categorical but continuous and dynamic. In this article, we review the concept of sufficiency and the tools used to measure neural and behavioral performance. We show how concepts from information theory can be used to measure the ongoing performance of both neurons and animal behavior. Finally, we apply these tools to dorsal medial superior temporal (MSTd) neurons and demonstrate that these neurons can represent stimuli important to navigation to a distant goal. We find that MSTd neurons represent ongoing steering error in a virtual-reality steering task. Although most individual neurons were insufficient to support the behavior, some very nearly matched the animal’s estimation performance. These results are consistent with many results from perceptual experiments and in line with the predictions of Mountcastle’s “lower envelope principle.”
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Luo, Thomas Zhihao, i John H. R. Maunsell. "Attention can be subdivided into neurobiological components corresponding to distinct behavioral effects". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, nr 52 (23.12.2019): 26187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1902286116.
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Attention is a common but highly complex term associated with a large number of distinct behavioral and perceptual phenomena. In the brain, attention-related changes in neuronal activity are observed in widespread structures. The many distinct behavioral and neuronal phenomena related to attention suggest that it might be subdivided into components corresponding to distinct biological mechanisms. Recent neurophysiological studies in monkeys have isolated behavioral changes related to attention along the 2 indices of signal detection theory and found that these 2 behavioral changes are associated with distinct neuronal changes in different brain areas. These results support the view that attention is made up of distinct neurobiological mechanisms.
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Benucci, Andrea. "Motor-related signals support localization invariance for stable visual perception". PLOS Computational Biology 18, nr 3 (14.03.2022): e1009928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009928.
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Our ability to perceive a stable visual world in the presence of continuous movements of the body, head, and eyes has puzzled researchers in the neuroscience field for a long time. We reformulated this problem in the context of hierarchical convolutional neural networks (CNNs)—whose architectures have been inspired by the hierarchical signal processing of the mammalian visual system—and examined perceptual stability as an optimization process that identifies image-defining features for accurate image classification in the presence of movements. Movement signals, multiplexed with visual inputs along overlapping convolutional layers, aided classification invariance of shifted images by making the classification faster to learn and more robust relative to input noise. Classification invariance was reflected in activity manifolds associated with image categories emerging in late CNN layers and with network units acquiring movement-associated activity modulations as observed experimentally during saccadic eye movements. Our findings provide a computational framework that unifies a multitude of biological observations on perceptual stability under optimality principles for image classification in artificial neural networks.
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Crapse, Trinity B., i Michele A. Basso. "Insights into decision making using choice probability". Journal of Neurophysiology 114, nr 6 (1.12.2015): 3039–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00335.2015.
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A long-standing question in systems neuroscience is how the activity of single neurons gives rise to our perceptions and actions. Critical insights into this question occurred in the last part of the 20th century when scientists began linking modulations of neuronal activity directly to perceptual behavior. A significant conceptual advance was the application of signal detection theory to both neuronal activity and behavior, providing a quantitative assessment of the relationship between brain and behavior. One metric that emerged from these efforts was choice probability (CP), which provides information about how well an ideal observer can predict the choice an animal makes from a neuron's discharge rate distribution. In this review, we describe where CP has been studied, locational trends in the values found, and why CP values are typically so low. We discuss its dependence on correlated activity among neurons of a population, assess whether it arises from feedforward or feedback mechanisms, and investigate what CP tells us about how many neurons are required for a decision and how they are pooled to do so.
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Wilson, Andrew, i Małgorzata Haładewicz-Grzelak. "Sports utility semiotics: A semantic differential study of symbolic potential in automobile design". Semiotica 2015, nr 207 (1.10.2015): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2015-0044.
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AbstractThe article aims to illuminate the issue of symbolic potential in postmodern society through a semiotic study of car design. In Baudrillard’s terminology, we explore the experience and sociological and psychological materiality of objects that, being above objects’ perceptible materiality, constantly modify the integrity of technological systems (Baudrillard 2005 [1968]: 6). The target concepts are analyzed through Baudrillard’s lens of symbolic capital and his technological system of objects, coupled with the method of semantic differential (SD; e.g., Osgood 1979, 1981) against the insights of Tartu semiotics. Such a complex framework helps to establish affective attitudes of the subjects towards scales selected for their perceptual saliency. The analysis is based on the responses of students in a Polish university who were administered an instrument comprising 14 concepts and 37 scales. The results of statistical analysis yield a semantic space with two factors: potency and activity/dynamism, which we shall call social prestige. At this stage of the analysis we could not determine the evaluation factor. The scales that loaded significantly showed that there is indeed an increment of perceptual saliency in both extracted factors in the case of target stimuli (pickups and SUVs).
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Dövencioğlu, Dicle, Hiroshi Ban, Andrew J. Schofield i Andrew E. Welchman. "Perceptual Integration for Qualitatively Different 3-D Cues in the Human Brain". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 25, nr 9 (wrzesień 2013): 1527–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00417.
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The visual system's flexibility in estimating depth is remarkable: We readily perceive 3-D structure under diverse conditions from the seemingly random dots of a “magic eye” stereogram to the aesthetically beautiful, but obviously flat, canvasses of the Old Masters. Yet, 3-D perception is often enhanced when different cues specify the same depth. This perceptual process is understood as Bayesian inference that improves sensory estimates. Despite considerable behavioral support for this theory, insights into the cortical circuits involved are limited. Moreover, extant work tested quantitatively similar cues, reducing some of the challenges associated with integrating computationally and qualitatively different signals. Here we address this challenge by measuring fMRI responses to depth structures defined by shading, binocular disparity, and their combination. We quantified information about depth configurations (convex “bumps” vs. concave “dimples”) in different visual cortical areas using pattern classification analysis. We found that fMRI responses in dorsal visual area V3B/KO were more discriminable when disparity and shading concurrently signaled depth, in line with the predictions of cue integration. Importantly, by relating fMRI and psychophysical tests of integration, we observed a close association between depth judgments and activity in this area. Finally, using a cross-cue transfer test, we found that fMRI responses evoked by one cue afford classification of responses evoked by the other. This reveals a generalized depth representation in dorsal visual cortex that combines qualitatively different information in line with 3-D perception.
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Mansell, Warren, i Vyv Huddy. "The Assessment and Modeling of Perceptual Control: A Transformation in Research Methodology to Address the Replication Crisis". Review of General Psychology 22, nr 3 (wrzesień 2018): 305–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000147.
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Replication in the behavioral sciences is a matter of considerable debate. We describe a series of fundamental interrelated conceptual and methodological issues with current research that undermine replication and we explain how they could be addressed. Conceptually, we need a shift (a) from verbally described theories to mathematically specified theories, (b) from lineal stimulus-cognition-response theories to closed-loop theories that model behavior as feeding back to sensory input via the environment, and (c) from theories that “chunk” responses to theories that acknowledge the continuous, dynamic nature of behavior. A closely related shift in methodology would involve studies that attempt to model each individual's performance as a continuous and dynamic activity within a closed-loop process. We explain how this shift can be made within a single framework—perceptual control theory (PCT)—that regards behavior as the control of perceptual input. We report evidence of multiple replication using this approach within visual tracking, and go on to demonstrate in practical research terms how the same overarching principle can guide research across diverse domains of psychology and the behavioral sciences, promoting their coherent integration. We describe ways to address current challenges to this approach and provide recommendations for how researchers can manage the transition.
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Waszkiewicz-Raviv, Alicja. "Functions of Visual Public Relations. On Visual Meaning-Making in PR Practice". Social Communication 8, nr 1 (1.01.2022): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sc-2022-0003.
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Abstract The paper presents the functions of public relations from visual communication standpoint. The argument for iconic turn application into public relations theory is provided. Next, the paper describes three main functions of images in PR: informative, persuasive and aesthetic. The essay is a theoretical realisation of socio-cultural paradigm in a public relations theory. Contemporary public’s interactions with visuals are dynamic. The constructivist approach stresses the role of knowledge in perception and therefore it is against the simplistic nativist approach to perceptual activity. It allows recipients’ behaviour to be generally appropriate also to non-sensed object characteristics. The publics remaining in the dialogue with an organization, learn specific aesthetics and perceive specific institutional visual stimuli. The paper indicates the need for interdisciplinary research in both visual and organizational communication domains. Such application of PR encompasses constant researching, conducting and evaluating communication programs to achieve the informed public understanding necessary to the success of an organization’s aims.
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Helander, Martin G. "Hedonomics - Affective Human Factors Design". Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, nr 12 (wrzesień 2002): 978–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204601209.
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People have affective reactions towards tasks, artifacts and interfaces. Theses reactions are caused by design features, which operate either through their perceptual attributes or from a sense of control in handling or from past experience. A systematic framework is proposed to conceptualize Affective Human Factors Design or as we call it - Hedonomics. The word Hedonomics is derived from the Greek “hedone” (pleasure – akin to sweet) and “nomos” (laws, principles). The focus is on pleasurable design of artifacts and tasks. Several existing theories may combine to support this framework, including: Human Information Processing, Activity Theory, and Theory of Flow. There are also analogies with past theories – in human need structure, motivation, job satisfaction, and stress research. The problem is now to conceptualize Hedonomics, to propose theories that can be used for design, and appropriate measurement tools. It is particularly important to develop tools to measure and predict affective design – and on an individual level predict user and customer needs for affect.
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Holbrook, Morris B., i Punam Anand. "The Effects of Situation, Sequence, and Features on Perceptual and Affective Responses to Product Designs: The Case of Aesthetic Consumption". Empirical Studies of the Arts 10, nr 1 (styczeń 1992): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/u8t0-kvr3-64xg-yp3a.
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This article proposes a general model in which various situational and sequential aspects of consumer behavior combine with features of a product to determine perceptions and their affective consequences. It illustrates this model by means of an example from applied empirical aesthetics and investigates the effects of tempo on perceptual and affective aesthetic responses to music. In particular, a new analysis of some data drawn from consumer aesthetics demonstrates the intervening role of perceived activity in mediating the effects of musical tempo on affect across a sequence of listening experiences at different levels of situational arousal.
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Sherman, Maxine T., Zafeirios Fountas, Anil K. Seth i Warrick Roseboom. "Trial-by-trial predictions of subjective time from human brain activity". PLOS Computational Biology 18, nr 7 (7.07.2022): e1010223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010223.
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Human experience of time exhibits systematic, context-dependent deviations from clock time; for example, time is experienced differently at work than on holiday. Here we test the proposal that differences from clock time in subjective experience of time arise because time estimates are constructed by accumulating the same quantity that guides perception: salient events. Healthy human participants watched naturalistic, silent videos of up to 24 seconds in duration and estimated their duration while fMRI was acquired. We were able to reconstruct trial-by-trial biases in participants’ duration reports, which reflect subjective experience of duration, purely from salient events in their visual cortex BOLD activity. By contrast, salient events in neither of two control regions–auditory and somatosensory cortex–were predictive of duration biases. These results held despite being able to (trivially) predict clock time from all three brain areas. Our results reveal that the information arising during perceptual processing of a dynamic environment provides a sufficient basis for reconstructing human subjective time duration.
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Alamia, Andrea, Oleg Solopchuk, Alessandro D'Ausilio, Violette Van Bever, Luciano Fadiga, Etienne Olivier i Alexandre Zénon. "Disruption of Broca's Area Alters Higher-order Chunking Processing during Perceptual Sequence Learning". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 28, nr 3 (marzec 2016): 402–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00911.
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Because Broca's area is known to be involved in many cognitive functions, including language, music, and action processing, several attempts have been made to propose a unifying theory of its role that emphasizes a possible contribution to syntactic processing. Recently, we have postulated that Broca's area might be involved in higher-order chunk processing during implicit learning of a motor sequence. Chunking is an information-processing mechanism that consists of grouping consecutive items in a sequence and is likely to be involved in all of the aforementioned cognitive processes. Demonstrating a contribution of Broca's area to chunking during the learning of a nonmotor sequence that does not involve language could shed new light on its function. To address this issue, we used offline MRI-guided TMS in healthy volunteers to disrupt the activity of either the posterior part of Broca's area (left Brodmann's area [BA] 44) or a control site just before participants learned a perceptual sequence structured in distinct hierarchical levels. We found that disruption of the left BA 44 increased the processing time of stimuli representing the boundaries of higher-order chunks and modified the chunking strategy. The current results highlight the possible role of the left BA 44 in building up effector-independent representations of higher-order events in structured sequences. This might clarify the contribution of Broca's area in processing hierarchical structures, a key mechanism in many cognitive functions, such as language and composite actions.
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Poulaki, Maria. "The ‘Good Form’ of Film". Gestalt Theory 40, nr 1 (1.04.2018): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gth-2018-0004.
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Summary This article questions certain assumptions concerning film form made by the recent (neuro)psychological film research and compares them to those of precursors of film psychology like Hugo Münsterberg and Rudolf Arnheim, as well as the principles of Gestalt psychology. It is argued that principles of Gestalt psychology such as those of ‘good form’ and good continuation are still underlying the psychological research of film, becoming particularly apparent in its approach to continuity editing. Following an alternative Gestalt genealogy that links Gestalt theory with more recent dynamic models of brain activity and with accounts of brain complexity and neuronal synchronisation, the article concludes that psychological research on film needs to shift the focus from form to transformation, both in conceiving the perceptual and cognitive processing of films and in approaching film aesthetics more broadly.
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H. Freeman, Margaret. "AESTHETICS AND THE POWER OF STEAM". MESSENGER of Kyiv National Linguistic University. Series Philology 20, nr 2 (5.09.2022): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32589/2311-0821.2.2017.120843.
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Introduction. In linguocognitive perspective the paper highlights the ways of integrating the methods of studying the linguistic phenomena from philosophy of science and the philosophy of arts points of view. The author tries to rethink the relation between aesthetics and the sciences, to explore the underlying nature of aesthetics arising from sensate cognition to discover whether or not it—and how, if it does—coincides, correlates, or complements the underlying nature of scientific theories and methodologies. Purpose. The paper focuses not on aesthetic experience only, in its modern, reductive sense of taste, beauty, and pleasure in the arts, but on the role of sensate cognition underlying all human cognitive processing including scientific investigation and most manifested in artistic activity. Methods. The paper presents the beginnings of a theory that reconstructs aesthetics as the foundational basis for all human experience, knowledge, and creative activity. It suggests a more productive approach to explore the underlying sensory-motor-emotive processes of sensate cognition in their relation to conceptual awareness. The paper gives a total reversal of what we have come to accept as undeniable divisions between the categories that make up the various "sciences" and those that constitute the various "humanistic" disciplines, as well as those that create divisions within those categories. Results. Cognitive activities include all the creations of human beings from artefacts to systems of thought, including mathematics and the sciences, to cultural and social institutions. Like the leaves of a tree that develop from the tree’s branches and trunk, these activities arise from our ability to conceptualize, to formulate conscious ideas and images. Beneath the surface of the cognitive tree lie the pre-conceptual, subliminal roots of sensory, motor, and emotive experiences that feed our conceptual awareness. Just as the living tree survives by drawing sustenance through its roots, so do all our cognitive activities depend on sensate cognition. And just as the roots of the tree are nourished by the quality of the material components of the earth in which they are embedded, so do the qualities of aesthetic imagination and judgment enable the flourishing of the physical and spiritual values that give rise to the harmonious balance of the self as part of the natural world. Perceptual imagining, as involved in the interpretation of scientific results, also plays an important role in the sciences. The perceptual content provided by the images constrains and shapes the imagination of the relevant objects. The objects are imagined on the basis of how they are perceptually experienced, and the resulting interpretations are formulated taking into account the perceptual imagination in question. Conclusion. The health of nature is therefore not metaphorical. Well-being imbues all of life, from the air we breathe, the water we drink, the earth that sustains the life of plants, the sun that gives light and heat, from the smallest insect to the larger expanses of the universe. In maintaining the ideals and values of cultural well-being, we participate in maintaining the harmony and balance of the whole world. Greek thought recognized the truth of that reciprocity without assuming the need to prove it. What one draws from the lessons of παιδεία is the essential development of expertise in all human cognitive activity.
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Thompson, K. G., D. P. Hanes, N. P. Bichot i J. D. Schall. "Perceptual and motor processing stages identified in the activity of macaque frontal eye field neurons during visual search". Journal of Neurophysiology 76, nr 6 (1.12.1996): 4040–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.76.6.4040.
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1. The latency between the appearance of a popout search display and the eye movement to the oddball target of the display varies from trial to trial in both humans and monkeys. The source of the delay and variability of reaction time is unknown but has been attributed to as yet poorly defined decision processes. 2. We recorded neural activity in the frontal eye field (FEF), an area regarded as playing a central role in producing purposeful eye movements, of monkeys (Macaca mulatta) performing a popout visual search task. Eighty-four neurons with visually evoked activity were analyzed. Twelve of these neurons had a phasic response associated with the presentation of the visual stimulus. The remaining neurons had more tonic responses that persisted through the saccade. Many of the neurons with more tonic responses resembled visuomovement cells in that they had activity that increased before a saccade into their response field. 3. The visual response latencies of FEF neurons were determined with the use of a Poisson spike train analysis. The mean visual latency was 67 ms (minimum = 35 ms, maximum = 138 ms). The visual response latencies to the target presented alone, to the target presented with distractors, or to the distractors did not differ significantly. 4. The initial visual activation of FEF neurons does not discriminate the target from the distractors of a popout visual search stimulus array, but the activity evolves to a state that discriminates whether the target of the search display is within the receptive field. We tested the hypothesis that the source of variability of saccade latency is the time taken by neurons involved in saccade programming to select the target for the gaze shift. 5. With the use of an analysis adapted from signal detection theory, we determined when the activity of single FEF neurons can reliably indicate whether the target or distractors are present within their response fields. The time of target discrimination partitions the reaction time into a perceptual stage in which target discrimination takes place, and a motor stage in which saccade programming and generation take place. The time of target discrimination occurred most often between 120 and 150 ms after stimulus presentation. 6. We analyzed the time course of target discrimination in the activity of single cells after separating trials into short, medium, and long saccade latency groups. Saccade latency was not correlated with the duration of the perceptual stage but was correlated with the duration of the motor stage. This result is inconsistent with the hypothesis that the time taken for target discrimination, as indexed by FEF neurons, accounts for the wide variability in the time of movement initiation. 7. We conclude that the variability observed in saccade latencies during a simple visual search task is largely due to postperceptual motor processing following target discrimination. Signatures of both perceptual and postperceptual processing are evident in FEF. Procrastination in the output stage may prevent stereotypical behavior that would be maladaptive in a changing environment.
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Голубева, Ольга Васильевна. "FORMATION OF EVALUATIVE MEANINGS IN THE PROCESS OF «LIVE» SEMIOSIS". Вестник Тверского государственного университета. Серия: Филология, nr 2(73) (14.06.2022): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/vtfilol/2022.2.013.
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В статье исследуется процесс формирования оценочных смыслов в ходе познавательной и коммуникативной деятельности. Признаётся, что семиотическая природа оценки взаимосвязана с универсальным способом преобразования знаний о мире на уровне индивидуального и коллективного сознания. Воздействие оценочно отмеченных знаков активирует когнитивные (смысловые) схемы, структурирующие опыт языковой фиксации информации перцептивного и эмоционального характера в естественных условиях познания и общения. The article examines the process of formation of evaluative meanings in the process of cognitive and communicative activity. It is recognized that the semiotic nature of evaluation correlates with the universal technique of transforming knowledge about the world at the level of individual and collective consciousness. The impact of evaluatively marked signs activates cognitive (sense-formation) schemes that structure the experience of linguistic fixation of perceptual and emotional information in «live» process of cognition and communication.
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Sherman, Maxwell A., Shane Lee, Robert Law, Saskia Haegens, Catherine A. Thorn, Matti S. Hämäläinen, Christopher I. Moore i Stephanie R. Jones. "Neural mechanisms of transient neocortical beta rhythms: Converging evidence from humans, computational modeling, monkeys, and mice". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, nr 33 (28.07.2016): E4885—E4894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1604135113.
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Human neocortical 15–29-Hz beta oscillations are strong predictors of perceptual and motor performance. However, the mechanistic origin of beta in vivo is unknown, hindering understanding of its functional role. Combining human magnetoencephalography (MEG), computational modeling, and laminar recordings in animals, we present a new theory that accounts for the origin of spontaneous neocortical beta. In our MEG data, spontaneous beta activity from somatosensory and frontal cortex emerged as noncontinuous beta events typically lasting <150 ms with a stereotypical waveform. Computational modeling uniquely designed to infer the electrical currents underlying these signals showed that beta events could emerge from the integration of nearly synchronous bursts of excitatory synaptic drive targeting proximal and distal dendrites of pyramidal neurons, where the defining feature of a beta event was a strong distal drive that lasted one beta period (∼50 ms). This beta mechanism rigorously accounted for the beta event profiles; several other mechanisms did not. The spatial location of synaptic drive in the model to supragranular and infragranular layers was critical to the emergence of beta events and led to the prediction that beta events should be associated with a specific laminar current profile. Laminar recordings in somatosensory neocortex from anesthetized mice and awake monkeys supported these predictions, suggesting this beta mechanism is conserved across species and recording modalities. These findings make several predictions about optimal states for perceptual and motor performance and guide causal interventions to modulate beta for optimal function.
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Marks, David F. "I Am Conscious, Therefore, I Am: Imagery, Affect, Action, and a General Theory of Behavior". Brain Sciences 9, nr 5 (10.05.2019): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9050107.
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Organisms are adapted to each other and the environment because there is an inbuilt striving toward security, stability, and equilibrium. A General Theory of Behavior connects imagery, affect, and action with the central executive system we call consciousness, a direct emergent property of cerebral activity. The General Theory is founded on the assumption that the primary motivation of all of consciousness and intentional behavior is psychological homeostasis. Psychological homeostasis is as important to the organization of mind and behavior as physiological homeostasis is to the organization of bodily systems. Consciousness processes quasi-perceptual images independently of the input to the retina and sensorium. Consciousness is the “I am” control center for integration and regulation of (my) thoughts, (my) feelings, and (my) actions with (my) conscious mental imagery as foundation stones. The fundamental, universal conscious desire for psychological homeostasis benefits from the degree of vividness of inner imagery. Imagery vividness, a combination of clarity and liveliness, is beneficial to imagining, remembering, thinking, predicting, planning, and acting. Assessment of vividness using introspective report is validated by objective means such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A significant body of work shows that vividness of visual imagery is determined by the similarity of neural responses in imagery to those occurring in perception of actual objects and performance of activities. I am conscious; therefore, I am.
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Lappin, Joseph S., i Herbert H. Bell. "Form and Function in Information for Visual Perception". i-Perception 12, nr 6 (listopad 2021): 204166952110533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20416695211053352.
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Visual perception involves spatially and temporally coordinated variations in diverse physical systems: environmental surfaces and symbols, optical images, electro-chemical activity in neural networks, muscles, and bodily movements—each with a distinctly different material structure and energy. The fundamental problem in the theory of perception is to characterize the information that enables both perceptual awareness and real-time dynamic coordination of these diverse physical systems. Gibson's psychophysical and ecological conception of this problem differed from that of mainstream science both then and now. The present article aims to incorporate Gibson's ideas within a general conception of information for visual perception. We emphasize the essential role of spatiotemporal form, in contrast with symbolic information. We consider contemporary understanding of surface structure, optical images, and optic flow. Finally, we consider recent evidence about capacity limitations on the rate of visual perception and implications for the ecology of vision.
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LEE-ROSS, DARREN, i BENJAMIN MITCHELL. "DOING BUSINESS IN THE TORRES STRAITS: A STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CULTURE AND THE NATURE OF INDIGENOUS ENTREPRENEURS". Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 12, nr 02 (czerwiec 2007): 199–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946707000630.
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This qualitative study focuses on the relationship between culture and entrepreneurship in the Torres Strait Islands. Similar to other countries with a low per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP), aggregate evidence suggests that entrepreneurial activity is commonplace among the indigenous community. Closer investigation revealed this is particularly so for a form known as "marginal" entrepreneurship. Using Hofstede's (1994) model of cultural dimensions linked to key western entrepreneurial traits, a sample of 61 Torres Strait entrepreneurs showed sizable perceptual trait differences compared with western theory. This has implications on the received current wisdom regarding typical values and characteristics of entrepreneurs. It would appear that cultural differences exist between the entrepreneurs of the Torres Straits and others. The implications of this finding have a potentially significant impact on policy and the level and types of investment funds made available for enabling entrepreneurship in the Torres Straits.
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Sacheli, L. M., C. Verga, E. Arcangeli, G. Banfi, M. Tettamanti i E. Paulesu. "How Task Interactivity Shapes Action Observation". Cerebral Cortex 29, nr 12 (7.10.2019): 5302–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz205.
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Abstract Action observation triggers imitation, a powerful mechanism permitting interpersonal coordination. Coordination, however, also occurs when the partners’ actions are nonimitative and physically incongruent. One influential theory postulates that this is achieved via top-down modulation of imitation exerted by prefrontal regions. Here, we rather argue that coordination depends on sharing a goal with the interacting partner: this shapes action observation, overriding involuntary imitation, through the predictive activity of the left ventral premotor cortex (lvPMc). During functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), participants played music in turn with a virtual partner in interactive and noninteractive conditions requiring 50% of imitative/nonimitative responses. In a full-factorial design, both perceptual features and low-level motor requirements were kept constant throughout the experiment. Behaviorally, the interactive context minimized visuomotor interference due to the involuntary imitation of physically incongruent movements. This was paralleled by modulation of neural activity in the lvPMc, which was specifically recruited during the interactive task independently of the imitative/nonimitative nature of the social exchange. This lvPMc activity reflected the predictive decoding of the partner’s actions, as revealed by multivariate pattern analysis. This demonstrates that, during interactions, we process our partners’ behavior to prospectively infer their contribution to the shared goal achievement, generating motor predictions for cooperation beyond low-level imitation.
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Dykstra, Andrew R., Peter A. Cariani i Alexander Gutschalk. "A roadmap for the study of conscious audition and its neural basis". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, nr 1714 (19.02.2017): 20160103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0103.
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How and which aspects of neural activity give rise to subjective perceptual experience—i.e. conscious perception—is a fundamental question of neuroscience. To date, the vast majority of work concerning this question has come from vision, raising the issue of generalizability of prominent resulting theories. However, recent work has begun to shed light on the neural processes subserving conscious perception in other modalities, particularly audition. Here, we outline a roadmap for the future study of conscious auditory perception and its neural basis, paying particular attention to how conscious perception emerges (and of which elements or groups of elements) in complex auditory scenes. We begin by discussing the functional role of the auditory system, particularly as it pertains to conscious perception. Next, we ask: what are the phenomena that need to be explained by a theory of conscious auditory perception? After surveying the available literature for candidate neural correlates, we end by considering the implications that such results have for a general theory of conscious perception as well as prominent outstanding questions and what approaches/techniques can best be used to address them. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Auditory and visual scene analysis’.
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Allen, Micah, Andrew Levy, Thomas Parr i Karl J. Friston. "In the Body’s Eye: The computational anatomy of interoceptive inference". PLOS Computational Biology 18, nr 9 (13.09.2022): e1010490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010490.
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A growing body of evidence highlights the intricate linkage of exteroceptive perception to the rhythmic activity of the visceral body. In parallel, interoceptive inference theories of affective perception and self-consciousness are on the rise in cognitive science. However, thus far no formal theory has emerged to integrate these twin domains; instead, most extant work is conceptual in nature. Here, we introduce a formal model of cardiac active inference, which explains how ascending cardiac signals entrain exteroceptive sensory perception and uncertainty. Through simulated psychophysics, we reproduce the defensive startle reflex and commonly reported effects linking the cardiac cycle to affective behaviour. We further show that simulated ‘interoceptive lesions’ blunt affective expectations, induce psychosomatic hallucinations, and exacerbate biases in perceptual uncertainty. Through synthetic heart-rate variability analyses, we illustrate how the balance of arousal-priors and visceral prediction errors produces idiosyncratic patterns of physiological reactivity. Our model thus offers a roadmap for computationally phenotyping disordered brain-body interaction.
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Dresp-Langley, Birgitta, i Jean Durup. "A Plastic Temporal Brain Code for Conscious State Generation". Neural Plasticity 2009 (2009): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/482696.
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Consciousness is known to be limited in processing capacity and often described in terms of a unique processing stream across a single dimension: time. In this paper, we discuss a purely temporal pattern code, functionally decoupled from spatial signals, for conscious state generation in the brain. Arguments in favour of such a code include Dehaene et al.'s long-distance reverberation postulate, Ramachandran's remapping hypothesis, evidence for a temporal coherence index and coincidence detectors, and Grossberg's Adaptive Resonance Theory. A time-bin resonance model is developed, where temporal signatures of conscious states are generated on the basis of signal reverberation across large distances in highly plastic neural circuits. The temporal signatures are delivered by neural activity patterns which, beyond a certain statistical threshold, activate, maintain, and terminate a conscious brain state like a bar code would activate, maintain, or inactivate the electronic locks of a safe. Such temporal resonance would reflect a higher level of neural processing, independent from sensorial or perceptual brain mechanisms.