Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Pêche à pied – Environnement”
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Boldina, Inna. "Fondements de la gestion de la pêche à pied sur les vasières du Gois (Côte atlantique française". Nantes, 2013. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=2773d09b-2f38-4320-b529-f1064af0a8cd.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe objective of this thesis is to establish the foundations for understanding the potential impact of clam fishing on the intertidal mudflat ecosystem as well as its economical importance, using an ecosystem approach. This thesis has three parts: the legal component including the synthesis of national and regional clam fishing legal framework, ecological and economical parts. The ecosystem where the recreational clam fishing has been practiced for several decades was studied to evaluate the eventual impact of this activity. Three major biotic components were analyzed : bivalves targeted by the clam fishing (Cerastoderma edule and Venerupis philippinarum), the non-targeted macrofauna and meiofauna. Geostatistical methods were used to assess the impact of the clam fishing on the spatial distribution of organisms belonging to different taxonomic groups. "Non-traditional" methodological approaches have been used to detect the presence of spatial and temporal indicators of regime shift in this ecosystem. The economic surplus generated by recreational clam fishing on Gois site was calculated with the travel cost method. The results of this study provide a basis for sustainable management of the clam fishing at Gois site, and allow a better understanding of the environmental and economical issues of this exceptional site
Bernard, Maud. "Les habitats rocheux intertidaux sous l'influence d'activités anthropiques : structure, dynamique et enjeux de conservation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Brest, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BRES0010.
Pełny tekst źródłaRecreational and professional activities are intensifying on the rocky intertidal. The overturning of boulders and the trampling associated with human activities, have consequences on the structure and dynamic of rocky intertidal communities. Through the identification of species and descriptors that respond more to the disturbances “trampling of mediolittoral rock platforms” and “the overturning of low eulittoral boulders by hand-fishermen”, SMART indicators (Simple, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Time limited indicator) can be created for the assessment of the conservation status of these habitats. The effects of trampling were tested with control approach. Experiments in situ underlined very complex interactions between species during the ecological processes of degradation of biocenoses. High thresholds of disturbance were also observed. They were particularly related to the protection played by structuring brown algae on other species. The study of boulder’s overturning highlighted a step of almost total mortality of fixed or low mobile organisms that live on upper or lower surfaces of boulders. Results also showed a low resilience of the habitat. The use of appropriate reference situations and of the most sensitive species to the boulder’s overturning, led to the creation of two ecological indicators. Declined to two different spatial scales, they may be applied routinely by scientists and managers of marine protected areas
Bernard, Maud. "Les habitats rocheux intertidaux sous l'influence d'activités anthropiques : structure, dynamique et enjeux de conservation". Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00720611.
Pełny tekst źródłaThiébaut-Rizzoni, Tabatha. "Amorcer le processus de transition écologique dans la pêche artisanale : apports d'une approche multi-niveaux pour l'implémentation d'un filet de pêche biodégradable". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lorient, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORIS660.
Pełny tekst źródłaFishing is a high-risk activity that is mainly studied in ergonomics in order to optimise safety on board. The current ecological issue pushes to be interested in it in a new way to conceive fishing gears more respectful of the environment. The INdIGO project aims to design a biodegradable fishing net (FPB) that meets this challenge. In this context, the thesis seeks to understand the conditions facilitating the transition from current fishing practices to "more sustainable" practices through the implementation of a FPB. To answer this question, two theoretical fields were mobilised: acceptability (Bobillier Chaumon & Dubois, 2009) and activity theory (Engeström, 1987; Rabardel, 1995). Four studies were conducted. The measurement of acceptability was used to identify the obstacles and levers to the use of an FPB based on a questionnaire on fishermen's representations. The analysis of the fishing activity in situ enabled a detailed understanding of the use of the fishing net, the habits of the operators and the constraints they face. The analysis of the fishing activity system (SAP) highlighted the multiplicity of actors involved in the activity, and revealed opportunities for developing the system. Finally, the analysis of the past evolution of the SAP revealed the favourable and unfavourable conditions for a change in the fishing activity. This work questions the transition of fishing practices at different levels (representations, real activity, system). It contributes to the definition of avenues aimed at developing the fishermen's power to act within the framework of the implementation of a FPB
Appéré, Gildas. "Analyse économique des comportements face à un risque sanitaire : le cas de la pêche récréative de coquillages". Brest, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BRES6001.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe risks connected to the Consumption associated with entertaining activities are little taken into account by authorities. As such, the footfishing of Shellfish constitutes a case of study, because of its local weight and because of the difficulty that authorities met to impose a sanitary rule. These difficulties showed the need better to encircle the behaviour of the fishermen. The first part lists the theoretical and methodological tools resulting in a specific model of behaviour of the fishermen. The choice of a pseudotrade frame gives a particular theoretical shape to the method of reserved valuation, the contingent Travel Cost Method. Besides, to improve analysis of the attitudes toward risk, it is appealed to psychologists' works (HBM model). These theoretical and methodological choices are tested during a study led on the Briton coast (France). This one allows to encircle the socio-demographic features of the fishermen, by showing that it is an activity targeted at popular categories with an advanced enough age. This study of the behaviour also shows that, in front of identified risks, the footfishermen have a coherent and careful attitude. Nevertheless, it shows that the exposure and the treatment of the information about these risks have a considerable impact on this behaviour. So, the often-vague knowledge of the risks explains a considerable distance between the careful intentions and the actual attitudes. This underlines a deficiency in the management of these risks, but can also reveal a singular phenomenon described under the concept of endogenous information. Besides, the Contingent Travel Cost method allowed to calculate benefits associated to reductions of risk. The absence of absurd values and the weak part of protest bid plead in favour of this method. Finally, the econometrical modelling of the WTP shows interest to introduce explanatory variables taken from Psychological models
Laval, Pauline. "Captures estuariennes : une ethnoécologie de la pêche sur le bas Oyapock (frontière franco-brésilienne)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MNHN0012.
Pełny tekst źródłaFishing is based on various forms of social appropriation of aquatic environment. This thesis seeks to define them in the specific context of the Lower Oyapock, estuary of an Amazonian river delineating the border between French Guyana and Amapá state (Brazil). This estuary presents a high variety of aquatic ecosystems (streams, rivers, flooded forests, swamps, mangroves and sea) and is home of high diversity of plant and animal species (over 200 species are caught). The population of the Lower Oyapock forms a cultural melting-pot principally composed by Amerindians, Creoles and Brazilians, established in two towns and 40 villages. Moreover, the presence of a national park along the Brazilian coast and three indigenous lands imply a regulation of access to natural resources. In this context rich in ecological and cultural diversity, where emerge conflicts over fishing territories, this thesis proposes a reading of the dynamics of appropriation of aquatic resources. Results are based on ethnographic data collected from October 2012 to October 2014. They range from more than 70 interviews, 32 fishing trips observations, the inventory of fishing gear, the identification of 195 fishes species, and a study of local taxonomies. The study of fishers’ knowledge reveals a detailed expertise about the aquatic environments, notably their rhythms, and the animal ecology and behavior. Fishermen make an important variety of fishing equipment adapted to both species and spaces. Based on the way knowledge is shared, different fishermen’s groups are characterized and specialized according to the ecological conditions/features (savanna; river and forests; river mouth and sea). Creation of national parks, increasing controls of cross-border flows, urbanization and migration are all contemporary challenges the fishermen are confronting. In this context, three residents groups stand out: professional fishermen from Saint-Georges (French Guyana), those from Oiapoque (Brazil), and the Indigenous villagers from Uaçá (Brazil). These three groups aim to obtain an official recognition of their fishing territories in order to ensure long-term access. Engaged in various strategies, their success in the process hinges on the States’ consideration of their specificities
Barthélémy, Carole. "Des rapports sociaux à la frontière des savoirs : les pratiques populaires de pêche amateur au défi de la gestion environnementale du Rhône". Aix-Marseille 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX10058.
Pełny tekst źródłaMalange, Jean-François. "Histoire sociale des pratiques de pêche à la ligne en France de 1829 à 1941 : aux origines d'une conscience environnementale". Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOU20040.
Pełny tekst źródłaBy the 1960s, anglers in France had come to display a real environmental consciousness. The aim of this thesis is to show this consciousness had a long history. Anglers in France, a century before the rise of political ecology, exhibited a growing sensibility to environmental problems that came directely from their experiences of the quality of their surroundings as they fished. In this thesis, I show that between 1829 and 1941, the practise of angling evolved from an elitist to a more working-class form of leisure. I also examine how the respective roles of men and women of different social classes changed over time and acoording to place. In addition, I explore the factors, rhythms and geography of this new environmental awareness. It gave rise to some unexpected developments with, for example, the working classes playing a major role in the movement of the protection of nature in France
Jimenez, Haizea. "Structure et fonctionnement des assemblages d’invertébrés récifaux : applications aux platiers pêchés de Nouvelle-Calédonie". Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066322.
Pełny tekst źródłaDoray, Mathieu. "L'Agrégation de thons de sub-surface au sein du système [DCP ancré – macronecton – environnement – pêche] en Martinique : Etude hiérarchique par méthodes acoustiques, optiques et halieutiques". Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NSARH066.
Pełny tekst źródłaArtificial fish aggregating devices (FADs) are known to concentrate tropical tunas. This aggregative behaviour drastically increases the vulnerability of these species to fishing. Alternatively, FAD scan be used as oceanic observatories to study the aggregative behaviour of large pelagic fish. Sea surveys were hence conducted in Martinique (Lesser Antilles) following an ecosystemic approach to the moored FAD fisheriy. The objectives were ii) to study their relations with their biotic and abiotic environment and the local fishery. The mean biomass of large pelagic fish aggregations was also estimated to provide useful scientific inputs for achieving a sustainable management of the moored FAD fishery. The first part presents the background of the study. We introduce the regional pelagic ecoystem, the aggregative behaviour of pelagic ecosytem, the aggregative behaviour of pelagic fish fish around FADs and the Martinican moored FAD fishery. The second part begins with a presentation of the conceptual framework of the study : the hierarchy theory. Observation scales and survey methodology are therefore described. Echosounder surveys run in a star pattern were conducted around the moored FADs. The acoustic surveys were combined with underwater video observations, classifical fishing experiments and CTD profiles
Stoïca, Georgeta. "La communauté et l’étranger entre la pêche et le tourisme : le cas du village de Hezra (Delta du Danube – Roumanie)". Thesis, Paris 10, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA100230.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe aim of the present research is that of showing, in a critical perspective, the practices, the representations and the rhetoric of a Danube Delta village, Hezra (Romania), that develops as part of a broader process of transformation that affects the whole area, focusing on the participants' strategies in an “arena” which has at its core the use of natural resources. The village, situated in an area of the Danube Delta recognized as a Biosphere Reserve in 1990, has seen rapid transformations of the rules governing the use of the environment and had to face with the arrival of new subjects (businessmen, traders) armed with economic and cultural capitals that they use to their advantage. Once a fishing village, Hezra witnesses today a substantial decline of the fishing activity, mainly due to the ban of sturgeon fishing for a ten year period, motivated by reasons of species protection. The practices and policies of environmental protection are an integral part of various projects of social and economical development of the area and are being realized and acted by different participants, using the gap of knowledge and power within local populations and between them and the outside world. In addition, following the construction of a tourist resort, situated at the periphery of the village, the old fishing village is facing a rapid development of tourism, which, promoted in the beginning, by an external businessman, with the passing years, it has become the main economic resource of the villagers, particularly for the women, integrating slowly with the trade of fishing.It is an economic conversion not free from effects on social relations and on the relations between the sexes and on the forms and living. This work follows two analytical lines linked between them: the first regarding the changes that are developing inside the community, and the second takes into account the relationship of the community with the “strangers”, trying to show how the “stranger” is an ambiguous figure and in the mean time he is subject and object of manipulation
Picot, Cyndie. "Évaluation du risque lié à l'exposition aux phycotoxines via la consommation de coquillages chez les pêcheurs à pied du Finistère". Brest, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BRES2044.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe present study evaluates the risk of the recreative shellfish harvesters to three kinds of phycotoxins (Domoic Acid (AD) and analogues, Okadaic Acid (OA) and analogues, and Spirolides (SPXs)) ingested via shellfish consumption. To achieve this aim, it is necessary to generate data on the amount of consumed shellfish in this population and on the levels of contamination of those shellfish. To obtain the shellfish consumption data, an individual survey using a quantitative food frequency questionnaire (512 individuals) and a one month food diary (124 individuals) have been conducted on the adult population harvesting in Finistère, the first French department of concern accordinga to phycotoxins. To achieve the shellfish contamination data, phycotoxins were determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Acute and chronic exposures were calculated combining the consumption data with the contamination data by the probabilistic approach with the @Risk software. The comparisons of the acute exposures with the corresponding: Acute Reference Doses permit toconclude that there is no risk concerning the levels of exposure of DA and SPX whereas risk due to OA exposure via shellfish consumption is proven. Concerning risk due to a chronic exposure to phycotoxins: DA does not seem to represent a human health, whereas OA appears to be a matter of concern for shellfish harvesters health. Risk characterization concerning SPX cannot be performed because of an absence of (sub)chronic toxicological studies
Vernizeau, Diane. "Vers des pêcheries mondiales durables : contribution de l'Union européenne au concept de pêche responsable". Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00990583.
Pełny tekst źródłaGambardella, Sophie. "La gestion et la conservation des ressources halieutiques en droit international : l'exemple de la Méditerranée". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1043.
Pełny tekst źródłaFisheries management and conservation in the Mediterranean relies primarily upon the responsibility of two regional fisheries management organizations: the General fisheries commission for the Mediterranean and the International commission for the conservation of Atlantic tunas. The legal regime is thus built in two distinct arenas and is also nourished by the influence of other conventional regimes. This institutional duplication could thus have resulted in conflicts of norms of management, conservation or even of interpretation. And yet, the observed institutional fragmentation does not appear as an obstacle to unity at the heart of the system. A unity of methods and means of implementation of fisheries management and conservation in the Mediterranean derives from the degree of interaction between the two commissions. The regime thus appears as a set, an indivisible whole. Nevertheless, the existence of such unity is not tantamount to effectiveness and efficiency of the system
Stoica, Georgeta. "La communauté et l'étranger entre la pêche et le tourisme Le cas du village de Hezra (Delta du Danube - Roumanie)". Phd thesis, Université de Nanterre - Paris X, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00656691.
Pełny tekst źródłaFrance, Laure. "Simulation graphique d'un robot bipède dans un environnement structuré". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004831.
Pełny tekst źródłaCoz, Richard. "Une approche interdisciplinaire de la pertinence et de la faisabilité d'une co-gestion de la pêche récréative sur l'île d'Oléron : l'étrille, Necora puber (Linnaeus, 1767), comme modèle biologique". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LAROS404/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaAmong several other activities practice on coastal socio-ecological system, recreational fishing ones have significantly increased over the past few years, becoming an issue for sustainable development. In France, the weakness of states governance concerning DPM management, questions the relevancy and feasibility of a co-management policy for these leisure activities. This paradigm, constituting a good substitute for top-down management, recommends an increased participation of local populations for managing environments and improving their outcomes. Oléron Island is thus affected by these observations, which are intensified by societal changes distinguishing island territories. In the current research context, aiming at solving societal problematic, it is relevant to consider an interdisciplinary approach to provide relevant answers. Concerning recreational shellfish gathering targeting the velvet swimming crab, results in biology and ecology highlight some characteristics which should indicate a weak short and long terms potential impact of the disturbances affecting local populations. As regards to societal aspects, the relevancy of co-management is clearly demonstrated by several land-use conflicts, a lack of means to manage the practice and scientific data, the lack of consultation, etc. The territorial dynamic and local initiatives, as well as land-use conflicts, underline the existence of a “political window” which should allow the implementation of a co-management process for recreational fishing in the following years, subject to further efficient communication and a real desire from stakeholders concerned by the management of this practice
Sécula, Christophe. "Acteurs et gestion du littoral : une anthropologie de la baie du Mont-Saint-Michel". Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MNHN0019.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe Mont Saint-Michel bay (France) is a coastal area in a state of perpetual natural but also socioeconomic evolution. The coast – and particularly the foreshore – of the bay, occupied in various ways for millenniums, is the support on which local populations have developed exploitation techniques and social networks. What we consider a local socioeconomic and political system, based on “traditional” activities (fishing from the shore, shellfish farming, hunting, sheep breeding), is now disrupted by the intervention of external factors, related to global changes in coastal governance and to the appropriation of the bay by tourists of a new kind, wild nature and protected areas enthusiasts. In this thesis, we first describe the various ways of occupying the foreshore of the Mont Saint-Michel bay, as well as groups of occupants and their cohabitation. We then analyze, through the lens of the implementation of coastal management policy “programs” based on the criteria of sustainable development (particularly “Natura 2000”), the way the groups of permanent occupants of the bay, are going to try, or not, to adapt or to oppose the definition of these new norms of management of the coast, these new activities and these new occupants, in order to preserve their own marks, their “rights of user”, their organization
Beibou, Ely. "Géomatique collaborative : mise en œuvre d’un Système d’information pour la gestion responsable des pêches en Mauritanie". Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS286.
Pełny tekst źródłaFaced with global phenomena (depletion of fish stocks, environmental degradation, global warming, etc.), which today concern to the global community and more directly the coastal countries, the data series (environmental and biological) should be the more complete and consistent but must be possible to combine simple to answer scientific questions and adapt the action managers.Indeed, the effectiveness of the management of various sources of information is dependent on the integration and interoperability capabilities with partner systems. The data sources are always complementary, because they cover different topics. But, taken in isolation, they often give a fragmented view to answer a scientific question, hence the importance of their integration.Another difficulty lies in the fact that actors who analyze these sources have various views and expertise on the issues raised. Data integration is no longer the only issue, the comments and associated knowledge becomes mandatory and collaborative approaches are an interesting track, if not inevitable with the emergence of socialnetworks and tools that accompany them.This thesis proposes an approach to the implementation of a global information system, a sort of virtual andcollaborative observatory.« Virtual » because it offers a vision via a dashboard of indicators calculated from a warehouse describingdata to be integrated from various information systems heterogeneous and distributed, while respecting the autonomy of the latter. The data warehouse is « virtual », a scheme is designed from a « scientific sheet » model whose schema and content are built « on-the-fly », depending on the user request expressed by SQL queries. The approach thus differs from the standard approach of the conventional warehouses which is based on a predefined schema and a proper integration of the data using materialized views mechanism.« Collaborative » because the approach allows all stakeholders (research, administration, business, etc.),participate in the operation and collective analysis of spatio-temporal data, to produce common knowledge and possibly to provide more substantial underpinning for concerted decisions. The approach relies on advanced collaborative geomatics, innovative method of networking individuals or organizations wishing to collect, process and disseminate information and geographical nature of common interest.The objective is to provide standardized services to enable interoperability and access on data and treatments (metadata, data, access codes) to move towards a transparent and reproducible science (others can appropriate, which is a form of collaboration) but also to call on expertise in the capture of comments made on the scientific sheets (and their components) dashboard that improve the knowledge produced and exchanges between partnersand thus a priori decision making.The chosen solution results in a prototype offering different services to user communities (research, operation and administration of the domain) research services and access to relevant resources (where they are) but also treatment services data (production of indicators, for example) by explaining their reasoning and modeling
Secula, Christophe. "Acteurs et gestion du littoral. Une anthropologie de la baie du Mont-Saint-Michel". Phd thesis, Museum national d'histoire naturelle - MNHN PARIS, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00628924.
Pełny tekst źródłaLeleu, Kevin. "Suivi et évaluation de la pêche professionnelle au sein d'une Aire Marine Protégée : protocoles d'enquêtes et indicateurs de pression et d'impact. Application au Parc Marin de la Côte Bleue". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4011.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe overexploitation of fishery resources has led to a major fisheries crisis. In this context, artisanal fisheries, and in particular small-scale coastal fisheries, appear as relevant alternatives for a sustainable use of coastal resources. But the diversity of fishing gears and targeted species diversity make it difficult to assess this important component of the commercial fishery. Hence, the activity of small-scale artisanal fishing remains poorly known in the Mediterranean Sea and few studies focus on an assessment of this activity at the scale of a Marine Protected Area (MPA). MPAs are yet more and more used as management tools for these fisheries, as protection effects and targeted access regulations may benefit to commercial fishers. As many MPAs are going to be established in the short term, it seems necessary for managers and for scientists, to have indicators to monitor the artisanal small-scale coastal fishing activity within an MPA, and to estimate the effects of MPA management on this activity. A field protocol was defined and implemented between July 2009 and June 2010 within the Parc Marin de la Côte Bleue (PMCB), a French Mediterranean MPA including two marine reserves of different age and size. The collected data allowed identifying seven main métiers within the PMCB, and characterizing them by group of target species, type of gear, fishing grounds and fishing periods. Fishing effort and catch were estimated. In the Côte Bleue area, 3 512 fishing trips and 4645 fishing operations were performed by 30 active boats during the studied period, for a total of 10 300 km of immersed nets
Mitroi, Tisseyre Veronica. "Une pratique sociale à l’épreuve de la conservation de la nature. Incertitudes et controverses environnementales autour de la dégradation de la pêche dans la Réserve de la Biosphère du Delta du Danube". Thesis, Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100033/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn the last two decades, different fishing rights systems have been experimented in the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve fisheries in order to orient natural resources exploitation practices towards the conservation of biodiversity. Overfishing is considered as one of the main threats to conservation in this ecologically fragile area, since 1989, when the communist productivist model was replaced by conservationist policies. Characterized by the multiplication of actors and knowledge production, the creation of the Biosphere Reserve of Danube Delta is challenging the continuity of fishing practices. Based on an analysis of the fishing rights systems experienced in the reserve, this work presents the degradation of fisheries as an area of uncertainty where social actors and fishing resources are redefined, explained, tamed and mobilized in the definition of new forms of ecological interactions between actors and resources. Indicators and proofs of sustainable fisheries are built on the ground, while experimenting different fishing rights systems. In a context of persisting illegal fishing practices and persistent controversies, fishing rights do not legitimate the introduction of more restrictive measures, and have a week capacity of changing practices. The approach developed in this thesis tries to go beyond the classical distinction between knowledge producers and nature users, by considering knowledge production, rights definition and social practices over nature as interconnected elements of the same process of nature appropriation. The perspective developed in this work is clearly confronted to the dominant way of thinking and doing in conservation policies, oriented towards a greater rationalization and the pre-formulation of a logical chain between measures, effects and outcomes. We show the limits of this approach, which should be primarily concerned by overcoming the distinction between "those who know" and "those who fish", facilitating the emergence of collective agreements on the definition of resources and their ecological status. We show that in the world of artisanal fisheries, the success of fisheries management incentives depends on their ability to take into account the diversity of knowledge, practices and critical capacities that local actors developed through resources appropriation practices
D'agata, Stéphanie. "Vulnérabilité des communautés de poissons coralliens aux pressions humaines et importance des sites références pour l'évaluation des outils de conservation". Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS067.
Pełny tekst źródłaBeyond species loss, human activity may cause the decrease of phylogenetic and functional diversity carried by species. One of the major issue, particularly in marine ecology, is to understand the effects of human activities on all aspects biodiversity related to ecosystem functioning and assess conservation tools.The objectives of the thesis are i) to assess human impacts on the diversity of phylogenetic lineages and functions within the coral reef fish communities regardless of natural environmental factors, ii) to evaluate the ability of marine protected areas to conserve these facets efficiently and produce baselines values for ecosystem management and iii) to measure the intrinsic functional vulnerability, without human pressure, of fish communities. For this we had sampled very remote sites across the Indo-Pacific and we used statistical tools that take into account thresholds effects and interactions to extract the marginal effect of human activities.First, we show that across the South West Pacific, parrotfish species richness decreases linearly but only of 12% along a gradient of human impact while the phylogenetic and functional diversity decrease of 36% and 47%, respectively, with strong threshold effects. Secondly, considering the human impact gradient and a wide range of marine protected areas (MPAs) in New Caledonia, we demonstrate that very remote sites from human activities (> 20 hours of travel time from Noumea, the regional capital) have greater fish functional diversity and biomass of apex predators than the largest and oldest MPA.Finally, considering four remote sites across the Indo-Pacific, we have found that the diversity of functions carried by fish communities is very vulnerable, showing that 60% of functions were only worn by one species, even without human impact. Our work shows that the functional and phylogenetic aspects of biodiversity are highly vulnerable to human activities, with a lack of ability of MPAs to restore all of the functional roles of fish and a very limited redundancy for these functions even in the most isolated locations
Abdou, Khaled. "Evaluation des impacts environnementaux du chalutage de fond et de l'aquaculture en Tunisie : approche comparative par les Analyses de Cycle Vie (ACV)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0141.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe main goal of ecology is to place human activities within a framework of sustainable development by enhancing their economic benefits, their social attractiveness and their environmental performances. Ecosystems that support fisheries and aquaculture are subject to several alterations of significant relevance to their functioning and to their abilities to provide goods and services. Therefore, the long-term sustainability of fishing and aquaculture is a major concern from an environmental and ecological viewpoint. Both activities carry risks of negative environmental impacts because of its close relation with the immediate environment. To better understand environmental impacts and ensure the sustainability of fishing and aquaculture, it is necessary to develop an integrative sciencebased approach to impact assessment. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has emerged as a robust method to estimate potential environmental impacts associated with a product. It allows the assessment of environmental impacts “from cradle to grave”, taking into account all stages of a product’s life. This thesis focuses on the adaptation of LCA to demersal trawling and aquaculture in Tunisia. The goal is to explore how LCA improves the environmental evaluation of seafood production systems and how it helps to better understand their links with the environment. Results revealed that rearing practices and fish feed were the greatest contributors to the impacts studied due to the production of fish meal and oil and the low efficiency of feed use. The study also showed that impact intensity of demersal trawling was proportional to the amount of fuel consumed. LCA is a valuable tool for assessing how to improve environmental sustainability of demersal trawling and aquaculture
Kazour, Maria. "Active and passive biomonitoring tools for microplastics assessment in two highly polluted aquatic environments : case study of the Seine estuary and the Lebanese coast SOURCES OF MICROPLASTICS POLLUTION IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT: IMPORTANCE OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND COASTAL LANDFILL MICROPLASTICS POLLUTION ALONG THE LEBANESE COAST (EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN BASIN): OCCURRENCE IN SURFACE WATER, SEDIMENTS AND BIOTA SAMPLES JUVENILE FISH CAGING AS A TOOL FOR ASSESSING MICROPLASTICS CONTAMINATION IN ESTUARINE FISH NURSERY GROUNDS IS BLUE MUSSEL CAGING AN EFFICIENT METHOD FOR MONITORING ENVIRONMENTAL MICROPLASTICS POLLUTION?" Thesis, Littoral, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019DUNK0544.
Pełny tekst źródłaPlastic fabrication is increasing worldwide in response to daily human demands. This mass production is linked to the immense plastic marine litter found all around the world: each synthetic material is meant to find its way back into the aquatic systems. Anthropogenic pressure and the immense human population, the lack of appropriate plastic treatment process and the growing industrial activities advocate their presence in the aquatic environments. These plastics are then found in the form of microplastics (microscopic particle with a size < 5 mm) observed in the water, in the sediments and are prone to be ingested by various marine organisms along the trophic chain. This thesis focuses on (1) assessing microplastics sources and input into the aquatic environment and their occurrence in biota, and (2) to test the feasibility of using transplanted organisms (caging) for monitoring microplastics pollution in the marine coastal environment. Two coastal areas highly impacted by anthropogenic pressures were studied: Le Havre in France and the Lebanese coast. For the former, the role of a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent and an abandoned coastal landfill as pathways for microplastics (MPs) input into the marine environment was assessed. MPs were first analyzed in raw sewage influent, sludge and effluent samples, and their fate was studied along a distance gradient from the WWTP in three matrices: surface water, sediments and wild mussels (Mytilus spp). MPs were found in all matrices with a decreasing abundance from the effluent. Strong MPs abundances (higher than those found near the WWTP effluent) were observed in the vicinity of the coastal landfill suggesting its importance as a MPs entry route into the marine coastal environment. Whereas for the Lebanese coast, we evaluated for the first time the MPs pollution in the seawater, sediments and two important seafood species (one pelagic fish: Engraulis encrasicolus and one bivalve: Spondylus spinosus). Results showed different patterns of MPs concentration in the analyzed matrices. The occurrence of MPs in the biota was high (83.4% and 86.3% in anchovies and spiny oysters, respectively). These results highlighted the high MPs pollution found in the Levantine Basin in comparison to other Western Mediterranean regions. In addition, the obtained results indicate the potential contribution of coastal landfills to this pollution. Most often microplastics studies involve collection of organisms’ samples from natural populations. In this thesis, we tested the feasibility of using transplanted organisms (caging) for monitoring microplastics’ pollution in the marine coastal environment. We developed caging experiments with juvenile European Flounder, Platichthys flesus, in estuarine nursery grounds and blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, in coastal marine environment. For each species, the abundance and characteristics (shape, size, color and type of polymers) of MPs ingested by caged individuals are compared with those ingested by wild individuals collected at the same site and with those found in their surrounding environment (surface water and sediments). Our results suggest that transplanted organisms (caging) may be a promising tool for MPs biomonitoring making monitoring more reliable with an accurate assessment of the biological effects of MPs over a predetermined exposure period
Edynak, Elsa. "Le droit international applicable à l'océan Arctique : l’adéquation d’un ensemble juridique complexe à un espace spécifique". Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR139.
Pełny tekst źródłaClimate change and the disruption it implies in the Arctic have really renewed the interest in this space. This raises issues of different scales (both regional and global), but also of different natures (economic, political, social, environmental), which constitute as many legal issues and question the relevance of the applicable law. However, and this is the main legal issue here: the existing legal framework is extremely complex, whose consistency and relevance concerning the region have been widely questioned. But to this unique problem - com-plexity - the authors do not seem to agree on the solutions to adopt. These differences underline the interest to determine whether the legal framework for the Arctic Ocean can be considered as "adequate" in the sense that it would enable a management that meets the criteria of a satisfying legal system. Regarding the method, the study demanded to put the apparent disorder in order. To this end, systematization was necessary; it was done through the creation of a synoptic table analyzing all the standards of international law applicable to the region,. In conclusion, despite its diversity, the legal framework can nevertheless be considered satisfactory from a substantive (completeness) and formal (coherence) point of view. Beyond simple coherence, the current cons-truction of an Arctic law leads to the identification of an scheduling process at the regional level, this framework resembling more and more a real "legal system". This regionalisation is legally essential. Nevertheless, it must be recognized that it does not ensure the worldwide action which remains essential in the face of the global problem that is climate change. If it constitutes a probably necessary step, it represents above all an additional step in this generalized implementation and therefore reinforces the fragmentation of international law, and its complexity
Plourde, Lavoie Patrick. "Tendances temporelles de la pêche récréative à l'omble de fontaine dans les territoires fauniques structurés du Québec". Thèse, 2014. http://constellation.uqac.ca/3062/1/PlourdeLavoie_uqac_0862N_10106.pdf.
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