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Toubiana, Mylène. "L’immunité innée chez la moule méditerranéenne Mytilus galloprovincialis : de la transmission du signal à la régulation génique". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20201/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis (bivalve, mollusc), is an ecologically and economically essential animal. As other invertebrates, it possesses only an innate immune system to protect itself against infections. However, constantly exposed to a large variety of invasive and potentially pathogen microorganisms, and existing since more than 500 million years, its immune system seems very effective. To improve our understanding on such a system, present works were made concerning the structure and expression regulation of peptides involved in the immune response. They allowed (i) to determine that the constitutive expression levels of genes linked to immunity, as well as the nature and intensity of their expression regulation, are strongly dependent on the season and on the geographical origin of mussels; (ii) to confirm the crucial role of the three-dimensional structure of antimicrobial peptides (AMP) in biological activities; (iii) to determine the complete structure of mytimycine, a strictly antifungal peptide, as well as of cytokine MIF; (iv) to confirm the existence of an extended polymorphism of mRNA coding for the molecular effectors of immunity in individuals, within and between populations; (v) to determine that expression levels of genes linked to immunity are strongly dependent to the injected microorganisms, suggesting a specific recognition/ response; (vi) to demonstrate the existence of a functional signalling pathway from Toll-like receptors (TLR) to NF-κB factor, but not of an IMD-like pathway. In conclusion, the immune response of the mussel appeared extremely complex, involving polymorphic effectors expressed differently according to the season, the geographical origin, and specifically in response to different microorganisms. On the other hand, their gene transcription could be under the control of only one signal transmission pathway
Paquet, Amélie. "Peptides de l’immunité innée (défensines et cathélicidines) : expression dans les contextes d’obésité et de diabète de type 2, et lien avec la régulation fonctionnelle des adipocytes médullaires et l’os". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Littoral, 2024. https://documents.univ-littoral.fr/access/content/group/50b76a52-4e4b-4ade-a198-f84bc4e1bc3c/BULCO/Th%C3%A8ses/MABLab/123427_PAQUET_2024_archivage.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaObesity is a major risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes (T2D), the diseases favoured by systemic inflammation and insulin resistance. These metabolic diseases are associated to bone fragility increasing significantly the risk of fracture, often without modification in bone mineral density. Obesity and T2D are also accompanied by an abnormal high level of fat in the bone marrow (bone marrow adiposity (BMA)) which is suspected to exert a deleterious effect on the bone. However, the underlying mechanisms increasing the BMA and its consequences on bone tissue are not fully understood. The defensins and the cathelicidin, the antimicrobial peptides of the innate immunity the expression of which is modified in obesity and T2D, seem to influence the osteoblastic differentiation of skeletal stem cells (SSC). This PhD thesis explores the relationships between the expression of the cathelicidin gene, the regulation of BMA, and the bone alterations in the context of obesity and T2D. The first part of this work evaluated, in murine models of obesity -based on High Fat Diet - HFD) and of T2D (induced by HFD combined with streptozotocin-STZ treatment), the relations between the expression of the murine cathelicidin (CRAMP : cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide), the BMA, and bone microarchitecture and fragility. C57BL/6J male mice fed with HFD have developed hyperinsulinemic obesity, characterized by weight gain, a moderate hyperglycaemia, an impaired glucose tolerance with an insulin resistance. This obesity induced decreased trabecular and cortical thickness of the tibia, associated with a significant expansion of BMA, without changes in the circulating levels of the CRAMP peptide despite a decreased expression of its transcripts in visceral adipose tissue (VAT). These findings highlight the role of insulin in the accumulation of bone marrow adipocytes (BMAds). In contrast, the HFD/STZ mice model induces a marked hyperghycemia and insulinopenia, features of T2D, limiting the expansion of both peripheral and marrow fat as compared to the HFD group. The HFD/STZ diabetic mice also exhibit increased bone fragility, as characterized by a reduction in the trabeculae number of the tibia and a decrease of cortical rigidity of the femur, associated with decreased of CRAMP circulating levels. These alterations suggest a correlation between declined serum levels of CRAMP with a compromised bone quality leading to the bone fragility in diabetic mice. In the second part of this thesis, we studied in vitro the expression of the human cathelicidin gene (CAMP) in BMAds differentiated from SSC, as well as its regulation in response to various metabolic stimuli. For the first time to our knowledge, this study detected the expression of CAMP transripts in BMAds as early as the third day of differentiation, with a gradual increase until mature adipocytes on day 21. Under high glucose concentration (11 or 25 mM), the mRNA levels of CAMP are significantly reduced in BMAds, thus corroborating the negative correlation observed between circulating CRAMP and glycaemia in diabetic mice. Furthermore, treatment of differentiated BMAds with butyrate or oleate led to an increase in CAMP transcripts, whereas propionate caused an opposite effect on CAMP expression in vitro. These regulations suggest that abnormal levels of free fatty acids in the contexts of obesity and T2D or of bone fragility, may have effects on plasma and bone marrow levels of CAMP. Although further studies are needed, this thesis work suggests that the systemic expression of CAMP could constitute an immune-metabolic marker of bone fragility related to T2D. Future research is essential to clarify the mechanisms regulating the cathelicidin expression and better understand its role in the regulation of BMA and bone quality in the contexts of obesity and T2D
Simoni, Yannick. "L’immunité innée dans le diabète sucré". Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05T074/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe type 1 diabetes ( T1D ) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of β cells in the pancreas by autoreactive T lymphocytes. During my thesis, we are interested in the role of cells of innate immunity in T1D using a mouse model of the disease: NOD mice. In contrast to cells of the adaptive system (T and B lymphocytes ) cells of innate immunity is the first line of defense of the body during infection . This population consists of neutrophils , among other , plasmacytoid dendritic cells ( pDC ) , macrophages , T lymphocytes but not conventional B as iNKT cells and B -1a.Previously, our laboratory has highlighted the role of iNKT cells in the development of T1D . During the first part of my thesis , we demonstrated that iNKT17 cells, a subpopulation of iNKT cells, have a deleterious role in T1D in NOD mice . These cells infiltrate the pancreas and there produce IL -17 , a proinflammatory cytokine. Through transfer experiments , we demonstrated that lymphocytes iNKT17 exacerbate disease through the production of IL-17 . In the second part of my thesis , we investigated the mechanisms that induce the activation of autoreactive T lymphocytes. We observed in NOD mice , the physiological death of β cells leads to activation of innate immunity cells : neutrophils, lymphocytes B- 1a and pDCs . The cooperation between these cells leads to activation of pDC that produce IFNa . This cytokine activates autoreactive T cells which will destroy the β cells of the pancreas. Our results show that innate immunity is an important player in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus
Decque, Adrien. "Etude de la SUMOylation dans l’immunité innée et l’oncogenèse". Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066312/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaSUMOylation is a reversible post-translational modification modifying the functions of hundreds ofproteins. It is implicated in essential cellular and organismal processes, such as nuclear shuttling, DNArepair, mitosis, transcription. Using genetically modified models, deficient for the uniqueSUMOylation E2 enzyme UBC9, we characterized the consequences of a decrease in globalSUMOylation in two processes: innate immunity and oncogenesis.We reveal a major role for SUMOylation in the negative regulation of the gene coding for IFN-.Deregulation of this gene in the absence of Ubc9 has dramatic consequences on innate immunity, withincreased inflammatory transcriptional program expression, endotoxic shock hypersensitivity, andprotection against viral infection. Chromatin binding profile analysis of SUMO surrounding the Ifnb1gene revealed three new putative regulatory domains. Finally, SUMOylation regulates endogenousretroviruses expression, potential triggers for interferon response.Our second research axis allowed the characterization of the consequences of global SUMOylationdecrease on cellular transformation and colorectal oncogenesis. Our results show increased sensitivityof transformed cells to SUMOylation loss, when compared to primary cells. Furthermore, decreasingUBC9 levels by half causes a two-fold decrease in intestinal polyp numbers developing in the colon ofmice, in a chemically-induced model of colorectal oncogenesis.Altogether, these results helped increasing our knowledge of the role of SUMOylation in majorcellular processes implicated in oncogenesis and innate immunity
Decque, Adrien. "Etude de la SUMOylation dans l’immunité innée et l’oncogenèse". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2014PA066312.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaSUMOylation is a reversible post-translational modification modifying the functions of hundreds ofproteins. It is implicated in essential cellular and organismal processes, such as nuclear shuttling, DNArepair, mitosis, transcription. Using genetically modified models, deficient for the uniqueSUMOylation E2 enzyme UBC9, we characterized the consequences of a decrease in globalSUMOylation in two processes: innate immunity and oncogenesis.We reveal a major role for SUMOylation in the negative regulation of the gene coding for IFN-.Deregulation of this gene in the absence of Ubc9 has dramatic consequences on innate immunity, withincreased inflammatory transcriptional program expression, endotoxic shock hypersensitivity, andprotection against viral infection. Chromatin binding profile analysis of SUMO surrounding the Ifnb1gene revealed three new putative regulatory domains. Finally, SUMOylation regulates endogenousretroviruses expression, potential triggers for interferon response.Our second research axis allowed the characterization of the consequences of global SUMOylationdecrease on cellular transformation and colorectal oncogenesis. Our results show increased sensitivityof transformed cells to SUMOylation loss, when compared to primary cells. Furthermore, decreasingUBC9 levels by half causes a two-fold decrease in intestinal polyp numbers developing in the colon ofmice, in a chemically-induced model of colorectal oncogenesis.Altogether, these results helped increasing our knowledge of the role of SUMOylation in majorcellular processes implicated in oncogenesis and innate immunity
Lartigue, Aurélia. "Les modèles murins de lupus erythemateux dissemine (LED) : rôle de l’immunité innée et de l’immunité spécifique". Rouen, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ROUES009.
Pełny tekst źródłaSLE is an autoimmune disease characterised by the production of anti-nuclear Ab and immune complex formation which induce tissue lesions. Lupus disease in mice WB is associated with anti-phospholipid syndrome and risk of atherosclerosis development, we characterised Ab directed against nucleophosmin. This autoAb population is associated with presence of anti-cardiolipin Ab and could be responsible for vascular lesions. We showed that disease development is dramatically increased in B6lpr/lpr lupus mice knocked out for tlr9 and this protective role of TLR9 could be explained by its implication in anti-nucleosome Ab response. Inversely, clinical signs of the disease are improved in TLR2-/- and TLR4-/- mice suggesting a harmful effect of TLR2 and TLR4 due to their implication in B cell differentiation and more precisely in marginal zone B cell emergency
Geoffre, Nicolas. "Modulation de la carcinogenèse hépatique par une protéine de l’immunité innée REG3A". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASQ030.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common liver cancer developing mainly on a cirrhotic background. HCC is the 6th most commonly occurring and the 2nd most deadly cancer in the world. Little is known about the mechanisms involved in HCC making it difficult to develop effective treatments against this aggressive cancer. Our study investigated the effects of a human C-type lectin, REG3A, on liver carcinogenesis. REG3A is a secreted 16 kDa protein, which binds specific poly/oligosaccharides targets and acts on various inflamed and cancerous organs in autocrine and paracrine manner. REG3A displays several biological activities in cell growth and survival, the tissue protection against inflammation and oxidative stress. Its role in carcinogenesis is still controversial. We demonstrated that overexpression of REG3A delayed the onset of HCC in two murine models of chemical and genetic carcinogenesis. We showed that the slow-down effect of REG3A was associated with a significant reduction of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) of proteins. We described how this phenomenon unbalances the stability / degradation of the c-MYC oncogene, promotes c-MYC degradation and slows tumor development at least in our experimental models. Overall, our study reveals a link between lectin, O-GlcNAcylation and carcinogenesis. However, the mechanisms by which REG3A regulates O-GlcNAcylation remain to be elucidated
Madore, Charlotte. "Plasticité morphofonctionnelle du système de l’immunité innée cérébrale : modulation par l’inflammation et la nutrition". Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR22059/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe brain innate immune system is mainly composed of microglial cells. Microglia are activated in response to an immune or inflammatory stimuli or a trauma, and then produce pro- and anti-inflammatory factors. These factors drive the innate immune response and can modulate neuronal activity and in fine, learning and memory. Recently, microglia have been shown to play a key role during brain development. Via their phagocytic activity, microglial cells can participate to neuronal networks maturation. Although brain innate immune system defends brain tissue from aggression, chronic activation of microglia can also be deleterious. In the adult brain, chronic production of inflammatory cytokines can contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. During development, inflammatory stimuli modifying microglia activity and homeostasis could lead to neuropsychiatric diseases with a neurodevelopmental origin. Understanding how microglia are regulated and how they respond to various stimuli is therefore crucial.Microglia activity is characterized by morphological and dynamic properties of microglia,by its communication with neurons by its polarization into a specific phenotype, and by their phagocytic profile. Few studies have characterized all the morphofunctional properties of microglial cells in vivo. Using a combination of approaches including FACS, immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, 3D reconstruction, two-photon microscopy and communication factors assays, it is now possible to better characterize these cells in order to understand their regulation by the environment and the resulting impact (beneficial or deleterious) on neuronal functions. The main goal of this thesis was to study the morphofunctional properties of microglial cells in vivo in two pathophysiological states: a peripheral inflammation induced by a peripheral injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and in an n-3 PUFAs nutritional state. In the first study, we developed tools to investigate microglial morphofunctional plasticity and gained a better understanding of the impact of peripheral inflammation on the activity of these cells in vivo. In the second part of this thesis, we showed for the first time that maternal nutritional status in n-3 PUFAs affect the morphofunctional properties of microglial cells and the establishment of neural circuits during the postnatal development of the pups. Overall, our results provide new insights in the relationship between morphological and functional plasticity of microglial cells in vivo
Morel, Victoria. "Rôle chromatinien de SUMO dans l’immunité innée et ses implications dans l’immunothérapie des cancers". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS434.
Pełny tekst źródłaImmunotherapy has recently emerged as a promising approach for cancer treatment but it only benefits to a limited number of patients. Since loss of SUMOylation in immune cells induces a massive type I interferon (IFN-I) response and IFN-I-based innate responses were found to synergize with checkpoint blockade for the rejection of tumors, we investigated the effect of manipulating the SUMO pathway on anti-tumor immune responses. My results revealed that hypoSUMOylated mice show a significant delay in tumor growth upon PD-1 blockade as compared to the WT and that this anti-tumor response partly depends on IFN-I signaling and involved both myeloid and lymphocytic populations. We then identify the repertoire of endogenous SUMO substrates in macrophages either unstimulated or upon pathogenic stimuli. In total, 1232 substrates of SUMO were identified, 30 of which were differentially SUMOylated upon immune stimuli. Validation and functional characterization of these substrates give some insight into the mechanism by which SUMO regulates immunity. Moreover, it is known that SUMO acts at the chromatin and functions as a general safeguard of cell identity. In this context, another part of my project seeks to assess the function of SUMOylation in a patho-physiological process associated with cell fate changes. More precisely, we studied the role of SUMO in the skeletal muscle system and have shown that hypoSUMOylation improve muscle regeneration. We anticipate these studies to provide new insight into SUMO functions involved in the tissue regeneration as well as to allow the identification of new potential strategies to manipulate inflammation for cancer therapeutic purposes
Castanier, Céline. "Étude de la régulation de la protéine mitochondriale MAVS au cours de l’immunité innée antivirale". Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA11T046.
Pełny tekst źródłaInnate Immunity acts as the first line of the host defense against viral infection, providing a rapid response to restrict the microbial threats. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and cytosolic RIG-I-like helicases (RLRs) are the two major receptor systems for detecting virus. Viral nucleic acids are recognised by the helicases RIG-I and MDA5. These receptors contain two CARD domains involve in the recruitment of the mitochondrial antiviral signaling adaptor MAVS whose activation triggers a rapid production of type 1 interferons (IFNs) and of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Interestingly, it has been reported that MAVS must be localized to mitochondria to exert its function. While MAVS is essential for this signaling, its function and regulation remain unclear. In this work, we report that RLR activation triggers MAVS ubiquitination by the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM25 and marks it for proteasomal degradation concomitantly with downstream signaling. MAVS appears to function as a recruitment platform to first assemble a signaling complex, then the proteasome-mediated MAVS degradation is required to unleash into the cytosol this signaling complex allowing the signalosome activation and ensuing type I IFNs production. Futhermore, we reported that mitochondrial dynamics regulate MAVS-mediated signaling after viral infection
Lebossé, Fanny. "Interactions in vivo entre l’immunité innée intrahépatique et la réplication du virus de l’hépatite B". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10192.
Pełny tekst źródłaChronic HBV infections (CHB) are difficult to treat diseases because of viral persistence. It’s explained by the particular replication of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and its interplays with host immunity. CHB is characterized by different stages, which reflect a balance between viral replication and immune response. However, our knowledge regarding the natural history of CHB is insufficient to allow us to predict patients’ prognosis. Further clinical studies are needed to improve our understanding of interplays between HBV replication and host immunity. The first study is a retrospective one about interplays between serological and intrahepatic viral markers and intrahepatic innate immunity genes expression. Immunity genes seem to be down-regulated during CHB in comparison to healthy controls, without impact of the level of viral replication. HBsAg levels in blood may reflect the intrahepatic innate immune response and especially the type I IFN response for HBeAg negative patients. The second part is a prospective study which shows any relevance of adding PEG-IFN to HIV/HBV co-infected responders to NUCS therapy patients. The results highlight the potential interest of baseline HBsAg level to predict PEG-IFN response (low HBsAg levels being more favorable). Finally, these results highlight the role of interplays between HBV replication and innate immune response during the natural history of CHB. They may be interesting in the context of the development of new antiviral strategies
Perrin, Jackie. "Virulence bactérienne et défenses de l’hôte : contribution des cellules phagocytaires dans l’immunité innée chez la drosophile". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10098.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn eukaryotes, phagocytic cells are involved in the defense against pathogens by insuring the recognition of foreign bodies, their internalization and elimination. We developed the use of the fly Drosophila melanogaster for the prospective study of the phagocytes contribution in the innate immunity and their role in host-pathogen interactions. In phagocytes, the GTPases of the family Rho have an essential role in the actin cytoskeleton dynamics that take place during cellular adhesion and pathogen internalisation. We proved that the RhoGTPase Rac2 is specifically involved in drosophila cellular immune response and contributes to the resistance in infections by the pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This bacteria raises major public health problems, in particular at the patients affected by cystic fibrosis. I focused in the toxin ExoS of P. Aeruginosa which is injected in host cells targeting RhoGTPases. In particular, Rac2 is inhibited by this toxin resulting in reduced phagocytosis and resistance to infection. In parallel, I participated in the identification of new virulence factors of P. Aeruginosa in association with Pr P. Cosson (Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva). My work also concerned the research for new players of the cellular immune response. I looked into an evolutionary conserved family of proteins, the nonaspanins also called TM9SF proteins, who’s function in the phagocytosis had been previously shown in amoeba. We proved that TM9SF4 plays an important role in drosophila infection resistance via its implication in phagocytosis and cellular adhesion
Waldschmidt, Ingrid. "Effet de l’effort, l’entrainement et l’inflammation sur l’immunité innée des voies respiratoires profondes du Trotteur Français". Caen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CAEN2095.
Pełny tekst źródłaLower airway diseases are a common problem in sport and racing horses. Because the innate immunity plays an essential role in lung defense mechanisms against pathogens, we aimed to assess the effect of acute exercise, training and inflammation on pulmonary innate immune responses. In the first step of these PhD research, we evaluate an experimental model to assess equine pulmonary innate immune response which could be used in several conditions. Alveolar macrophages were isolated from broncho-alveolar lavages using an adhesion method and stimulated by TLR 2/6, 3 and 4 agonists. TLR are receptors able to recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns and to induce an immune response. Best conditions of alveolar macrophages stimulations were selected using PCR method. Evaluation of alveolar macrophages response to TLR ligands was performed by measurement of cytokine production in culture supernatants by ELISA. TLR relative expression was quantified by PCR. This experimental model was used in the second step of this work to evaluate the effect of strenuous exercise and training on respiratory innate immunity of horses. A longitudinal study was organized using eight young standardbred horses. Horses were trained and respiratory samplings were performed at different step of the protocol. Results of this study show a moderate effect of strenuous exercise and a negative and prolonged effect of training on alveolar macrophage response against viruses and bacteria. Effect of respiratory inflammation was assessed on owner horses presented at Cirale for respiratory affections. Pulmonary innate immunity was evaluated using the experimental model and compared between healthy horses and horses suffering of IAD and bacterial infection. Results show that alveolar macrophage response of IAD horses was not different from those of healthy horses. Alveolar macrophage response to TLR 4 stimulation was higher in bacterial infection group than in healthy group but the low number of horses included in each group need to take these results with caution. To conclude, this PhD research provides an experimental model to evaluate the ability of alveolar macrophages to recognize pathogens and initiate an immune response. The effect of strenuous exercise and training was assessed using this experimental model and show the negative impact of training on viral and bacterial immunity, which partly explain the high sensitivity of horses to respiratory affections during training periods. Molecular mechanisms involved in IAD stay unknown; complementary studies including higher number of horses should be required to complete these data
Georgel, Anne-France. "Analyse des réponses anti-bactériennes et anti-virales respiratoires induites par les agonistes des récepteurs de l’immunité innée". Thesis, Lille 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL2S053.
Pełny tekst źródłaViral and bacterial infections remain a burden for health care systems. The current therapeutic approaches by antibiotic have shown their effectiveness but also their limit especially in cases of multidrug-resistant microorganisms or in the treatment of patients with aggravating pathologies. Stimulation of innate immunity could be a complementary therapeutic approach to current treatments. Indeed, the activation of the innate immune system induces local production of antimicrobial molecules and the recruitment of effector cells involved in controlling infection.The Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) are innate sensors that trigger signaling cascades and promotes the archetypal pro-inflammatory responses involved in antimicrobial defense. TLR5 recognizes flagellin, the structural protein of bacterial flagella. TLR5 is expressed on the surface of macrophages, dendritic cells and epithelial cells.In the first part of the work, we assessed the ability of flagellin to control the replication of influenza A virus H3N2. We first showed that intranasal or systemic administration of flagellin activated transcription of anti-viral genes in lung tissue. Administration of flagellin reduced viral replication in the lung of mice infected with H3N2 IAV. This effect is also observed in Il22-/- and Ifnar-/- mice suggesting a mechanism independent of type I interferon and interleukin 22 signaling. Finally, we also showed that the combination of flagellin with oseltamivir (neuraminidase inhibitor) was more efficacious than standalone treatments.The second part of this work is the ASTRAL clinical study, which assesses the ability of blood mononuclear cells to respond to different TLR agonists in patients with acute lobar pneumonia. This study started in October 2017 and plans to include 38 patients. The objective is to observe the response after TLR agonist stimulation by transcriptional analysis and cytokine assays. The first results (analysis of 7 patients) show that blood mononuclear cells can be activated by TLR agonists in the context of pneumonia
Tzou, Phoebe. "Expression et fonction des peptides antimicrobiens chez la drosophile". Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA112023.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe widespread distribution of antimicrobial peptides throughout the animal and plant kingdoms suggests that they have served a fundamental role in the successful evolution of multi-cellular organisms. In Drosophila, seven classes of antimicrobial peptides with different spectra of activities have been identified. These antimicrobial peptides are made in the fat body, an analog of mammalian liver, and are secreted into the hemolymph where they counter microbial agents. This transcriptionally regulated antimicrobial response is governed by two distinct signaling cascades, the Toll and Imd pathways, that share similarities with the signaling cascades that regulate NF- kB in the innate immune response in mammals. During my thesis, l have analyzed the expression profile and function of the seven antimicrobial peptides during immune response in Drosophila. Using GFP reporter transgenes, we have first analyzed the pattern of expression of the seven antimicrobial peptide genes. Our data show that antimicrobial peptide gene is expressed in surface epithelia in a tissue-specific manner. We also show that Imd pathway plays a critical role in the activation of this local response to infection. This local antimicrobial response has also been found in vertebrates and plants, suggesting a critical role of antimicrobial peptides in limiting local infection. The second part of my thesis addresses the in vivo function of antimicrobial peptides in Drosophila. We have expressed antimicrobial peptide genes via the control of UAS/GAL4 system in imd; Toll double-mutants that do not express any known endogenous antimicrobial peptide gene. Our results show that constitutive expression of a single peptide, in some cases, is sufficient to rescue the imd; Toll susceptibility to microbial infection. This work has provided the first evidence for the functional relevance of antimicrobial peptides in resisting infection in Drosophila adults
Mitta, Guillaume. "Implication des peptides antimicrobiens dans l'immunité innée de la moule, "Mytilus galloprovincialus"". Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20155.
Pełny tekst źródłaLabed, Sid ahmed. "Caractérisation génétique de l'immunité innée dans l'épiderme de C.elegans". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4050.
Pełny tekst źródłaTo understand the mechanisms of innate immunity, we use Caenorhabditis elegans as a model host and Drechmeria coniospora as a fungal pathogen. D. coniospora adheres to the cuticle of C. elegans to infect its epidermis. The worm responds by an up-regulation of multiple defence genes, including genes encoding anti-microbial peptides (AMP) like nlp-29. Using transgenic worms carrying fluorescent reporter constructs like nlp-29p::gfp, we can follow AMP gene expression in vivo and look for genes required for the induction of AMP genes through genetic screens. The aim of my project was to characterize mutants that have been identified in a new saturated genetic screen, where 57 new Nipi alleles that lack nlp-29 induction after infection were isolated. Adapting a new combined SNP mapping and whole genome sequencing strategy we were able to isolate 15 new alleles of previously known Nipi genes and 12 alleles of 6 “new” genes. Our work confirmed the primary role of the PKCδ/p38 MAPK in the regulation of nlp-29 AMP expression after infection, as well as the STA-2/STAT transcription factor and the SNF-12/SLC6 transporter. We further advance our knowledge by identifying NIPI-4 as a positive regulator of nlp antimicrobial peptide genes expression after infection. NIPI-4 is a member of a nematode-specific kinase family and is predicted to be a pseudokinase. We showed that it acts in the epidermis partially downstream of the p38 MAPK. It also controls the constitutive expression of antimicrobial peptide genes of the cnc family that are targets of TGFß regulation. Together these suggested that NIPI-4 acts with STA-2 and SNF-12 to regulate AMP gene expression in the epidermis
Tahtouh, Muriel. "Rôle des facteurs du complément dans l’immunité innée du système nerveux de la sangsue : hmC1q, un facteur chimiotactique contribuant à l’activation microgliale". Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10056/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe nervous system of invertebrates has functional characteristics different from those of vertebrates. In the leech Hirudo medicinalis, a well-recognized model in neurobiology, the nerve cord repair might be effective after injury. This physiological process requires the mobilization of microglial cells present in the leech nervous system and seems to mimic some key-phases of an inflammatory reaction.A search of the effector molecules involved in this cell recruitment was undertaken. A protein homologous to human complement factor C1q, named HmC1q, was characterized and was shown to be involved in the early accumulation of microglia. Indeed, constitutively expressed in neurons, HmC1q is directly expressed on the cut end of the connective and, in response to the injury, has been shown to increase the recruitment of a subpopulation of microglial cells. Thus HmC1q behaves as a chemoattractant cytokine. The production of its recombinant form in the yeast Pichia pastoris enabled us to specify the molecular mechanisms by which this new chemoattractant, might be highly active in the leech nervous system. The experiments carried out by flow cytometry, immunopreciptation and in chemotaxis analysis that were performed with an anti-gC1qR, argue for the existence of an human homologous gC1qR-like receptor at the surface the reactive of microglial cell subpopulation reactive to HmC1q. By this work, it was shown, for the first time in the CNS of an invertebrate, the existence of a « new cytokine » HmC1q, homologous to the vertebrate protein C1q, but also belonging to the vast C1q-TNF cytokine family. Finally the present original results suggest that HmC1q may have a key role in neuron-glia dialogue that is essential to maintain the integrity of the nervous system
Tasiemski, Aurélie. "Caractérisation et rôle des peptides antimicrobiens dans l'immunité innée de la sangsue Theromyzon tessulatum". Lille 1, 2001. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2001/50376-2001-349.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaCouturier-Maillard, Aurélie. "Etude des interactions du microbiote intestinal avec le récepteur de l’immunité innée NOD2 dans la maladie de Crohn et le cancer colorectal". Thesis, Lille 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL2S008/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaCrohn's disease is a multifactorial disease that could result from environmental factors, genetic factors and would also involved a dysregulation of the immune response against the intestinal microbiota. Indeed, qualitative and quantitative variations of the gut microbiota could be detected in Crohn’s patients or colorectal cancers patients. Moreover, risk of colorectal cancer development is two-fold increased in patients with Croh's disease.In this study, we focused on the role of innate immunity receptor Nod2, which polymorphisms predispose to Crohn's disease, and the influence of gut microbiota in the development of colitis and colorectal cancer.A chemical colitis model and chemical colitis associated cancer (CAC) in mouse highlighted an increased susceptibility of Nod2-/- and Rip2-/- animals compared to WT animals suggesting that NOD2 and its adaptor protein RIP2 can protect from colitis and tumorigenesis.To determine the origin of this increased risk observed in Nod2 or RIP2-deficient animals we first checked the transmissibility of colitis. Co-housing and cross-fostering experiments showed a transmission of susceptibility associated with deficient animals in WT animals horizontally (by congeners) and vertically (by mother). A systematic analysis of the microbiota in CAC model showed a reduction of microbial diversity and a dysbiosis in Nod2-/- animals suggesting an involvement of the flora in the establishment of the increased risk observed in deficient animals. Administration of a broad-spectrum antibiotherapy has confirmed this hypothesis by reducing the susceptibility of Nod2-/- animals. A transcriptional analysis was performed to determine the molecular mechanisms associated with colitis in response to microbiota and highlighted IL-6 and its target genes already described for theirs pro-tumoral effects. Involvement of IL-6 was confirmed by inhibition of IL-6 using an antibody blocking IL-6 receptor that can reduced tumorigenesis. Finally, the generation of germ free Nod2-deficient mice and recolonization by WT mice microbiota showed the ability to reverse the increased risk observed in Nod2-/- mice.Finally, in a context Nod2-deficient, an IL-6-dependent inflammatory response directed against intestinal microbiota, promote the establishment of pro-colitogenic microbiota and would predisposed to colitis and CAC. The transmissibility of this flora may be itself a tool to study interactions between innate and adaptive immune systems. Finally, identification of colitogenic bacteria and inflammatory mechanisms involved, will allow the development of therapies in order to reduce tumorigenesis associated with persistent inflammation in patients with Crohn disease
Kieffer, Anne-Estelle. "Implication de l'ubiquitine dans l'immunité innée : Activité antimicrobienne des fragments N-et C-terminaux de l'ubiquitine". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR13146.
Pełny tekst źródłaUbiquitin (Ub) is a multifunctionnal highly converved protein, which is implicated in protein degradation. Our results integrate Ub into the concept of Neuroimmunity. Ub is stored in secretory granules of chromaffin cells and released during stress into the circulation with catecholamines and antimicrobial peptides derived from chromogranins and proenkephalin-A during stress. The C-terminal fragment Ub65-76 displays a potent antifungal activity, crosses the cell wall of fungi and inhibits calmodulin-dependent calcineurin, an enzyme crucial for fungal growth. Ub65-76 and the N-terminal peptide (residues 1-34) could be generated during an infection with S. Aureus and act synergistically to kill fungi. Furthermore, they don't display any toxicity towards mammalian cells. The Ub C-terminal-derived peptide (Ub65-76) could be used with the N-terminal peptide (Ub1-34) and antimicrobial peptides derived from chromogranins as new antifungal agents
Dagnelie, Marie-Ange. "Etude d'acquisition de connaissances sur l'acné nodulaire du dos : impact du microbiote cutané et de l’immunité innée dans la physiopathologie de l’acné sévère du dos". Thesis, Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NANT1025/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaAcne is a multifactorial inflammatory skin disease affecting up to 85% of the world's population between 11 to 30 years-old. Cutibacterium acnes is a bacterium that plays a major role in acne physiopathology. Recently, skin microbiota and innate immunity have begun to appear as two entities that may be involved in this skin inflammatory disease. Thus, this Thesis aimed to better understand the impact of skin microbiota and innate immunity in the physiopathology of severe back acne. The clinical study, filed with the Committee for the Protection of Persons (CPP) under the number 21-15, allowed the recruitment of 24 patients with severe back acne and 12 healthy volunteers, from whom several samples were peñormed (protocol nºRD.03.SPR.105704 and NºID-RCB 2015-A01139-40). The aim of this work was first to make a molecular characterization of C. acnes isolates from patients and healthy subjects. At the end of this first part, the important predominance of the IA1 (CC18/A1) phylotype in the context of severe back acne guided the study to a new question. Indeed, the Thesis then aimed to decipher how far the diversity of C. acnes phylotypes could impact on the activation level of innate immunity in the context of severe acne. The question was whether this loss of phylotype diversity observed in the context of severe acne was a cause or consequence of the disease. To answer this new question, an in vitro coculture system between bacteria and healthy human skin has been developed. The evaluation of the skin inflammatory response by immunohistochemistry and ELISA after different coculture conditions showed that the loss phylotype diversity was a possible cause of cutaneous inflammation observed in acne context. ln parallel with this work, a characterization of the activation level of the innate immunity of non lesiona! skin from severe acne patients comparing with healthy subjects was carried out, targeting the TGF-ß, TLR- 2, IL-1ß, IL-10, IL-17, and ß-defensin-2 markers. These markers study was also peñormed in two types of inflammatory lesions of acne (papule and nodule) in comparison to non lesiona! skin. At the end of this work, we were able to demonstrate an abnormal activation of the innate immune system, notably via the overexpression of TLR-2 and ß-defensin-2 in the skin of severe acne patients comparing with healthy individuals. This Thesis work paves the way for new paradigms to explain severe acne physiopathology, including the relative imbalance observed between C. acnes subgroups, which, together with TLR-2 and ß-defensin-2 overactivations, would explain the important cutaneous inflammation observed in this dermatosis and the appearance of inflammatory nodules. Besides, this work paves the way for the development of new therapeutic approaches, based on skin pre- and pro-biotics to restore a balanced microbial flora, and also for strategies based on the modulation of innate immunity in patients suffering from severe acne
Wallet, Pierre. "Le rôle des Guanylate Binding Proteins dans l’immunité cytosolique du macrophage : bactériolyse et morts cellulaires inflammasome-dépendant et indépendant". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1037.
Pełny tekst źródłaFrancisella tularensis is an intracellular bacterium, and the causative agent of tularemia, capable of infecting a large number of cells including macrophages. The innate cytosolic immune system is capable of detecting the bacterium at different stages of its infection cycle. Macrophages first detect the DNA of the cytosolic bacterium and produce type I interferon. Type I interferon subsequently induces the expression of thousands of genes. The macrophages then detect the cytosolic DNA of the bacterium via a cytosolic DNA sensor called AIM2. The AIM2-DNA binding results in the formation of a multi-protein complex called the AIM2 inflammasome composed of AIM2-ASC-caspase-1. Activation of this complex leads to the maturation of caspase-1. Caspase-1 activation leads to the secretion of two major antimicrobial cytokines, IL-1ß and IL-18. In addition, caspase-1 induces a programmed cell death termed pyroptosis. Cytokine secretion and pyroptosis are two major events in the control of pathogens. My PhD focused in identifying the link between interferon and activation of the AIM2 inflammasome in macrophages infected with the pathogenic bacterium Francisella. I performed a RNA interference screening and identified two proteins involved in the activation of the AIM2 inflammasome: guanylate binding proteins 2 and 5 (GBP2 and GBP5). In collaboration with Dr. Broz’s team in Switzerland, we demonstrated that GBPs are involved in the control of intracellular replication of Francisella and also in the lysis of the bacterium allowing the release of bacterial DNA and the activation of inflammasome AIM2. GBPs are induced by type I interferon but to a much greater extent by type II interferon (IFN-gamma). In the second part of my work, we demonstrate that the control of bacterial replication is GBP-dependent and inflammasome-dependent in the absence of IFN-gamma but that it becomes fully GBP-dependent and inflammasome-independent in macrophages primed with IFN-gamma. Cell-death of macrophages primed with IFN-? and infected with Francisella is also GBP-dependent and inflammasome-independent. Taken together, these results demonstrate that GBPs are innate immunity proteins involved in the death of macrophages and the bacterial growth restriction through two differents pathways : one induces the activation of inflammasome (induction of Pyroptosis) controlled with type I interferon signaling and, another induces cell-death and bacterial killing in an inflammasome-independent manner under the control of IFN-gamma. Our results thus discriminates the antimicrobial action of the inflammasome and of GBPs and position GBPs as the master antibacterial effectors of IFN-gamma, a key cytokine to fight cytosolic bacteria
Cellura, Cinzia. "Spécificité de la réponse immunitaire de type innée : régulation de l'expression des gènes des peptides antimicrobiens chez la moule Mytilus gallosprovincialis (Mollusque bivalve)". Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20035.
Pełny tekst źródłaBarassé, Valentine. "Etude de peptides de venin de fourmis : diversité moléculaire et lien avec la fonction immunitaire". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020INPT0111.
Pełny tekst źródłaAnimal venoms are natural libraries of bioactive compounds, called toxins, which have been finetuned through the course of evolution. However, numerous venomous organisms are still neglected, especially venomous insects. Several studies of ant venoms revealed that they were peptide-rich. Furthermore, the characterization of the ant Tetramorium bicarinatum venom peptidome revealed that, despite the diversity of mature peptides, they belonged to 3 superfamilies of precursors, some of which have already been described in other aculeate hymenoptera. This study also observed that genes encoding some of them were expressed outside the venom apparatus. These results raise questions about the mechanisms involved in the diversification of peptide toxins from ant venoms, as well as their role apart from the venomous function. To address these issues, the first part of this thesis work consisted in the characterization via proteotranscriptomics approaches of 7 venoms from ants belonging to the different phylogenetic tribes of the Myrmicinae subfamily, and of the venom of one species. belonging to a close subfamily, the Pseudomyrmecinae. A total of 100 peptide toxins with various structures were thus identified and classified into 8 precursor superfamilies. The second part explored the link between peptide toxins of T. bicarinatum venom and its innate immunity via molecular and cellular biology methods. The presence of transcripts encoding certain peptides have been verified in organs which are involved in innate immunity of insects (i.e. fat bodies, digestive tracts). The expression of the genes encoding them has also been evaluated following a bacterial infection. It has thus been shown that the transcripts encoding the selected venom peptides are present in the organs tested, and that some are produced in fat bodies in response to a bacterial infection. These results confirm the existence of a link between the venom peptides and the innate immunity of the ant T. bicarinatum, although further studies are needed
Sonthi, Molruedee. "Structure, polymorphisme et régulation de l'expression de la mytimycine, peptide antifongique de la moule Mytilus". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20105/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaAntimicrobial peptides are crucial elements of the innate immune mechanisms developed to fight microorganisms. Among them are antifungal peptides from which one, named mytimycin (MytM), had been partially reported in the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis. The purposes of this thesis were to fully characterize MytM in M. edulis and M. galloprovincialis and to understand how this peptide participates in mussel immunity. Results showed (i) the diversity of MytM mRNA and translated amino acid sequences according to geographic origin of mussels, probably resulting from adaptation to their environments; (ii) that 2 different MytM genes are simultaneously present in the genome of the same individual mussel; (iii) that expression level of MytM gene depends on the nature of the challenge, suggesting specific recognition processes; and (iv) MytM expression level was different from one mussel to another. In conclusion, MytM appeared to play a prominent and specific role in mussels. The advancement of our works added new data to the knowledge of innate immunity in invertebrates
Arafah, Sonia. "Induction par un stress de la résistance aux peptides antimicrobiens chez Yersinia". Lille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL2S008.
Pełny tekst źródłaLi, Hui. "Comportements cellulaires et régulation génétique au cours des réactions d’immunité innée chez la moule Mytilus galloprovincialis". Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20099.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe mytiliculture is one of the most important aquaculture in the world, however, little is known on the mussel immune system, which plays a critical role in case of infectious diseases. Like all the other invertebrates, our model, the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, possesses only an innate immune system considered to be primitive and non-specific. In the present study, our results showed that the mussel immune system (i) is capable of responding differently to a variety of stimulations, suggesting a specific recognition process; (ii) reacts differently according to the geographic origin of the animals, showing an adaptation to their own environment; (iii) is influenced by the season, which explains the seasonal mortalities; (iv) presents an extended polymorphism of antimicrobial peptides, which increases in turn the number of molecular effectors. In conclusion, the innate immunity system of the mussel appears more complex than suspected and involving polymorphic immune effectors. Moreover, this system is capable of responding specifically to different stimuli, of adaptation to the environment, and is influenced by the season
Benachour, Hamanou. "Peptides antimicrobiens : un lien entre l'immuno-inflammation et les facteurs de risque du syndrome métabolique et des maladies cardiovasculaires". Thesis, Nancy 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN10012/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaMultiple risk factors for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) act in a synergistic way through inflammatory pathways. Most of CVD risk factors stimulate the release of inflammatory mediators. Defensins and cathelicidins are antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) produced mainly by inflammatory cells. Beside their role in host defense, AMPs are also considered as effectors of inflammatory responses. They have been suggested to play a role in atherosclerosis. To verify this hypothesis, we studied a-defensins DEFA1-3 and cathelicidin LL-37 in a sample of the STANISLAS cohort. We demonstrated that mRNA levels of LL-37 and DEFA1-3 genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of studied subjects are significantly correlated with indicators of obesity, blood pressure, circulating triglycerides and fasting glucose levels, hypo-HDL-C, and leukocytes counts suggesting a role of these genes in CVD. Further analysis revealed that high expression of these genes might be associated with metabolic syndrome. We also showed that expression of LL-37 and DEFA1-3 genes was positively associated with that of FPR receptor gene and that the TT genotype of FPR1 c.32C>T/I11T polymorphism was significantly associated with decreased levels of soluble E-selectin suggesting that these peptides may act through this receptor and such a polymorphism may has an impact on endothelial cells function. In an in vitro model, we found that glucose and insulin modulate the expression of DEFA1-3 and CRAMP cathelicidin genes in human HL-60 neutrophils and mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes cell lines, respectively. Together, our studies demonstrated that DEFA1-3 and LL-37 could be a potential link between innate immunity and CVD and metabolic syndrome
Schmitt, Paulina. "Diversité moléculaire des effecteurs antimicrobiens chez l'huître creuse Crassostrea gigas : mise en évidence et rôle dans la réponse antimicrobienne". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20158/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis work contributed to the knowledge of the molecular bases of oyster immunity by the characterization of the diversity of three antimicrobials of C. gigas and the understanding of the role played by their diversity in the oyster antimicrobial response. Phylogenetic analyses of two antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), Cg-Defensins (Cg-Defs) and Cg-Proline rich peptide (Cg-Prp), and one Bactericidal Permeability Increasing protein, Cg-BPI, led us to the identification of a high diversity for both AMPs. Further analyses showed that this diversity is generated by gene duplication, allelic recombination and directional selection pressures, suggesting their functional diversification. The biological meaning of AMP diversity was investigated for the three major variants of Cg-Defs, which revealed a strong but variable potency against Gram-positive bacteria. We evidenced that oyster defensins kill S. aureus through binding to the cell wall precursor lipid II, resulting in the inhibition of peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Finally, transcript expression and localization of oyster antimicrobials after a pathogenic infection evidenced a complex network in their expression profiles in hemocyte populations and oyster tissues, suggesting a potential interplay between antimicrobials as a result of their colocalization. Indeed, the combination of oyster antimicrobials produced strong synergistic activities that enlarged their antimicrobial spectra. Thus, the diversity of oyster antimicrobials may provide significant means in acquiring functional divergence, probably concerned in the evolutionary arms race between hosts and their pathogens.From our data, it would provide oysters with a higher protection against the potential pathogens from their environment
Herbiniere, Juline. "Contribution à la mise en évidence des effecteurs impliqués dans l'immunité innée d'Armadillidium vulgare, crustacé isopode terrestre infecté par une bactérie du genre Wolbachia". Phd thesis, Université de Poitiers, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011699.
Pełny tekst źródłaChez les crustacés, les hémocytes sont le siège de l'immunité innée, qui comporte deux types de réponses, une réponse cellulaire et une réponse humorale. La première concerne tous les phénomènes de phagocytose, d'encapsulation et de formation de nodules. La deuxième met en jeu de nombreuses protéines responsables de la mélanisation, de la coagulation et de l'activité antimicrobienne. Ces protéines sont stockées dans les granules des hémocytes et sont libérés dans l'hémolymphe lors d'une infection microbienne.
Chez les isopodes terrestres, aucune étude n'avait été réalisée sur la réponse immunitaire, nous nous sommes donc intéressés aux deux aspects de cette réponse. L'observation en cytologie fine des hémocytes et des organes hématopoïétiques d'A. vulgare infectés ou non par Wolbachia, nous a permis d'une part d'identifier les différents types d'hémocytes et de les comparer à ceux décrits chez les crustacés décapodes et, d'autre part, de suspecter une désorganisation du cytosquelette des cellules infectées par Wolbachia.
La recherche d'activité antimicrobienne a conduit à l'isolement et à la caractérisation d'un peptide antibactérien (armadillidine) produit et stocké dans les hémocytes mais également à mettre en évidence deux peptides (potentiellement antimicrobiens) issus du clivage de l'hémocyanine.
Afin d'identifier les protéines impliquées dans la réponse humorale, une cartographie bidimentionnelle des protéines hémocytaires des deux types d'animaux a été réalisée. L'analyse de ces cartes a permis de mettre en évidence de nombreuses protéines, connues chez les crustacés décapodes et chez d'autres invertébrés, impliquées dans la réponse immunitaire.
Cette étude contribue à la compréhension des mécanismes impliquées dans la réponse immunitaire et devrait permettre d'appréhender la relation d'A. vulgare avec Wolbachia.
Rahabi, Mouna. "Les macrophages dans l'inflammation colique, approches expérimentale et translationnelle : impact des récepteurs Dectine-1 et mannose et des peptides Naticol(r)Gut". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30104.
Pełny tekst źródłaCrohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are the two main forms of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and are the result of excessive inflammatory reactions in the digestive system. Although they share some characteristics, they are distinguished by differences in genetic predisposition, risk factors, and clinical, endoscopic and histological features. First, we have focused on the role of C-type lectin receptors in colonic inflammation. We show that in a colitis context the absence of Dectin-1 prevents intestinal inflammation, while the absence of the mannose receptor (MR) exacerbates it. This was confirmed in an experimental model of DSS exposure in MR-deficient mice in which we found a marked increase in the expression of Dectin-1. Dectin-1 is involved in the recruitment of blood monocytes, precursors of macrophages, to the inflammatory site of the colonic mucosa and promotes the production of IL-1ß in a leukotriene-B4-dependent manner. We therefore associate colonic inflammation with the activation of the Dectin1/CCL2/LTA4H axis and with a negative regulation of MR in macrophages from IBD patients. In addition, the second part of our work shows that fish collagen peptides, whose anti-inflammatory properties have been described in other pathological contexts such as arthritis or metabolic deregulation, have a beneficial effect in a context of colonic inflammation. Naticol(r)Gut, the trade name of the fish collagen peptides we studied, regulates inflammation by direct effect on the polarization of colonic macrophages towards an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant phenotype mediated by the recognition by the MR thereby supporting its protective effect. Therefore, we have shown that Naticol(r)Gut administration modulates the Th1/Th2 balance of CD4 T cells in favor of a Th2 response and limits the activation of cytotoxic CD8 T cells. The attenuation of the intestinal inflammatory status generated by the administration of Naticol(r)Gut subsequently leads to intestinal eubiosis characterized by a limitation of the development of pathobiontic species in favor of probiotic species. In addition, we observe similar contributions of Naticol(r) in restoring the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immunotolerant phenotype of human monocytes from subjects with IBD. These two studies support the crucial role of macrophage polarization through the C-type lectin receptors in the pathophysiology of colonic inflammation. Finally, the latter work supports the protective effect of the MR collagen receptor in colitis
Kamar, Rita. "Mécanismes de résistance aux peptides antimicrobiens chez Bacillus thuringiensis : rôle de dltX dans la D-alanylation des acides téichoïques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGPT0029.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe Bacillus cereus pathogenic spectrum ranges from strains used as probiotics to human-lethal strains (causing gastrointestinal disorders or local and severe systemic infections). However, prediction of the pathogenic potential of a strain remains difficult. In this work, we studied different phenotypes of colonization/adaptation to the host (adhesion, cytotoxicity, motility, biofilm formation, resistance to antimicrobial peptides and virulence), analyzing the correlation between these phenotypes and human disease in a collection of strains representative of the pathological diversity of B. cereus in humans. Statistical analysis revealed correlations between several phenotypes, and principal component analysis grouped the strains into two distinct subpopulations. We found that strains differed in pathogenic potential and that virulent strains could be differentiated from non-pathogenic strains. We believe that these findings will facilitate the identification of a phenotype or a combination of phenotypes of potential use in the development of effective prevention strategies and/or diagnostic tools for distinguishing between pathogenic and non-pathogenic B. cereus strains. Our result suggests that B. cereus is not an exclusively opportunistic pathogen and could instead be considered a real pathogen per se. However, virulence is a multifactorial phenomenon involving numerous factors from both the host and the invading pathogen. As cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) are the primary defense mechanism against invading organisms, virulence of pathogens like B. cereus requires bacterial resistance to such compounds. Consequently, many pathogens have developed resistance strategies involving the reduction of the cell envelope negative charge, thereby influencing the binding and interaction of these CAMPs. The incorporation of Dalanine esters into teichoic acids (TAs) represents one of the most common bacterial resistance mechanisms that depend on such charge modifications. That D-alanylation process is accomplished by the gene products of an operon containing five genes, dltXABCD, that is highly conserved among nearly all gram-positive bacteria. The small first ORF, dltX, encodes a protein of unknown function. The aim of the other part of this work was then to establish whether this protein is involved in the D-alanylation process in Bacillus thuringiensis. We therefore constructed an in frame deletion mutant of dltX, without affecting the expression of the other genes of the operon. The growth characteristics of the dltX mutant and those of the wild type strain were similar under standard in vitro conditions. However disruption of dltX drastically impaired the resistance of B. thuringiensis to CAMPs and significantly attenuated its virulence in two insect species: Galleria mellonella and Drosophila melanogaster. Moreover, HPLC studies showed the dltX mutant was devoid of D-alanine, and electrophoretic mobility measurements indicated that the cells carried a higher negative surface charge. Scanning electron microscopy experiments showed morphological alterations of these mutant bacteria, suggesting that depletion of D-alanine from TAs affects cell wall structure. Our findings suggest that DltX is essential for the incorporation of D-alanyl esters into teichoic acids. Moreover, we found that DltX does not affect the expression of the operon. We therefore conclude that dltX is translated into a functional protein that plays a direct biosynthetic, transport or addresser role. Altogether, our results clearly indicate that DltX plays a direct role in the resistance to CAMPs, thus contributing to the survival and virulence of B. thuringiensis in insects. The exact function of that protein remains to be elucidated. This work is the first report examining the involvement of dltX in the Dalanylation of TAs
Atindehou, Ménonvè. "Caractérisation structurale et biologique de nouveaux agents antibactériens naturels actifs dans les infections intestinales : des peptides de la chromogranine A et des principes actifs de Chromolaena odorata". Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00856585.
Pełny tekst źródłaAslam, Rizwan. "Les peptides antimicrobiens dérivés de la chromogranine A et Staphylococcus aureus : de l'analyse de l'interaction hôte-pathogène au développement de revêtement de polymère antimicrobien". Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01059511.
Pełny tekst źródłaSchramm, Frédéric. "Inflammation cutanée et borréliose de Lyme : étude in vitro des interactions entre les cellules résidentes de la peau et Borrelia". Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00757050.
Pełny tekst źródłaTelford, Erica. "Dual role of three natural molecules in regulating the expression of β-defensin-3 and pro-inflammatory mediators". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC273.
Pełny tekst źródłaAntimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are innate immune effectors produced and secreted by intestinal epithelial cells at the microbe-epithelium interface, where they represent an important component of the mucosal barrier. Some AMPs, such as human beta defensin (HBD)-1, are constitutively expressed, while others, including HBD-2 and HBD-3, are induced by a broad range of microbial- and host-derived signals. AMPs control the density of luminal commensal bacteria and invasive capacities of pathogens and have a role in perpetuating the innate immune response and inducing the adaptive response. Indeed, they present antimicrobial, immunoregulatory, angiogenic and anti-tumor effects, among the others. Little is known about regulation of AMP expression, but its deregulation has been associated with several human pathologies, including inflammatory bowel diseases, highlighting their crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis. Due to their multifaceted activities, AMPs represent an appealing therapeutic target for developing novel or complementary solutions to antibiotics, to face the emergence of infectious diseases in public health and the crisis of antimicrobial resistance, and to help re-establishing homeostasis in inflammatory diseases.By screening a bank of natural molecules, our team identified three promising targets, andrographolide (AND), isoliquiritigenin (ISL) and oridonin (ORD), which increase the expression of HBD-3 without inducing pro-inflammatory genes. This project thoroughly studied the effect of AND, ISL and ORD on inducing expression of HBD-3 in an in vitro model of intestinal epithelial cells. These molecules not only produced this effect when used alone, but also acted synergistically, highly inducing the expression of HBD-3 when used in combination. Moreover, AND, ISL and ORD hindered the expression of the pro-inflammatory genes IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α upon stimulation of cells with endogenous or bacterial inflammatory stimuli. Further studies conducted by the group aimed at characterizing the activity of the compounds in vitro and ex vivo and unravelling their mechanisms of action by studying the intracellular pathways involved.In conclusion, AND, ISL and ORD represent useful tools to study the regulatory network controlling expression of AMPs and might develop to be candidate drugs for pathologic conditions in which strengthening the mucosal barrier, while reducing inflammation, is needed
Bleau, Christian. "Rôle des cellules endothéliales dans l’immunité innée précoce induite lors d’infections par des coronavirus murins". Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13913.
Pełny tekst źródłaEndothelial cells (EC) act as a physical barrier against invasion by pleiotropic blood borne viruses but their contribution in innate antiviral defense is poorly known. Dysfunctions in blood-brain barrier EC (BMECs) and liver sinusoidal EC (LSECs) have been reported in viral neuropathologies and hepatitis, suggesting that loss of ECs integrity may contribute to the pathogenesis. Mouse hepatitis coronaviruses (MHV), differing in their ability to induce severe to subclinical hepatitis and neurological diseases and / or their tropism for ECs, are relevant viral models to study the consequences of EC infection in viral pathogenesis. Following hematogenous infection, the MHV3 serotype, the most virulent MHV, induces fulminant hepatitis, characterized by severe inflammatory response, followed by neurological damage whereas the less virulent MHV-A59 serotype induces milder hepatitis but does not invade the central nervous system (CNS). In addition, MHV3, in contrast to MHV-A59, shows ability to induce TLR2-dependent cytokine response. The attenuated MHV3 variants, 51.6-MHV3 and YAC-MHV3, are characterized by a weak tropism for LSECs and induce moderated and subclinical hepatitis respectively. Given the importance of LSECs in hepatic tolerance and the elimination of circulating pathogens, it has been postulated that the severity of hepatitis and inflammatory response induced by MHVs correlates with infection and alterations in vascular and tolerogenic properties of LSECs. Hepatic inflammatory disorders may result from differential activation of TLR2, rather than other TLRs and helicases, according to serotypes. Moreover, given the role of BMECs in preventing CNS infections, it has been postulated that secondary cerebral invasion by coronaviruses is related to infection of BMECs and subsequent breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Through in vitro and in vivo infections of isolated BMECs, LSECs or mice with the different MHVs, we demonstrated, first, that in vitro productive infection of LSECs by the highly virulent MHV3 serotype, in contrast to 51.6- et YAC-MHV3 variants, altered their production of vasoactive factors and overthrew their intrinsic tolerogenic properties by promoting inflammatory cytokines and chemokines production. These disturbances were reflected in vivo by an uncontrolled inflammatory response and a deregulation of intrahepatic leukocyte recruitment, favoring viral replication and liver damages. We demonstrated, using TLR2 KO mice and LSECs treated with siRNA for TLR2 that the abnormal inflammatory response induced by MHV3 depended in part on preferential induction and activation of TLR2 by the virus on the surface of hepatic cells. Moreover, the severity of the primary viral replication in the liver and disorders in intrahepatic leucocyte recruitment induced by MHV3, but not by MHV-A59 and 51.6-MHV3, correlated with a subsequent brain invasion at the BBB level. Such invasion was related to productive infection of BMECs and subsequent IFN--dependent disruption of tight junction proteins occludin, VE-cadherin and ZO-1, resulting in an increase of BBB permeability and further viral entry into the CNS. Overall, the results of this study highlight the importance of structural and functional integrity of LSECs and BMECs during acute viral infections by MHVs to limit liver damages associated with viral-induced exacerbation of inflammatory response and prevent brain invasion by MHVs following viral spread through the bloodstream. They also reveal a new worsening role for TLR2 in the evolution of acute viral hepatitis paving the way for new therapies targeting TLR2-induced inflammatory activity.
Pelletier, Sandy. "Définition des interactions entre l’immunité innée et adaptative pendant l’infection aiguë par le virus de l’hépatite C (VHC)". Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9182.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe majority of individuals exposed to the hepatitis C virus (HCV) develop a chronic infection. It is known that a strong and sustained adaptive immune response is associated with the spontaneous clearance of HCV, however the underlying mechanisms are not well defined. The role of natural killer (NK) cells and dendritic cells (DCs) during the spontaneous resolution of HCV remains unknown. NK cells are the primary effector population of the innate immune response which are able to kill infected cells and secrete various cytokines. On the other hand, DCs are the first cell type to initiate and regulate adaptive immunity after recognizing infectious pathogens. NK cells and DCs can also interact reciprocally to further regulate innate and adaptive immunity. Our hypothesis is that NK cell activity during acute HCV will modulate DC function to prime a highly efficient adaptive immune response resulting in viral clearance. The first aim of my project was to establish a correlation between NK cell activity and the outcome of HCV infection. We observed increased NK cell cytotoxicity, but decreased cytokine secretion during acute HCV in patients with chronic evolution as well as spontaneous resolution, further demonstrating a dissociation between these two NK cell functions. Our results suggest that NK cells are activated during acute HCV infection regardless of infection outcome. The second aim was to establish a correlation between DC phenotype, function and the outcome of infection. We observed that plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) from all HCV-infected patients have a more immature phenotype as compared to negative controls, yet this is more pronounced in spontaneous resolvers. Furthermore, we observed that during the early acute phase, myeloid DCs (mDCs) from all HCV-infected patients, regardless of outcome, have increased production of cytokines as compared to un-infected controls in response to stimulation. However, this hyperresponsiveness of mDCs is not sustained with chronic evolution. The third aim was to establish a correlation between the NK/DC cross-talk and infection outcome. We studied the capacity of NK cells to kill potentially tolerogenic DCs, as well as the capacity of mature DCs to activate NK cells, and we observed no major differences between different stages of HCV infection and un-infected controls. However, we obtained unprecedented data which suggests that immature DCs have the capacity to inhibit NK cell function. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that NK cells are activated during acute HCV infection regardless of its outcome. Furthermore, the capacity of NK cells to kill potentially tolerogenic DCs is intact for all groups of patients. Finally, mDCs are hyperresponsive during acute HCV, but this hyperresponsiveness is not sustained with persistence of viremia. The loss of mDC hyperresponsiveness does not seem to affect the capacity of DCs to activate NK cells, but might play a role in the capacity of DCs to prime a highly efficient adaptive immune response resulting in viral clearance.
Chapuy, Laurence. "Identification et caractérisation moléculaire et fonctionnelle des cellules tissulaires de l’immunité innée chez les patients atteints de maladies inflammatoires intestinales". Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23528.
Pełny tekst źródłaCrohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), two common forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), represent a major public health problem because of their prevalence, chronicity and lack of available curative treatment. The pathophysiology of these diseases involves predisposing genetic factors, environmental triggers, and a dysfunctional immune response. Innate immune cells, including mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs) and granulocytes, are important players in the initiation and maintenance of intestinal inflammation due to their position at the interface between the external environment, epithelium and adaptive immune cells. Although widely studied in mice, their investigation in humans remains fragmentary, often with contradictory findings reported in the colon, and they are rarely studied in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs). MNPs from the colon and MLNs of patients with CD and UC were characterized by multi-color flow cytometry, mass cytometry (CyTOF) and RNA sequencing (bulk and single cell). The function of MNPs and basophils on autologous memory CD4+ T cell responses was also assessed. The results presented here highlight similarities and differences in the distribution of MNPs between CD and UC, and the profile of memory CD4+ T cell response in colon and MLNs. HLADR+SIRPα+CD14+CD64+CD163- MNPs, defined as inflammatory monocytes, but not HLADR+SIRPα+CD14+CD64+CD163+ macrophages, accumulated in the inflammatory mucosa of CD and UC patients, and promoted Th17 and Th17/Th1 memory responses in an IL-1β dependent manner. The frequency of this subpopulation correlated with endoscopic severity in CD. In contrast, the distribution of these two MNP populations in the MLNs differs between CD and UC. HLADR+SIRPα+CD14+CD64+ MNPs were enriched in CD163+ cells that predominantly included HLA-DRdim monocytes-like cells over HLA-DRhi macrophages in UC patients only. Among HLADR+SIRPα+CD14-CD64- dendritic cells (DCs), plasmocytoid DCs predominated in both UC and CD, with higher frequency in CD versus UC. IL-1β in CD and IL-12 in UC favor a pathogenic CD4+ T cell profile (IFN-γ, TNF-α, GM-CSF, IL-6 expression/production) in the colonic mucosa. It was also demonstrated that IL-12 and inflammatory tissue monocytes induced IL-8 production by memory CD4+ T cells in intestinal mucosa and MLNs of UC but not CD. In this study, it was also observed that basophils and not mast cells accumulated, in the colonic mucosa and MLNs of CD and UC patients, and favored Th17 and Th17/Th1, but not Th1, responses in CCR7+ memory CD4+ T cells. In conclusion, characterization of MNPs in the intestinal mucosa and MLNs of IBD patients contributes to a better understanding of IBD pathophysiology and opens avenues to optimize patient stratification, and thus, personalized treatment of IBD patients.
Jeidane, Saloua. "Génétique fonctionnelle et validation biologique d’un locus quantitatif d’expression lié en trans- à un réseau de gènes impliqués dans l’immunité innée". Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/19314.
Pełny tekst źródłaUnlike Mendelian genetic diseases, which depend on a single causal gene, complex quantitative traits are measurable characteristics of living organisms, which result from the interaction between several genes and environmental factors. Functional genomics has allowed us to identify many genetic loci linked to complex traits, which are called "quantitative trait loci" (QTL). However, such studies do not allow an accurate characterization of the genetic architecture of complex traits. More recently, it has become possible to identify genetic loci associated with gene expression levels, called "expression quantitative trait locus" (eQTLs). In such cases, the genetic variants can affect the expression of genes that are either located in their vicinity (cis-eQTLs) or that reside further away (trans-eQTLs). In particular cases, the same locus can affect the expression of several genes located on different chromosomes, forming so-called ‘trans-eQTLs hotspots’. These may have important biological interests, as they are generally enriched in functionally related genes, which may influence the same phenotypic trait. In this thesis, by analyzing the expression of genes in hearts from a panel of AxB / BxA mouse recombinant inbred strains, we detected a QTL linked in trans- to the expression of 190 transcripts, the majority of which are known to be sensitive to type I interferon. The same locus also corresponded to that of a cis-eQTL for the Ypel5 gene, suggesting that it could be a common regulator of the trans-eQTL genes. Therefore, the main purpose of this thesis was to biologically validate the role of the cis-eQTL gene in the regulation of the ‘trans-eQTL hotspot’. The work presented in this thesis showed that the silencing of Ypel5 expression in mouse macrophages stimulated the expression of several genes that belong to the ‘trans-eQTL hotspot’ in an IFNB1-dependent manner. YPEL5 knockdown also increased IFNB1 induction in human HEK293T cells. When the latter were subjected to stimuli that activate the TBK1/IKBKE kinases, we detected functional interactions of YPEL5 with the activity of these kinases and physical interactions with IKBKE. Our preliminary results (presented in Chapter 3) suggest also the involvement of YPEL5 in the regulation of cell cycle progression and / or senescence. In conclusion, we are among the first groups to provide biological evidence showing the role of a cis-eQTL gene as a common regulator of genes belonging to a ‘trans-eQTL hotspot’. The biological validation of genomic analysis thus revealed Ypel5 as a new negative regulator of the innate antiviral response that acts (at least in part) at the level of the TBK1 / IKBKE kinases.
Thibodeau, Valérie. "Étude de l’immunité mucosale génitale chez des femmes béninoises hautement exposées au VIH-1 séronégatives (HESN) et séropositives". Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12798.
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