Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Pêches – Environnement”
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Thiébaut-Rizzoni, Tabatha. "Amorcer le processus de transition écologique dans la pêche artisanale : apports d'une approche multi-niveaux pour l'implémentation d'un filet de pêche biodégradable". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lorient, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORIS660.
Pełny tekst źródłaFishing is a high-risk activity that is mainly studied in ergonomics in order to optimise safety on board. The current ecological issue pushes to be interested in it in a new way to conceive fishing gears more respectful of the environment. The INdIGO project aims to design a biodegradable fishing net (FPB) that meets this challenge. In this context, the thesis seeks to understand the conditions facilitating the transition from current fishing practices to "more sustainable" practices through the implementation of a FPB. To answer this question, two theoretical fields were mobilised: acceptability (Bobillier Chaumon & Dubois, 2009) and activity theory (Engeström, 1987; Rabardel, 1995). Four studies were conducted. The measurement of acceptability was used to identify the obstacles and levers to the use of an FPB based on a questionnaire on fishermen's representations. The analysis of the fishing activity in situ enabled a detailed understanding of the use of the fishing net, the habits of the operators and the constraints they face. The analysis of the fishing activity system (SAP) highlighted the multiplicity of actors involved in the activity, and revealed opportunities for developing the system. Finally, the analysis of the past evolution of the SAP revealed the favourable and unfavourable conditions for a change in the fishing activity. This work questions the transition of fishing practices at different levels (representations, real activity, system). It contributes to the definition of avenues aimed at developing the fishermen's power to act within the framework of the implementation of a FPB
Roche, Catherine. "Le régionalisme et le droit de la mer". Nice, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NICE0023.
Pełny tekst źródłaDue to the evolution of the law of the sea, regionalism has become increasingly important in this field, particularly as regards the management of fisheries and environmental protection of the sea. Regionalism in the law of the sea also contributes to general regional cohesion and integration
Beibou, Ely. "Géomatique collaborative : mise en œuvre d’un Système d’information pour la gestion responsable des pêches en Mauritanie". Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS286.
Pełny tekst źródłaFaced with global phenomena (depletion of fish stocks, environmental degradation, global warming, etc.), which today concern to the global community and more directly the coastal countries, the data series (environmental and biological) should be the more complete and consistent but must be possible to combine simple to answer scientific questions and adapt the action managers.Indeed, the effectiveness of the management of various sources of information is dependent on the integration and interoperability capabilities with partner systems. The data sources are always complementary, because they cover different topics. But, taken in isolation, they often give a fragmented view to answer a scientific question, hence the importance of their integration.Another difficulty lies in the fact that actors who analyze these sources have various views and expertise on the issues raised. Data integration is no longer the only issue, the comments and associated knowledge becomes mandatory and collaborative approaches are an interesting track, if not inevitable with the emergence of socialnetworks and tools that accompany them.This thesis proposes an approach to the implementation of a global information system, a sort of virtual andcollaborative observatory.« Virtual » because it offers a vision via a dashboard of indicators calculated from a warehouse describingdata to be integrated from various information systems heterogeneous and distributed, while respecting the autonomy of the latter. The data warehouse is « virtual », a scheme is designed from a « scientific sheet » model whose schema and content are built « on-the-fly », depending on the user request expressed by SQL queries. The approach thus differs from the standard approach of the conventional warehouses which is based on a predefined schema and a proper integration of the data using materialized views mechanism.« Collaborative » because the approach allows all stakeholders (research, administration, business, etc.),participate in the operation and collective analysis of spatio-temporal data, to produce common knowledge and possibly to provide more substantial underpinning for concerted decisions. The approach relies on advanced collaborative geomatics, innovative method of networking individuals or organizations wishing to collect, process and disseminate information and geographical nature of common interest.The objective is to provide standardized services to enable interoperability and access on data and treatments (metadata, data, access codes) to move towards a transparent and reproducible science (others can appropriate, which is a form of collaboration) but also to call on expertise in the capture of comments made on the scientific sheets (and their components) dashboard that improve the knowledge produced and exchanges between partnersand thus a priori decision making.The chosen solution results in a prototype offering different services to user communities (research, operation and administration of the domain) research services and access to relevant resources (where they are) but also treatment services data (production of indicators, for example) by explaining their reasoning and modeling
Wade, Cheikh Tidiane. "Écosystème et environnement : problématique de la gestion durable des usages littoraux au niveau de la Grande Côte sénégalaise". Paris 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA010600.
Pełny tekst źródłaStoïca, Georgeta. "La communauté et l’étranger entre la pêche et le tourisme : le cas du village de Hezra (Delta du Danube – Roumanie)". Thesis, Paris 10, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA100230.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe aim of the present research is that of showing, in a critical perspective, the practices, the representations and the rhetoric of a Danube Delta village, Hezra (Romania), that develops as part of a broader process of transformation that affects the whole area, focusing on the participants' strategies in an “arena” which has at its core the use of natural resources. The village, situated in an area of the Danube Delta recognized as a Biosphere Reserve in 1990, has seen rapid transformations of the rules governing the use of the environment and had to face with the arrival of new subjects (businessmen, traders) armed with economic and cultural capitals that they use to their advantage. Once a fishing village, Hezra witnesses today a substantial decline of the fishing activity, mainly due to the ban of sturgeon fishing for a ten year period, motivated by reasons of species protection. The practices and policies of environmental protection are an integral part of various projects of social and economical development of the area and are being realized and acted by different participants, using the gap of knowledge and power within local populations and between them and the outside world. In addition, following the construction of a tourist resort, situated at the periphery of the village, the old fishing village is facing a rapid development of tourism, which, promoted in the beginning, by an external businessman, with the passing years, it has become the main economic resource of the villagers, particularly for the women, integrating slowly with the trade of fishing.It is an economic conversion not free from effects on social relations and on the relations between the sexes and on the forms and living. This work follows two analytical lines linked between them: the first regarding the changes that are developing inside the community, and the second takes into account the relationship of the community with the “strangers”, trying to show how the “stranger” is an ambiguous figure and in the mean time he is subject and object of manipulation
Beaulaton, Laurent. "Systèmes de suivi des pêches fluvio-estuariennes pour la gestion des espèces : construction des indicateurs halieutiques et évaluation des impacts en Gironde". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2008. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7783/1/beaulaton.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaGambardella, Sophie. "La gestion et la conservation des ressources halieutiques en droit international : l'exemple de la Méditerranée". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1043.
Pełny tekst źródłaFisheries management and conservation in the Mediterranean relies primarily upon the responsibility of two regional fisheries management organizations: the General fisheries commission for the Mediterranean and the International commission for the conservation of Atlantic tunas. The legal regime is thus built in two distinct arenas and is also nourished by the influence of other conventional regimes. This institutional duplication could thus have resulted in conflicts of norms of management, conservation or even of interpretation. And yet, the observed institutional fragmentation does not appear as an obstacle to unity at the heart of the system. A unity of methods and means of implementation of fisheries management and conservation in the Mediterranean derives from the degree of interaction between the two commissions. The regime thus appears as a set, an indivisible whole. Nevertheless, the existence of such unity is not tantamount to effectiveness and efficiency of the system
Özden, Aynur Gaye. "La @protection de la biodiversité en Mer Noire". Nice, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NICE0022.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe Black Sea is a semi-enclosed sea surrounded by six countries : Bulgaria, Russian Federation, Georgia, Romania, Turkey and the Ukraine. The Black Sea is connected to the Mediterranean via the Turkish Straits : the Bosphorus, Dardanelles and the Marmara Sea. The Marmara Sea is the inland sea of Turkey and for this reason the international conventions relating to the protection of the biodiversity can not be put into practice to this inland sea. Likewise this fact causes many problems for the protection of the biological diversity of the Black Sea. The navigation in the Black Sea is important because of the transportation of oil from the Caspian Sea via the Marmara Sea to international markets. The Black Sea countries are conscious of the problems and they have recently elaborated two regional conventions : The Black Sea Biodiversity and Landscape Conservation Protocol to the Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution and The Draft Convention for Fisheries and Conservation of Living Resources of the Black Sea
Vernizeau, Diane. "Vers des pêcheries mondiales durables : contribution de l'Union européenne au concept de pêche responsable". Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00990583.
Pełny tekst źródłaRouyer, Tristan. "Implications de la couleur du bruit environnemental sur la variabilité des stocks halieutiques exploités". Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NSARH075.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe origin of fish stocks variability is a key question in fisheries science. The exploitation indeed has an important effect in terms of biomass reduction, but environmental forcing is of central interest as it affects numerous key biological processes. Recent theoretical results have shown that the nature of the environmental fluctuations, the environmental noise, has important ecological consequences on populations and particularly on their fluctuations. In addition the effects of exploitation. , that are not a simple removal of individuals but also profoundly modifies the demography, the structure and the trophic interactions of fish stocks, can interact with environmental effects. Through an extensive analysis of time series we aim and understanding the effects of environmental noise on fish stocks variability, according to their biological characteristics (life-history traits) and their exploitation
Mitroi, Tisseyre Veronica. "Une pratique sociale à l’épreuve de la conservation de la nature. Incertitudes et controverses environnementales autour de la dégradation de la pêche dans la Réserve de la Biosphère du Delta du Danube". Thesis, Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100033/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn the last two decades, different fishing rights systems have been experimented in the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve fisheries in order to orient natural resources exploitation practices towards the conservation of biodiversity. Overfishing is considered as one of the main threats to conservation in this ecologically fragile area, since 1989, when the communist productivist model was replaced by conservationist policies. Characterized by the multiplication of actors and knowledge production, the creation of the Biosphere Reserve of Danube Delta is challenging the continuity of fishing practices. Based on an analysis of the fishing rights systems experienced in the reserve, this work presents the degradation of fisheries as an area of uncertainty where social actors and fishing resources are redefined, explained, tamed and mobilized in the definition of new forms of ecological interactions between actors and resources. Indicators and proofs of sustainable fisheries are built on the ground, while experimenting different fishing rights systems. In a context of persisting illegal fishing practices and persistent controversies, fishing rights do not legitimate the introduction of more restrictive measures, and have a week capacity of changing practices. The approach developed in this thesis tries to go beyond the classical distinction between knowledge producers and nature users, by considering knowledge production, rights definition and social practices over nature as interconnected elements of the same process of nature appropriation. The perspective developed in this work is clearly confronted to the dominant way of thinking and doing in conservation policies, oriented towards a greater rationalization and the pre-formulation of a logical chain between measures, effects and outcomes. We show the limits of this approach, which should be primarily concerned by overcoming the distinction between "those who know" and "those who fish", facilitating the emergence of collective agreements on the definition of resources and their ecological status. We show that in the world of artisanal fisheries, the success of fisheries management incentives depends on their ability to take into account the diversity of knowledge, practices and critical capacities that local actors developed through resources appropriation practices
Boldina, Inna. "Fondements de la gestion de la pêche à pied sur les vasières du Gois (Côte atlantique française". Nantes, 2013. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=2773d09b-2f38-4320-b529-f1064af0a8cd.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe objective of this thesis is to establish the foundations for understanding the potential impact of clam fishing on the intertidal mudflat ecosystem as well as its economical importance, using an ecosystem approach. This thesis has three parts: the legal component including the synthesis of national and regional clam fishing legal framework, ecological and economical parts. The ecosystem where the recreational clam fishing has been practiced for several decades was studied to evaluate the eventual impact of this activity. Three major biotic components were analyzed : bivalves targeted by the clam fishing (Cerastoderma edule and Venerupis philippinarum), the non-targeted macrofauna and meiofauna. Geostatistical methods were used to assess the impact of the clam fishing on the spatial distribution of organisms belonging to different taxonomic groups. "Non-traditional" methodological approaches have been used to detect the presence of spatial and temporal indicators of regime shift in this ecosystem. The economic surplus generated by recreational clam fishing on Gois site was calculated with the travel cost method. The results of this study provide a basis for sustainable management of the clam fishing at Gois site, and allow a better understanding of the environmental and economical issues of this exceptional site
Barthélémy, Carole. "Des rapports sociaux à la frontière des savoirs : les pratiques populaires de pêche amateur au défi de la gestion environnementale du Rhône". Aix-Marseille 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX10058.
Pełny tekst źródłaReecht, Yves. "Effets directs et indirects de la pêche sur des groupes trophiques de poissons démersaux, définis par une approche écomorphologique". Brest, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BRES2035.
Pełny tekst źródłaFunctional groups dynamics in marine communities may help to understand how perturbations impact the functioning of an ecosystem. It is notably expected that functional groups respond differently to fishing pressure owing to their direct exposure to fishing and interactions between groups (indirect effects). A method was developed, based on an ecomorphological approach focusing on predation functions, to define size- and taxonomy-driven functional groups in demersal fish communities from Celtic and North seas. Eleven functional traits were used to define 12 functional groups in Celtic sea (based on measurements on 930 individuals from 33 species) and seven groups in North sea (710 individual from 22 species). In Celtic sea, the functional groups better explained diet than size groups whereas diet in North sea appeared rather size-driven. Functional groups biomass time-series were assessed using ground-fish surveys data. Fishing seems to unequally affect different ecological functions in both communities. It was furthermore shown that (i) fishing effects propagate from high to low trophic levels (top-down effects) in North sea and (ii) ecological compensation may occur within functional groups in Celtic sea. The functioning of both communities appeared impacted by fishing pressure. Nevertheless, the Celtic sea fish community appeared more resilient to perturbation than the one from North sea
Laval, Pauline. "Captures estuariennes : une ethnoécologie de la pêche sur le bas Oyapock (frontière franco-brésilienne)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MNHN0012.
Pełny tekst źródłaFishing is based on various forms of social appropriation of aquatic environment. This thesis seeks to define them in the specific context of the Lower Oyapock, estuary of an Amazonian river delineating the border between French Guyana and Amapá state (Brazil). This estuary presents a high variety of aquatic ecosystems (streams, rivers, flooded forests, swamps, mangroves and sea) and is home of high diversity of plant and animal species (over 200 species are caught). The population of the Lower Oyapock forms a cultural melting-pot principally composed by Amerindians, Creoles and Brazilians, established in two towns and 40 villages. Moreover, the presence of a national park along the Brazilian coast and three indigenous lands imply a regulation of access to natural resources. In this context rich in ecological and cultural diversity, where emerge conflicts over fishing territories, this thesis proposes a reading of the dynamics of appropriation of aquatic resources. Results are based on ethnographic data collected from October 2012 to October 2014. They range from more than 70 interviews, 32 fishing trips observations, the inventory of fishing gear, the identification of 195 fishes species, and a study of local taxonomies. The study of fishers’ knowledge reveals a detailed expertise about the aquatic environments, notably their rhythms, and the animal ecology and behavior. Fishermen make an important variety of fishing equipment adapted to both species and spaces. Based on the way knowledge is shared, different fishermen’s groups are characterized and specialized according to the ecological conditions/features (savanna; river and forests; river mouth and sea). Creation of national parks, increasing controls of cross-border flows, urbanization and migration are all contemporary challenges the fishermen are confronting. In this context, three residents groups stand out: professional fishermen from Saint-Georges (French Guyana), those from Oiapoque (Brazil), and the Indigenous villagers from Uaçá (Brazil). These three groups aim to obtain an official recognition of their fishing territories in order to ensure long-term access. Engaged in various strategies, their success in the process hinges on the States’ consideration of their specificities
Jimenez, Haizea. "Structure et fonctionnement des assemblages d’invertébrés récifaux : applications aux platiers pêchés de Nouvelle-Calédonie". Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066322.
Pełny tekst źródłaRobin, Jean-Paul. "Effets de la pêche et des prises d'eau de la centrale de Cordemais sur les juvéniles de flet (Platichthys flesus L. ) et d'éperlan (Osmerus eperlanus L. ) dans l'estuaire de la Loire". Brest, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BRES2005.
Pełny tekst źródłaDoray, Mathieu. "L'Agrégation de thons de sub-surface au sein du système [DCP ancré – macronecton – environnement – pêche] en Martinique : Etude hiérarchique par méthodes acoustiques, optiques et halieutiques". Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NSARH066.
Pełny tekst źródłaArtificial fish aggregating devices (FADs) are known to concentrate tropical tunas. This aggregative behaviour drastically increases the vulnerability of these species to fishing. Alternatively, FAD scan be used as oceanic observatories to study the aggregative behaviour of large pelagic fish. Sea surveys were hence conducted in Martinique (Lesser Antilles) following an ecosystemic approach to the moored FAD fisheriy. The objectives were ii) to study their relations with their biotic and abiotic environment and the local fishery. The mean biomass of large pelagic fish aggregations was also estimated to provide useful scientific inputs for achieving a sustainable management of the moored FAD fishery. The first part presents the background of the study. We introduce the regional pelagic ecoystem, the aggregative behaviour of pelagic ecosytem, the aggregative behaviour of pelagic fish fish around FADs and the Martinican moored FAD fishery. The second part begins with a presentation of the conceptual framework of the study : the hierarchy theory. Observation scales and survey methodology are therefore described. Echosounder surveys run in a star pattern were conducted around the moored FADs. The acoustic surveys were combined with underwater video observations, classifical fishing experiments and CTD profiles
Malange, Jean-François. "Histoire sociale des pratiques de pêche à la ligne en France de 1829 à 1941 : aux origines d'une conscience environnementale". Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOU20040.
Pełny tekst źródłaBy the 1960s, anglers in France had come to display a real environmental consciousness. The aim of this thesis is to show this consciousness had a long history. Anglers in France, a century before the rise of political ecology, exhibited a growing sensibility to environmental problems that came directely from their experiences of the quality of their surroundings as they fished. In this thesis, I show that between 1829 and 1941, the practise of angling evolved from an elitist to a more working-class form of leisure. I also examine how the respective roles of men and women of different social classes changed over time and acoording to place. In addition, I explore the factors, rhythms and geography of this new environmental awareness. It gave rise to some unexpected developments with, for example, the working classes playing a major role in the movement of the protection of nature in France
Abdou, Khaled. "Evaluation des impacts environnementaux du chalutage de fond et de l'aquaculture en Tunisie : approche comparative par les Analyses de Cycle Vie (ACV)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0141.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe main goal of ecology is to place human activities within a framework of sustainable development by enhancing their economic benefits, their social attractiveness and their environmental performances. Ecosystems that support fisheries and aquaculture are subject to several alterations of significant relevance to their functioning and to their abilities to provide goods and services. Therefore, the long-term sustainability of fishing and aquaculture is a major concern from an environmental and ecological viewpoint. Both activities carry risks of negative environmental impacts because of its close relation with the immediate environment. To better understand environmental impacts and ensure the sustainability of fishing and aquaculture, it is necessary to develop an integrative sciencebased approach to impact assessment. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has emerged as a robust method to estimate potential environmental impacts associated with a product. It allows the assessment of environmental impacts “from cradle to grave”, taking into account all stages of a product’s life. This thesis focuses on the adaptation of LCA to demersal trawling and aquaculture in Tunisia. The goal is to explore how LCA improves the environmental evaluation of seafood production systems and how it helps to better understand their links with the environment. Results revealed that rearing practices and fish feed were the greatest contributors to the impacts studied due to the production of fish meal and oil and the low efficiency of feed use. The study also showed that impact intensity of demersal trawling was proportional to the amount of fuel consumed. LCA is a valuable tool for assessing how to improve environmental sustainability of demersal trawling and aquaculture
Bernard, Maud. "Les habitats rocheux intertidaux sous l'influence d'activités anthropiques : structure, dynamique et enjeux de conservation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Brest, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BRES0010.
Pełny tekst źródłaRecreational and professional activities are intensifying on the rocky intertidal. The overturning of boulders and the trampling associated with human activities, have consequences on the structure and dynamic of rocky intertidal communities. Through the identification of species and descriptors that respond more to the disturbances “trampling of mediolittoral rock platforms” and “the overturning of low eulittoral boulders by hand-fishermen”, SMART indicators (Simple, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Time limited indicator) can be created for the assessment of the conservation status of these habitats. The effects of trampling were tested with control approach. Experiments in situ underlined very complex interactions between species during the ecological processes of degradation of biocenoses. High thresholds of disturbance were also observed. They were particularly related to the protection played by structuring brown algae on other species. The study of boulder’s overturning highlighted a step of almost total mortality of fixed or low mobile organisms that live on upper or lower surfaces of boulders. Results also showed a low resilience of the habitat. The use of appropriate reference situations and of the most sensitive species to the boulder’s overturning, led to the creation of two ecological indicators. Declined to two different spatial scales, they may be applied routinely by scientists and managers of marine protected areas
Fourt, Maïa. "Histoire de la pêche des éponges en Méditerranée et son adaptation récente au changement régional". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/191217_FOURT_178pyka634dl637hqgt642gcc_TH.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn the Mediterranean Sea, small scale fisheries are firmly anchored in the culture of this maritime area. Sponge fishing has been practiced in the Mediterranean since antiquity. Although contributing to an important exportation market until the mid-20th century, it has recently shown signs of weakness, leading to the collapse of the overall production. This study proposed an interdisciplinary approach applied to over two centuries of sponge fishing history. The first part of this study presents a spatial analysis of the fishery at the Mediterranean scale, considering several key periods in order to identify geographical areas where important changes have occurred. The second part analyses the sponge production and the fishing effort variations in the Aegean area and in Tunisia. The last part of this work is dedicated to an analysis of the fishermen’s adaptive choices faced to the sponge fishing activity upheavals. The study shows that up to the 1970s the factors that influenced this fishery were mainly the societal demand, the fragile economic situation of the fishing communities, changes in uses, as well as the socio-political and economic relationships between Mediterranean countries. Since 1986, frequent epizootic events related to changes in thermal regimes have weakened the sponge stocks. Remaining fishermen have mainly adapted to the irregular availability of the resource by targeting other species, or by relying more on other already existing fishing activities
Stoica, Georgeta. "La communauté et l'étranger entre la pêche et le tourisme Le cas du village de Hezra (Delta du Danube - Roumanie)". Phd thesis, Université de Nanterre - Paris X, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00656691.
Pełny tekst źródłaLaval, Pauline. "Captures estuariennes : une ethnoécologie de la pêche sur le bas Oyapock (frontière franco-brésilienne)". Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MNHN0012/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaFishing is based on various forms of social appropriation of aquatic environment. This thesis seeks to define them in the specific context of the Lower Oyapock, estuary of an Amazonian river delineating the border between French Guyana and Amapá state (Brazil). This estuary presents a high variety of aquatic ecosystems (streams, rivers, flooded forests, swamps, mangroves and sea) and is home of high diversity of plant and animal species (over 200 species are caught). The population of the Lower Oyapock forms a cultural melting-pot principally composed by Amerindians, Creoles and Brazilians, established in two towns and 40 villages. Moreover, the presence of a national park along the Brazilian coast and three indigenous lands imply a regulation of access to natural resources. In this context rich in ecological and cultural diversity, where emerge conflicts over fishing territories, this thesis proposes a reading of the dynamics of appropriation of aquatic resources. Results are based on ethnographic data collected from October 2012 to October 2014. They range from more than 70 interviews, 32 fishing trips observations, the inventory of fishing gear, the identification of 195 fishes species, and a study of local taxonomies. The study of fishers’ knowledge reveals a detailed expertise about the aquatic environments, notably their rhythms, and the animal ecology and behavior. Fishermen make an important variety of fishing equipment adapted to both species and spaces. Based on the way knowledge is shared, different fishermen’s groups are characterized and specialized according to the ecological conditions/features (savanna; river and forests; river mouth and sea). Creation of national parks, increasing controls of cross-border flows, urbanization and migration are all contemporary challenges the fishermen are confronting. In this context, three residents groups stand out: professional fishermen from Saint-Georges (French Guyana), those from Oiapoque (Brazil), and the Indigenous villagers from Uaçá (Brazil). These three groups aim to obtain an official recognition of their fishing territories in order to ensure long-term access. Engaged in various strategies, their success in the process hinges on the States’ consideration of their specificities
Nicolas, Philippe. "De l’enfant pêcheur et rêveur, à l’enfant devenu adulte, acteur du monde : Approche écologique et pensée de la complexité à partir d’une pratique éducative de plein-air : vers une philosophie de l’homme relié". Paris 8, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA083683.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe thesis is about understanding the ecoformative relations between subject and naturel element from the perspective of a re-enchantement of the world and a philosophy of the related man. The development of such an understandind is founded upon the lived experience reported by social actors at camp dwellings of more than three days in natural hydrographical surroundings for a specific outdoor practice : fly-fishing; The project was to seize a new logic acquired in this singular exercice, integrating the complexus that re-interrogates the way man, turned into actor of the world, inhabits the Earth space, perceived as Earth-homeland. The ontological two banished spaces of modern society, solitude and silence in the mastery of a technique. The conclusive opening by exploring the path from “being in one’s world” towards “being in the world” that is a once, an argument, a plea for and a call for an emancipating ecoformation, questions the becoming of our societies, by postulating that education must cease to make a clean sweep of a forgotten tierce, the environment, an thus sign away the meaning of life on Earth by choosing not to answer two ethical questions : Which Earth for our children? Which children for the earth ?
Abdou, Khaled. "Evaluation des impacts environnementaux du chalutage de fond et de l'aquaculture en Tunisie : approche comparative par les Analyses de Cycle Vie (ACV)". Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0141/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe main goal of ecology is to place human activities within a framework of sustainable development by enhancing their economic benefits, their social attractiveness and their environmental performances. Ecosystems that support fisheries and aquaculture are subject to several alterations of significant relevance to their functioning and to their abilities to provide goods and services. Therefore, the long-term sustainability of fishing and aquaculture is a major concern from an environmental and ecological viewpoint. Both activities carry risks of negative environmental impacts because of its close relation with the immediate environment. To better understand environmental impacts and ensure the sustainability of fishing and aquaculture, it is necessary to develop an integrative sciencebased approach to impact assessment. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has emerged as a robust method to estimate potential environmental impacts associated with a product. It allows the assessment of environmental impacts “from cradle to grave”, taking into account all stages of a product’s life. This thesis focuses on the adaptation of LCA to demersal trawling and aquaculture in Tunisia. The goal is to explore how LCA improves the environmental evaluation of seafood production systems and how it helps to better understand their links with the environment. Results revealed that rearing practices and fish feed were the greatest contributors to the impacts studied due to the production of fish meal and oil and the low efficiency of feed use. The study also showed that impact intensity of demersal trawling was proportional to the amount of fuel consumed. LCA is a valuable tool for assessing how to improve environmental sustainability of demersal trawling and aquaculture
Leleu, Kevin. "Suivi et évaluation de la pêche professionnelle au sein d'une Aire Marine Protégée : protocoles d'enquêtes et indicateurs de pression et d'impact. Application au Parc Marin de la Côte Bleue". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4011.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe overexploitation of fishery resources has led to a major fisheries crisis. In this context, artisanal fisheries, and in particular small-scale coastal fisheries, appear as relevant alternatives for a sustainable use of coastal resources. But the diversity of fishing gears and targeted species diversity make it difficult to assess this important component of the commercial fishery. Hence, the activity of small-scale artisanal fishing remains poorly known in the Mediterranean Sea and few studies focus on an assessment of this activity at the scale of a Marine Protected Area (MPA). MPAs are yet more and more used as management tools for these fisheries, as protection effects and targeted access regulations may benefit to commercial fishers. As many MPAs are going to be established in the short term, it seems necessary for managers and for scientists, to have indicators to monitor the artisanal small-scale coastal fishing activity within an MPA, and to estimate the effects of MPA management on this activity. A field protocol was defined and implemented between July 2009 and June 2010 within the Parc Marin de la Côte Bleue (PMCB), a French Mediterranean MPA including two marine reserves of different age and size. The collected data allowed identifying seven main métiers within the PMCB, and characterizing them by group of target species, type of gear, fishing grounds and fishing periods. Fishing effort and catch were estimated. In the Côte Bleue area, 3 512 fishing trips and 4645 fishing operations were performed by 30 active boats during the studied period, for a total of 10 300 km of immersed nets
Bernard, Maud. "Les habitats rocheux intertidaux sous l'influence d'activités anthropiques : structure, dynamique et enjeux de conservation". Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00720611.
Pełny tekst źródłaRivoal, Solène. "La Materia del pesce : structures, gestion et organisation des approvisionnements de Venise en produits de la mer au XVIIIe siècle". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0093.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis study analyses how the city of Venice managed to supply its fish markets in the 18th century, an organization system that involved actors, practices, spaces, and government strategies. The analyze focuses initially on the fish, which means to start by specifying the specimens that were captured to assess the production rhythms. All the mentioned aspects defined the exploitation system of this product, which became a crucial food resource for the city. In Venice, everybody ate seafood in their everyday life, from nobles to popolani. Such a remarkable place of the fish as basic food resulted in intensive reflections by the government and by the actors involved in the markets (merchants, fishermen, or fishmongers). They were particularly concerned about the management, the exploitation, and also the protection of these resources. Therefore, this study is related to historiography in several manners: Environmental history, Social history, and the History of the institutions; and it uses some approaches from Urban history and Economical history as well.The aim of this research is to determine how a management system of a capital resource for the city could be created and negotiated, a complex plan that involved political knowledge, technical skills, and particular uses of the exploitation of the lagoon. This interaction between politics and technique evolved during the 18th century, a period in which the economic life changed deeply. The materia del pesce, an expression used by the Venetian government, became a subject of negotiation between the authorities and the fish market actors
D'agata, Stéphanie. "Vulnérabilité des communautés de poissons coralliens aux pressions humaines et importance des sites références pour l'évaluation des outils de conservation". Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS067.
Pełny tekst źródłaBeyond species loss, human activity may cause the decrease of phylogenetic and functional diversity carried by species. One of the major issue, particularly in marine ecology, is to understand the effects of human activities on all aspects biodiversity related to ecosystem functioning and assess conservation tools.The objectives of the thesis are i) to assess human impacts on the diversity of phylogenetic lineages and functions within the coral reef fish communities regardless of natural environmental factors, ii) to evaluate the ability of marine protected areas to conserve these facets efficiently and produce baselines values for ecosystem management and iii) to measure the intrinsic functional vulnerability, without human pressure, of fish communities. For this we had sampled very remote sites across the Indo-Pacific and we used statistical tools that take into account thresholds effects and interactions to extract the marginal effect of human activities.First, we show that across the South West Pacific, parrotfish species richness decreases linearly but only of 12% along a gradient of human impact while the phylogenetic and functional diversity decrease of 36% and 47%, respectively, with strong threshold effects. Secondly, considering the human impact gradient and a wide range of marine protected areas (MPAs) in New Caledonia, we demonstrate that very remote sites from human activities (> 20 hours of travel time from Noumea, the regional capital) have greater fish functional diversity and biomass of apex predators than the largest and oldest MPA.Finally, considering four remote sites across the Indo-Pacific, we have found that the diversity of functions carried by fish communities is very vulnerable, showing that 60% of functions were only worn by one species, even without human impact. Our work shows that the functional and phylogenetic aspects of biodiversity are highly vulnerable to human activities, with a lack of ability of MPAs to restore all of the functional roles of fish and a very limited redundancy for these functions even in the most isolated locations
Kazour, Maria. "Active and passive biomonitoring tools for microplastics assessment in two highly polluted aquatic environments : case study of the Seine estuary and the Lebanese coast SOURCES OF MICROPLASTICS POLLUTION IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT: IMPORTANCE OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND COASTAL LANDFILL MICROPLASTICS POLLUTION ALONG THE LEBANESE COAST (EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN BASIN): OCCURRENCE IN SURFACE WATER, SEDIMENTS AND BIOTA SAMPLES JUVENILE FISH CAGING AS A TOOL FOR ASSESSING MICROPLASTICS CONTAMINATION IN ESTUARINE FISH NURSERY GROUNDS IS BLUE MUSSEL CAGING AN EFFICIENT METHOD FOR MONITORING ENVIRONMENTAL MICROPLASTICS POLLUTION?" Thesis, Littoral, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019DUNK0544.
Pełny tekst źródłaPlastic fabrication is increasing worldwide in response to daily human demands. This mass production is linked to the immense plastic marine litter found all around the world: each synthetic material is meant to find its way back into the aquatic systems. Anthropogenic pressure and the immense human population, the lack of appropriate plastic treatment process and the growing industrial activities advocate their presence in the aquatic environments. These plastics are then found in the form of microplastics (microscopic particle with a size < 5 mm) observed in the water, in the sediments and are prone to be ingested by various marine organisms along the trophic chain. This thesis focuses on (1) assessing microplastics sources and input into the aquatic environment and their occurrence in biota, and (2) to test the feasibility of using transplanted organisms (caging) for monitoring microplastics pollution in the marine coastal environment. Two coastal areas highly impacted by anthropogenic pressures were studied: Le Havre in France and the Lebanese coast. For the former, the role of a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent and an abandoned coastal landfill as pathways for microplastics (MPs) input into the marine environment was assessed. MPs were first analyzed in raw sewage influent, sludge and effluent samples, and their fate was studied along a distance gradient from the WWTP in three matrices: surface water, sediments and wild mussels (Mytilus spp). MPs were found in all matrices with a decreasing abundance from the effluent. Strong MPs abundances (higher than those found near the WWTP effluent) were observed in the vicinity of the coastal landfill suggesting its importance as a MPs entry route into the marine coastal environment. Whereas for the Lebanese coast, we evaluated for the first time the MPs pollution in the seawater, sediments and two important seafood species (one pelagic fish: Engraulis encrasicolus and one bivalve: Spondylus spinosus). Results showed different patterns of MPs concentration in the analyzed matrices. The occurrence of MPs in the biota was high (83.4% and 86.3% in anchovies and spiny oysters, respectively). These results highlighted the high MPs pollution found in the Levantine Basin in comparison to other Western Mediterranean regions. In addition, the obtained results indicate the potential contribution of coastal landfills to this pollution. Most often microplastics studies involve collection of organisms’ samples from natural populations. In this thesis, we tested the feasibility of using transplanted organisms (caging) for monitoring microplastics’ pollution in the marine coastal environment. We developed caging experiments with juvenile European Flounder, Platichthys flesus, in estuarine nursery grounds and blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, in coastal marine environment. For each species, the abundance and characteristics (shape, size, color and type of polymers) of MPs ingested by caged individuals are compared with those ingested by wild individuals collected at the same site and with those found in their surrounding environment (surface water and sediments). Our results suggest that transplanted organisms (caging) may be a promising tool for MPs biomonitoring making monitoring more reliable with an accurate assessment of the biological effects of MPs over a predetermined exposure period
Perrot, Annick. "Une société littorale en Cotentin au XVIIIe siècle : Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue et ses gens de mer". Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMC025.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis is presented in the form of an investigation carried out in an 18th-century coastal society of Normandy, in order to apprehend the ties linking seafarers, people living by and of the sea, with the other inhabitants of the shore, as well as what may separate them, in a world that is, at first glance, turned towards the sea. The framework of the study is the natural harbour of La Hougue, on the east coast of the Cotentin, which shelters the population of Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue, the object of our investigations.An introductory chapter presents the conditions of opening onto the high sea off this coastal settlement under the supervision of a vivid institutional meshing, from the parish to the maritime district. Next, a first part is devoted to an historical study of demography, by means of a comparative analysis between the socio-professional group of seafarers, those living by and owing their livelihood to the sea and representing more than half the population, and the other inhabitants. The reconstruction of several hundred destinies has allowed for bringing out the specific behaviour of the maritime population when it comes to marriage or death. A second part is reserved for the exploitation of riparian and halieutic resources and their evolution, analysing the way in which the inhabitants put this coveted area to good use. By following the notary doing estimates, clues to living standards and the way of life came to light after safes and armoires were opened. Finally, the last part tends to emphasise the particularities and constraints of a border environment that determines the life of all the residents of Saint-Vaast, whereas the identity outlines of the sea folk become apparent by means of signifiers, of which the principal marker consisted of mandatory service on the vessels of the royal State, which differentiated them profoundly from the rest of the population
Edynak, Elsa. "Le droit international applicable à l'océan Arctique : l’adéquation d’un ensemble juridique complexe à un espace spécifique". Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR139.
Pełny tekst źródłaClimate change and the disruption it implies in the Arctic have really renewed the interest in this space. This raises issues of different scales (both regional and global), but also of different natures (economic, political, social, environmental), which constitute as many legal issues and question the relevance of the applicable law. However, and this is the main legal issue here: the existing legal framework is extremely complex, whose consistency and relevance concerning the region have been widely questioned. But to this unique problem - com-plexity - the authors do not seem to agree on the solutions to adopt. These differences underline the interest to determine whether the legal framework for the Arctic Ocean can be considered as "adequate" in the sense that it would enable a management that meets the criteria of a satisfying legal system. Regarding the method, the study demanded to put the apparent disorder in order. To this end, systematization was necessary; it was done through the creation of a synoptic table analyzing all the standards of international law applicable to the region,. In conclusion, despite its diversity, the legal framework can nevertheless be considered satisfactory from a substantive (completeness) and formal (coherence) point of view. Beyond simple coherence, the current cons-truction of an Arctic law leads to the identification of an scheduling process at the regional level, this framework resembling more and more a real "legal system". This regionalisation is legally essential. Nevertheless, it must be recognized that it does not ensure the worldwide action which remains essential in the face of the global problem that is climate change. If it constitutes a probably necessary step, it represents above all an additional step in this generalized implementation and therefore reinforces the fragmentation of international law, and its complexity
Landry, Julie. "Les bases sociales de la Coopérative de pêcheurs de Carleton, 1923-1966". Thèse, 2008. http://constellation.uqac.ca/354/1/030024350.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaPlourde, Lavoie Patrick. "Tendances temporelles de la pêche récréative à l'omble de fontaine dans les territoires fauniques structurés du Québec". Thèse, 2014. http://constellation.uqac.ca/3062/1/PlourdeLavoie_uqac_0862N_10106.pdf.
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