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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „PCDFs”

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1

Skene, S. A., I. C. Dewhurst i M. Greenberg. "Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans: The Risks to Human Health. A Review". Human Toxicology 8, nr 3 (maj 1989): 173–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032718900800301.

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1 PCDDs and PCDFs are ubiquitous and persistent in the environment. They are to be found in body tissues of both humans and animals. 2 The most extensively studied PCDD is 2,3,7,8-TCDD. It has been shown to produce a wide range of effects and is considered to be a (non-genotoxic) carcinogen in animals. 3 Studies into the mechanisms of toxicity so far reveal that there is involvement of a specific receptor (Ah), however further work is required to elucidate the mechanisms of the various effects. 4 Reports on a number of human exposures to PCDDs and PCDFs are described. Results from human epidemiological studies are difficult to interpret: there have been problems in methodology; there has been inadequate information on intake, and exposures have often been to mixtures of PCDDs and/or PCDFs together with other related compounds. 5 Many regulatory authorities faced with the problem of providing an index of risk from exposure to mixtures of PCDDs and PCDFs have employed the concept of 'TCDD equivalents'. 6 Whether or not PCDDs and PCDFs pose a significant human health risk at current levels of exposure they remain of considerable interest to the toxicologist.

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2

Guitart, Raimon, Lars Nørgaard, Giulio Mariani, Manuel Posada, Ignacio Abaitúa, Emilio Gelpi i Roberto Fanelli. "Analysis of Polychlorinated Dioxins and Furans in Samples of the Toxic Oil Syndrome". Human & Experimental Toxicology 12, nr 4 (lipiec 1993): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719301200403.

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1 Polychlorinated dioxins (PCDDs) and furans (PCDFs) are known to produce a wide range of toxic effects. 2 PCDDs and PCDFs are typical contaminants of chlorinated phenols, and pentachlorophenol and related compounds have been shown to be widely distributed among selected oil samples taken from the 1981 Spanish toxic oil epidemic. 3 Six control and eight case oil samples were analysed using GC/MS for PCDDs and PCDFs. Only small concentrations, normally below 1 ng g-1, of the higher chlorinated PCDDs and PCDFs were detected. There were no statistical differences between the case and control oils. 4 These levels seem to be too low to elicit toxic effects, although they could be enough to potentiate the toxicity of other xenobiotics present in the oils. However, it is uncertain whether the levels of these compounds measured in 1990 reflect the levels present when the oils were consumed in 1981, or whether or not the levels measured in crude oils are representative of fried oils.

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3

Jeon, Sang Eun, Sang Won Lee, Kyung Sik Choi, Jae Cheon You, Dong Ho Moon, Chang Jae Lee, Yong Youl Hwang, Tae Woong Hwang i Chang Han Joo. "Pcdd/Fs Concentrations in Blood of Male Chemists Working for Dioxin Analysis". Key Engineering Materials 277-279 (styczeń 2005): 548–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.277-279.548.

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The level of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) concentration in blood of 4 chemists conducting dioxin analysis at a laboratory was estimated. The level of PCDDF/s concentration ranged from 4.48 pg I-TEQ/g-fat to 8.17 pg ITEQ/ g-fat (mean level : 6.19 pg I-TEQ/g-fat, median level : 6.07 pg I-TEQ/g-fat, standard deviation in this study : 1.51 pg I-TEQ/g-fat). The level of PCDD/Fs in bloods of the chemists in this study is not higher compared with other studies in Korea. The portion of PCDFs to the total PCDD/F I-TEQ concentration in this study was found to be over 80%. This is not the case in other countries where the portion of PCDDs to the total TEQ in blood was generally much higher than that of PCDFs. In Korea, the portion of PCDFs to the total PCDD/F I TEQ concentration in food was higher than that of PCDDs. In other countries, the portion of PCDFs was relatively lower. It is considered that the portion of PCDFs in blood has interrelation with that of PCDFs in food in both Korea and other countries.

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4

Marklund, Stellan, Gunilla Söderstrom, Karin Ljung, Christoffer Rappe, Michael Kraft i Hanspaul Hagenmaier. "Parallel Sampling for Dioxins Using Various Sampling Techniques At a Swedish Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator". Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 10, nr 1 (styczeń 1992): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x9201000104.

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Parallel sampling was carried out in a Swedish municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerator, on two consecutive days, with five different sampling techniques. The samples were analysed for chlorinated dioxins (PCDDs) and chlorodibenzofurans (PCDFS) at two laboratories, one in Sweden and the other in Germany. Two different spiking protocols were used, both including pre-sampling or clean-up spikes from each homolog group of the tetra to octa CDDs and CDFs. Comparable results were obtained for all five sampling methods for the emission data and the recoveries for all pre-sampling spikes were above 50%. The agreement between the two laboratories was good. The different sampling methods resulted in very similar congener distributions (congener profiles) or isomer distributions (isomer patterns). However, the sampling techniques differ considerably in the distribution of PCDDs/PCDFs in various sampling compartments, The sampling techniques where large contribution of PCDDs and PCDFs could be found in the wash solvent may suffer from losses and/or cross-contamination problems unless the washing is carried out properly. The use of a cooled probe in combination with an adsorption (polyurethane foam plug) or absorption (ethoxyethanol) trap, where the main portion of the PCDDs and PCDFs were found in the condensate, is considered as a convenient and efficient sampling technique.

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5

Eljarrat, Ethel. "Effects of Sewage Sludges Contaminated with Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Sludge-Treated Areas (Soils and Sediments)". Scientific World JOURNAL 2 (2002): 1729–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.880.

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The fate of PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs in sewage sludges after different management techniques — such as agricultural application, land restoration, and marine disposal — was studied. Changes observed in the concentrations, in the ratio between PCDD and PCDF levels, and in the isomeric distribution suggest the influence of the sewage sludge on the sludge-treated areas (soils and sediments). Whereas land application techniques seem to produce no serious environmental consequences, marine disposal practices produce considerable increases in the levels of contamination in marine sediments.

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6

Firestone, David. "Determination of Dioxins and Furans in Foods and Biological Tissues: Review and Update". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 74, nr 2 (1.03.1991): 375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/74.2.375.

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Abstract Determination of trace residues of polychlorlnated dlbenzo- p-dloxlns and dibenzofurans (PCDDs and PCDFs) In various matrixes Is carried out by a limited number of laboratories In the United States, Canada, and other countries. Current methods for analysis of foods and biological tissues Include a combination of preparation, extraction, cleanup, isolation, determination, and Identity confirmation procedures. Soxhlet, liquid/liquid, solid-phase, and column extraction procedures are used as well as treatment with acid or base before solvent extraction. Cleanup and isolation steps Include sulfuric acid partitioning; adsorption chromatography on Florlsil, silica gel, or alumina; gel permeation chromatography; multistage column chromatography on sulfuric acid silica and alkali silica; carbon column chromatography; and liquid chromatography fractionation with size exclusion, normalphase, and reverse-phase columns. Activated carbon and multistage chromatographic columns are widely used in cleanup schemes. Isomer-speclflc Identification and quantitation of PCDD and PCDF congeners at parts-per-trllllon levels or lower are carried out by high resolution (capillary) gas chromatography (HRGC) and multiple Ion detection mass spectrometry. In addition to chemical methods, bloassay procedures have been recommended (e.g., use of monoclonal antibodies, for immunoassay determination of PCDDs and PCDFs).

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7

Riddell, Nicole, Bert van Bavel, Ingrid Ericson Jogsten, Robert McCrindle, Alan McAlees, Dave Potter, Colleen Tashiro i Brock Chittim. "Comparative assessment of the chromatographic separation of 2,3,7,8-substituted polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans using supercritical fluid chromatography and high resolution gas chromatography". Analytical Methods 7, nr 21 (2015): 9245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ay01644d.

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8

Kitunen, V. H., i M. S. Salkinoja-Salonen. "PCDDs/PCDFs in unbleached pulp". Chemosphere 20, nr 10-12 (styczeń 1990): 1663–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(90)90327-p.

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9

Simion, Alina, Mitsunori Kakeda, Naoyoshi Egashira, Yoshiharu Mitoma i Cristian Simion. "A direct method for the decontamination of a fly ash amended wet soil, artificially polluted with dioxins". Open Chemistry 10, nr 5 (1.10.2012): 1547–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-012-0066-6.

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AbstractWe report hereby the first method of direct treatment of a wet soil containing toxic polychloroderivatives. Using a system with metallic Ca and 5% Rh fixed on charcoal in methanol, soil samples artificially polluted with fly ash containing polychloro-dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), polychloro-dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (co-PCBs), and having 69.2% to 84.6% moisture content, were successfully treated and decontaminated. This treatment afforded excellent hydrodechlorination yields for the 29 most toxic congeners of PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs (98.3% degradation yield based on toxic equivalent quotient — or TEQ) after a 24 h treatment, at room temperature.

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10

Kunisue, Tatsuya, i Shinsuke Tanabe. "Contamination Status and Toxicological Implications of Persistent Toxic Substances in Avian Species". Journal of Disaster Research 3, nr 3 (1.06.2008): 196–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2008.p0196.

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The present study reviewed the contamination status and accumulation features of persistent toxic substances (PTSs), such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), in avian species from Japan and open sea areas. PTSs were detected not only in Japanese coastal and inland birds but also in open sea birds, suggesting global-scale pollution by these contaminants. Higher concentrations of PBDEs were observed in Japanese raptor and omnivore species, while PCB levels in piscivorous birds were notably higher than in other species. Interestingly, relatively high concentrations of dioxins and related compounds (DRCs) such as PCDDs, PCDFs, and dioxin-like PCBs (DL-PCBs) were found in open sea birds, such as albatross species. Toxic equivalents (TEQs) of PCDDs, PCDFs, and DL-PCBs, which were calculated using toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for birds proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO), were greater in albatross eggs than some avian toxicity thresholds, implying possible biochemical alterations by DRCs in albatross embryos. These results indicate that many avian species inhabiting Japan and the open ocean have been exposed to region-specific PTSs that may have put them at risk.

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11

Campin, D. N., S. J. Buckland, D. J. Hannah i J. A. Taucher. "The Identification of Dioxin Sources in an Integrated Wood Processing Facility". Water Science and Technology 24, nr 3-4 (1.08.1991): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0463.

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A study was undertaken of the PCDD and PCDF export vectors from a major facility that comprises a bleached kraft pulp mill, paper mills, and previously, a timber processing sawmill. The PCDD and PCDF levels in pulps, untreated effluent, the final effluent, sludges, and discharge to the receiving waters, were studied. The total toxic equivalents were calculated, and the individual PCDD and PCDF profiles showed that there were several contributing sources of dioxins. The various effluent streams that contribute to the final effluent were studied, including the bleached effluent, the other kraft mill effluents, and site effluents from other processing areas. Mass balances of PCDDs and PCDFs from the effluent treatment systems are presented. The paper outlines the use of full PCDD and PCDF profile measurements as a means of identifying the point sources of dioxin contamination from within the facility, and outlines the procedures that are being implemented to control the emission of dioxins in the final effluent.

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12

Wielgosiński, Grzegorz. "The Possibilities of Reduction of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-P-Dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans Emission". International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2010 (2010): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/392175.

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In the study the most important and known polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDFs) emission sources are presented and known methods of reduction of dioxin emission to the atmosphere are discussed in detail. It is indicated that the most relevant emission source is a combustion process. The mechanism of dioxin formation in thermal processes is presented in brief. The author characterized primary methods of reduction of PCDDs/PCDFs emission encompassing the interference into the combustion process to minimize their formation and discussed known secondary methods aimed at their removal from the stream of waste gases. It was attempted to make a critical assessment of PCDD/Fs reduction methods described in literature.

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13

Schlatter, Ch, i H. Poiger. "Chlorierte Dibenzodioxine und Dibenzofurane (PCDDs/PCDFs)". Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung 1, nr 2 (maj 1989): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02940422.

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14

Urbaniak, Magdalena, Marek Zieliński, Zbigniew Kaczkowski i Maciej Zalewski. "Spatial distribution of PCDDs, PCDFs and dl-PCBs along the cascade of urban reservoirs". Hydrology Research 44, nr 4 (17.12.2012): 614–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2012.236.

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The river environment is a highly complex system with a variety of processes continuously changing along its continuum (River Continuum Concept). Therefore identification of the threats that result from different elements of the river ecosystem is an intricate task, mainly because of the transportation and biological, geological and chemical processes occurring in such a system. The overall objective of the presented study was to examine the concentration and pattern of polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) in the five urban, cascade reservoirs. The obtained data demonstrated an increasing total concentration of toxic PCDDs/PCDFs and dl-PCBs along the studied reservoirs starting from 266 ng/kg d.w. in the first pond up to 11,400 ng/kg d.w. in the last pond, wherein the highest World Health Organization – Toxic Equivalent (WHO-TEQ) concentration (18.9 ng TEQ/kg d.w.) was also recorded. The exception from this rule, with the lowest total and WHO-TEQ concentrations (182 ng/kg d.w. and 1.31 ng TEQ/kg d.w., respectively) was the middle newly constructed III reservoir, equipped with the sediment traps and sand separators at the stormwater outlets and ecotone zones around its catchment for enhancing the purification of inflowing stormwater. This situation may indicate the importance of such solutions for the reduction of PCDDs, PCDFs and dl-PCBs in the urban water ecosystems.

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15

Ovanes, Chakoyan. "Rapid determination of PCDDs, PCDFs and DL-PCBs in foods, feeding stuffs and vegetable oils using new modified acid silica". Annals of Advances in Chemistry 7, nr 1 (5.01.2023): 001–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.aac.1001037.

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Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls are persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which in recent years received huge attention due to their extreme stability, high potential toxicity and bioaccumulation in food chains. The main source of human exposure to these compounds is discovered in foods of animal origin, especially foods rich in fat. The target of the present study was to set up an analytical method for the determination of PCDDs/PCDFs and DL-PCB in vegetable oils, sunflower meals, sunflower seeds, rapeseeds and milk powder. The first step consisted of a semi-automatic Soxhlet extraction for 3 hours, by using a mixture of Hexane: Acetone – 80:20, followed by acid digestion with 55% acid silica and filtration. After concentration, the extract is purified on a multilayer column (silica gel, silica-KOH, silica-H2SO4 anhydrous Na2SO4) followed by an alumina column separation in two fractions (first fraction containing PCDDs/PCDFs and second containing only PCBs). The purified extract was then analyzed by GC/MS/MS. The newly developed approach in our lab was capable to reduce the overall time of sample preparation to seven hours/ per sample. Since the method shows good mean recoveries for all labeled congeners spiked in the samples (for PCDDs/PCDFs – 80% - 110%, for DL-PCBs – 70% - 85%), we assumed the absence of overestimation or underestimation in the analyzed samples.

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16

Mukerjee, Debdas, Olaf Päpke i Wilfried Karmaus. "Indoor Air Contamination With Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans". Toxicology and Industrial Health 5, nr 5 (grudzień 1989): 731–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823378900500511.

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Pentachlorophenol (PCP), used extensively for wood preservative purposes, contains trace amounts of polychlorinated dibenzo dioxins (PCDDs) and-dibenzofurans (PCDFs) as contaminants. Residues of these compounds are present on the surface and sub surface of the treated wood. These contaminants have the potential to wear (or migrate) away or volatilize from the wood surface and become entrained in ambient air or dust particles, and thus becom ing available for human contact. During the early sixties several day nursery facilities were built with PCP-treated wood in the northern part of West Germany. In this paper we describe the indoor air monitoring data in these kindergarten buildings and the associated possible long-term health risk. The indoor ambient air was found to be contaminated with highly toxic PCDDs/ PCDFs at pg/m3 levels. HxCDDs, HpCFs and OCDDs/OCDFs congeners were the major contaminants.

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17

Hunt, Gary T. "Measurement of PCDDs/PCDFs in Ambient Air". JAPCA 39, nr 3 (marzec 1989): 330–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1989.10466535.

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18

Ahlborg, U. G. "Nordic risk assessment of PCDDs and PCDFs". Chemosphere 19, nr 1-6 (styczeń 1989): 603–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(89)90378-0.

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19

Wiberg, K., K. Lundström, B. Glas i C. Rappe. "PCDDs and PCDFs in consumers' paper products". Chemosphere 19, nr 1-6 (styczeń 1989): 735–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(89)90400-1.

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20

Horaguchi, M., H. Ogawa, K. Ose, S. Tomisawa i S. Matsuura. "PCDDs & PCDFs from the MSW incinerator". Chemosphere 18, nr 9-10 (styczeń 1989): 1785–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(89)90462-1.

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21

Turkstra, E., i H. B. Pols. "PCDDs and PCDFs in Dutch inland waters". Chemosphere 18, nr 1-6 (styczeń 1989): 539–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(89)90165-3.

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22

Rodriguez-Pichardo, A., F. Camacho, C. Rappe, M. Hansson, A. G. Smith i J. B. Greig. "Chloracne Caused by Ingestion of Olive Oil Contaminated with PCDDs and PCDFs". Human & Experimental Toxicology 10, nr 5 (wrzesień 1991): 311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719101000503.

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1 All members of a Spanish family (father, mother and six children) developed chloracne. 2 The causative agent was found to be the family's stock of olive oil, which had become contaminated with polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), pentachlorophenol, and hexachlorobenzene. 3 The more highly chlorinated PCDDs, in particular octachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin, were the predominant congeners in the oil. 4 Three members of the family exhibited either an overt or a sub-clinical disturbance of kidney function. The father also had a chronic respiratory problem. These changes could not be unequivocally attributed to the PCDDs. 5 Experimental toxicity of the oil was limited to the development of an hepatic porphyria in mice. 6 A serum sample, taken 5 years after consumption of the oil ceased, contained high levels of the PCDDs and PCDFs. Extrapolation back to ingested dose was used to validate dosage estimates. 7 The use of toxicity equivalence factors (TEFs) provided estimates of cumulative dosage to produce chloracne as 0.13-0.31 μg 2378-TCDD kg-1 (using EPA TEFs) or 6.7-16 μg 2378-TCDD kg-1 (using Nordic/NATO TEFs). 8 This is the first incident in which human toxicity is related primarily to ingestion of PCDDs and for which estimates of dosage can be made.

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23

Moon, Chan-Seok, i Jong-Min Paik. "Estimation of PCDDs/PCDFs Intake for Korean Children and Their Mothers Through Daily Foods". Korean Journal of Environmental Health Sciences 33, nr 1 (28.02.2007): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5668/jehs.2007.33.1.011.

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24

Baek, Seung-Hong, In-Seok Lee, Minkyu Choi, Boo-Han Lee, Dong-Woon Hwang, Sook-Yang Kim i Hee-Gu Choi. "Concentrations and Distribution Patterns of PCDDs, PCDFs, DL-PCBs, PBDEs in Sediments from Ulsan Bay". Sea 18, nr 4 (28.11.2013): 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.7850/jkso.2013.18.4.186.

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NISHIMURA, Takashi, Shuji TADANO, Akiyoshi KAMADA, Yukikazu HATTORI i Sadao MAKI. "Behavior of Atmospheric PCDDs and PCDFs in Osaka." Journal of Environmental Chemistry 8, nr 4 (1998): 759–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5985/jec.8.759.

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MATSUBARA, Hidetaka, Keiko NAKAMUTA, Kaoru FUKUSHIMA i Kouhei URANO. "Accumulation of PCDDs/PCDFs Via Food to Fish." Journal of Japan Society on Water Environment 23, nr 7 (2000): 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2965/jswe.23.415.

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27

Hunt, Gary T., i Bruce E. Maisel. "Atmospheric Concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs in Southern California". Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 42, nr 5 (maj 1992): 672–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1992.10467019.

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Beck, H., A. Droβ, K. Eckart, W. Mathar i R. Wittkowski. "PCDDs, PCDFs and related compounds in paper products". Chemosphere 19, nr 1-6 (styczeń 1989): 655–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(89)90386-x.

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29

Bingham, A. G., C. J. Edmunds, B. W. L. Graham i M. T. Jones. "Determination of PCDDs and PCDFs in car exhaust". Chemosphere 19, nr 1-6 (styczeń 1989): 669–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(89)90388-3.

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Startin, J. R., M. Rose, C. Wright, I. Parker i J. Gilbert. "Surveillance of British foods for PCDDs and PCDFs". Chemosphere 20, nr 7-9 (styczeń 1990): 793–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(90)90184-u.

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31

Tejima, H., K. Nakazato, I. Nakagawa i M. Nishigaki. "PCDDs, PCDFs emission control by dry scrubbing system". Chemosphere 20, nr 10-12 (styczeń 1990): 1899–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(90)90358-z.

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Loonen, H., J. R. Parsons i H. A. J. Govers. "Dietary accumulation of PCDDs and PCDFs in guppies". Chemosphere 23, nr 8-10 (styczeń 1991): 1349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(91)90159-b.

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Gälli, René, Jürg Krebs, Michael Kraft i Meinrad Good. "PCDDs and PCDFs in soil samples from Switzerland". Chemosphere 24, nr 8 (kwiecień 1992): 1095–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(92)90200-b.

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Allam, M. F. "Are incinerator workers exposed to PCDDs and PCDFs?" Occupational and Environmental Medicine 59, nr 9 (1.09.2002): 649—a—649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.59.9.649-a.

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35

Nielsen, Peter G., i Hans Løkke. "PCDDs, PCDFs, and metals in selected danish soils". Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 14, nr 2 (październik 1987): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0147-6513(87)90057-1.

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Rappe, Christoffer, Stellan Marklund, Lars-Owe Kjeller i Mats Tysklind. "PCDDs and PCDFs in emissions from various incinerators". Chemosphere 15, nr 9-12 (styczeń 1986): 1213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(86)90393-0.

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Chmil, V. D., O. V. Golokhova, D. Yu Vydrin i V. I. Kruk. "Relevance of the problem of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) determination in baby food products". One Health and Nutrition Problems of Ukraine 52, nr 1 (24.06.2020): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33273/2663-9726-2020-52-1-32-39.

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The Aim of the Article. Analysis of the current state of the problem of the dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) determination in baby food products and the development of sample preparation methods for determining these xenobiotics in food products for infants and young children. Dioxins form a group of structurally and chemically related chlorinated tricyclic oxygen-containing aromatic compounds (congeners), which includes 75 polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins (PCDDs) and 135 polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). The most toxic congeners of dioxins, in which chlorine atoms along with other positions are necessarily in 2,3,7,8 positions of benzene rings. Their total number is 17:7 PCDD congeners and 10 PCDF congeners. A group of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) – chlorinated bicyclic aromatic compounds, which consists of 209 different congeners, 12 of which have a spatial and electronic structure and exhibit toxicological properties similar to dioxins, therefore, they are called dioxin-like PCBs (DL-PCBs). In addition, when monitoring food products as a marker, a group of 6 PCBs was selected that did not exhibit dioxin-like toxicity and therefore did not belong to dioxin-like PCBs (NDL-PCBs). Thus, of the total number of 419 PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs, only 35 are toxicologically significant, therefore, these compounds are subject to control in baby food products. To control the content of the amount of dioxins, the amount of dioxins and DL-PCBs and the amount of NDL-PCBs in foods for infants and children from one to three years in Ukraine, the maximum levels of these compounds on the basis of the order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine No. 368 of 05/13/2013 were harmonized with the maximum allowable levels in foods for infants and young children in accordance with Commission Regulation (EU) No. 1259/2011. Methods for the analysis of dioxins and PCBs. Two instrumental analysis methods are used to determine dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in foods for baby food: 1) a combination of high-resolution (capillary) gas chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC/MS); 2) a combination of GCHR with tandem mass spectroscopy (GC/MS/MS). High-resolution (capillary) gas chromatography is used to determine non-dioxin-like (marker) PCBs. The stage of sample preparation, including the stages of extraction and purification, is key in determining dioxins and PCBs. Conclusions. The stage of sample preparation using automatic devices (liquid extraction under pressure, an automated extract purification system) and chromatographic columns was developed to further determine the mass concentration of dioxins and PCBs in baby food products. The developed procedures using devices for the automatic extraction and purification of the obtained extracts from baby food samples will make it possible in the future to determine PCDDs/PCDFs, ortho-unsubstituted, mono-ortho-substituted and marker PCBs in one sample. Key Words: dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls, baby food.

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Wilson, J. Y., R. F. Addison, D. Martens, R. Gordon i B. Glickman. "Cytochrome P450 1A and related measurements in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from the Fraser River". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57, nr 2 (1.02.2000): 405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f99-251.

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Juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were captured at six sites on the upper Fraser, Nechako, and Thompson rivers, British Columbia, Canada. Biological responses were measured in the liver to assess the effects of contaminants on the fish before they began migration downstream. Both ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity and CYP 1A concentrations were significantly enhanced, being two- to three-fold higher in Fraser River samples compared with those fish from reference sites on the Nechako River. DNA adduct concentrations were two- to four-fold higher in Fraser River fish, although liver histopathology appeared unaffected. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the carcasses contributed to total contaminant burdens of less than 1 pg·g-1. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites were undetectable in nearly all samples of bile. There were strong correlations between EROD activity, CYP 1A induction, and DNA adduct concentrations but no clear correlation between these responses and PCDD, PCDF, or PCB concentrations.

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Brookman, Heiner, Fabian Gievers, Volker Zelinski, Jan Ohlert i Achim Loewen. "Influence of Hydrothermal Carbonization on Composition, Formation and Elimination of Biphenyls, Dioxins and Furans in Sewage Sludge". Energies 11, nr 6 (15.06.2018): 1582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11061582.

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In many areas of application, the influence of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) on the composition of organic pollutants is still unexplored. In this study, sewage sludge (SS) was carbonized and the input as well as the hydrochar were examined for the organic pollutants: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDFs). The process temperatures of carbonization were 200 °C, 220 °C, and 240 °C and the holding time was 5 h for all tests. The total concentration of PCBs was relatively stable for all temperatures, whereas the toxicity equivalent (WHO-TEQ) at 200 °C and 220 °C increases compared to the input material. The strongest impact on toxicity was observed for PCDDs where concentrations were reduced for higher temperatures, whereas the toxicity increases by more than 16 times for temperatures of 240 °C. The concentrations and toxicity of PCDFs were reduced for all carbonization temperatures. In hydrochar from HTC at 240 °C, the limit values for the application of SS in German agriculture have been exceeded. The results indicate that the process conditions for HTC should be controlled also for SS with average contamination if the hydrochar is to be used as material, especially in agriculture.

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Afghan, B. K., J. Carron, P. D. Goulden, J. Lawrence, D. Léger, F. Onuska, J. Sherry i R. Wilkinson. "Recent advances in ultratrace analysis of dioxins and related halogenated hydrocarbons". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 65, nr 5 (1.05.1987): 1086–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v87-183.

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Analytical methodology for polychlorinated dioxins and furans (PCDDs and PCDFs) in environmental samples is not standardized. Many variations exist for the extraction, cleanup, quantitation, and confirmation of these compounds and reported detection limits and recoveries vary over several orders of magnitude. This paper describes research carried out at the Canada Centre for Inland Waters over the past seven or eight years to develop reliable methodology at ultratrace levels (10−12–10−15 g/g) applicable to a wide range of environmental samples. Extraction techniques are described for biological tissue (fish, clams, leaches, eggs), fly ash, sediments, and water. Detailed cleanup procedures for the various matrices consist of most or all of the following: gel permeation chromatography liquid/liquid extraction with Na3PO4, liquid/liquid extraction with H2SO4, basic alumina chromatography, and carbon fibre chromatography. Preliminary screening of the cleaned extracts is achieved by gas chromatography equipped with a mass selective detector and positive identification by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry operated in electron impact and chemical ionization modes and with full scan and multiple ion detection. Custom software permitting the analysis of a wide range of compounds in a single run by gc/ms is reported. The presence of specific isomers of PCDDs and PCDFs is confirmed by high resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. A radioimmunoassay screening procedure for PCDDs in environmental samples is also described.

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Lotito, V., G. Mininni, A. C. Di Pinto i L. Spinosa. "Sludge incineration tests on circulating fluidised bed furnace". Water Science and Technology 44, nr 2-3 (1.07.2001): 409–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0796.

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Results of sludge incineration tests on a demonstrative fluidised bed furnace are reported and discussed. They show that particulate, heavy metals and acidic compounds in the emissions can be easily controlled both when sludge is spiked with chlorinated hydrocarbons up to a chlorine concentration in the feed of 5%, and when the afterburner is switched off. As for organic micropollutants, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were much lower than the Italian limits of 10 μg/m3 (no limits are at present considered in the European Directives). Dioxins (PCDDs) and furans (PCDFs) in some tests exceeded the limit of 0.1 ng/m3 (TE) but the concentrations in the fly ashes were much lower, thus evidencing a possible presence of contaminants in gas phase. PAHs and PCDD/PCDFs were not depending on the afterburning operation, the presence of organic chlorine in the feed sludge and the copper addition to sewage sludge.

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OSAKI, Yasuhiko, Takahiko MATSUEDA i Youichi KUROKAWA. "Level of Concentrations of PCDDs and PCDFs in Soil." Journal of Environmental Chemistry 2, nr 3 (1992): 523–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5985/jec.2.523.

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Tundo, Pietro, Alvise Perosa, Maurizio Selva i Sergei S. Zinovyev. "A mild catalytic detoxification method for PCDDs and PCDFs". Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 32, nr 1-2 (lipiec 2001): L1—L7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-3373(01)00164-3.

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Nakano, T., M. Tsuji i T. Okuno. "Distribution of PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs in the atmosphere". Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics 24, nr 6 (styczeń 1990): 1361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(90)90042-l.

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Beck, H., A. Droβ, K. Eckart, W. Mathar i R. Wittkowski. "Determination of PCDDs and PCDFs in Irgasan DP 300". Chemosphere 19, nr 1-6 (styczeń 1989): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(89)90306-8.

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Rappe, Christoffer. "Dietary exposure and human levels of PCDDs and PCDFs". Chemosphere 25, nr 1-2 (lipiec 1992): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(92)90521-r.

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Sakai, S., M. Hiraoka, N. Takeda i K. Shiozaki. "Coplanar PCBs and PCDDs/PCDFs in municipal waste incineration". Chemosphere 27, nr 1-3 (lipiec 1993): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(93)90297-i.

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Yamaguchi, H., E. Shibuya, Y. Kanamaru, K. Uyama, M. Nishioka i N. Yamasaki. "Hydrothermal decomposition of PCDDs/PCDFs in MSWI fly ash". Chemosphere 32, nr 1 (styczeń 1996): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(94)00247-9.

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Miyabara, Yuichi, Shunji Hashimoto, Masaru Sagai i Masatoshi Morita. "PCDDs and PCDFs in vehicle exhaust particles in Japan". Chemosphere 39, nr 1 (lipiec 1999): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(98)00595-5.

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Iamiceli, Anna Laura, Luigi Turrio-Baldassarri i Alessandro di Domenico. "ChemInform Abstract: Determination of PCDDs and PCDFs in Water". ChemInform 31, nr 51 (19.12.2000): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200051319.

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