Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Pensions (Old age) Great Britain

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Pensions (Old age) Great Britain”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 28 lipca 2024

Data aktualizacji: 30 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Pensions (Old age) Great Britain"

Levine, Daniel. "The Danish Connection: A Note on the Making of British Old Age Pensions". Albion 17, nr 2 (1985): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4049215.

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In the continuous discussion of how and how much Lloyd George was influenced by Germany in formulating Old Age Pensions and National Insurance, attention seems to have been almost wholly diverted from the degree to which the Danish example was discussed, recommended and clearly present in the consciousness of those who made the British Old Age Pension Act of 1908. There is no discussion of the issue in the standard work on the subject, Bentley B. Gilbert's The Evolution of National Insurance in Great Britain, (London, 1966) nor even any mention of “Denmark” in the index. The subject is likewise missing from Francis H. Stead's How Old Age Pensions Came to Be, (London [? 1910]), which Gilbert calls “indispensible.” Patricia Mary Williams barely mentions the subject in her detailed dissertation, “The Development of Old Age Pension Policy in Great Britain, 1878-1925” (University of London, 1970), and does not even do that much in the book she wrote under the name Pat Thane, Foundations of the Welfare State (Essex, 1982) nor in the chapter on old age pensions in the book she edited, Origins of British Social Policy (London, 1978). Hugh Heclo in Modern Social Politics in Britain and Sweden (New Haven, 1974) mentions (p. 167) that the proposals of the commission in 1899 “resembled” the Danish system, but Heclo does not say how or why, and then never mentions the subject again. John Grigg, in his biography of Lloyd George is concerned with the man more than the issue, and does not analyze the source of the ideas behind the old age pension bill of 1908 in his Lloyd George, The People's Champion (Berkeley, 1978).

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FELSTEAD, ALAN. "Closing the age gap? Age, skills and the experience of work in Great Britain". Ageing and Society 30, nr 8 (29.09.2010): 1293–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x10000681.

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ABSTRACTPopulations across Europe are ageing as death rates among the old and fertility rates among the young fall. This produces a number of long-term challenges for national governments – most notably, coping with the increased demand for social services, pensions and benefits that must be funded by a declining proportion of working adults. One policy response has been to extend people's working lives, but we know relatively little about the skills and employment experiences of older workers and how these compare with younger workers. This paper sheds new light on this issue by examining whether older workers do less well than their younger counterparts in terms of the skills of the jobs they hold, the quality of their working lives, their commitment to their current employer and to employment in general, and their attitudes towards and experiences of training. The paper also assesses whether these age gaps have closed over time. The empirical evidence for the paper is from five separate but comparable surveys carried out in 1986, 1992, 1997, 2001 and 2006. Taken together, the five surveys provide information on the employment experiences of over 22,000 workers in Great Britain. This allows us to chart whether we are witnessing the disappearance of at least some of the age divisions in the labour market.

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Walker, Robert, i Meg Huby. "Escaping Financial Dependency in Old Age". Ageing and Society 9, nr 1 (marzec 1989): 17–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x00013349.

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ABSTRACTOne of the principal motives behind pension reform in Britain in the post-war era has been to reduce dependence on means-tested assistance. Alternating attempts have been made to attain this objective through State and occupational collectivism but with only partial success. The present Government has shifted the emphasis away from collective provision towards individual saving promoted in the form of portable pensions. However, recent research has underlined the importance of structural determinants of dependency on means-tested assistance in retirement and of other factors over which individuals have little if any control. In the light of these findings questions are raised about the potential effectiveness of portable and occupational pensions as mechanisms for reducing future dependency on means-tested supplementation.

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Rogers, Edmund. "A ‘most imperial’ contribution: New Zealand and the old age pensions debate in Britain, 1898–1912". Journal of Global History 9, nr 2 (23.05.2014): 189–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022814000035.

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AbstractThe extent of imperial influences upon nineteenth- and early twentieth-century British life, including in the development of social policy, has attracted significant scholarly interest in the past decade. The bearing of New Zealand's 1898 Old-Age Pensions Act upon the British debate over elderly poverty exemplifies the contested transfer of social policy ideas from settler colony to ‘Mother Country’. Reformers in Britain hailed a model non-contributory pension system with an imperial pedigree. However, the widely acknowledged distinction between ‘old’ countries such as Britain, and ‘new’ countries of English-speaking settlement, characterized the New Zealand example's reception. While progressives identified the colony as a ‘clean slate’ lacking the obstructive historical inheritance of the Poor Law, critics of state-funded pensions warned against drawing policy-making lessons from New Zealand. Yet when a reformist Liberal government introduced an Old Age Pensions Bill in 1908, it used Britain's age to justify the legislation's relative conservatism.

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GAL, JOHN. "How well does a partnership in pensions really work? The Israeli public/private pension mix". Ageing and Society 22, nr 2 (marzec 2002): 161–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x02008619.

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This paper takes the old-age pension system in Israel as a test case to examine the implications of proposals for pension reform now being debated or implemented in many welfare states. For over a decade, high on the agenda of decision-makers on both national and international levels, there has been the notion of moving towards a changing ‘partnership in pensions’ or, to put it more bluntly, towards greater privatisation of social security. Virtually since its emergence in the 1950s, the Israeli old-age pension has been based primarily upon a mix of low universal state pensions and income-related private occupational pensions. This paper compares the British and Israeli social security systems for older people in the wake of the reforms recently introduced in Britain and analyses the implications of the Israeli structure on the distribution of social security spending and on the wellbeing of different categories of older individuals.

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Struthers, James. "Regulating the Elderly: Old Age Pensions and the Formation of a Pension Bureaucracy in Ontario, 1929-1945". Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 3, nr 1 (9.02.2006): 235–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/031051ar.

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Abstract This article examines the emergence of means-tested old age pensions in Ontario in the context of the Great Depression and World War II. Ontario's old age pension scheme, it argues, was launched in 1929 with weak political commitment, little bureaucratic-preparation, and an almost complete absence of administrative experience at the provincial and municipal level in assessing and responding to need on a mass scale. The article examines the complex interplay among federal, provincial, and local government authorities in the politics of pension administration throughout the 1929-1945 era, arguing that local control of pension decision-making in the early years of the Depression provided two divergent models of pension entitlement both as charity and as an earned social right. After 1933 governments at both the provincial and federal level centralized decision-making over pension administration in order to standardize and restrict pension entitlement, contain its rapidly rising costs, and enforce more efficiently the concept of parental maintenance upon children. World War II undermined the concept of pensions as charity by broadly expanding the boundaries of entitlement both for the elderly and their children. By 1945 means-tested pensions had few supporters within or outside of government, laying the basis for the emergence of a universal system of old age security in 1951.

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SINGER, KATHERINE. "Devoney Looser.Women Writers and Old Age in Great Britain, 1750–1850". Women's Studies 40, nr 4 (26.04.2011): 542–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00497878.2011.561720.

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Small, H. "DEVONEY LOOSER. Women Writers and Old Age in Great Britain, 1750-1850." Review of English Studies 61, nr 248 (25.10.2009): 149–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/res/hgp105.

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Hale, Robert C. "Women Writers and Old Age in Great Britain, 1750-1850. Devoney Looser." Wordsworth Circle 41, nr 4 (wrzesień 2010): 255–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/twc24043669.

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Grundy, Emily, i Gemma Holt. "Adult life experiences and health in early old age in Great Britain". Social Science & Medicine 51, nr 7 (październik 2000): 1061–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(00)00023-x.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Pensions (Old age) Great Britain"

Nunes, Bernardo F. "Three essays on retirement and savings behaviour". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/24516.

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This dissertation presents three essays on retirement and savings behaviour. It relies on secondary data from British national surveys to empirically address how workers prepare and adapt to the economic circumstances of later life. Chapter 1 analyses the effectiveness of providing workers with the opportunity to join workplace pension schemes to stimulate pension savings. It estimates the potential opt-in rate among employees who haven’t been offered a pension plan by an employer, had they been offered the opportunity to join a scheme. Governmental policies enforcing pension plan provision at every workplace could generate a major impact on aggregate participation rates. This potential success does not seem to be conditional on the existence of mechanisms imposed by law concerning the way workers are enrolled. Chapter 2 examines the effect of workplace pension schemes provision and participation on other individual financial savings, such as personal pension plans and financial assets. It exploits the variability in workplace pension scheme provision and membership induced by the employer’s payroll size as an identification strategy. No evidence is found that providing employees with access to workplace pension schemes would make them less likely to save through non-pension financial instruments. These results support the enforcement of the universal provision of workplace pension schemes as a national policy to improve financial preparation for retirement. Chapter 3 builds on the literature of the economic role of home production of goods and services at retirement. The literature usually restricts the explanation of retirees’ heterogeneous attitudes towards home production to gender differences or social norms related to couples’ division of labour. The present study provides novel evidence that non-cognitive skills in the form of personality traits explain the heterogeneous reallocation of time and consumption that occurs during a transition from the labour market to retirement.

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Andrews, Emily Stella. "Senility before Alzheimer : old Age in British psychiatry, c. 1835-1912". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2014. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/65690/.

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This thesis addresses the place of old age in British psychiatry, from 1835-1912. It asks: how were mental disorders in old age understood, categorised and responded to? It seeks answers to these questions in three sets of sources: theoretical published works written by professional psychiatrists, the official reports of the bodies charged with managing the asylum at a national and local level, and in the patient records of Hanwell County Lunatic Asylum. It argues that the ‘senile’ became more clearly defined in the latter nineteenth century, in politics and in medicine, as a residual category of person: too insane for the workhouse, too old for the asylum. It shows that, during this period, older people in the asylum were increasingly likely to be viewed as ‘old’. Through the increasing focus on internal pathology as an aetiological determinant of mental disorder, both engendered and reflected in changes to the asylum’s patient records, the inherent agedness of older people – with associations of inevitable decline, incurability and dependency – became central to the way that psychiatrists interpreted their mental disorders. The senile were a controversial group in nineteenth-century psychiatry. The administrators of Lunacy made attempts to exclude them from the asylum, but families and workhouse officials continued to send them there. The asylum played an important role in latter-nineteenth-century London as a pressure-valve for those whose behaviour made them unmanageable in other settings. Without more specialised provision, the asylum was often the only institution which could manage the elderly mentally disordered. Once there, aged patients worked and were cared for alongside the rest of the asylum population, usually until their death.

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Bland, Rosemary. "Senior citizens, good practice and quality of life in residential care homes". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/70.

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This thesis is an examination of the definition and implementation of ‘good practice’ in residential care for senior citizens. The central contention is that ‘good practice’ is a term that has been variously defined. Different groups define it in different ways, and their definitions have changed over time. This reflexive qualitative study explores ‘good practice’ in local authority, voluntary and private residential care homes in Scotland from the perspective of policy, practice and the experience of senior citizens who live in them. The study is based on analysis of policy documents, historical studies, and reanalysed interview and survey data from two earlier studies conducted by the author and colleagues. The thesis shows that the notion of ‘good practice’ that emerges in policy and practice documents is a confused and often conflicting set of ideas. Historically, the earliest were driven by concerns over cost. In more modern times, statements about ‘good practice’ have had a more benevolent intent but are frequently flawed by paternalistic and ageist assumptions. It is shown that staff in residential homes typically adopt a different set of attitudes: their preoccupation is with safety and the avoidance of risk. Although benevolent in intention, these interpretations of ‘good practice’ are also at variance with what residents themselves actually want. Two particular models or styles of care are examined in detail. One of these is the use of ‘keyworkers’, often implemented in ways that fail to realise its potential. The other is the ‘hotel’ model of care. The potential of this model as an alternative to the statutory model is explored. The thesis concludes that it is a model that can realise the goal of enabling residents to exercise independence, choice and privacy while meeting their needs in residential care.

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Książki na temat "Pensions (Old age) Great Britain"

Board, Occupational Pensions. Protecting pensions, safeguarding benefits in a changing environment: A report by the Occupational Pensions Board in accordance with section 66 of the Social Security Act 1973. London: H.M.S.O., 1989.

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Office, National Audit. Administration of retirement pensions. London: HMSO, 1995.

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Orloff, Ann Shola. The politics of pensions: A comparative analysis of Britain, Canada, and the United States, 1880-1940. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993.

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Ellison, Robin. Pension Fund Reform: A guide to the Social Security Act 1985. London: Certified Accountant Publications for the Association of Certified Accountants, 1986.

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Ellison, Robin. Pension fund reform: A guide to the Social Security Act 1985. London: Longman Professional, 1986.

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Office, Northern Ireland Audit. Uptake of benefits by pensioners. Belfast: Stationery Office, 2011.

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Ellison, Robin. The pocket pensions guide. London: Prentice Hall Europe, 1999.

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Great Britain. Social Security Advisory Committee., red. Options for equality in state pension age: A case equalising at 65. London: HMSO, 1992.

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Chris, Phillipson, i Ward Sue, red. A manifesto for old age. London: Pluto Press, 1985.

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Hannah, Leslie. Inventing retirement: The development of occupational pensions in Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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Części książek na temat "Pensions (Old age) Great Britain"

Torp, Cornelius. "International Transfers and National Path Dependencies: Pension Systems in Britain and Germany after the Second World War". W International Impacts on Social Policy, 359–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86645-7_28.

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AbstractExternal influences have always played an important role in British and German pension politics. Until the 1970s, bilateral interdependencies in the form of knowledge transfers were paramount. Later, transnational developments transcending Britain and Germany such as the evolving discourse about demographic aging have shaped pension reform debates in both countries. Neither the short-lived British experiment with earnings-related pensions in the 1970s nor the German move towards the privatisation of old-age provision in recent years can be explained without referring to external influences. The effect of international impulses, however, should not be overstated. Even the profound pension reforms in both countries shortly after the year 2000 did not abandon the different institutional paths by which the two pension systems had been characterised in the past.

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Thane, Pat. "‘The First Piece of Socialism Britain has Entered upon’? The Introduction of Old-Age Pensions". W Old Age, 216–35. Oxford University PressOxford, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198203827.003.0012.

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Abstract In 1906, after a decade of Conservative and Unionist government, the Liberal Party won a clear majority The election was also notable as the first in which Labour members won a significant number of seats (29) and the Labour Party became firmly established. The new Liberal government was to introduce an impressive succession of social welfare measures. It is often stated that the Liberals came into office uncommitted to any specific social reform including pensions. This is so in the sense that neither they nor the Conservatives published party programmes, hence neither party was formally committed to anything. However, both parties ‘more than made up for this by flooding the electorate with propaganda leaflets on all the major topics of the day.’ In addition, most candidates issued their own election leaflets, which ‘presented a kind of programmatic choice to the electors that was clear enough’. Russell’s analysis of the election addresses shows that 59 per cent of Liberal candidates supported pensions. It was less prominent than Free Trade, which was almost universally supported, or amendment of the Education Act and reform of the government of Ireland, but none the less, substantial.

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Thane, Pat. "A Remarkable Discovery of Secret Need’: Pensioners in the 1940s". W Old Age, 355–63. Oxford University PressOxford, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198203827.003.0019.

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Abstract A negative view of the probable social impact of the increasing numbers of older people in Britain was perhaps understandable, in view of the poor health and living conditions of very many older people in the 1930s and 1940s. These conditions were made shockingly evident by the revelations following the introduction of Supplementary Assistance in 1940. The Old Age and Widows’ Pensions Act, 1940, transferred responsibility for the welfare of old people from the local authorities (the successors to the Poor Law Boards) to the former Unemployment Assistance Board. This had been established in 1934 as the first official body empowered to undertake welfare work on a national scale.

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Thane, Pat. "‘Shocked into Idleness’: The Emergence of Mass Retirement". W Old Age, 385–406. Oxford University PressOxford, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198203827.003.0021.

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Abstract How did the spread of pensions in post-war Britain affect the lives of older people? If there has been one period of especially dramatic change in the history of the lives of old people it is the mid-twentieth century By the 1950s, for the first time in history, the overwhelming majority of people in Britain could expect to live from birth to their sixties and beyond as a result of falling death-rates at younger ages, especially in infancy, through the earlier part of the century Even the poorest people could expect a secure, if not necessarily a generous, pension at a fixed, predictable, and early age. Most could expect a period of ‘retirement’ between the end of their working lives and the onset of serious physical dependency, if they indeed experienced this, since it was and is by no means universal. They could all expect secure access to health care, which, though often imperfect, was, especially for poorer women, better than anything available ever before. All of this amounted to an important cultural shift in experiences and expectations, in the ways in which people could imagine their life-courses.

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Thane, Pat. "The ‘Menace’ of an Ageing Population, the 1920s to 1950s". W Old Age, 333–54. Oxford University PressOxford, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198203827.003.0018.

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Abstract The British birth-rate started to fall from the later nineteenth century. One outcome was a change in the age structure of the population and the beginning of a dramatic long-run increase in the proportion of older people. Old people became more numerous, in absolute and relative terms, over the twentieth century. Decline in the birth-rate was not accompanied by rising mortality among older age groups, indeed rather the reverse, hence British society was ‘older’ in the inter-war years than it had been since the mid-eighteenth century. The percentage of the population of Great Britain composed of males over 65 and females over 60 was 6.2 in 1901, 9.6 in 1931, 12 in 1941, 13.5 in 1951, and the rise continued thereafter. Also the labour force was ageing. The percentage of the 15 to 65 age group (the bulk of people of working age) who were over age 40, had been 35 in the mid-nineteenth century and was 45 in 1947. Britain was undergoing a decisive shift from a predominantly youthful age structure in the mid-nineteenth century to a predominantly older one. The fact of this shift and the realization that its economic and social implications were likely to be profound were gradually recognized and discussed.

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Williamson, John B., i Fred C. Pampel. "United Kingdom". W Old-Age Security in Comparative Perspective, 43–64. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195068597.003.0003.

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Abstract While old-age pensions came to Britain relatively early (1908), such schemes had already been enacted in many other nations, several even before the tum of the century (e.g., Germany, 1889; Denmark, 1891; and New Zealand, 1898). This suggests that factors other than industrialization must be taken into consideration in any effort to account for differences between nations with respect to the timing of the introduction of these first pension systems.

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Thane, Pat. "The ‘Scandal’ of Women’s Pensions in Britain: How Did It Come About?" W Britain's Pensions Crisis. British Academy, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197263853.003.0005.

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In 2005, just 19 per cent of women pensioners in Britain were entitled to the full basic state pension (itself insufficient to live on without a supplement) compared with 92 per cent of men. The current problems of poverty among older women are not new. The difficulties for women of providing for their old age have been known for more than a century and have never gone away, but they have been evaded by successive governments, not least because they are hard to solve without considerable public expense. The two main ‘pillars’ of the British pension system throughout the past century were state and occupational pensions, both of which have failed most older women. Younger women now spend longer periods in paid work than earlier age cohorts and average female earnings have risen, but a gender gap in work opportunities and pay, and in capacity to save, remains. This chapter discusses the first British pensions, pensions between the wars, William Beveridge's views on women's pensions, and pensions and social change after World War II.

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Johnson, Paul. "Paying for Our Futures: The Political Economy of Pension Reform in the UK". W Britain's Pensions Crisis. British Academy, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197263853.003.0011.

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The development of pension provision in Britain since January 1909, when the first public old-age pension was paid, should be celebrated as one of the greatest achievements of collective action in the twentieth century. This chapter examines what has and has not changed in terms of demographic and economic knowledge of pension systems. It then considers the causes and consequences of this delusional consensus and offers some suggestions about how a more responsible set of political and popular attitudes to pensions might be created, beginning with a fundamental reform to the state pension system. The rationale advanced by the Pensions Commission for maintaining much of the complexity of the current state system is the cost and disruption that would be entailed by radical change. This chapter discusses the political economy of pension reform in Britain, focusing on the link between demography and pensions as well as between pensions and economics.

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O'Connor, Anne. "Arguments over the Ice Age". W Finding Time for the Old Stone Age. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199215478.003.0010.

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The acceptance of human antiquity in the mid-nineteenth century fed a desire to know more about the age of these chipped stone tools from the drift. In 1863, Canon William Greenwell (1820–1918), the antiquary, archaeologist, and collector from Durham, declared: ‘The great question which has yet to be settled is this—at what period was the drift in which the flints are found deposited? And side by side with this was another important query—down to what time did these now extinct animals occupy any part of our continent?’ This chapter seeks to untangle the web of time that was spun around the stone implements of Britain over the last four decades of the nineteenth century. Greenwell’s great question was a popular one, and ‘what period’ was often answered by connecting the implementiferous drifts to the Glacial epoch. The mid-glacial submergence, entertained by geologists like Ramsay and Phillips, provided a convenient division between pre-glacial and post-glacial times. On each side of this great division, detailed patterns were being drawn in stratigraphy and bones. As decisions were made about the pre-glacial or post-glacial date of sediments from river drifts and caves, rich in tools and bones, the glacial chronology was, meanwhile, being revised and subdivided too. During the latter decades of the nineteenth century there was great activity and little agreement about the order of events in these distant times. Researchers immersed in different material, gathered from different geographical areas, and asking different questions would not find it easy—or even desirable—to mesh their findings into a single coherent sequence. Attempts to date the stone tools of Britain entered a contentious arena. The chronological indicators scrutinised by these researchers—river drifts, glacial drifts, and bones—offered few clear answers to Greenwell’s question. The sands, gravels, clays, and brickearths of Quaternary times were so scattered, patchy, and variable that even Prestwich found it diffcult to understand their sequence.

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Harris, Jose. "The Roots of Public Pensions Provision: Social Insurance and the Beveridge Plan". W Britain's Pensions Crisis. British Academy, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197263853.003.0002.

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William Beveridge and his Report on Social Insurance and Allied Services of 1942 continue to occupy a pivotal position in the history of social security provision not only in Britain and Europe but also in the wider world into the twenty-first century. This chapter examines why the Beveridge Plan and its ideas were so popular and seemingly so authoritative. Although Beveridge's long public career in social policy had been mainly concerned with the quite different sphere of unemployment insurance, his ideas about old-age pensions did not spring from nowhere in 1941, but dated back to the year 1907. In 1908, he became a personal adviser to Winston Churchill at the Board of Trade, where he was instrumental in inserting many of his ideas about social insurance into the unemployment provisions of the National Insurance Act of 1911. At the time of his appointment as chairman of the Social Insurance Committee in June 1941, Beveridge had almost no specialist knowledge of pensions administration or pensions finance.

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