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1
Levine, Daniel. "The Danish Connection: A Note on the Making of British Old Age Pensions". Albion 17, nr 2 (1985): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4049215.
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In the continuous discussion of how and how much Lloyd George was influenced by Germany in formulating Old Age Pensions and National Insurance, attention seems to have been almost wholly diverted from the degree to which the Danish example was discussed, recommended and clearly present in the consciousness of those who made the British Old Age Pension Act of 1908. There is no discussion of the issue in the standard work on the subject, Bentley B. Gilbert's The Evolution of National Insurance in Great Britain, (London, 1966) nor even any mention of “Denmark” in the index. The subject is likewise missing from Francis H. Stead's How Old Age Pensions Came to Be, (London [? 1910]), which Gilbert calls “indispensible.” Patricia Mary Williams barely mentions the subject in her detailed dissertation, “The Development of Old Age Pension Policy in Great Britain, 1878-1925” (University of London, 1970), and does not even do that much in the book she wrote under the name Pat Thane, Foundations of the Welfare State (Essex, 1982) nor in the chapter on old age pensions in the book she edited, Origins of British Social Policy (London, 1978). Hugh Heclo in Modern Social Politics in Britain and Sweden (New Haven, 1974) mentions (p. 167) that the proposals of the commission in 1899 “resembled” the Danish system, but Heclo does not say how or why, and then never mentions the subject again. John Grigg, in his biography of Lloyd George is concerned with the man more than the issue, and does not analyze the source of the ideas behind the old age pension bill of 1908 in his Lloyd George, The People's Champion (Berkeley, 1978).
2
FELSTEAD, ALAN. "Closing the age gap? Age, skills and the experience of work in Great Britain". Ageing and Society 30, nr 8 (29.09.2010): 1293–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x10000681.
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ABSTRACTPopulations across Europe are ageing as death rates among the old and fertility rates among the young fall. This produces a number of long-term challenges for national governments – most notably, coping with the increased demand for social services, pensions and benefits that must be funded by a declining proportion of working adults. One policy response has been to extend people's working lives, but we know relatively little about the skills and employment experiences of older workers and how these compare with younger workers. This paper sheds new light on this issue by examining whether older workers do less well than their younger counterparts in terms of the skills of the jobs they hold, the quality of their working lives, their commitment to their current employer and to employment in general, and their attitudes towards and experiences of training. The paper also assesses whether these age gaps have closed over time. The empirical evidence for the paper is from five separate but comparable surveys carried out in 1986, 1992, 1997, 2001 and 2006. Taken together, the five surveys provide information on the employment experiences of over 22,000 workers in Great Britain. This allows us to chart whether we are witnessing the disappearance of at least some of the age divisions in the labour market.
3
Walker, Robert, i Meg Huby. "Escaping Financial Dependency in Old Age". Ageing and Society 9, nr 1 (marzec 1989): 17–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x00013349.
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ABSTRACTOne of the principal motives behind pension reform in Britain in the post-war era has been to reduce dependence on means-tested assistance. Alternating attempts have been made to attain this objective through State and occupational collectivism but with only partial success. The present Government has shifted the emphasis away from collective provision towards individual saving promoted in the form of portable pensions. However, recent research has underlined the importance of structural determinants of dependency on means-tested assistance in retirement and of other factors over which individuals have little if any control. In the light of these findings questions are raised about the potential effectiveness of portable and occupational pensions as mechanisms for reducing future dependency on means-tested supplementation.
4
Rogers, Edmund. "A ‘most imperial’ contribution: New Zealand and the old age pensions debate in Britain, 1898–1912". Journal of Global History 9, nr 2 (23.05.2014): 189–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022814000035.
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AbstractThe extent of imperial influences upon nineteenth- and early twentieth-century British life, including in the development of social policy, has attracted significant scholarly interest in the past decade. The bearing of New Zealand's 1898 Old-Age Pensions Act upon the British debate over elderly poverty exemplifies the contested transfer of social policy ideas from settler colony to ‘Mother Country’. Reformers in Britain hailed a model non-contributory pension system with an imperial pedigree. However, the widely acknowledged distinction between ‘old’ countries such as Britain, and ‘new’ countries of English-speaking settlement, characterized the New Zealand example's reception. While progressives identified the colony as a ‘clean slate’ lacking the obstructive historical inheritance of the Poor Law, critics of state-funded pensions warned against drawing policy-making lessons from New Zealand. Yet when a reformist Liberal government introduced an Old Age Pensions Bill in 1908, it used Britain's age to justify the legislation's relative conservatism.
5
GAL, JOHN. "How well does a partnership in pensions really work? The Israeli public/private pension mix". Ageing and Society 22, nr 2 (marzec 2002): 161–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x02008619.
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This paper takes the old-age pension system in Israel as a test case to examine the implications of proposals for pension reform now being debated or implemented in many welfare states. For over a decade, high on the agenda of decision-makers on both national and international levels, there has been the notion of moving towards a changing ‘partnership in pensions’ or, to put it more bluntly, towards greater privatisation of social security. Virtually since its emergence in the 1950s, the Israeli old-age pension has been based primarily upon a mix of low universal state pensions and income-related private occupational pensions. This paper compares the British and Israeli social security systems for older people in the wake of the reforms recently introduced in Britain and analyses the implications of the Israeli structure on the distribution of social security spending and on the wellbeing of different categories of older individuals.
6
Struthers, James. "Regulating the Elderly: Old Age Pensions and the Formation of a Pension Bureaucracy in Ontario, 1929-1945". Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 3, nr 1 (9.02.2006): 235–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/031051ar.
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Abstract This article examines the emergence of means-tested old age pensions in Ontario in the context of the Great Depression and World War II. Ontario's old age pension scheme, it argues, was launched in 1929 with weak political commitment, little bureaucratic-preparation, and an almost complete absence of administrative experience at the provincial and municipal level in assessing and responding to need on a mass scale. The article examines the complex interplay among federal, provincial, and local government authorities in the politics of pension administration throughout the 1929-1945 era, arguing that local control of pension decision-making in the early years of the Depression provided two divergent models of pension entitlement both as charity and as an earned social right. After 1933 governments at both the provincial and federal level centralized decision-making over pension administration in order to standardize and restrict pension entitlement, contain its rapidly rising costs, and enforce more efficiently the concept of parental maintenance upon children. World War II undermined the concept of pensions as charity by broadly expanding the boundaries of entitlement both for the elderly and their children. By 1945 means-tested pensions had few supporters within or outside of government, laying the basis for the emergence of a universal system of old age security in 1951.
7
SINGER, KATHERINE. "Devoney Looser.Women Writers and Old Age in Great Britain, 1750–1850". Women's Studies 40, nr 4 (26.04.2011): 542–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00497878.2011.561720.
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Small, H. "DEVONEY LOOSER. Women Writers and Old Age in Great Britain, 1750-1850." Review of English Studies 61, nr 248 (25.10.2009): 149–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/res/hgp105.
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Hale, Robert C. "Women Writers and Old Age in Great Britain, 1750-1850. Devoney Looser." Wordsworth Circle 41, nr 4 (wrzesień 2010): 255–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/twc24043669.
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Grundy, Emily, i Gemma Holt. "Adult life experiences and health in early old age in Great Britain". Social Science & Medicine 51, nr 7 (październik 2000): 1061–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(00)00023-x.
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Bignami, Marialuisa. "Women Writers and Old Age in Great Britain, 1730–1850 by Devoney Looser". Modern Language Review 105, nr 2 (2010): 536–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mlr.2010.0282.
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Roxanne Eberle. "Women Writers and Old Age in Great Britain, 1750–1850 (review)". Partial Answers: Journal of Literature and the History of Ideas 8, nr 2 (2010): 414–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pan.0.0182.
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Gonda, Caroline. "Women Writers and Old Age in Great Britain, 1750-1850 (review)". Eighteenth Century Fiction 22, nr 4 (2010): 724–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ecf.0.0153.
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Staves, Susan. "Women Writers and Old Age in Great Britain, 1750–1850 by Devoney Looser". Studies in Romanticism 50, nr 1 (2011): 198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/srm.2011.0041.
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Latimer, Bonnie. "Women Writers and Old Age in Great Britain, 1750-1850 - By Devoney Looser". Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 35, nr 3 (5.08.2012): 428–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-0208.2010.00333.x.
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GILLEARD, CHRIS. "The other Victorians: age, sickness and poverty in 19th-century Ireland". Ageing and Society 36, nr 06 (10.04.2015): 1157–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x15000240.
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ABSTRACTDrawing primarily upon data from the various censuses conducted in Ireland after the Act of Union in 1800, this paper seeks to elucidate the changing position of older people in Ireland during the Victorian period. Following the Great Famine of 1845–1849, it is argued, Ireland was transformed from a young, growing country to one that, by the end of the 19th century, had become ‘prematurely’ old. By the end of Victoria's reign, not only had Ireland grown ‘old’, but its older population were more likely to be identified as paupers. Later-life expectancy decreased and sickness and infirmity among the over-60 s increased. By employing a stricter form of ‘less eligibility’ in the drafting and implementation of the Irish Poor Law, proportionately more older people received indoor relief than outdoor relief compared with the rest of the British Isles. Not until the Old Age Pensions Act in 1908 did these disparities begin to change, by which time many of these ‘other’ Victorians had passed away.
17
Hwang, Sun-Jae. "Public Pensions as the Great Equalizer? Decomposition of Old-Age Income Inequality in South Korea, 1998–2010". Journal of Aging & Social Policy 28, nr 2 (25.01.2016): 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08959420.2016.1145503.
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Schniedewind, Karen. "Life-Long Work or Well-Deserved Leisure in Old Age? Conceptions of Old Age Within the French and German Labour Movements in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries". International Review of Social History 42, nr 3 (grudzień 1997): 397–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000114361.
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SummaryThe close connection between old age and retirement and to what extent society accepts work-free retirement in old age emerged as the topical themes we know in France and Germany as late as the 1950s and 1960s. By analysing the relevant discussions in the labour circles of both countries the author examines whether this modern concept of retirement originated in the early phase of the welfare state. The concepts and points of criticism which each of the labour movements developed for old age provision show, by virtue of the different national mental attitudes, that their considerations about old age as a life phase diverged from one another to a great degree. The German labour movement believed that old age pensions were primarily a compensation for the reduction in income on reaching an advanced age, and it thus gave preference to the invalidity pension. In contrast, French society supported the idea of welfare security for the old. Along with criticisms of state social policies, the purpose of providing for the old is at the centre of the essay's analysis, more specifically the contrary forms this discussion took in Germany and France: obliged to work in old age or well-earned retirement.
19
BARDASI, ELENA, STEPHEN P. JENKINS i JOHN A. RIGG. "Retirement and the income of older people: a British perspective". Ageing and Society 22, nr 2 (marzec 2002): 131–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x02008632.
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Little is known about the income dynamics of retirement in Britain, in part because of a lack of data. The information is of some topical interest given the growing number of older people, the trend towards earlier retirement, the decline in the value of the basic state pension, the growing reliance on occupational and private pensions, and continuing relatively high poverty rates among people in old age. This paper considers the important question of income and retirement and, in particular, the association between transitions into retirement and the probability of becoming poor. It is based on longitudinal data from the British Household Panel Survey waves 1–9, covering 1991–1999. We also relate differences in poverty entry probabilities among the retired to differences in factors such as a retiree's health, housing tenure, age and sex, education, labour market status and history, household composition and spouse's characteristics.
20
Blaikie, Andrew. "The Emerging Political Power of the Elderly in Britain 1908–1948". Ageing and Society 10, nr 1 (marzec 1990): 17–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x00007832.
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ABSTRACTDespite major shifts in the position of older people in British society during the first half of the twentieth century, accounts of the emergence of retirement pensions have ignored the role of old age pressure groups, preferring arguments which emphasise structured dependency rather than human agency. By contrast, this paper examines the political campaigns mounted by two groups – one claiming to speak on behalf of older people, the other composed of older people themselves. The failure of both groups to influence major policy decisions relates not to the passivity or ‘silent suffering’ of older people, or to ‘generational equity’ criteria which privileged younger, unemployed workers, but to the inadequacies of their different styles of campaigning. While the National Conference, in the decade after 1916, focused their moral invective around notions of thrift which failed to arouse or articulate the needs of all but the most ‘respectable aged Britishers’, the uncompromising, combative approach of the National Federation during the critical years leading up to the Beveridge legislation incurred the disdain of policymakers. In the intervening years, trade union activity was underlain by mixed motives. While the historical specificity of the movements and debates that are discussed is significant, the generationally specific lifetime experiences of the older people in question to some extent determined their character.
21
Sefton, James, Jayasri Dutta i Martin Weale. "Pension finance in a calibrated model of saving and income distribution for the UK". National Institute Economic Review 166 (październik 1998): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795019816600112.
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Traditional macroeconomic models are based on the concept of a single representative consumer. A great deal can be gained by constructing a dynamic general equilibrium economic model which represents the behaviour of a panel of consumers spread out along the income distribution. Such a framework allows us to assess the distributional impact of policy changes. We present here such a model, showing the behaviour of consumers facing uncertain incomes and we use it to assess the distributional impact of changes to pension provision. We find that means testing of old age pensions increases inequality among the retired because of the effect it has on incentives to save.
22
Jorg Michael, Dostal. "Nigerian Pension Reform 2004-2010: Great Leap or Inappropriate Policy Design?" Korean Journal of Policy Studies 25, nr 2 (31.08.2010): 13–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps25202.
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This paper analyses early results of the 2004 Nigerian pension reform. At the beginning of 2010, the new system of privately managed, funded pension accounts covered around four million Nigerians in a country with a workforce of around 50 million people. The study focuses on shortcomings of the new system. Most crucially, the reform has failed to contribute to basic social security in old age for the majority of Nigerians employed in the informal sector. Moreover, the minority of covered workers are also likely to experience problems. The study demonstrates in a model calculation that the funded accounts have so far produced negative real returns for pension savers. It is suggested that shortcomings of the current system are unlikely to be addressed by reform within the existing paradigm and that alternative policies, such as noncontributory universal social pensions, should be considered to expand basic social security in the Nigerian context.
23
Mason, W. L. "Silviculture and stand dynamics in Scots pine forests in Great Britain; implications for biodiversity". Forest Systems 9 (1.01.2000): 175–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/683.
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There are 241,000 hectares of Scots pine forest in Great Britain or about 10 percent of the total forest area. Traditionally, a distinction has been drawn between a small area of native pinewoods with high conservation value in northern Scotland and the younger plantations of Scots pine to be found in many parts of Britain. The latter have been primarily managed for timber although they are now expected to meet multipurpose objectives including enhanced biodiversity. Silvicultural practices in the plantations are based upon a system of clear felling and artificial regeneration. However, older plantation stands can be colonised by rare species previously thought to be confined to the native pinewoods. The structure of Scots pine stands of different ages is examined using modern concepts of stand dynamics. The analysis highlights that the native pinewood stands have features characteristic of «old-growth» such as: a lower stocking density; more large trees; greater variation in diameter; a clumped distribution of stems; and appreciable quantities of standing deadwood. By contrast, most plantation stands have higher stocking densities, less variation in diameter, more uniform spacing and limited amounts of deadwood. By quantifying these structures it becomes possible to propose thinning regimes which can be introduced into plantations to accelerate the development of old-growth conditions without undue sacrifice of timber values. Natural disturbance histories in British pinewoods indicate a return period for stand replacing events (fire, windthrow) of once every 100 years which suggests that a maximum of 10 per cent of the pine resource should be managed as old growth stands. The age structure of some remnant pinewoods shows a lack of younger age classes and the desired old-growth habitat will diminish over time unless suitable plantation stands are managed as potential old-growth habitat. The maintenance of biodiversity in British pinewoods requires an integrated approach that applies to both the native pinewoods and the plantation stands.
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Zieger, Robert H. "The Development of Federal Old-Age Policy in the Era of the Great Depression: Pensions, Policies, and Politics, 1920–1940". Journal of Aging, Humanities, and the Arts 2, nr 3-4 (17.12.2008): 251–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19325610802557979.
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Thane, Pat. "Gendered Narratives of Ageing in Britain since 1900". Journal of the British Academy 11s2 (2023): 13–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/jba/011s2.013.
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There are multiple, sometimes conflicting narratives of ageing. This article surveys those influential in British culture since c. 1900. There is a particular focus upon gender which is often overlooked in common narratives, especially the fact that women have long outlived men, on average, and are still the majority of people defined as 'old'. This large age group, aged from their 60s to past 100, is subject to much stereotyping and generalisation, for example that they are all dependent 'burdens' upon younger people, and that they are incapable of learning new skills. This article challenges these generalisations by stressing the great diversity of the age group including between rich and poor, fit and frail, and highlighting their contributions to society and the economy through paid work, unpaid volunteering, care for aged and younger relatives including grandchildren and financial support for younger people.
26
GUSTAFSSON, BJÖRN, MATS JOHANSSON i EDWARD PALMER. "The welfare of Sweden's old-age pensioners in times of bust and boom from 1990". Ageing and Society 29, nr 4 (21.04.2009): 539–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x08008167.
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ABSTRACTThis study analyses the development of the economic wellbeing of Swedes aged 65 years and older from 1990. This period was characterised by Sweden's deepest and most prolonged recession since the Great Depression, but was then followed by buoyant growth. In a series of interventions from 1991 through to 1998, pensions were cut and their full price indexation abandoned. In spite of these dramatic measures, this study shows that pensioners fared better than the working-age population, but also that poverty among older Swedes increased in absolute terms. During the following years of rapid economic growth, in contrast, the growth in pensioners' income fell behind that of workers and their relative poverty increased. The analysis shows that the limited resources of many older Swedes put them close to a social poverty line. The study also shows that income inequality among older Swedes has grown with the increasing importance of capital income for the better off. We conclude that the increasing gap between better-off and worse-off older people raises issues about the future provision of expenditures on public services for them. The paper concludes that, overall, poverty among older people in Sweden remains low by international standards and that the Swedish welfare state has maintained its resilience.
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Шрам, Валерий, i Valeriy Shram. "PENSION INSURANCE REFORM IN CROATIA AT THE PRESENT STAGE". Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law 1, nr 4 (29.10.2015): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/14270.
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The article analyzes the pension insurance reform in Croatia, which marked the beginning of a three-level pension system formation. The first level includes old-age pensions, disability pension and survivors pension as part of the compulsory pension insurance system. The second level includes pensions on the basis of the compulsory pension insurance with a saving element. The third level is based on the voluntary pension insurance system. The author reveals the conditions for granting non-contributory pensions, non-contributory pensions with a saving element as well as conditions for granting funded pensions. The article analyses the new formula for calculation of non-contributory (funded) pensions, which was initially introduced as part of the Pension Insurance Law in 1998. The article displays fundamental changes in the pension insurance system, which led to the formation of compulsory pension funds and non-governmental pension funds. Special attention is paid to the formation in compulsory pension funds of capitalized savings of the insured parties as part of the compulsory pension insurance and to the procedures for payment of funded pensions with a saving element. The article reveals the reasons for adopting in 2013 and 2014 of pension laws, the implementation of which will determine the improvement of the pension insurance system in Croatia. The article reviews the conditions for the formation of compulsory and voluntary pension funds. Special attention is paid to the participation of the insured parties aged up to 40 years in compulsory pension funds, which are divided into three categories depending on the extent of risk management during investing of the insured parties’ savings. Besides general scientific methods (analysis and synthesis), the author also applied in the article private law research techniques, in particular, formal logical, theoretical, comprehensive legal, historical and comparative law methods. Scientific novelty of the work is in its integrative and comprehensive approach to the analysis of the Croatian pension system development, which is formed on the basis of a three-level system of pension insurance. The analysis of the pension insurance norms and law enforcement practice in the modern period is of great scientific and practical importance. The research findings should contribute to the development of proposals on the creation in the Russian Federation of a pension system, which is adequate to the country’s modern social-economic development and which complies with the international and legal standards of social security and foreign states’ experience.
28
Victor, Christina, Sasha Scambler, John Bond i Ann Bowling. "Loneliness in later life: Preliminary findings from the Growing Older project". Quality in Ageing and Older Adults 3, nr 1 (1.03.2002): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14717794200200006.
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Loneliness is consistently presumed to be a specific ‘social problem’, which accompanies old age and growing older. Ninety per cent of the general population of Britain feel that loneliness is particularly a problem associated with old age. Data concerning the prevalence of loneliness amongst the population aged 65 and over are provided from a quantitative survey of 999 people across Great Britain using a special module commissioned from the ONS Omnibus survey. The overall self‐reported prevalence of loneliness shows little change in the post‐war period and challenges the stereotype that the problem of loneliness and isolation has become more prevalent. Socio‐demographic and health factors were associated with loneliness but contact with family and friends was not. Both quantitative and qualitative data sets illustrate the importance of loss as a theme underpinning experiences of loneliness. Further analysis of these data offers the potential to develop a better understanding of what loneliness really is, what it means to those who experience it may offer the potential to develop interventions and strategies to ‘protect’ older people from this problem.
29
Tyrrell, Alex. "Samuel Smiles and the Woman Question in Early Victorian Britain". Journal of British Studies 39, nr 2 (kwiecień 2000): 185–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386216.
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When Samuel Smiles (1812–1904) looked back over his career from the vantage point of old age he saw himself as one who had labored for “the emancipation and intellectual improvement of women.” His self-description will surprise those who know him, either through his famous book, Self-Help (1859), where women make fleeting appearances as maternal influences on the achievements of great men, or through the attempts that have been made during the Thatcher years to offer him as an exemplar of a highly selective code of “Victorian Values.” Nonetheless, there is much to be said for Smiles's interpretation: not only was he a prolific author on the condition of women, but his writings on this subject from the late 1830s to the early 1850s were radical in tone and content.By directing attention to these writings, this article makes three points about early Victorian gender relations, radicalism, and Smiles's own career. First, it challenges the lingering notion that this was a time when patriarchal values stifled debate on gender issues. For some historians who write about the women's movement, the early Victorian era has the status of something like a dark age in the history of the agitation for women's rights; this period is overshadowed on the one side by the great debates initiated by Mary Wollstonecraft's Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) and on the other by the new feminist movements that developed after the 1850s. Barbara Caine, for example, has written recently that the exclusion of women from the public sphere was “absolute” in the mid-century years; few women had the financial resources necessary to set up a major journal even if they had been bold enough to do so, and the sort of man who wrote sympathetically about women was concerned primarily with his own needs.
30
Beardow, Andrew W., i James W. Buchanan. "Chronic mitral valve disease in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels: 95 cases (1987–1991)". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 203, nr 7 (1.10.1993): 1023–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1993.203.07.1023.
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Summary Systolic heart murmurs caused by chronic mitral valve disease are particularly common in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (ckcs) in Great Britain. To determine if American-bred ckcs have a similar high prevalence of chronic valve disease, results of stethoscopic examinations on 394 ckcs were analyzed. Left apical systolic heart murmurs were found in 22% of the dogs. The prevalence ranged from 9% in dogs < 1 year old to 100% in those ≥ 10 years old; prevalence was 56% in dogs ≥ 4 years old. Differences were not found in prevalence between sexes and among various coat colors. Reexamination of 79 dogs after 1 year revealed an incidence of new murmurs of 21%. Comparison of ages at initial examination in 128 referral hospital cases with chronic mitral valve disease revealed a mean age of 6.25 years in 17 ckcs, in contrast to a mean age of 12 years in other breeds. Echocardiographic and necropsy findings indicated that ruptured chordae tendineae and mitral valve prolapse are major components in the chronic valve disease process in ckcs.
31
Joy, Jody. "‘Fire Burn and Cauldron Bubble’: Iron Age and Early Roman Cauldrons of Britain and Ireland". Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 80 (28.10.2014): 327–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2014.7.
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‘A man can live to 50 but a cauldron will live to 100’ – Old Kazakh sayingThis paper presents a re-examination of Iron Age and early Roman cauldrons, a little studied but important artefact class that have not been considered as a group since the unpublished study of Loughran of 1989. Cauldrons are categorised into two broad types (projecting-bellied and globular) and four groups. New dating evidence is presented, pushing the dating of these cauldrons back to the 4th centurybc. A long held belief that cauldrons are largely absent from Britain and Ireland between 600 and 200bcis also challenged through this re-dating and the identification of cauldrons dating from 600–400bc. Detailed examination of the technology of manufacture and physical evidence of use and repair indicates that cauldrons are technically accomplished objects requiring great skill to make. Many have been extensively repaired, showing they were in use for some time. It is argued that owing to their large capacity cauldrons were not used every day but were instead used at large social gatherings, specifically at feasts. The social role of feasting is explored and it is argued that cauldrons derive much of their significance from their use at feasts, making them socially powerful objects, likely to be selected for special deposition.
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Walker, Gina Luria. "Women Writers and Old Age in Great Britain 1750-1850. Devoney Looser.The Long Life. Helen Small.Byron: Heritage and Legacy. Cheryl A. Wilson." Wordsworth Circle 40, nr 4 (wrzesień 2009): 165–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/twc24043558.
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Burachok, Liliia, i Mariia Demkiv. "Elizabeth II ― forming and becoming of personality". History Journal of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, nr 56 (30.12.2022): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/hj2022.56.114-120.
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The monarchy is the oldest governing institution in Great Britain; called the British Monarchy or the Monarchy of Great Britain. It is one of the oldest European monarchies, as well as the most famous. Queen Elizabeth II is the head of state from 1952; she is also a symbol of stability and the main figure in Great Britain. Researching the stages becoming personality of queen, we see how formed her strong, unshakable character through the prism of historical events with which Elizabeth II managed to adapt to present and remain a national symbol for the Britishs. The epoch of Elizabeth II ruling (especially from the end of ХХ to beginning of XXI century) is an important period in British history. It is time for serious reforms in country and also for major changes on global: the collapse of the socialist system in Central and Eastern Europe, the collapse of the Warsaw Pact Organization, the end of the Cold War, unification of Germany, disintegration of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. During the queen's reign and her life in general, many important events took place. Her Majesty has also been involved in numerous changes to the monarchy, from becoming Queen at the age of twenty-five to traveling the world more than any other monarch before her. Elizabeth II managed to unite the countries of former British colonies and create Concord of nations, that she heads by now. Analysing activity of Her Majesty, it is possible to notice that Elizabeth ІІ supports conservatism, for example, she gives preference to classic style, old books and other things like that. However, at the same time, modernity makes Queen to get used also to new realities, such as radio, television and internet. The Queen is supposed to be impartial, but she is still the head of the executive, legislature and judiciary, as well as the role of Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces and Supreme Governor of the Church of England. Elizabeth II symbolizes the sovereignty of the state and her carries out only ceremonial functions in Great Britain and in the countries of Concord, mainly carrying out only official visits, since a leading role in political life of Great Britain is played by Prime Minister. Meantime a queen cares about representativity of her country and propagandizes such values, as following and unity, supports good relationships with foreign leaders out of politics. It seems that the reign of Elizabeth II, due to the individuality of the queen and the length of her reign, may go down in history as the "New Elizabethan Era".
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VICTOR, CHRISTINA R., SASHA J. SCAMBLER, ANN BOWLING i JOHN BOND. "The prevalence of, and risk factors for, loneliness in later life: a survey of older people in Great Britain". Ageing and Society 25, nr 6 (22.04.2005): 357–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x04003332.
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This study examines the prevalence of loneliness amongst older people in Great Britain, and makes comparisons with the findings of studies undertaken during the last five decades. In addition, the risk factors for loneliness are examined using a conceptual model of vulnerability and protective factors derived from a model of depression. Loneliness was measured using a self-rating scale, and measures of socio-demographic status and health/social resources were included. Interviews were undertaken with 999 people aged 65 or more years living in their own homes, and the sample was broadly representative of the population in 2001. Among them the prevalence of ‘severe loneliness’ was seven per cent, indicating little change over five decades. Six independent vulnerability factors for loneliness were identified: marital status, increases in loneliness over the previous decade, increases in time alone over the previous decade; elevated mental morbidity; poor current health; and poorer health in old age than expected. Advanced age and possession of post-basic education were independently protective of loneliness. From this evidence we propose that there are three loneliness pathways in later life: continuation of a long-established attribute, late-onset loneliness, and decreasing loneliness. Confirmation of the different trajectories suggests that policies and interventions should reflect the variability of loneliness in later life, for undifferentiated responses may be neither appropriate nor effective.
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Cheng, Helen, i Adrian Furnham. "Childhood locus of control and self-esteem, education, psychological distress and physical exercise as predictors of adult obesity". Journal of Public Health 41, nr 3 (wrzesień 2019): 439–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdy125.
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Abstract Objective To investigate to what extent locus of control, self-esteem, psychological distress, physical exercise, as well as socio-demographic factors are associated with obesity in 42-year-old adults in a longitudinal birth cohort study. Method The sample consisted of 5645 participants born in Great Britain in 1970 and followed up at 10, 34 and 42 years with data on body mass index measured at 34 and 42 years. Results There was an increase of adult obesity from 15.5% at age 34 to 21.2% at 42 years. Locus of control and self-esteem measured at age 10 years, psychological distress and educational qualifications assessed at age 34, and current occupational levels and physical exercise were all significantly associated with adult obesity at age 42. The associations remained significant after controlling for birth weight and gestation, maternal and paternal BMI, childhood BMI, and intelligence. Conclusion Childhood locus of control and self-esteem, educational qualifications, psychological distress and physical exercise were all significantly and independently associated with adult obesity.
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Ružić, Natasha K., Katica Jurčević, Ozana Ramljak i María Florencia Luchetti. "Ključni čimbenici iseljavanja iz Hrvatske i ostanka u iseljeništvu prema percepciji iseljenika". Migracijske i etničke teme / Migration and Ethnic Themes 39, nr 1 (2023): 81–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.11567/met.39.1.4.
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Croatia has been facing a population decline, mainly due to a low birth rate and the emigration of young and qualified workers. Considering the historical and dynamic aspects of emigration (Draženović, Kunovac and Pripužić, 2018), leading to depopulation, it is necessary to investigate all contributing factors in Croatia and explore potential models and measures to mitigate these unfavourable processes. Apart from Germany, Croatian citizens have emigrated mostly to Ireland and Austria since the country acceded to the EU (Pokos, 2017). Research confirms that the number of Croatian citizens who immigrated to Germany, Ireland and Austria in 2016 was, on average, 62% higher than the official data reported by the Republic of Croatia (Jerić, 2019). The increasingly intensive emigration of the young and able-bodied population additionally contributes to a rapidly ageing population, exerting strong pressure on the sustainability of the pension system (Družić, Beg and Raguž Krištić, 2016) and underscores the importance of investigating the reasons for emigration and the factors essential for return. Migration is also an important area of interest for the European Union due to its exceptional impact on all aspects of society. Increased opportunities for mobility, advances in technology that provide access to information sources, and societal changes strongly suggest the need for policymakers to examine the micro, meso, and macro drivers that influence migration or potentially influence a person's decision not to migrate or remigrate. Governments require migration analysis to create informed migration policies, including citizen participation in the policy development process. The perspectives of migrants and their behaviour should be taken into account when creating policies to better understand the key success factors needed for the desired outcomes of migrants (European Commission, 2020). According to Fargues (2017), migration is a complex process that is constantly changing as a result of various local, international, and global situations, highlighting the need for con¬tinual investigation and repeated surveying of the population. Within the current demographic climate, the World Youth Alliance Croatia (SSMH) launched the project “Network 2050 – Demography, From Challenges to Answers”, co-financed by the European Social Fund. The project is based on intersectoral cooperation, identified as necessary for improving collaborative efforts to address the effects of negative demographic trends on the social and economic development of Croatia and develop measures for demographic revitalisation. This paper will present the data and analysis of the empirical results of the research conducted by the Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies. The study focuses on emigrants' opinions and perspectives regarding the factors that influenced their decision to migrate. This includes their own perceptions of the situation in Croatia, as well as abroad in their host country, which played a role in their decision-making process and continues to potentially impact them. Additionally, the paper explores the emigrants’ perception of their current life circumstances. The target group comprised Croats currently living as expatriates in European countries. A total of 497 respondents, Croats currently living abroad, most of whom left Croatia between 2016 and 2021, took part in the survey. Three main research questions guided the investigation: 1) What are the key drivers of migration at the micro, meso, and macro levels that influence the decision to emigrate or stay, according to the perception of emigrants from Croatia?; 2) What factors influence the decision of Croats to stay abroad?; and, 3) What are the key factors that influence the decision to return to Croatia? For the purposes of this paper, the general results related to research questions 1 and 2 will be presented. The instrument used for data collection was an online questionnaire that respondents filled out independently. The questionnaire consisted of 62 questions, mostly closed-ended, with only a few open-ended questions to accommodate additional information if participants chose to elaborate on their perceptions. Including this option also allowed for the possibility of results that were not expected by the research team. The questions were divided into five thematic chapters: sociodemographic data, migration status, socioeconomic status, returnee motivational status, and identity and value system. The questionnaire was administered with special attention to the time of completion, clarity, and appropriateness of the questions. The data collection process included advertising the research project and posting calls for participation on various social media networks across platforms managed by members of various Croatian dias¬pora groups. Additionally, advertising was conducted through social groups and institutions, as well as using the snowball method. Data was collected during the period from July to October 2021. At the beginning, the purpose of the questionnaire was explained, and respondents were informed that their participation was voluntary with the possibility to withdraw at any time. Consistency in the questionnaire administration was achieved by exclusively offering it online. A total of 500 responses were received, of which 497 were valid, while three questionnaires were partially filled. Only key socio-demographic information was collected and, together with the respondents' personal perceptions, it was examined in relation to the key drivers of emigration. Their perception is the key feedback that can help state authorities and policymakers in designing measures aimed at retaining the population and attract¬ing potential returnees. Their perception was viewed as potentially showing indica¬tors of migration drivers, push and pull factors, as well as demonstrating public perception around key issues and policies, and the type of information (including its accuracy) used to inform migration. Respecting the perception of the general public when creating policies is in line with the concepts promoted by the EU Parliament (2020), which encourages the participation of citizens in decision-making. According to the obtained sociodemographic data, 208 respondents (41.9%) were female, and 289 respondents (58.1%) were male. The most represented age category (39%) was 30–39 years old. Additionally, 24% of respondents were between 40 and 49 years old, 22% were between 18 and 29 years old 9.5 % were between 50 and 59 years old, 3.2% were 60–69 years old and 2% were between 70 and 81 years old. This indicates that the majority of respondents who leave are younger than 40, i.e. in the reproductive age group. The results obtained support the relevance of the research by Družić, Beg and Raguž Krištić (2016), who warn about the loss of the young population in Croatia, which results in population ageing. The majority (78.3%) were born in Croatia, and the next significant group (13.1%) was born in Bosnia and Herzego¬vina. The largest group of respondents, at the time of the questionnaire, lived in Germany, followed by the numerically significant groups in Great Britain, Ireland and Sweden. The trend shown by the majority of respondents coming from Germany is in line with the large wave of migration to Germany since 2013 when Croatia entered the EU, and since July 2015 when the labour market in Germany was opened to Croatia. Jurić (2022) and Pokos (2017) describe Germany as still the most desirable country for Croatian emigration. The results showed that macro-level factors related to working conditions and employment rates influence micro-level factors, such as socioeconomic status. Work opportunities and the working environment were perceived as somewhat important because respondents believe that these aspects affect their personal quality of life. An interesting result is that the number of respondents who stated that they were married or in a partnership doubled after moving. It is worth mentioning that Jang, Cast¬erline and Snyder (2014) warn that the longer the time spent abroad, the stronger the ties made, potentially leading to the establishment of family life connected to the host country. This could negatively affect the potential decision to return. The influence of this factor at the micro level requires further research to show the possible impact of marriages abroad on the mobility of new families and their possible return to Croatia, especially if Croatia's goal is to encourage the return of its emigrants. The results of this study, as well as the recommendations of researchers such as Kis, Ozdemir and Ward (2015) on the importance of improving working conditions and wages as a means of improving living conditions, are useful for formulating strategies for population retention. Additionally, certain political restrictions can negatively affect the achievement of the country's migration goals (Boswell, 2002), which, in the case of Croatia, involves return migration and population retention.
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Roschina, I. F., M. V. Kalantarova, A. A. Shvedovskaya i A. I. Hromov. "Prevention of Cognitive Decline in Elderly: Programs "Memory Clinic" and "Cognitive Stimulation Therapy"". Клиническая и специальная психология 11, nr 3 (2022): 44–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/cpse.2022110302.
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The problem of preventing factors associated with the risks of cognitive decline and hindering active longevity in old age is becoming increasingly important. According to the United Nations in 2019, about 10% of the total population in the world is over the age of 65, and by 2050 this figure will already be 20%. The syndrome of mild cognitive decline is considered as a transitional state between normal physiological aging and dementia. The two modern approaches to the prevention of cognitive impairment during aging are presented. Methods for the prevention of cognitive impairments are proposed to be considered according to the level of organization of mental activity, to which they mainly appeal: based on the semantic level (training) and the level of personal meanings (stimulation programs). The experience of preventing cognitive decline in the elderly within the framework of the program of psychosocial therapy and neurocognitive rehabilitation at the “Memory Clinic” (Russia) and the “Cognitive Stimulation Therapy” (CST) program (Great Britain) is described.
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EVANDROU, MARIA, i KAREN GLASER. "Family, work and quality of life: changing economic and social roles through the lifecourse". Ageing and Society 24, nr 5 (24.08.2004): 771–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x04002545.
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This article reports research funded as part of the recent ESRC Growing Older initiative. The project ‘Family, Work and Quality of Life’ explored changes in economic and social roles across four birth cohorts passing through mid-life (45–59/64 years) in Britain. The relationship between multiple role responsibilities and a range of indicators of quality of life, including material resources, health and engagement in social activities were investigated. The research was based upon secondary analysis of four different surveys: the 2000 British Household Panel Study, the 1994–95 Family and Working Lives Survey, the 1985, 1990, 1995, and 2000 General Household Surveys, and the longitudinal Retirement Survey (1988/89 and 1994). A particularly interesting finding is that being ‘caught in the middle’, in terms of having simultaneous care-giving responsibilities to dependent children and frail parents whilst in paid work, has been atypical. Only one-in-nine British women, and one-in-ten British men, aged 45–49 years (born in 1941–45) occupy all three roles concurrently, but multiple role occupancy is increasing across cohorts, particularly the combination of caring and paid work. Role occupancy significantly affects the accumulation of pension entitlements (particularly second-tier pensions), with the effect that many women who have fulfilled the important social roles of carer and parent will face a low income in old age. Where adverse health outcomes were found, parental role in mid-life was most frequently associated with such poor health, suggesting that continued parental demands in mid-life may have negative health consequences.
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LINDESAY, JAMES, SARAH BAILLON, TRAOLACH BRUGHA, MICHAEL DENNIS, ROBERT STEWART, RICARDO ARAYA i HOWARD MELTZER. "Worry content across the lifespan: an analysis of 16- to 74-year-old participants in the British National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity 2000". Psychological Medicine 36, nr 11 (25.07.2006): 1625–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291706008439.
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Background. Previous studies suggest that worry content and prevalence may vary as a function of age, but evidence is limited.Method. Cross-sectional national survey of 8580 householders in Great Britain aged between 16 and 74 years. This analysis examined the relationship between age, worry content (relationships/family, financial/housing, work, health, miscellaneous), common mental disorders, and functional limitation, adjusting for other sociodemographic factors.Results. Overall, the prevalence of worries declined with age. However, with the exception of worry about relationships, the strength of associations between worry types and mental disorder either remained constant or increased in the older age groups. Compared to the 16–24 years reference group, worries about relationships/family, finances/housing and work were lower in the 55–74 years age groups. Financial/housing worries were increased in the 25–44 years group, and health worries were increased in the 25–64 years groups. There were independent associations between all worry items and the categories of mental disorder. All worry types apart from miscellaneous worries were independently associated, positively or negatively, with functional limitation.Conclusions. Worry content in the general population varies as a function of age, gender, marital status, and educational attainment. All categories of worry are more prevalent in individuals with common mental disorders. The lower prevalence of worries and their stronger association with mental disorder in old age emphasize the clinical significance of these symptoms in this age group.
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Maestas, Nicole, i Julie Zissimopoulos. "How Longer Work Lives Ease the Crunch of Population Aging". Journal of Economic Perspectives 24, nr 1 (1.02.2010): 139–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.24.1.139.
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Population aging is not a looming crisis of the future—it is already here. Economic challenges arise when the increase in people surviving to old age and the decline in the number of young people alive to support them cause the growth in society's consumption needs to outpace growth in its productive capacity. The ultimate impact of population aging on our standard of living in the future depends a great deal on how long people choose to work before they retire from the labor force. Here, there is reason for optimism. A constellation of forces, some just now gaining momentum, has raised labor force participation at older ages at just the time it is needed. We examine the most important factors behind the increase in labor force participation realized to date: the shift in the skill composition of the workforce, and technological change. We argue that forces such as changes in the structure of employer-provided pensions and Social Security are likely to propel future increases in labor force participation at older ages. The labor market is accommodating older workers to some degree, and older men and women are themselves adapting on a number of fronts, which could substantially lessen the economic impact of population aging. Age-related health declines and the reluctance of employers to hire and retain older workers present challenges, but the outlook for future gains in labor force participation at older ages is promising.
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Seffrin, Aldo, Claudio A. B. Lira, Rodrigo L. Vancini, Douglas A. T. Santos, Cathia Moser, Elias Villiger, Thomas Rosemann, Beat Knechtle, Lee Hill i Marilia S. Andrade. "Italians Are the Fastest 3000 m Open-Water Master Swimmers in the World". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, nr 14 (17.07.2021): 7606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147606.
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Background: It is well known that athletes originating from a specific region or country can master specific sports disciplines (e.g., East-African runners in long-distance running). In addition, physical and athletic performance are the result of an interaction between genetic, environmental and epigenetic factors. However, little is known about on what determines sports success and performance for long-distance master swimmers such as origin. The aim of the study was to investigate the participation and performance trends of elite master open-water swimmers competing in the World Championships (WC) in 3000 m open-water swimming between 1986 and 2019. Methods: A total of 9247 valid participants were analyzed using generalized linear models (GLMs) with a gamma probability distribution and log link function. Resultsː Most of the starters were from Italy (1646 participations), followed by the United States of America (USA) (1128 participations) and Germany (959 participations). Swimmers from Italy were significantly faster than swimmers from Canada, Germany, USA, Great Britain and also from all other countries grouped (p < 0.005). The age group from 35–39 years old was significantly faster than athletes from age groups of 25–29 years old, 30–34 years old, 40–44 years old, 45–49 years old and 50–54 years old (p < 0.005). The percentage of local athletes in WC was 36% and varied from 36% (Italy, 2004) to 43 % (Germany), 53% (Italy, 2012) and up to 68 % (USA, 1992). Conclusions: Swimmers from Italy were the faster and the most numerous starters during this period of 27 years and 15 editions all over the world in 3000 m master open-water swimming.
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TARLOPOV, Ihor, i Vlada OLEKSIIENKO. "Statistical evaluation of unemployment problems in Ukraine". Economics. Finances. Law, nr 12 (5.12.2019): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2019.12.3.
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The article investigates and analyzes the unemployment rate in Ukraine for a certain period (2000-2018). The general state of the unemployment market of Ukraine is considered. We compared the number of unemployed in rural and urban areas, and identified the causes and methods of overcoming and reducing unemployment. The unemployment rate of Ukraine was compared with the developed countries of the world, namely with Japan, Great Britain, USA and Poland. a comparison of the number of unemployed in rural and urban areas. Labor market and unemployment surveys were conducted. Analyzes the economically active population of Ukraine (2000 - 2018). Different age groups are considered, their economic activity for January - June 2019, it is recognized what age groups prevail in the unemployment market, why they proposed methods of increasing their economic activity. We attributed the economically active population to eight age groups: the first age group - 15-24 years, the second age group - 25 - 29 years, the third age group - 30-34 years, the fourth age group - 35-39 years, the fifth age group - 40-49 years old, sixth age group 50-59 years old, seventh age group 60-69 years old, and the last age group - people 70+ The number of unemployed in rural and urban areas by age group for January - June 2019 is compared, the prevailing and least economically active age group is determined. Based on our research and data analysis, we will be able to offer methods of solving the unemployment problem. Based on the results of the study conducted in this article, we will be able to provide recommendations on how to reduce unemployment among Ukrainians. Unemployment is one of the most pressing problems of modern society, an integral part of a market economy. Based on the data analyzed, the unemployment rate will increase and adversely affect the efficiency of Ukraine's economic activity, if the issue related to overcoming this phenomenon is not resolved. That is why to overcome this phenomenon we need to apply the developed methods.
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Wright, Angela. "Women Writing the Nation: National Identity, Female Community, and the British-French Connection, 1770–1820; Women Writers and Old Age in Great Britain, 1750–1850". European Romantic Review 24, nr 1 (luty 2013): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10509585.2013.747810.
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Metz, Karl H. "From Pauperism to Social Policy". International Review of Social History 37, nr 3 (grudzień 1992): 329–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000111320.
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SummaryThe first part of this paper establishes the outlines of social policy in the course of the nineteenth century using Great Britain, Germany and France as examples, with particular emphasis on the differences arising from the varying political cultures of these countries. In the second part the paper attempts to establish comparisons for a generalized framework, also covering developments into the twentieth century. ‘Social policy’ in this instance means all state measures to safeguard the physical and social existence of employed workers on the basis of a criterion of fairness which is derived from their citizenship, it is political in other words. Safety ar work is as much a part of this as protection during illness, old age or unemployment. This study as a whole sets out to achieve some standardizations which will be useful in the analysis of the history of social policy and may also be helpful in the discussion of current socio-political problems.
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Chipfakacha, Chido T. "The Death of Queen Elizabeth, the Death of the British Empire". Global Journal of Politics and Law Research 12, nr 2 (15.02.2024): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/gjplr.2013/vol12n26170.
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The life of Elizabeth Windsor famously kmown by her title Queen Elizabeth the second, is one of mixed realites she is the longest reigning British Monarch in history having set on the throne for 70 years. The reign of Elizabeth was born from the greatest times of the British Empire with many colonies and a great reputation of the empire after the defeat of the Germans in World war 2. Queen Elizabeth has been credited in overseeing the end of colonisation from the British empire by many African states who were under British colonial rule. She facilitated for negotiations in some cases between liberation war movements and the colonial governments on peaceful ways of transfering power. Her Queen`s government even went on to sanction Ian Smith regime in Rhodesia when it declared independence from Britain, the sanctions were as a result that her majesty`s government would only accept independence if it was given to the majority black africans of Rhodesia. The British economy under her rule had prospered beyond unimaginable dought with the British pound being the most powerful currency, the attractiveness of the pound attracted great minds from across the globe which helped improve the British economy and advanced its technological base. The common wealth of nations an organisation the Queen championed has had success in cooperation between Britain its former colonies and other countries that were not British colonies have since joined the organisation because of its successes. This paper seeks to show how the British economy, social base and its political prowess has suffered from the days that the Queen became sick to her subsequent death and the aftermath. Policies like the Brexit that was carried out during her old age and its impact of Britain will be visited upon in this article, the Irish referendum, the removal of the British Mornach as heard of state by carribean nations that belonged to the British realm. The paper seeks to show how Elizabeth Windsor was the glue that bonded British modern society and the survival of the British monarch without her is under threat.In her life Queen Elizabeth worked with 15 British Prime Ministers from diverse parties sharing diferent ideologies this showed her to be a democratic monarch. This paper will expand on the front of the death of monarchs and empires in the modern era and Elizabeth Winsdor being the last great monarch.
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Rall, Jack A. "The XIIIth International Physiological Congress in Boston in 1929: American physiology comes of age". Advances in Physiology Education 40, nr 1 (marzec 2016): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00126.2015.
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In the 19th century, the concept of experimental physiology originated in France with Claude Bernard, evolved in Germany stimulated by the teaching of Carl Ludwig, and later spread to Britain and then to the United States. The goal was to develop a physicochemical understanding of physiological phenomena. The first International Physiological Congress occurred in 1889 in Switzerland with an emphasis on experimental demonstrations. The XIIIth Congress, the first to be held outside of Europe, took place in Boston, MA, in 1929. It was a watershed meeting and indicated that American physiology had come of age. Meticulously organized, it was the largest congress to date, with over 1,200 participants from more than 40 countries. Getting to the congress was a cultural adventure, especially for the 400 scientists and their families from over 20 European countries, who sailed for 10 days on the S.S. Minnekahda. Many of the great physiologists of the world were in attendance, including 22 scientists who were either or would become Nobel Laureates. There were hundreds of platform presentations and many experimental demonstrations. The meeting was not without controversy as a conflict, still not completely settled, arose over the discovery of ATP. After the meeting, hundreds of participants made a memorable trip to the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, MA, which culminated in a “good old fashioned Cape Cod Clambake.” Although not as spectacular as the 1929 congress, the physiological congresses have continued with goals similar to those established more than a century ago.
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Marcenes, Wagner, Jimmy George Steele, Aubrey Sheiham i Angus Willian Gilmour Walls. "The relationship between dental status, food selection, nutrient intake, nutritional status, and body mass index in older people". Cadernos de Saúde Pública 19, nr 3 (czerwiec 2003): 809–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2003000300013.
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This paper reviewed the findings from a national survey in Great Britain which assessed whether dental status affected older people's food selection, nutrient intake, and nutritional status. The survey analyzed national random samples of free-living and institution subjects for dental examination, interview, and four-day food diary as well as blood and urine tests In the free-living sample, intakes of non-starch polysaccharides, protein, calcium, non-heme iron, niacin, and vitamin C were significantly lower in edentulous as compared to dentate subjects. People with 21 or more teeth consumed more of most nutrients, particularly non-starch polysaccharides. This relationship in intake was not apparent in the hematological analysis. Plasma ascorbate and retinol were the only analytes significantly associated with dental status. Having 21 or more teeth increased the likelihood of having an acceptable body mass index (BMI). Thus, maintaining a natural and functional dentition defined as having more than twenty teeth into old age plays an important role in having a healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables, a satisfactory nutritional status, and an acceptable BMI.
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Kok, Almar A. L., Mai Stafford, Theodore D. Cosco, Martijn Huisman, Dorly Deeg, Diana Kuh i Rachel Cooper. "Factors across life associated with remaining free from functional limitations despite lifelong exposure to socioeconomic adversity". Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 73, nr 6 (19.03.2019): 529–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2018-211736.
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BackgroundThere are substantial socioeconomic inequalities in functional limitations in old age. Resilience may offer new insights into these inequalities by identifying constellations of factors that protect some individuals from developing functional limitations despite socioeconomic adversity.MethodsData from 1973 participants in the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development (Great Britain), followed from birth until age 60–64, were used. Functional limitations were defined as reporting difficulty with at least 1 of 16 activities at age 60–64. Lifetime socioeconomic adversity was based on socioeconomic trajectories, categorised into three adversity levels. Analysis of covariance and regression models were used to compare psychosocial factors and health-related behaviours between a ‘Resilient’ group (high adversity but no functional limitations) and five groups with other combinations of adversity and limitations.ResultsPrevalence of functional limitations in high, intermediate and low adversity groups was 44%, 30% and 23% in men, and 61%, 55% and 49% in women, respectively. Compared with the other high adversity group, the resilient group had a lower prevalence of childhood illness (12% vs 19%) and obesity throughout ages 43–64 (70% vs 55%). Partially adjusted models also showed higher adolescent self-management, lower neuroticism, higher prevalence of volunteer work and physical activity (age 60–64) and lower prevalence of smoking (age 43) in the resilient. Marital status and contact frequency were not associated with resilience.ConclusionResults suggest protection against childhood illness, health-behavioural factors and self-regulation as targets for interventions across life that may particularly benefit those with long-term exposure to socioeconomic adversity.
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Snapp, J. Russell. "An Enlightened Empire: Scottish and Irish Imperial Reformers in the Age of the American Revolution". Albion 33, nr 3 (2001): 388–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4053197.
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In January 1773, Lord Dartmouth, the Secretary of State for the colonies, received a letter urging him to appoint no more Scots or Irishmen to offices in America. While the author claimed that, as a “Cosmopolite” he had no vulgar “national Prejudices,” he declared that “the English, particularly the Americans,” had conceived such Prejudices against the Scots and Irish, that it is great Impolicy to nominate them for governors or for any Employ in America….” One cannot know exactly what public relations disasters might have inspired this strong advice. Nevertheless, recent changes in both the United Kingdom and the empire at large had clearly heightened age-old English prejudices against these “alien” groups. Never before had so many Scots and Irishmen held public office in Britain and its colonies, and Scottish merchants were making considerable inroads in imperial trade at the expense of their English counterparts. However, jealousy on account of this new-found power does not completely explain the widespread animus against these groups. Many Englishmen and Anglo-Americans also perceived that Scots and Irishmen approached imperial government in ways that threatened English liberty. While it would be going too far to accept the contemporary English notion that Scots, and indeed most non-Englishmen, were “tinctured with notions of despotism,” this stereotype points toward the reality that officials from the fringes of the British Isles took a new approach to imperial government: they emphasized metropolitan authority while, at the same time, regarding the Crown's diverse subjects from a cosmopolitan perspective.
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Berry, Lynne. "An age of opportunity for the voluntary sector". Quality in Ageing and Older Adults 16, nr 1 (9.03.2015): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qaoa-11-2014-0038.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to put the issue of ageing on the agenda of the English voluntary sector; to support the development of strategies about resourcing, supporting, governing and making relevant the voluntary sector for the next 20 years. Design/methodology/approach – An independent Commission hosted by New Philanthropy Capital and the International Longevity Centre, funded by the Big Lottery and the Prudential Methodology: issuing a discussion paper, created by the Commissioners and based on futures work and an evidence review; holding national and international seminars and conferences. Findings – Our ageing society has the potential to lead the voluntary sector into a viable future by building bridges between generations and communities, by expanding the resources available to it through rethinking its workforce, both paid and unpaid, by inspiring and delivering a more integrated and committed sense of social obligations and mutuality – if it embraces “The Age of Opportunity”. Research limitations/implications – This is a policy and practice led review with implications for the UK voluntary sector, its role in society and its resourcing. Practical implications – The Commission on the Voluntary Sector & Ageing takes as its basic premise that if we can grasp the potential, we can invest the skills and resources available to us to create a thriving, relevant and creative place for the voluntary sector and civil society. The Commission is setting a challenge to charities and social enterprises. The authors want them to rethink their work so that they can help make Britain a great place to grow old and one that encourages reciprocity between generations and over a lifetime. Social implications – A more integrated and mutually empowering society that builds on an asset-based model of ageing. Originality/value – The work of the Commission has never been done before and has been seen as creating an opportunity for rethinking the role, purpose and potential of the voluntary sector.