Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Penal colonies”

This thesis explores the moral and sexual anxieties produced by the transportation of male convicts to the penal colonies of Australia. My aims are twofold. First, this study argues that male sexuality lay at the heart of penal and colonial political discourse. The moral anxieties this both reflected and produced directly informed the penal administration of the convict population. This was implicit in the ways that convict bodies were ordered, surveilled, disciplined and accommodated. In this analysis the sexual and behavioural management of male prisoners is considered to be a fundamental dynamic within contemporary perceptions of criminal reformation. Second, this thesis examines the ways that these moral concerns permeated the wider colonial society. Free British settlers took their cultural cargo with them to the colonies. In the context of the penal colonies, they also had to negotiate the specific cultural and social implications of transportation. The moral concerns of colonial society were often played out around the politics of imperial transportation. This is examined through a consideration of the cultural meanings of colonial discourse and the many tensions that lay beneath it. During the slow transition from penal colony to respectable free society, colonists utilised and manipulated their moral and cultural anxieties in a number of political ways. This thesis argues that the moral and sexual anxieties of colonial society were both real and imagined. They informed a variety of discourses that linked the colonial periphery with the metropolitan centre in a relationship that was reciprocal but also antagonistic.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2004.
Title from title screen (viewed 5 May 2008). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Dept. of History, Faculty of Arts. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.

A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar os limites e possibilidades da qualificação profissional para reinserção econômica e social de encarcerados, tomando como referência a Colônia Penal Agroindustrial do Paraná. Apoia-se nos fundamentos teóricos e metodológicos do Materialismo Histórico e Dialético, e utiliza como instrumento de coleta de dados a entrevista individual semiestruturada realizada com dezessete encarcerados participantes de atividades educativas e laborais. Os principais resultados apontam que o perfil socioeconômico da população carcerária, caracterizado pela baixa escolaridade, falta de qualificação profissional, e a ocupação de empregos precários, contribui para o ingresso na criminalidade e, consequentemente, o encarceramento. O segundo aspecto constatado foi o caráter contraditório da prisão em sua finalidade punitiva e ressocializadora, tendo por meta simultânea punir e reinserir o condenado à sociedade. Por fim a qualificação profissional, compreendida amplamente como uma relação social, articulando-se formação geral, profissional e prática, reduz-se a cursos curtos e aligeirados, prescindindo da escolaridade e da integração entre educação geral e profissional, sequer atendendo às demandas de mercado. As evidências apontadas permitem inferir que os programas de qualificação profissional são ineficientes e ineficazes na reinserção econômica e social dos encarcerados. O trabalho na prisão, de caráter produtivo e educativo, cumpre apenas a função produtiva, predatoriamente explorado por empresas privadas, significando para o encarcerado muito mais uma possibilidade de amenizar as condições carcerárias e de remição da pena, do que sua profissionalização.
This research aims to analyze the limits and possibilities of professional qualification for economic and social rehabilitation of prisoners, with reference to the Penal Colony Agroindustrial of Paraná. It builds on theoretical and methodological foundations of the Historical and Dialectical Materialism and uses as data collection tool semi-structured individual interviews conducted with seventeen imprisoned participants of educational and professional activities. The main results show that the socioeconomic profile of the prison population, characterized by low education, lack of professional qualification, and the occupation of precarious jobs, contributes to entry into the crime and hence incarceration. The second aspect was noted the contradictory nature of the arrest at his punitive and ressocializadora purpose, with the simultaneous goal punish and reinsert the condemned to society. Finally the qualification, widely understood as a social relation, articulating general education, professional and practical, reduce the short and streamlined courses, regardless of education and integration between general and vocational education, even taking into account the market demands. The evidence presented allow us to infer that vocational training programs are inefficient and ineffective in the economic and social rehabilitation of prisoners. Prison labor, productive and educational, only fulfills the productive function, predatory operated by private companies, meaning for the imprisoned very much a possibility to ease prison conditions and redemption pen, your professionalism.

This is the first comprehensive survey of social dance in the Australian colonies in the period between 1788 and 1840. The thesis investigated the convict and 'lower order' dance culture through extensive historical research combined with a series of workshops. It indicated that dance was a significant factor in the lives of the 'lower orders' and convicts in the early colony. Dance was a pastime that brought people together, gave hope and good cheer in the harshest of situations, allowed a temporary escape from troubles and encouraged people to put aside grievances. This practice-led research revealed important insights into the relevance of dance in the past, present and future.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Jurídicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito, Florianópolis, 2010
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Partindo da interpretação histórica baseada na teoria dos sistemas-mundo, situa-se a formação da modernidade por meio de uma dupla ramificação. O segundo momento, eurocêntrico, percebe o fenômeno moderno desde a Europa, coincidindo com a segunda onda colonizadora. Porém, oculta fica sua primeira fase, na qual ocorre o encontro (choque) ético de mundos, base da formação material e simbólica do ethos conquistador europeu. Iniciando na segunda fase da modernidade, colocam-se delineamentos gerais sobre formas de se teorizar o conflito social, que, apesar das nuanças, podem ser separadas duas linhas principais: uma calcada no consenso como regra das relações das pessoas em sociedade; outra percebe o conflito como elemento sempre presente socialmente. Da contextualização geral, inicia-se uma análise de discurso de textos atuais da dogmática jurídico-penal na constituição de uma narrativa sociológica implícita e que permeia a maioria dos manuais com impressionante homogeneidade. Percebe-se a sociedade como um todo consensual, de valores homogêneos, sendo que os bens essenciais para a própria sobrevivência da coletividade são transformados em normas penais pelo legislador racional. As relações humanas são travadas a partir de sujeitos (universais, individuais e autônomos) isolados reciprocamente. No cometimento de um crime, um indivíduo ataca o bem jurídico de outro, agindo de forma consciente e sem justificação viola valores que inclusive o agente consentiu em respeitar. Essa ação e vontade (ambas individuais) geram um duplo conflito: "criminoso"/vítima; e sociedade/"criminoso". Para responder ao problema, o Sistema de Justiça Criminal possui instrumentos perfeitos para separar o indivíduo e transformá-lo para que re-torne, re-formado e se re-insira no núcleo consensual de onde saiu. Diversas correntes criminológicas teceram teorias capazes de servirem de crítica direta a essa narrativa sociológica, mostrando que a formação social é fundada em conflitos, que resultam em representações desiguais na criação e persecução de condutas definidas como crime - projeção da própria diferença de classes. Assim, consegue-se entender que o cárcere cumpre funções destinadas à clientela selecionada, reais e que não se confundem com as tarefas declaradas da pena. A crise gerada pelos fatos e crítica tem recebido tentativas de respostas a partir de duas linhas: uma que mais se aproxima da crença da narrativa sociológica (possível relegitimação); outra que tem maiores afinidades com a crítica criminológica, entendendo a superação do Sistema de Justiça Criminal como único caminho viável. Somando aos esforços de deslegitimação, levanta-se a lógica moderna como essencialmente genocida desde sua constituição. Damos um passo em direção à primeira modernidade para encontrar nas fronteiras sua exterioridade para onde é direcionada a potência de aniquilação do outro em favor da manutenção consensual da única existência possível, na pretensão de totalidade. A partir de exemplos do conflito totalidade-exterioridade (gênero, raça, colonialidade) é possível entender que a atuação genocida da modernidade perpassa potencialmente todas as dimensões da forma contemporânea de produção da vida e, portanto, também os mecanismos de punição. Assim sendo, a busca penal por arrastar a alteridade de volta aos fundamentos modernos é somente a fronteira entre a morte simbólica e a concreta. O caminho de superação do modo de produção da vida na modernidade encontra nos movimentos populares uma considerável potencialidade de transformação, em direção à utopia factível.
Based on the historiographical interpretation under the world-systems theory, the formation of modernity is posited from a clear twofold. Its second moment - Eurocentric - perceives the modern phenomena from Europe, coinciding with the second colonizing wave. However, hidden remains its first stage, in which occurs the ethical encounter (collision) of worlds, the material and symbolic foundations of the European conquering ethos. Departing from modernity's second phase, the forms of thought theoretically dealing with social conflict can be roughly separated into two main understandings: one based on consensus as the ordinary element under which every human relation takes place; another that sees conflict as an ever present social factor. From this general context, a discourse analysis is thus undertaken using contemporary penal textbooks to build a sociological narrative underlying criminal law's technical thought, present with an impressive homogeneity. Society is taken to be a consensual whole and, to guarantee the very survival of this collective body, the essential values are turned into penal normative text by an abstract legislature. Human relations are lived by (universal, individual and autonomous) subjects reciprocally isolated. As of a crime perpetration, a person willingly violates the rights of another, therefore, values that he himself consented to uphold. His action and will (both related to the individual) generate a double conflict: "culprit"/victim; and society/"culprit". Answering to this problem, the Criminal Justice System has the perfect tools to segregate the "criminal" in order to transform the person so that he can re-turn, re-formed and able to re-enter the consensual core whence he originally came. Many criminological Schools of thought have weaved theories that can be used as a direct critique against this sociological narrative, showing how social formations are based on conflicts, out of which come the unbalanced representations in creation and enforcement of laws that define criminal behaviour - following a direct projection of class inequality. Thus, it is understood that penal punishment fulfils goals (real ones not to be mistaken for the officially declared roles) destined to act upon its commonly selected inmates. The crisis generated by the facts and criticisms has received solution attempts by two main lines of arguments: one closer to the sociological narrative's beliefs (sustaining a possible relegitimation); another attuned to the criminological critique that sees the surpassing of the Criminal Justice System as the only viable way. In order to add to the delegitimizing efforts, it's possible to show how genocidal modernity has been since its foundation. Taking steps towards the first stage of the modern world-system, one finds in its very boundaries the exteriority to where the annihilating power is directed. The other is nullified in favour of the only possible consensual existence, under a totality's pretence. With some examples of totality-exteriority conflict (gender, race, colonialism) it is possible to understand that every dimension of the contemporary mode of life production is potentially pervaded by this genocidal logic - by extension, so are the ways of carrying out punishment. Therefore, penal law's intent of dragging the otherness back to modernity's foundations is only the border between symbolic and concrete death. An incredible potential in the path to surpass the modern mode of life production can be found with a specific type of social movement, one that can achieve real social transformation towards a feasible utopia.

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The present Dissertation has the object of study the Penal Process moved against Tomás Antônio Gonzaga. He was the respected General Ouvidor of Vila Rica since 1782. Accused of being the leader of the Minas Gerais Conspiracy in 1789 by Silvério dos Reis, Gonzaga was arrested and led to the Prison of the Ilha das Cobras. There he was maintained incommunicable in the jails during the whole course of the Judicial Inquiry of the Minas Gerais Conspiracy. We search to show that during whole the Penal Process, Gonzaga denyed any participation in the plans of the Conjurados. It was not found any writing proof to incriminate him, and the depositions of the other Inconfidentes, in the majority, declared to be Gonzaga innocent. The Judge Gonzaga, without consistent proofs of his participation in the Conspiracy, was condemned in 1792 to the exile for the Island of Moçambique for 10 years. There he stayed until the year he came to die: 1810. The present Dissertation, yet, tries to discuss the relationships of power that settled down in that period and the politics of domain imposed to the Colonial Brazil.
A presente Dissertação tem como objeto de estudo o Processo Penal movido contra Tomás Antônio Gonzaga, que foi o respeitado Ouvidor Geral de Vila Rica desde 1782. Acusado de ser o líder da Conjuração Mineira em 1789 por Silvério dos Reis, o Desembargador Gonzaga foi preso e conduzido à Fortaleza da Ilha das Cobras. Lá foi mantido incomunicável nos cárceres durante todo o andamento dos Autos de Devassa da Inconfidência Mineira. Procuramos demonstrar que durante todo o Processo Penal, Gonzaga negou qualquer participação nos planos dos Conjurados. Não foi encontrada nenhuma prova escrita que o incriminasse, e os depoimentos dos demais réus Inconfidentes, em sua maioria, declararam ser Gonzaga inocente. O Desembargador Gonzaga, sem provas consistentes de sua participação na Conjuração, foi condenado em 1792 ao degredo para a Ilha de Moçambique por 10 anos. E lá permaneceu até o ano em que veio a falecer: 1810. A presente Dissertação procura, ainda, discutir as relações de poder que se estabeleciam naquele período e a política de domínio imposta ao Brasil Colonial.

This thesis illustrates and analyses the ambiguity of the Bengali middle-class perception regarding the colonial legal and penal institutions, specifically the criminal courts and the jails, in the second half of the nineteenth century. The institutional functioning of the criminal courts and the jails form a marginal part of the thesis. The main focus is the bhadralok perception of these institutions as the repository of "law and order" as established by the colonial rule of law. This thesis contends that though the perceived need for preserving law and order through the rule of law came from the colonial government in the first half of the nineteenth century, it had the approval of the bhadralok. It is further argued that the categories of the criminals in the Bengal Presidency (or province), generated by the colonial government at the site of the criminal courts and the jails, were congruent with the divide separating the higher castes from the lower castes. These categories helped the bhadralok to take on a non-criminal identity, based on their perception of the colonial discourse on the criminal classes. Further, from the mid nineteenth century to the late nineteenth century, the increasing familiarity with the courts and the jails enabled the bhadralok, on the basis of their own changing experience, to construct a non-criminal identity for themselves. The central theme of the thesis is therefore the evolution of a bhadralok noncriminal identity revolving around their experience of the courts and the jails throughout the mid to late nineteenth century. On the basis of this non-criminal identity, the bhadralok in the late nineteenth century stood in opposition to the colonial government's mechanisms of control, namely the criminal courts and the jails, by questioning its right to impose such control on a non-criminal section of society, and thereby immediately imbuing the colonial government with illegality and oppression. But this was possible only after the identity of criminality had been grafted onto the lower sections of the society, the chhotolok. as it enabled the bhadralok to construct the mental image of the criminal courts and the jails as generally applicable only to the chhotolok. This, in turn, rendered the site of the criminal courts and the jails as spaces reserved for the lower sections of society. The first decade of the twentieth century is examined briefly to bring out the contrast of this period as against the bhadralok discourse evolving through the mid to late nineteenth century, which had set out the space of the criminal courts and the jails as desecrated space, unfit for the bhadralok to occupy. Against this background, the national movement endowed the legal and penal procedure with illegality and misrule of law, when they operated on the bhadralok as political prisoners. This was in diametrical contrast to the perception of the legitimacy of the legal and penal institutions when they operated on the chhotolok with the end of preserving law and order through these two institutions.

Penal policies and programmes for the control and management of offenders have always been essential in maintaining law and order in the colonial setting. Hong Kong, being one of the few remaining British crown colonies in the twentieth century, is used as an example in this thesis to illustrate how colonial penality was developed after the Second World War. Penal policies and programmes in Hong Kong divorced gradually from the British practices after the Second World War and ended with significant differences in 1997 when Hong Kong was handed back to China. This thesis explores in detail how penal policies and programmes were developed in Hong Kong from 1945 to 1997. Roles of the British administrators in London and Hong Kong, local elites and the community at large in the policy making process are studied and suggestions given to explain why Hong Kong only transported certain penal policies and programmes from England after the War. The differences in timing for the implementation of these adopted policies as well as penal policies and programmes which were developed entirely locally are examined. This former British colony is claimed to be one the safest cities in Asia. Penal policies and programmes in Hong Kong are used to explain how they contributed towards the maintenance of law and order in Hong Kong and their relationship with the interwoven political, social, cultural and economical factors and social institutions which helped transforming Hong Kong into a world class city whilst under the British administration. This case study of colonial penality in post-War penal policy and programme development in Hong Kong would provide insights and contributions in the fields of historical and comparative penology.

Le personnage du forçat est omniprésent dans la littérature française du XIXe et du début du XXe siècle. La représentation du monde des travaux forcés dans les bagnes portuaires et plus tard extra-métropolitains est à la croisée de la représentation plus large de la criminalité au XIXe siècle, selon un développement historique concomitant avec l’expansion coloniale. Les faits divers, ces petits bulletins d’alerte lancés comme une basse continue sur la cité, changent la manière de percevoir la criminalité. Obéissant à une structure particulière, le fait divers va remodeler la représentation littéraire de la criminalité. C’est ici qu’intervient le personnage du forçat. En effet, jouissant d’un statut particulier (mort/vivant/revenant), il offre aux romanciers des « conditions de possibilité » inédites jusque-là dans le monde des lettres. Jean Valjean, Monte-Cristo et Chéri-Bibi, pour ne citer que les plus connus, sont devenus des modèles dans ce qu’on peut appeler le « roman de la chiourme », (sous)-genre qui se développe en France à partir de 1830. Ainsi, Valjean donnera l’archétype du « forçat innocent », le converti miraculé et la réincarnation de Jésus-Christ. Monte-Cristo sera le Vengeur par excellence, dont le parcours donnera le modèle du genre – la vengeance étant un topos inévitable de la littérature populaire du XIXe siècle et jusqu’à nos jours. Chéri-Bibi quant à lui, au début du XXe siècle, incarne un tournant dans l’histoire du genre ; il serait au roman de la chiourme ce que Don Quichotte fut pour le roman de chevalerie : une somme et un dépassement. L’étude que nous proposons, centrée sur la « genèse et la structure » du roman du bagne, est un voyage à rebours dans l’histoire de ce genre qui ne dit pas son nom
The character of convict is omnipresent in French literature of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The representation of the world of hard labor in metropolitan and colonial prisons is at the crossroads of the broader representation of crime in the nineteenth century, according to a concomitant historical development with colonial expansion. The miscellaneous news, these little newsletters launched continually on the city, change the way of perceiving crime. Obeying a specific structure, this type of news will reshape the literary representation of crime. This is where the character of the convict comes in. Indeed, enjoying a special status (dead/alive/revenant), it offers novelists "conditions of possibility" unseen until then in the world of letters. Jean Valjean, Monte-Cristo and Chéri-Bibi, to name only the well known, have become models in what we can call the "novel of the convicts", literary (sub)-genre which develops in France from 1830 onwards. Thus, Valjean will give the archetype of the "innocent convict", the miraculous convert and the reincarnation of Jesus Christ. Monte-Cristo will be the Avenger par excellence, whose course will be the model of the genre - revenge being an inevitable topos of popular literature of the nineteenth century and until today. As for Chéri-Bibi, at the beginning of the twentieth century, embodies a turning point in the history of gender; it would be to the novel of the convict what Don Quixote was for the chivalric romance: a sum and a surpassing. The study we propose, oriented on the "genesis and structure" of the prison novel, is a reverse journey in history of this literary genre that does not say its name

XIMENES, Expedito Eloísio. Estudo filológico e linguístico das unidades fraseológicas do judiciário colonial brasileiro. 2009. 414f. Tese (Doutorado em Linguística) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza-CE, 2009.
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This research aims at a philological and linguistic study of the phraseologic units (PU’s) related to the specialised language used in Brazilian colonial judicial system, relative to XVIII and XIX centuries. The study comprises the semi-diplomatic edition of the documents that compose the analysis corpus, composed of 133 Autos de Querela (registers of conflicts) written between 1779 and 1829. It also comprises the structural description of the documents, the historical contextualization of the state of Ceara, the analysis and interpretation of social-historical data related to parties served and to the types of crimes perpetrated. It also includes a glossary of the PU’s used in law processes. For the selection of the PU’s we used the WordSmith Tools software, an electronic tool of Corpus Linguistics, which enabled us to establish occurrence frequencies for the classification of a PU. The research contributes to the philological studies, in the interdisciplinary perspective, whose object is the written text, analysed under different dimensions, be them linguistic or extralinguistic, by considering the cultural and socio-historical realities which reflect the tradition of a people
Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo o estudo filológico e linguístico das unidades fraseológicas (UFs) da linguagem especializada do judiciário colonial brasileiro, referente aos séculos XVIII e XIX. O estudo consta da edição semidiplomática dos documentos que compõem o corpus de análise, que é constituído por 133 Autos de Querela escritos entre 1779 e 1829. Consta, também, da descrição estrutural dos documentos, da contextualização histórica do Ceará, da análise e interpretação dos dados histórico-sociais relativos aos sujeitos citados e aos tipos de crimes praticados. Inclui ainda o glossário das UFs usadas nos processos jurídicos. Para a seleção das UFs utilizamos o programa WordSmith Tools, instrumento eletrônico da Linguística de Corpus que nos possibilitou estabelecer as frequências de ocorrência para a classificação de uma UF. A partir dos dados, organizamos o glossário seguindo os padrões estabelecidos para a organização da microestrutura dos verbetes. Estes são constituídos de entradas, definições, contextos de ocorrência e sistema de notas acompanhadas de várias explicações que ajudam a compreender melhor o sentido e o uso das UFs. A pesquisa contribui para os estudos filológicos cujo objeto é o texto escrito, analisado sob diferentes dimensões, tanto linguística quanto extralinguística, quando consideramos as realidades sócio-históricas e culturais que refletem as tradições de um povo

Esta tese apresenta as cartas de seguro dentro da matriz doutrinária portuguesa e suas formas de aplicação na justiça do Brasil colônia, no período de 1769 a 1831. Ela inicia apresentando uma versão da carta de seguro que foi um modelo de graça régia, para, em seguida, preocupar-se em revelar as repetições de aplicação, a transferência do Reino para o território colonial, procurando desvendar o significado do recurso dentro da organização doutrinária e da justiça lusitanas. O funcionamento das cartas de seguro, dentro do sistema jurídico e administrativo português, foi explanado no estudo empírico dos documentos remanescentes da comarca do Rio das Mortes, os processos-crimes, e, para entender a aplicação da justiça, bem como as formas como sua efetividade se apresentou na Comarca do Rio das Mortes, capitania e província de Minas Gerais, no período de 1769 a 1831, procurouse estudar os manuais dos praxistas que ensinaram a praxe do foro na segunda metade do século XVIII e início do século seguinte. Buscou-se mapear tanto os comportamentos confluentes entre as Minas e a matriz lusitana, bem como as formas incongruentes entre as duas instâncias. A tese foi dividida em duas partes, sendo que, na primeira, procurou-se explicitar a origem lusitana do recurso, descrevendo seus vínculos com a administração e justiça lusitanas. Na segunda parte, o trabalho voltou-se para o uso das cartas de seguro dentro do Brasil, ressaltando a aplicação local no território das Minas do Ouro, discutindo as diferentes formas de aplicação das cartas de seguro frente à diversidade social marcada com a presença de livres, cativos e forros; homens e mulheres; regiões mais e menos institucionalizadas, bem como regiões de fronteira. Estudou-se esse tema com o objetivo de instalar um debate sobre o funcionamento da justiça colonial e sobre a relação entre a colônia e sua metrópole, bem como se objetivou estudar a forma como a centralização do poder real influenciou a administração colonial.
This thesis presents the letters of insurance, according to the Portuguese doctrinal matrix and their forms of application in the justice of colonial Brazil, the period from 1769 to 1831. It begins by presenting a version of the letter of insurance, which was a model of regal grace, then it is concerned about revealing the repetitions, its application, the transfer of the Kingdom to the colonial territory, trying to unravel the meaning of the resource in the Lusitan doctrinal and juridical organization. The functioning of insurance cards within the Portuguese legal and administrative system was based in the empirical study of the remaining documents of the district of Rio das Mortes, crimes cases, and to understand the application of justice, as well as the ways their effectiveness is presented in County of Rio das Mortes, captaincy and province of Minas Gerais in the period 1769 to 1831. It was made a study of the manuals of those who had the traditional rules and who taught the practice of court in the second half of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the next century. We attempted to map both the confluent behaviors between Minas and the Lusitanian matrix, as well as incongruent ways between these two bodies. The thesis was divided into two parts, which at first is an effort to explain the origin of the Lusitanian resource describing their ties to the Lusitanian administration and justice . In the second part, the work is about the use of letters of insurance in Brazil, with the application site in the Gold Mines, discussing the different ways to implement the insurance cards in face of the social diversity characterized by the presence of free and captive people and liners, men and women, most and least institutionalized places, as well as border regions. The purpose of studying this issue was the debate on the functioning of the colonial justice and the relationship between the colony and its metropolis, and also the intention of studying how the centralization of royal power influenced the colonial administration.

Muerte y justicia constituyeron dos temas que ocuparon un lugar central en las preocupaciones de las sociedades de Antiguo Régimen. En las ejecuciones confluían ambos; no les podían resultar indiferentes, por lo que no llama la atención que la población participara activamente en ellas. La presente investigación aborda el tema en el Perú del siglo XVIII. Siglo signado por transformaciones a todo nivel y reformas que están en el origen de múltiples revueltas y rebeliones, a las ejecuciones de delincuentes "comunes" y a la de la última persona relajada al brazo secular por la inquisición, se suman las de los sediciosos. El corpus resulta por lo tanto, abultado. El trabajo sostiene la necesidad de destacar la función de "memoria de la muerte" que la ejecución cumplió, junto a las de vindicta, escarmiento, retribución y espectáculo de poder. Considera que esto contribuyó a que la ejecución fuera un momento de gran tensión en el que la población se encontraba presta a leer los signos que indicarían si la persona salvaba o no su alma. Busca demostrar cómo la política borbónica intentó invadir paulatinamente ámbitos que competían a lo espiritual, y que cuando las rebeliones adquirieron mayor peligrosidad para el régimen, este dio sentencias de muerte que pretendían manipular los resortes religiosos para que la represión y el escarmiento fueran radicales. Con ello de alguna manera hacía extensible el castigo a los cuerpos, al de las almas.
Tesis

La justice rendue aux colonies n’est pas une excroissance de la justice française métropolitaine. Faisant fi de la séparation de pouvoirs, autoritaire et racialisée, elle est une manière singulière d’organiser le droit de punir et le droit de tuer. Celle-ci n’a généré dans l’historiographie que peu d’analyses et reste marginale dans les réflexions sur le maintien de l’ordre colonial. Elle est pourtant l’aboutissement d’un processus central à l’établissement et au maintien de la domination coloniale : celui de la séparation d’un pouvoir de mort légitime, d’autres formes de violences meurtrières, illégitimes. Ce travail cherche à saisir les usages de la peine de mort, dans le contexte colonial de l’Afrique occidentale française entre 1900 et 1950. Nous proposons d’analyser la peine de mort comme un lieu du déploiement des fondamentaux de la politique coloniale. Les condamnations et les exécutions génèrent et font circuler des discours sur les comportements africains, créent des figures criminelles, voire ennemies, à éliminer. Ainsi, la mise en scène de la violence légitime, dans les tribunaux et aux pelotons d’exécutions, institue et rejoue sans cesse les divisions de pouvoirs, de statuts (sujet/citoyen), de races et des cultures si centrales à l’ordre colonial
The justice handed out in the French colonies of West Africa is not a by-product of French metropolitan justice. Oblivious to the separation of power, while being authoritarian and racialized, it is a distinctive way of organizing the right to punish and the right to kill. The death penalty has a scarce historiography in the French empire. It is also marginal in studies pertaining to colonial tools of power, law and order. Yet, it is the culmination of a process central to the establishment and maintenance of colonial domination: the separation between a legitimate right to kill and other types of illegitimate lethal violence. This dissertation explores the role played by the death penalty in the context of French West Africa between 1900 and 1950.The death penalty is analysed as a space where the fundamentals of colonial policies are deployed. Condemnation and executions generate and circulate colonial discourses about African behaviour, giving rise to criminal and enemy figures that ought to be eliminated. The staging of legitimate violence, within courts and by firing squads, continuously re-enacts divisions of power, of status (citizen/subject), of race and culture—the very pillars of the colonial order

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This work, entitled "From the sense to meanings of the North Clevelândia Prison: repression, resistance and political dispute in the debate of the press", proposes a view, in the press material, of the social struggles ,in which, the prison of Clevelândia North was inserted . Breaking with the perspectives that silence the dissident voices, this work proposes an understanding that the prison was an answer of State to tenentistas and anarchists movements, among others, the opposite movements in the period. The study points to another interpretation of the repressive actions of the republican government, considering that even if the prisoner s rights have been violated by torture, hunger, thirst, disease and death, the resistance not succumbed, and the Clevelândia theme returned to the political scene after the dissolution of the prison in December 1926, when the press started a strong debate, expressing the political disputes that was happening in the country at that time. The official historiography and its developments have treated the prison of Clevelândia as one of the repressive actions that produced the supposed defeat of the dissent. That historiography perspective keep silenced "the loser s voice," making an opinion, that the history is a process determined by the will of the State and of the "winners". This study comes to innovate the discussions about the prison of Clevelândia North, breaking with the side that interprets the prosecution, and specifically Clevelândia, as a factor of the dissident s resistance defeat. Here, Clevelândia North will be interpreted as a manifestation of the social struggles and the resistance against the oppression
O presente trabalho, intitulado Do sentido aos significados do presídio de Clevelândia do Norte: repressão, resistência e disputa política no debate da imprensa , busca visualizar, nas fontes da imprensa, as lutas sociais nas quais o presídio de Clevelândia do Norte esteve inserido. Rompendo com a perspectiva que silencia as vozes dissidentes, busca-se compreender que o presídio foi uma resposta do Estado às manifestações tenentistas e anarquistas, entre outras manifestações da oposição no período. O estudo aponta para outra interpretação das ações repressivas do governo republicano, considerando que, ainda que os direitos dos presidiários tenham sido violados através da tortura, da fome, da sede, das doenças e da morte, a resistência não sucumbiu, e o tema Clevelândia retornou à cena política após a dissolução do presídio, em dezembro de 1926, quando a imprensa iniciou um acirrado debate, manifestando as disputas políticas que aconteciam no país naquele momento. A historiografia oficial e os seus desdobramentos têm tratado o presídio de Clevelândia como uma das ações repressivas que produziu a suposta derrota da dissidência. Essa perspectiva historiográfica mantém silenciada a voz dos vencidos , fazendo parecer que a história é um processo determinado pela vontade do Estado e dos vencedores . O presente estudo vem inovar os debates sobre o presídio de Clevelândia do Norte, rompendo com a vertente que interpreta a repressão, e especificamente Clevelândia, como fator da derrota da resistência dissidente. Aqui, Clevelândia do Norte será interpretada como a manifestação das lutas sociais e da resistência contra a opressão

The approach to the bicentennial of the British settlement of Australia in 1988 generated renewed interest in a broad spectrum of Australian history. One genre that was heavily revised was that of convict studies. Convicts and convictism and their role in the early development of white settlement have been much re-examined. A significant body of work has been focussed on convicts as unfree labour and unwilling emigrants. Because of this focus emphasis has been placed on convict agency and their ability to resist the system. As a body they have been dissected into micro groups to explain how the system then impacted on the individual. Few works have looked the other way and seen how the individual impacted on the system. By both their presence and their agency, convicts forced changes to the way in which the Empire conducted transportation. This thesis examines these aspects to see how this took place. That examination is then taken further to look at how changes to the system of transportation impacted not only on the obvious relationship between the various Australian colonies, but also those colonies relations with others within the British Empire, and ultimately on how it impacted on relations between the colonies and the metropolis. While writers such as Hirst, Sturma, Neal, and Atkinson have examined aspects of convict impact on colonial society and its development, their work has been largely introspective with their focus on New South Wales prior to 1840. This thesis aims to broaden the examination to include the effects created by continued transportation to Van Diemen's Land and, later, Western Australia.

This thesis is an analysis of the outcomes of the trials of 7,763 committals to the Salford Hundred quarter sessions between 1828 and 1837, and an examination of the penal and social experiences of 723 Salford Hundred convicts who were transported to Van Diemen's Land. It is presented in three parts. The first contains essential background: an historiographical survey of frameworks used by recent historians to explain convict behaviour; the methodology used to identify the convict cohort and analyse experiences; a description of distinguishing geographic, demographic, economic and social features of the Salford Hundred; and an account of the historic roles of quarter sessions, justices of the peace and the law on larceny as they affected trials in the Salford Hundred. The second part is a detailed statistical assessment of offences and offenders at Salford Hundred quarter sessions. It identifies some characteristics of the 7,763 people committed to trial and the 1,728 convicted felons sentenced to transportation, provides six basic tables which give quantitative assessments of offences, makes some historiographical evaluations, and compares the outcomes with similar historiographical examinations. A major feature which emerges is an unmistakable association between sentencing to transportation and previous criminal conduct. The third part describes social, economic and penal conditions in Van Diemen's Land, identifies some characteristics of the 723 Salford Hundred convicts actually transported, examines their social and penal experiences, identifies some important features of their behaviour, and makes comparisons between their criminal involvement prior to transportation and their experiences in Van Diemen's Land. This thesis concludes that sentences of transportation at the Salford Hundred quarter sessions were given to hardened and persistent criminals and not to occasional or accidental offenders; that women convicts were sentenced to transportation not because of their gender but because of their criminality; that there was less criminal behaviour in Van Diemen's Land than was commonly believed in Britain; that the Salford Hundred convicts generally responded favourably to their new circumstances in Van Diemen's Land; and that the transportation system in regard to Salford Hundred convicts was successful as a means of reformation.

This thesis will examine some of the effects of transportation on the family and the efforts of the British Government to counteract the evils and problems created. This was achieved through the introduction of a Government scheme to provide free passages to Australia for the wives and families of certain convicts. When husbands were transported their wives and children became a burden on the Parish to which they belonged. As the funds for Poor relief were acquired from the Poor rate, levied on the local landowners, these gentlemen supported the scheme to provide passages for the families to follow their husbands and fathers. There were other ways in which this could be achieved - the families could be sent as fare paying emigrants, some managed to go as Government sponsored emigrants and a few worked their way out. The scheme was a well regulated plan to provide for family reunion at the expense of the British Government as an indulgence to well-behaved, established convicts who were able to support their families. In the early days of transportation many wives were allowed to accompany their husbands ta New South Wales (which included Van Diemen's Land). This practice created problems and was discontinued in the early 1800's. In 1812 the Select Committee on Transportation found that the proposed system of placing female convicts in a Penitentiary on their arrival would diminish the available supply of women and thought this "an additional reason for affording increased facilities to the wives of male convicts who may wish to accompany or follow their husbands to New South Wales." ( 1) It was considered to be an acceptable way of providing the Colony with more women. although Earl Bathurst expressed concern that the arrival of possibly dependent women would be an additional expense to the Colony. It was expected that these women " being of good character and industrious" (2) would be able to support themselves. In 1814 Governor Macquarie reported that a large number of wives were receiving support at great cost to the Government. (3) He recommended that wives should not be allowed to join their husbands unless the men could give proof of their ability to support them. In 1816 it was decided that appropriate Returns of Requests from convicts should be transmitted to the Home Government.

When Sir John Franklin, polar hero and explorer, succeeded George Arthur as governor of Van Diemen's Land in January 1837, there was an expectation among some of the colonists that the old, autocratic bureaucracy would be broken up and replaced by a more liberal regime. Van Diemen's Land was still a great open air prison, of whom 17,593 souls out of a total population of 42,795, including the military and aboriginals, were convicts. Most of the convicts were employed in private or assigned service, building houses, fences and roads, and generally increasing the value of the colony's holdings. Consequently, the success of the convict system and the safety of the colony's free inhabitants depended on the sometimes invasive vigilance and industry of the government, and it was partly this policy which made Arthur and his officials unpopular in the colony. Subsequently, some colonists, who did not directly benefit from the labour of the convicts, demanded the introduction of representative government, and the gradual abolition of convict transportation altogether. Franklin however was inexperienced in penal and colonial affairs, and naturally enough, he could not 'easily evade' the advice of Arthur's close officials, or the "faction" as they were known by their critics. A 'change of men and measures' however was not forthcoming, and Franklin placed almost unlimited confidence in his predecessor's favourites to administer the penal establishment. Meanwhile, Franklin's attention was averted to the progressing of civil reforms in the convict colony, and was distracted by matters which were not of primary interest to the "faction". Indeed, by the end of Franklin's first year in government, John Montagu, the Colonial Secretary, wrote to Arthur that 'the high qualities which were so conspicuous in Sir John... at the North Pole have not accompanied him to the South'. Franklin's troubles with the "faction" were exacerbated by the introduction of the vast new 'separate' or probation system of convict punishment and reform in Van Diemen's Land, which was seen as being more politically safe or scientifically correct than assignment, and this thesis examines how the convict assignment system, which related penal outcomes of reform and punishment to economic productivity, was discarded for political and ideological reasons, rather than a consideration of the needs of the Australian colonies. The probation system, emerging out of the recommendations of a parliamentary committee on transportation chaired by William Molesworth, was to have quiet the opposite effect, and that it was persevered with, 'in the face of all reason', was a consequence of political ambition and administrative miscalculation both in London and Van Diemen's Land, and was to profoundly affect the political development of the colony. Inevitably, the probation system of discipline deprived the colonists of cheap and plentiful labour, and saturated the unsettled parts of the colony with idle gangs of convicts. The central focus of this thesis is how Van Diemen's Land could be perceived as a continuing part of Britain's penal system in the post-Molesworth era, and analysis's in detail John Montagu's responsibility for suggesting that the probation system was an acceptable successor to the assignment system, and the consequences which followed from this advice.

'Marked for Botany Bay' examines the Irish penal transportation system from its origins in the 1780s to its wide utilisation in the aftermath of the 1798 Rebellion. The selection of New South Wales as the principal site for the exile of political prisoners is placed in its proper context. Alternative modes of late Eighteenth century prisoner disposal are also considered in order to highlight the specific characteristics of rebel convictism and transportation policies. The large and militant Wicklow United Irish organization has been chosen as a case study group to chart the transportation process as it evolved in the face of the revolutionary challenges of the 1790s. Salient law and order issues such as Eighteenth century views on exemplary and summary justice are detailed to yield insights into the changing status of political prisoners from 1791-1805. Underused and new sources have been consulted to assess Government, convict, international and colonial perspectives on transportation from Ireland. This has generated a much fuller picture of the convict experience than hitherto available throwing fresh light on the mechanisms and nature of transportation. Matters arising from United Irish structures and their modus operandi at home and abroad are also discussed in depth to facilitate a fuller understanding of convict militancy in exile.

The early history of Van Diemen's Land has suffered from the perception that it was merely an outpost of New South Wales. While this may have been true in an administrative sense, there is an assumption that the lives of those in early Van Diemen's Land paralleled those of the inhabitants of early Port Jackson and that studies of that colony can be assumed to apply to Hobart Town. Most historians writing about the early settlements have lumped disparate groups together or have concentrated on noteworthy individuals, or on those who arrived on a particular ship. While much has been gained from these studies, less has been written on the detailed experience of the inhabitants as a community. The concept that the Van Diemen's Land convicts comprised the worst of the secondary offenders is an attitude that has been difficult to overcome. Historians have written about the early settlement and tended to gloss over the next decades until the 1820s, seeing the Bigge Report as the major catalyst in bringing major adaptations to the economy. In 1852 West wrote of the early years: The first annals of the settlement offer few events worthy of record. The transactions of a community, which in 1810 did not comprehend more than thirteen hundred and twenty one persons, - the greater part subject to penal control - could not, unassociated with the present, detain attention for a moment. It is only recently that some historians have started to pay more attention to individuals and their contributions to the development of Van Diemen' s Land. The decision to transplant a segment of British society into another new setting was one fraught with problems. This period of Australian settlement fell within the time covered by the Napoleonic wars, and immediately following the French and Industrial revolutions, all of which influenced the decisions made in the establishment and expansion of Britain's Australian colonial possessions. Many of the problems faced were similar to those that had been faced by Port Jackson earlier. Even in times of great need there appears to have been little, if any, attempt to utilize native plants as food except in the direst necessity, although kangaroo and swan were rapidly utilized in a move that quickly impacted upon the Aboriginal inhabitants. Later self-styled 'agricultural experts' added to the illusion of a ramshackle and haphazard settlement which depended upon slovenly and outmoded farming practices. In order to consider whether the criticisms leveled against the early settlers were justified, this thesis makes a detailed study of the Clarence Plains and Cambridge areas of Van Diemen's Land during the period 1810 - 1820. This period covers the time from three months after the first land grants were made in the area through to the eve of the publication of the Bigge report, which changed Government policy on land grants. The land grantees in this area ranged from small emancipist farmers who were granted 30 acre blocks, through marines and free settlers, to large landowner businessmen and civil administrators who controlled land of up to several thousand acres spread across several districts. Only the grants made up to December 1820 have been included in the study, although there were people living and working land in the district who did not receive their grants until a later date. This investigation covers the use that grantees made of the land, and their wider economic and social relations. As much of the work on early Australian history categorises people into distinct groups of free settler, ex-military, emancipist and colonial born, the settlers have been examined in these groups in order to discover if there was an overwhelming advantage given to any group. This is particularly important as there is a presumption within the existing literature that the ex-military and free settlers had a distinct advantage over the emancipist and colonial born segments of society. In examining the relationships between the different groups, and the reasons why grants may have been sold or given up, the work aims to show that a variety of factors contributed to colonial failure other than the oft decried laziness or lack of ability. In order to explore these issues this thesis has made extensive use of the existing land grants and muster lists, which cover the study area. In the course of this research several problems were encountered. The major one has been the scarcity of evidence particularly in the period up until 1817. Many of the documents that do remain are government dispatches reproduced in the Historical Records of Australia series. These rarely mention small landholders by name. Records of land sales, differing land practice and evidence of other occupations is also scarce. In order to fill the gap, an extensive examination was made of the Hobart Town Gazette and the few remaining copies of the Van Diemen 's Land Gazette and General Advertiser and The Derwent Star and Van Diemen 's Land Intelligencer for any mention of the settlers from the Clarence Plains and Cambridge area. A detailed analysis of the Register of Judgements in Civil Cases, 1817-1821 has been undertaken to discover the level of indebtedness within the community. It has also been necessary to study records of births, deaths and marriages in order to find the relationships and family ties amongst the settlers.

The overarching question under investigation in this thesis is the extent to which the ideals of penal management as espoused by both British and Colonial authorities were implemented in the day to day administration and management of a convict work force. The focus of the examination is the construction of Major Thomas Mitchell’s line of road between Mt. Victoria and Bathurst in the 1830’s. Specifically the thesis documents the various sites on the line of road with a particular emphasis on the administrative centre and principal facility, No. 2 Stockade Cox’s River, to explain the dynamic interaction of the network and its role in the penal repertoire of New South Wales. In bringing together a large range of sources the thesis has enabled the first thorough reading of the convict sites associated with the Western road. This has led to a multi-dimensional understanding of the place, its people, and the process of its construction. It provides a basis for future scholarship on this neglected network, located almost at the doorstep of greater Sydney, on the western fringe of the Blue Mountains.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The overarching question under investigation in this thesis is the extent to which the ideals of penal management as espoused by both British and Colonial authorities were implemented in the day to day administration and management of a convict work force. The focus of the examination is the construction of Major Thomas Mitchell’s line of road between Mt. Victoria and Bathurst in the 1830’s. Specifically the thesis documents the various sites on the line of road with a particular emphasis on the administrative centre and principal facility, No. 2 Stockade Cox’s River, to explain the dynamic interaction of the network and its role in the penal repertoire of New South Wales. In bringing together a large range of sources the thesis has enabled the first thorough reading of the convict sites associated with the Western road. This has led to a multi-dimensional understanding of the place, its people, and the process of its construction. It provides a basis for future scholarship on this neglected network, located almost at the doorstep of greater Sydney, on the western fringe of the Blue Mountains.

This study traces the emergence of the pedal harp in colonial Australia between 1830 and 1866 through the examination of primary source documents in the form of archival and newspaper resources. It does so by focussing on the dynamic that existed between the harpist Nicolas-Charles Bochsa (1789-1856) and the makers of the double action Erard harp, demonstrating how that relationship had an impact on harp music and music-making in the period under review. The study pursues three intersecting lines of investigation. The first details Sébastien Erard’s ground-breaking development of his double action harp, and the social status it enjoyed in Europe, which was subsequently transplanted to Australia. The second area of investigation outlines Bochsa’s role in raising the profile of the Erard harp. This in turn leads to the third and most pivotal line of enquiry that of the distribution of Erard instruments in Australia, Bochsa’s visit to Sydney, and the role of his disciples in sustaining Bochsa’s legacy in Australia. The performance culture that coalesced around Bochsa and his disciples – incorporating as it did harp pedagogy, performance practice, repertoire, and commercial considerations – is shown to be a significant component of the social and cultural life of colonial Australia.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Elder Conservatorium of Music, 2014

O regresso dos portugueses emigrados no Brasil, trouxe consigo um novo estilo arquitetónico com particularidades intrínsecas muito próprias. O poder, ostentação e as raízes do edificado no Brasil, foram o mote para a Arquitetura Colonial do Brasil. Nos dias que correm, edifícios sumptuosos dissimulam-se nos centros urbanos. O valor patrimonial e histórico destas construções, desperta o interesse na preservação de um trecho da História de Portugal. Assim, esta investigação procura incutir nestes volumes, caracterizados pela degradação contínua que se assiste, novas funcionalidades e valências que sejam capazes de responder as necessidades do quotidiano. Neste contexto, esta dissertação tem como principal objetivo, a reabilitação do Palacete Rosa Pena, na cidade de Espinho, confinado entre as ruas 19, 25, 26 e 28, concretamente, apresentando uma proposta de reabilitação e ampliação do Palacete e da sua área envolvente. A proposta incide sobre um Palacete, atualmente, alvo de muitas críticas, quer pelo seu avançado estado de degradação, quer pela ocupação total de um quarteirão da cidade. O Palacete Rosa Pena, envolvido no meio urbano, foi sendo rodeado por edifícios com caraterísticas de equipamento de grande importância no desenvolvimento da cidade. Definido como um dos símbolos da cidade, pela sua história e magnificência, entendemos que o Palacete deve assumir-se elemento útil para a comunidade envolvente. Assim, entendemos necessário reconverter o quarteirão com um programa com qualidades, funcionalidades e características, com o intuito de receber um público-alvo definido, num projeto que respeite as linhas orientadoras das preexistências e restabeleça este volume como uma peça importante no desenvolvimento e afirmação da cidade de Espinho. O programa delineado para o projeto de reabilitação do Palacete Rosa Pena, surge no contexto da dificuldade de lançamento para o mercado de trabalho, de jovens empreendedores e novas empresas. A proposta pretende ser um veículo de promoção de novas ideias, convertendo o Palacete num espaço adaptado para uma plataforma Coworking e Incubadora de Empresas. Os programas de Coworking e Incubadora de Empresas diferem no seu conteúdo, o que inviabiliza a integração dos dois programas no mesmo edifício. Para tal, foi desenhado um novo edifício, com uma linguagem contemporânea, que se instala no quarteirão, e respeita a identidade do edifício existente. Neste contexto a intervenção baseia-se nos princípios da reconstrução, reconversão e ampliação.
The return of the Portuguese emigrants in Brazil, brought with it a new architectural style with intrinsic peculiarities of its own. The power, ostentation and the roots of the built in Brazil, were the motto for the Colonial Architecture of Brazil. In the days that run, sumptuous buildings dissimulate themselves in the urban centers. The patrimonial and historical value of these constructions, arouses the interest in the preservation of an excerpt from the History of Portugal. Thus, this research seeks to instill in these volumes, characterized by the continuous degradation that is observed, new functionalities and valences that are able to respond to the necessities of daily life. In this context, this dissertation has as main objective, the rehabilitation of the Palace Rosa Pena, in the city of Espinho, confined between the streets 19, 25, 26 and 28, concretely, presenting a proposal of rehabilitation and expansion of the Palacete and its surrounding area. The proposal focuses on a Palacete, currently subject to much criticism, either for its advanced state of degradation or for the total occupation of one block of the city. The Palacete Rosa Pena, involved in the urban environment, was surrounded by buildings with equipment characteristics of great importance in the development of the city. Defined as one of the symbols of the city, for its history and magnificence, we understand that the Palacete should become a useful element for the surrounding community. Thus, we believe it necessary to reconvert the block with a program with qualities, functionalities and characteristics, in order to receive a defined audience, in a project that respects the guidelines of the preexistences and restore this volume as an important piece in the development and affirmation of the city of Espinho. The program outlined for the rehabilitation project of the Palacete Rosa Pena, arises in the context of the difficulty of launching into the labor market, young entrepreneurs and new companies. The proposal intends to be a vehicle for promoting new ideas, making the Palacete a space adapted for a platform Coworking and Business Incubator. The Coworking and Business Incubator programs differ in their content, which makes it impossible to integrate the two programs in the same building. For this, a new building was designed, with a contemporary language, that installs itself in the block, and respects the identity of the existing building. In this context the intervention is based on the principles of reconstruction, reconversion and expansion.

Após a independência do Brasil, Angola ocupou a posição de colónia primeira e principal, pivô do sistema colonial português. A sua enorme dimensão e potencial gerou expectativas em torno do impacto que a transferência de recursos poderia vir a ter em Portugal. Nesta dissertação identificam-se fatores da conjuntura geopolítica e decisões da política ultramarina portuguesa que nas últimas décadas do século XIX reforçaram o valor diferencial de Angola por comparação com as outras colónias africanas. Partindo deste lugar principal ocupado por Angola, esta dissertação discute a eficiência da agência portuguesa para a rentabilização da colónia com aproveitamento na metrópole, concentrando o objeto de estudo entre 1892 e 1903. Fazemos o levantamento de algumas das imagens que povoavam o imaginário metropolitano sobre Angola, produzindo atração e repulsa pela colónia e gerando condicionantes à agenda e à agência portuguesa em Angola. Confronta-se o envio de degredados para a colónia com a expectativa que essa mesma colónia viesse a gerar riqueza para a salvação de Portugal. Analisa-se a discussão sobre a concessão do Caminho de Ferro de Benguela a um britânico, custos e benefícios de concessionar o progresso de Angola ao capital estrangeiro. Identifica-se a justificação e a função de dois discursos contraditórios: o que sobrevalorizava o grau de implantação portuguesa em Angola e o que declarava a fragilidade da sua colonização. A investigação sobre as formas de uso de Angola para benefício português, fez questionar a validade do estafado mote que preconizava o «desenvolvimento material das colónias» como princípio geral da política colonial portuguesa.
After Brazil's independence, Angola took the position of first and main colony, pivot of the Portuguese colonial system. Its enormous size and potential generated expectations regarding the impact that the transfer of resources could have in Portugal. This dissertation identifies factors of the geopolitical situation and decisions of Portuguese overseas policy that in the last decades of the 19th century reinforced the differential value of Angola compared to the other African colonies. Assuming this main position occupied by Angola, this dissertation discusses the efficiency of the Portuguese agency to make the colony profitable with benefits for the metropolis, concentrating the object of study between 1892 and 1903. We survey some of the images that populated the metropolitan imaginary about Angola, producing attraction and repulsion for the colony, conditioning the agenda and the Portuguese agency in Angola. The transportation of convicts to the colony is confronted with the expectation that this same colony would generate wealth for the salvation of Portugal. The discussion on the concession of the Benguela Railway to a British person is analyzed, as well as the costs and benefits of granting Angola's progress to foreign capital. The justification and function of two contradictory discourses are identified: the one that overvalued the degree of Portuguese implantation in Angola and the one that declared the fragility of its colonization. The investigation into the ways of using Angola for the Portuguese benefit raised questions about the validity of the tired motto that advocated the “material development of the colonies” as a general principle of Portuguese colonial policy.