Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „PCDFs”
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Harrad, Stuart J. "Levels and sources of PCDDs and PCDFs in UK soils". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327955.
Pełny tekst źródłaHess, Philipp. "The determination and environmental significance of planar aromatic compounds in the marine environment". Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388494.
Pełny tekst źródłaGaus, Caroline, i n/a. "Dioxins in the Marine Environment: Sources, Pathways and Fate of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Queensland, Australia". Griffith University. School of Public Health, 2003. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20030624.144111.
Pełny tekst źródłaGaus, Caroline. "Dioxins in the Marine Environment: Sources, Pathways and Fate of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Queensland, Australia". Thesis, Griffith University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367537.
Pełny tekst źródłaThesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Public Health
Faculty of Health Sciences
Full Text
Del, Rio Gomez Iliana Maria. "Reproductive outcomes in people contaminated by PCBs/PCDFs, organohalogens in the Yucheng accident". Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407767.
Pełny tekst źródłaXu, Weiguang. "Risk assessment of dietary exposure to PCDD/PCDFs, DL-PCBs and NDL-PCBs of Hong Kong residents". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2012. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1407.
Pełny tekst źródłaPrange, Joelle, i n/a. "Origin of Dioxins in Queensland: Investigations into the Distribution and Sources of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-P-Dioxins in the Queensland Terrestrial Environment". Griffith University. School of Public Health, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040615.161651.
Pełny tekst źródłaPrange, Joelle. "Origin of Dioxins in Queensland: Investigations into the Distribution and Sources of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-P-Dioxins in the Queensland Terrestrial Environment". Thesis, Griffith University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367289.
Pełny tekst źródłaThesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Public Health
Full Text
Danielsson, Conny. "Trace analysis of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with electron capture detection". Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-963.
Pełny tekst źródłaLarsson, Daniel. "Mobilisation of soil-bound dioxins at an old sawmill area : Impact of excavation on groundwater levels of PCDF/PCDDs at Norrbyskär". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-124420.
Pełny tekst źródłaYang, Yun. "Temperature dependent PCDD/PCDF product distributions from phenols". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20182.
Pełny tekst źródłaGarcia, Cleiton da Gama. "Uma arquitetura para contribuir com a acessibilidade de PCDVs explorando a internet das coisas". Universidade Catolica de Pelotas, 2016. http://tede.ucpel.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/597.
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The Ubiquitous Computing, also called UbiComp, has as premise to incorporate computational devices in all places, and active at all times, helping the human in a natural way, and as transparent as possible, minimizing the requirement of intervention of its user, and adjusting its behavior according to the current state of the context of interest of the user. The idea is that, more and more, the physical and digital worlds become one, where services will be offered to users through devices distributed by the environment. Contributing to the materialization of this integration, we have the growing availability of wired or wireless computer networks through which devices can communicate by sharing their contextual states. With this significant growth in connectivity levels, the Internet of Things (IoT) has now been consolidated. In spite of the growing technological development, it was verified the existence of few solutions at the national level that contribute to the freedom of mobility of PCDVs. Considering also that the number of PCDVs in Brazil reaches the significant number of 18.60 % of the population (IBGE, 2010), the central motivation for the creation of the HELIX Project arises, as an approach to promote the accessibility of visually impaired people. Considering this same motivation, the Rectory of the Catholic University of Pelotas, sought the Master’s Degree course in Electronic Engineering and Computing, requesting the development of an alternative focused on serving the members of its community with visual impairment. This promoted that the present dissertation constituted the first academic work of Project HELIX. This dissertation was developed with the general objective of contributing to the Accessibility of PCDVs through a hardware and software architecture that employs the principles of Contextaware Computing, Mobile Computing and the Internet of Things. The design effort of the HELIX Project will consider the software architecture of the EXEHDA middleware as well as its operational principles. The results achieved were promising, and point to the continuity of study and research efforts
A Computação Ubíqua, também chamada de UbiComp, tem como premissa incorporar dispositivos computacionais em todos os lugares, e ativos em todos os momentos, auxiliando o ser humano de forma natural, e o mais transparente possível, minimizando a exigência de intervenção de seu usuário e ajustando o seu comportamento de acordo com o estado atual do contexto de interesse do usuário. A ideia é que, cada vez mais, o mundo físico e o digital se tornem um só, onde serviços serão oferecidos para os usuários através de dispositivos distribuídos pelo ambiente. Contribuindo para a materialização desta integração, tem-se a crescente disponibilização de redes de computadores com ou sem fio através das quais dispositivos podem se comunicar compartilhando seus estados contextuais. Com este significativo crescimento dos níveis de conectividade, vem se consolidando atualmente a Internet das Coisas (IoT). Apesar do crescente desenvolvimento tecnológico, constatou-se a existência de poucas soluções no âmbito nacional que contribuam com a liberdade de mobilidade das Pessoas Com Deficiência Visual (PCDVs). Considerando também que, o número de PCDVs no Brasil atinge a significativa cifra de 18,60 % da população (IBGE, 2010), surge a motivação central para a criação do Projeto HELIX, enquanto uma abordagem para promover à acessibilidade de portadores de deficiência visual. Sensível a esta mesma motivação a Reitoria da Universidade Católica de Pelotas, procurou o Mestrado de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Eletrônica e Computação solicitando o desenvolvimento de uma alternativa focada em atender os membros de sua comunidade com deficiência visual. Isto promoveu que a presente dissertação constituísse o primeiro trabalho acadêmico do Projeto HELIX. Esta dissertação foi desenvolvida com objetivo geral de contribuir para com a acessibilidade de PCDVs através de uma arquitetura de hardware e software que emprega os princípios da Computação Ciente de Contexto, da Computação Móvel e da Internet das Coisas. O esforço de concepção do Projeto HELIX considera a arquitetura de software do middleware EXEHDA, bem como seus princípios operacionais. Os resultados atingidos se mostraram promissores, e apontam para continuidade dos esforços de estudo e pesquisa.
Macnamara, Aine. "The role of psychological characteristics of developing excellence (PCDEs) in negotiating the pathway to excellence". Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2010. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/19007/.
Pełny tekst źródłaMohr, Susana. "RESÍDUOS DE POLUENTES ORGÂNICOS PERSISTENTES EM MEL DE ABELHAS: REPERCUSSÕES DA CONTAMINAÇÃO AMBIENTAL". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2013. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3407.
Pełny tekst źródłaPersistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are chemical substances that are widely distributed throughout the environment, accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms, are found at higher concentrations in the food chain and are toxic to both humans and wildlife. In the present work, POPs were determined in honey samples from different geographic regions, evaluating both the quality and safety of honey as food, and the environmental contamination of the studied regions. Organochlorine pesticides were analysed in 186 samples from the South region of Brazil, with concentrations between
Silva, Joice de Oliveira Epif?nio da. "A inser??o de pessoas com defici?ncia no mercado de trabalho: os sentidos da Lei de Cotas para os gestores de Recursos Humanos da regi?o metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro". Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2017. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/2456.
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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
Law No. 8213/91, known as the Quota Law was formulated as a tool to implement the National Policy on Employment Dues for Persons with Disabilities. This law today is one of the main means for the insertion of PCDs (Persons with Disabilities) into the labor market. However, the implementation of this law occurs in the face of some difficulties, such as accessibility, for example, in addition to prejudice regarding PCDs in the social environment, which ultimately interferes with its effectiveness. The purpose of this paper is to understand the meanings attributed to the Quota Law by HR Managers who act or have acted in organizations that apply the Quota Law. In order to achieve this goal, nine interviews were conducted, of which eight interviews were conducted with managers, some of whom were in full exercise until the date of the interview, and others who had recently left the organization in which they performed HR functions, and was also interviewed the coordinator of the State Nucleus for Assistance to the Disabled (NEAD). Besides the interviews, this work made use of the technique of observation and the analysis of the collected material occurred through the Nuclei of Meaning. The results show that the managers interviewed still perceive the Quota Law as a merely punitive Law, however, they understand the Quota Law also, as an important one, if not unique, tool for the insertion of PCDs into the labor market. With this, it can be said that the meanings that managers attribute to the Quota Law are loaded with prejudice and the way the Quota Law is signified by these managers reflects in the way they execute this Law, and it can be affirmed that the issue is cultural.
A lei n? 8213/91, conhecida como Lei de Cotas foi formulada como ferramenta para implementar a Pol?tica Nacional de Cotas Empregat?cias para Portadores de Defici?ncia. Esta lei hoje ? um dos principais meios para a inser??o das PCDs (Pessoas com Defici?ncia) no mercado de trabalho. Contudo, a implementa??o desta lei ocorre diante de algumas dificuldades, como a acessibilidade, por exemplo, al?m do preconceito no que tange ?s PCDs no meio social, o que acaba interferindo na efetividade da mesma. Este trabalho tem como objetivo, compreender os sentidos atribu?dos ? Lei de Cotas pelos Gestores de RH que atuam, ou atuaram, em organiza??es que se aplica a Lei de Cotas. Para atingir este objetivo foram realizadas nove entrevistas, sendo oito entrevistas realizadas com gestores, dos quais alguns estavam em pleno exerc?cio da fun??o at? a data da entrevista e outros que haviam sa?do recentemente da organiza??o em que exercia a fun??o de gestor de RH, e ainda, foi entrevistada a coordenadora do N?cleo Estadual de Atendimento ao Deficiente (NEAD). Al?m das entrevistas este trabalho fez uso da t?cnica de observa??o e a an?lise do material levantado ocorreu por meio dos N?cleos de Significa??o. Os resultados mostram que os gestores entrevistados ainda percebem a Lei de Cotas como uma Lei meramente punitiva, entretanto, entendem a Lei de Cotas tamb?m, como uma importante, sen?o ?nica, ferramenta para a inser??o das PCDs no mercado de trabalho. Com isso, pode-se afirmar que os sentidos que os gestores atribuem a Lei de Cotas s?o carregados de preconceito e a forma como a Lei de Cotas ? significada por esses gestores reflete na forma como executam essa Lei, e ainda, pode-se afirmar que a quest?o ? cultural
Moore, Paul 1962. "The Analysis of PCDD and PCDF Emissions from the Cofiring of Densified Refuse Derived Fuel and Coal". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1990. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc330690/.
Pełny tekst źródłaWeber, P. [Verfasser]. "Der Chlortransfer bei der Bildung von polychlorierten organischen Spurenstoffen (PCDD/PCDF) in industriellen thermischen Prozessen (Müllverbrennung) / P. Weber". Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2000. http://d-nb.info/1198219823/34.
Pełny tekst źródłaMatos, Norberto. "Os desafios da capacitação técnica das Pessoas com Deficiência (PcDs) no mercado de trabalho: um estudo de caso CEFET-RJ". Universidade Federal Fluminense, 2017. https://app.uff.br/riuff/handle/1/4108.
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Apesar do relativo avanço no sentido de manter a igualdade entre os cidadãos, a sociedade brasileira ainda não atende às necessidades específicas de alguns grupos, como: idosos, enfermos, crianças, gestantes e pessoas com deficiência (PcDs). Porém, no caso das PcDs, atualmente existem leis que visam incluí-las no mercado de trabalho, o que vem contribuindo para a sua contratação. Este trabalho objetivou investigar os principais desafios encontrados no processo de capacitação de PcDs pertencentes ao quadro efetivo do Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca (Cefet-RJ), que é uma instituição pública destinada ao ambiente educacional com formação humana, científica e tecnológica. Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica a partir dos conceitos-chave que auxiliaram na identificação de publicações da temática estudada. A metodologia utilizada foi o estudo de caso com aplicação de questionários, os quais foram respondidos por grupos de funcionários com deficiência, de seus gestores, e também do setor de capacitação, sendo todos servidores públicos pertencentes ao quadro de profissionais do Cefet-RJ. O tratamento dos dados foi realizado através da análise de conteúdo. O trabalho de campo mostrou o envolvimento do profissional PcD com a instituição. Os objetivos almejados nesta pesquisa foram atingidos e direcionados para propostas de melhorias nos processos de inserção, contratação e adaptação das PcDs em seu ambiente de trabalho.
Despite relative efforts in order to sustain citizen equality, Brazilian society still remains inattentive to some groups’ especial needs, such as the elderly, children, pregnant, sick and people with disability (PwD). However, concerning the PwDs, a current legislation aiming to insert them in the labor market actually exists and have been contributing to their hiring. This paper focused on the main challenges found during the PwDs capacitation process in the Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca (Cefet-RJ) full-time staff. Cefet-RJ is a public institution destined to be an education environment for human, scientific and technological formation. From key concepts that helped identify publications for this studied theme, a bibliographical research was achieved. We used the case study methodology, in addition of questionnaires, answered by groups of employees with disability, their managers and also by the resource and training center. All questioned employees are from Cefet’s full-time staff. The data handling was done by analyzing the content. The fieldwork showed PwDs’ involvement with the Institution. The targets were achieved and the results directed as improvement proposals for insertion, hiring and adaptation processes in the working environment.
Stark, Marie Luise [Verfasser]. "Transfer von Dioxinen (PCDD), Furanen (PCDF) und polychlorierten Biphenylen (PCB) aus dem Futter in ausgewählte Gewebe wachsender Schafe / Marie Luise Stark". Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2021. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:188-refubium-31051-8.
Pełny tekst źródłaPetrovic, Jovana. "Modelling of long period gratings in PCFs inscribed by an electric arc and gratings in SMF inscribed by femtosecond laser pulses". Thesis, Aston University, 2006. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/8021/.
Pełny tekst źródłaRibeiro, Renata Esteves. "Criminologia verde : crimes ambientais no Distrito Federal". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2018. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/31906.
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Estatísticas criminais constituem parte importante da atividade policial. A adoção de ferramentas mais adequadas a cada conjunto de dados pode fornecer informações úteis para a ação da polícia na sua função de apuração das infrações penais. Danos e problemas ambientais específicos são construídos através de processos sociais complexos, constituídos por uma combinação de fatores materiais e sociais. Diferentes escritores da criminologia verde, ramo que foca questões referentes a danos, transgressões e crimes ambientais, defendem uma abordagem mais conceitual, no sentido de alocar os debates em torno da interligação entre questões sociais e ambientais. Este trabalho tem como objetivos: i) Avaliar o cenário temporal e espacial dos registros de crimes ambientais entre os anos de 2009 e 2016; ii) verificar a influência das variáveis socioeconômicas sobre os registros de crimes ambientais, determinando se as teorias da criminologia tradicional se aplicam aos crimes ambientais estudados neste trabalho. Foi possível identificar uma desproporção entre o número de registros de tipos penais, explicada pela vasta presença de Unidades de Conservação no território do DF e pelos altos índices de infraestrutura sanitária e reduzido parque industrial. Há associações consistentes entre alguns tipos penais definidos na Lei de Crimes Ambientais (Lei no 9.605/1998) e algumas Regiões Administrativas (RA) do Distrito Federal e certas delegacias de polícia, explicadas pelas singularidades de cada área. Os registros de crimes ambientais ocorrem principalmente nas áreas urbanas. Homogeneidades e particularidades no uso do solo aparecem como fatores influenciadores na distribuição espacial. A frequente relação com as variáveis relacionadas à migração sugere uma possível aplicação da teoria da desorganização social aos crimes ambientais, refletindo a incapacidade da comunidade em se organizar em prol do controle comunitário.
Criminal statistics are an important part of police activity. The adoption of more appropriate tools for each set of data can provide useful information for police investigation of criminal offenses. Specific environmental damage and problems are built through complex social processes, made up of a combination of material and social factors. Different writers of green criminology, a branch that focuses on issues related to damages, transgressions and environmental crimes, advocate a more conceptual approach, in order to allocate debates around the interconnection between social and environmental issues. This study aims to: i) Evaluate the temporal and spatial scenario of environmental crime records between 2009 and 2016; ii) to verify the influence of the socioeconomic variables on the records of environmental crimes, determining if the theories of traditional criminology apply to the environmental crimes studied in this work. It was possible to identify a disproportion between the number of records of criminal types, explained by the vast presence of Conservation Units in the territory of the Federal District and by the high rates of sanitary infrastructure and reduced industrial park. There are consistent associations between some criminal types defined in the Environmental Crimes Law (Law 9605/1998) and some Administrative Regions (RA) of the Federal District and certain police stations, explained by the singularities of each area. Records of environmental crimes occur mainly in urban areas. Homogeneities and particularities in soil use appear as influencing factors in the spatial distribution. The frequent relationship with the variables related to migration suggests a possible application of the theory of social disorganization to environmental crimes, reflecting the inability of the community to organize in favor of community control.
Quinn, Laura Penelope. "Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in soil associated with an active incinerator in Potchefstroom, South Africa / L.P. Quinn". Thesis, North-West University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1013.
Pełny tekst źródłaThesis (M. Environmental Science)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.
Lundin, Lisa. "Formation and degradation of PCDD/F in waste incineration ashes". Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1395.
Pełny tekst źródłaGao, Qiuju. "Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds in thermochemical conversion of biomass : formation, distribution and fingerprints". Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-118861.
Pełny tekst źródłaSwiegelaar, Caitlin Reneé. "The effect of different sample preparatory protocols on the induction of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in the H4IIE-luc reporter gene bio-assay / Caitlin Reneé Swiegelaar". Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/9702.
Pełny tekst źródłaThesis (MSc (Environmental Sciences))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.
Weidemann, Eva. "Waste incineration residues : Persistent organic pollutants in flue gas and fly ash from waste incineration". Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-92765.
Pełny tekst źródłaFörbränning av hushållssopor är en vanlig metod för att hantera ett växande avfallsproblem. Metoden har flera fördelar, såsom minskning av volym och vikt, sterilisering och energiåtervinning. Sopförbränning har dock vissa nackdelar och det mest debatterade är sannolikt utsläpp av persistenta organiska föroreningar (POPs) som polyklorerad dibensofuran (PCDF), dibenso-p-dioxin (PCDD), bifenyl (PCB) och naftalen (PCN). Det finns totalt 210 PCDF- och PCDD- kongener, med mellan ett till åtta klor på kolskelettet, varav 17 är giftiga med hormonstörande och cancerframkallande egenskaper. Även tolv av totalt 209 PCB-kongener samt minst två av totalt 75 PCN-kongener uppvisar liknande egenskaper. Dessa klorerade organiska föroreningar bildas då rökgaserna kyls ner i sopförbränningsanläggningarna och avlägsnas från rökgaserna med hjälp av filter och hamnar i flygaskan. Denna avhandling handlar om bildning och nedbrytning av POPs i sopförbränningsrelaterade processer. Den första artikeln är en fallstudie där PCDD bildas i filtren i en fullskalig sopförbränningsanläggning. Bildningen ledde till förhöjda halter organiska föroreningar i rökgaserna, vilket ledde till ökade utsläpp. Den funna bildningsvägen för PCDD i filtren befanns sannolikt bero på kondensation av klorfenoler på filterytorna. Den andra artikeln är en valideringsstudie av en kylprob avsedd att användas vid rökgasprovtagning vid hög temperatur (> 450 °C) för att undvika bildning av POPs under provtagningen. Studien bekräftade att majoriteten av PCDF- och PCDD- bildning i rökgaser från sopförbränning sker vid temperaturer under 600 °C. I den tredje artikeln berättas om behandling av tre olika flygaskor från olika sopförbränningsanläggningar. Askorna behandlades vid 400 °C i inert atmosfär i både en roterugn och i förseglade ampuller. De resulterande koncentrationerna, kloreringsgraderna och kongenprofilerna av de organiska föroreningarna jämfördes. Likheter hittades mellan PCDF och PCN, medan PCDD och PCB betedde sig på ett annat sätt. Studien fann också att PCDF kongenprofiler i aska som behandlats i roterugnen liknade varandra, oberoende av askornas sammansättning, vilket tyder på en liknande bildningsväg. För den fjärde artikeln, genomfördes ytkarakterisering (SEM, EDX, XPS och XRD) på de tre flygaskorna från artikel tre som sedan hettades upp från 30 °C till 900 °C i vacuum. Det som frigjordes på grund av uppvärmningen samt nedbrytningsprodukter från askorna studerades med hjälp av masspektrometri och infraröd spektroskopi. Studien fann att de gaser som frigjordes när temperaturen ökade skilde mellan askorna, beroende på deras sammansättning. Studien fann också att när aska dopad med isotopmärkt PCDF och PCDD utsattes för samma behandling, frigjordes PCDD vid lägre temperatur än PCDF. Denna avhandling berör flera aspekter av problematiken kring klorerade organiska föroreningar som bildas vid sopförbränning, från provtagning till hur man ska hantera flygaskan. Avhandlingen belyser även olika typer av bildning och nedbrytning av POPs i varma processer kopplade till sopförbränning.
Aurell, Johanna. "Effects of Varying Combustion Conditions on PCDD/F Formation". Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemi, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1795.
Pełny tekst źródłaJansson, Stina. "Thermal formation and chlorination of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds". Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemi, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1881.
Pełny tekst źródłaDenna avhandling fokuserar på olika aspekter som kan bidra till en ökad förståelse av bildning av dioxiner och dioxin-lika föreningar i förbränningsprocesser. Även om utsläppen till luft från sopförbränningsanläggningar har minskat kraftigt tack vare effektiva rökgasreningsmetoder, så återstår problemet med mycket giftiga rökgasreningsprodukter (askor och filter), vilka klassificeras som farligt avfall. Det huvudsakliga syftet med arbetet bakom denna avhandling var att klarlägga bildnings- och kloreringsvägarna för dioxiner och dioxin-lika föreningar i temperaturintervallet 640-200°C i rökgaser från sopförbränning. Detta kan möjliggöra lösningar för ytterligare emissionsminskningar och en avgiftning av biprodukterna från avfallsförbränning, vilket minskar eller till och med eliminerar behovet av kostsam och riskfylld efterbehandling. Realistiska och välkontrollerade försök har utförts i en lab-skalereaktor där en artificiell hushållssopa har förbränts. En jämförelse av fyra olika temperatur- och uppehållstidsprofiler visade att bildning av polyklorerade dibenso-p-dioxiner (PCDD) och dibensofuraner (PCDF) sker snabbt och huvudsakligen inom temperaturintervallet 640-400°C. Bildningen var starkt beroende av en tillräckligt lång uppehållstid inom ett visst temperaturområde. En förlängd uppehållstid vid höga temperaturer (>450°C) resulterade i minskade halter av PCDD, vilka förhöll sig låga även senare i efterförbränningszonen. Isomermönstren av PCDD, PCDF och PCN (polyklorerade naftalener) visade alla tecken på att härröra från både klorfenolkondensation och kloreringsreaktioner. PCDD-mönstret visade tydliga indikationer på bildning från klorfenoler, och till mindre grad bildning via klorering. För PCDF var klorsubstitution i positioner angränsande till syrebryggan missgynnad, vilket bekräftades av multivariat modellering (O2PLS). Den variabel som starkast påverkade bildningen av PCDD var relativa fria energin (RΔGf). Modellerna visade på en distinkt gruppering av PCDD- och PCDF-kongenerna i två eller tre grupper för varje kloreringsgrad, och föreslås vara relaterad till sannolikheten för respektive kongen att bildas via klorfenolkondensation. Injektion av aromatiska kolstrukturer i rökgaskanalen gav upphov till skilda effekter. Injektion av naftalen ökade bildningen av monoklorerad naftalen medan resterande homologer inte verkade påverkas, sannolikt på grund av för kort uppehållstid för ytterligare klorering. Dibenso-p-dioxin spjälkades sannolikt till fenoliska fragment som klorerades och sedan återkondenserades till PCDD och PCDF, medan dibensofuran och fluoren kraftigt reducerade PCDD-koncentrationerna.
Nording, Malin. "Rapid sample preparation and bioanalytical techniques for efficient screening of organic pollutants in the environment". Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemi, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-842.
Pełny tekst źródłaShankar, H. N. "Adaptive Control Of A General Class Of Finite Dimensional Stable LTI Systems". Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/225.
Pełny tekst źródła趙俊雄. "Modeling for production of dioxin (PCDDs) and furane (PCDFs) during incineration". Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18445280271200180035.
Pełny tekst źródłaJenn-Yan, Wu, i 吳振炎. "The Research of Dioxin (PCDDs) & Furan (PCDFs) Formation Mechanism In Medical Waste Incinerator". Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/11125197709467699912.
Pełny tekst źródła國立中正大學
機械系
89
KEYWORD:Medical waste,incinerator,pyrolysis,dioxin,furan We discuss mainly the of Dioxin (PCDDs) and Furan (PCDFs) when the medical waste is on fire .And study and confer the combustible method and control of medical waste our country and foreign developed country counter ,and the prevention and reduction of the production presently . Analyze the condition of pyrolysis when medical waste in the incinerator, and compare with experiments and the production of different composition of gas under different operational conditions. And to build the analyzed models of theory, wish to understand the formation mechanism of Dioxin and Furan while medical waste pyrolysed in incinerator. And then find better and economic method to handle to achieve the goal to reduce harmful waste gas. We analyzed the models of chemical reaction and chemical equilibrium in order to build combustion analysis model , and use the relationship between equilibrium constant(Kc),temperature(K),emissions of hydrogen chloride(HCl) and excess air(γ) then to find the ways of controlling.
Wang, Po-Jen, i 王柏人. "The source/receptor relationship of PCDD/PCDFs identified by a trajectory model". Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45417259595937860757.
Pełny tekst źródła中興大學
環境工程學系所
95
The Nantou County locates on the eastern site of Taichung city and on the western site of Central Mountain Range. Thus, it is easily to accumulate dioxin in Nantou with the air parcel transferred from western sources. Additionally, several incinerators have already operated in west Taiwan recently, and these also are important dioxins sources. For understanding dioxins characters and sources in the Nantou County, this study analyzes impact range and dioxins characters of near incinerators by measurement and GTx modeling. We considered eight major categories of PCDD/Fs emission sources and three different locations, to cover a wide range of sourcecharacteristic, PCDD/Fs congener profiles, meteorological conditions and terrain configurations. The atmospheric dioxins concentrations in suburban site, traffic arteries site and background station were 0.11, 0.17 and 0.0095 pg I-TEQ/m3, respectively. Moreover, the dioxins concentrations of the grass cut frequently were 0.18, 0.9 and 0.15 pg WHO-TEQ/g, and the dioxins concentrations of the grass cut ifnfrequently were 0.33, 1.5 and 0.13 pg WHO-TEQ/g with a moisture content of 12 %. The characteristic index and model simulations could be founded that suburban site was not only impacted by incinerators, electric arc furnaces and traffic source, but also impacted by copper and aluminum smelters. For traffic arteries station, the main sources were metropolitan solids wastes incinerators, medical wastes incinerators, sinter plants, electric arc furnaces, copper smelters, diesel-fueled vehicles and unleaded gas-fueled vehicles. The model also showed that pollutants were easily transferred into Chushan in north and northeast wind system. Therefore, the north wind system would facilitate the dioxins transporting into Chushan and Shuili, and leaded the dioxins concentrations increasing. This study showed that using the GTx model, atmospheric monitoring data, the pasture examination data and PCDD/Fs congener profiles can explicitly understand the relationship of PCDD/Fs between the source and the receptor.
Abreu, Carolina Mariana Pinto. "Dibenzodioxinas policloradas e dibenzofuranos policlorados em leite materno". Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/83696.
Pełny tekst źródłaO presente relatório de estágio em farmácia comunitária, tem como objetivo descrever e avaliar o estágio curricular, realizado na Farmácia Nova da Penteada, na Região Autónoma da Madeira, através de uma análise SWOT. Esta análise contempla os pontos fortes, os pontos fracos, as oportunidades e as ameaças, inerentes ao estágio.O presente relatório de estágio em farmácia hospitalar, tem como objetivo descrever e avaliar o estágio curricular, realizado no Serviço de Saúde da Região Autónoma da Madeira, E.P.E., através de uma análise SWOT. Esta análise contempla os pontos fortes, os pontos fracos, as oportunidades e as ameaças inerentes ao estágio.As dibenzodioxinas (PCDDs) e os dibenzofuranos (PCDFs) são poluentes orgânicos persistentes (POPs), ambientalmente estáveis. São subprodutos de várias reações químicas e térmicas, e acumulam-se na cadeia alimentar por serem compostos lipofílicos. Os PCDD/Fs são tóxicos para o organismo humano e armazenam-se nos reservatórios de gordura. O leite materno é utilizado como biomarcador dos níveis de resíduos, porque reflete a carga corporal maternal de poluentes e a exposição potencial dos lactentes. Além disso, o leite materno é rico em lipídos, é um método não-invasivo e fácil de ser recolhido. Vários estudos em diferentes países apresentam os níveis de equivalente de toxicidade (EQTs) no leite materno, permitindo assim, obter uma análise sobre a exposição da população. As implicações para a saúde das crianças dependem das concentrações de resíduos a que estão expostas. São observadas alterações no crescimento e imunológicas, perturbações endócrinas e no desenvolvimento neurológico das crianças. Os PCDD/Fs são extraídos, purificados, detetados e quantificados por várias metodologias analíticas. O principal método de deteção e quantificação é a cromatografia gasosa de alta resolução/espetrometria de massa de alta resolução (CGAR/EMAR). Apesar da ingestão de PCDD/Fs pela amamentação ter efeitos deletérios nas crianças, a amamentação tem inúmeras vantagens que provavelmente se sobrepõem aos aspetos negativos.
The present internship report on community pharmacy, aims to describe and evaluate the curricular internship, performed at “Farmácia Nova da Penteada”, through a SWOT analysis. This analysis considers the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats associated with the internship.The present internship report on hospital pharmacy, aims to describe and evaluate the curricular internship, performed at “Serviço de Saúde da Região Autónoma da Madeira, E.P.E.”, through a SWOT analysis. This analysis considers the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats associated with the internship.Dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs), environmentally stable. They are by-products from several chemical and thermal reactions and accumulate in the food chain because they are lipophilic compounds. PCDD/Fs are toxic to the human body and are stored in the fat reservoirs. Breast milk is used as a biomarker of lipophilic residues levels because it reflects the maternal body burden of pollutants and the potential exposure of infants. Furthermore, breast milk is rich in lipids and can be collected easily and non-invasively. Several studies in different countries present toxic equivalents (TEQs) levels in breast milk, thus allowing an analysis of the exposure of the population. The health implication of children depends on the concentration of residues to which they are exposed. Growth and immune changes, endocrine disorders and neurological development of children are observed. PCDD/Fs are extracted, purified, detected and quantified by several analytical methodologies. The main method of detection and quantification is high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). Although the ingestion of PCDD/Fs through breastfeeding has deleterious effects on children, breastfeeding has numerous advantages that are likely to overlap with negative aspects.
Chiou, Shiau-Ling, i 邱曉玲. "Quality of life affected by previous exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs)". Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18771027040567151824.
Pełny tekst źródła國立臺灣大學
職業醫學與工業衛生研究所
98
Background and Purpose: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are lipophilic pollutants and are known to cause multiple health outcomes in exposed animals and humans. In 1979, approximately 2000 people in central Taiwan were exposed to rice oil contaminated with PCBs and their heat-degradation products, mainly PCDFs, and many manifested by fatigue, skin disorder, abnormal liver function, and other symptoms. No study has documented the health-related quality of life among people exposed to PCBs/PCDFs in the past 30 years. Objectives: This study aimed to determine whether quality of life (QOL) was affected in people exposed to PCBs/PCDFs, as compared to the QOL obtained from background population selected from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) in 2001 in Taiwan. Methods: A total of 1,231 exposed subjects with previous PCBs/PCDFs exposure were invited to assess their quality of life by WHO quality of life-BREF (WHOQOL- BREF) Taiwanese version Questionnaire in 2008. Similar survey was done in 2001 in the NHIS study. For those exposed subjects satisfactorily completed the QOL questionnaire, comparisons were obtained from the QOL results randomly sampled from those background individuals matched for age, sex, and county using 1:3 match. Results: A total of 279 exposure subjects (23%) satisfactorily completed the questionnaire. Between the exposed and unexposed referents, the scores of overall QOL were 52.4±8.9, 58.2±6.1. As for individual domains, those of physical health were 14.0±2.3, 15.5±1.9, those of psychological health 12.7±2.8, 14.2±1.9, those of social relationships 13.0±2.5, 14.7±1.9, and those of environment 12.6±2.3, 13.9±1.8. In overall and individual domain scores, exposed people were significantly lower than those of the background population. After adjusted for age, education, gender, occupation, marriage, smoking and drinking, the exposed scored lower than the background in all overall health and individual domains; as well as the following QOL question items: energy, sleep, work capacity, ability to concentrate, bodily appearance, respected/feeling of acceptance, sexual life, and lacking of discomfort/pain. Conclusion: Exposure to PCBs/PCDFs 29 years ago seemed to have adverse effects on overall score of quality of life, as well as on various aspects of quality of life, namely, physical, psychological, social, and environmental domains.
Huang, Ping-Wei, i 黃柄瑋. "Modification genes for CYP1A2 inducibility among people exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs)". Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/85233692810025349024.
Pełny tekst źródła國立臺灣大學
職業醫學與工業衛生研究所
97
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-furans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) are all important endocrine disrupting chemicals and also persistent organic pollutants. Among them, 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is known to cause most significant health effects in humans. The PCDFs have similar structure and toxicity as PCDDs. Approximately 2000 people were exposed to rice oil contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their heat-degradation products, mainly polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in central Taiwan in 1979. CYP1A2 activity was found to be induced by such exposure in exposed individuals. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway was known to be critical in mediating such enzyme induction. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) and AhR repressor (AhRR) played important roles in transcriptional regulation of AhR. In order to determine whether the ARNT and AhRR polymorphisms are associated with individual inducibility of CYP1A2. We examined the people exposed to PCBs and PCDFs and their community controls, 173 previously participated in a study on CYP1A2 activity as measured by caffeine metabolic rate, which was in turn found to be positively associated with serum 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalency (TEQ). Genotyping was done for the following SNPs:AhRR(rs2292596)(C/G), ARNT(rs7517566)(A/G), ARNT(rs3820541)(C/G), ARNT(rs3768016)(C/T), and ARNT(rs2228099)(C/G). The allele frequencies of AhRR (rs2292596) were 0.62 for allele C, 0.38 for allele G; those for ARNT (rs7517566) were 0.79 for allele A, and 0.21 for allele G, ARNT (rs3820541) 0.82 for allele C and 0.18 for allele G, ARNT (rs3768016) 0.58 for allele C and 0.42 for allele T, and ARNT (rs2228099) 0.59 for allele C and 0.42 for allele G. At a similar TEQ dose range, those subjects with AhRR GG genotype had the highest induced CYP1A2 activity, followed by those with CG genotype. Those with CC genotypes had lowest inducibility (p<0.05). ARNT(rs3768016) CC genotype had highest inducibility, followed by CT, and TT genotypes. ARNT (rs2228099) GG genotype had highest inducibility, followed by CG, and CC genotypes. We conclude that AhRR and ARNT genotypes might interact with PCBs and PCDFs in cytochrome P450 enzyme induction effects.
Huang, Yi-Chieh, i 黃亦潔. "Effects of prenatal exposure to environmental hormones PCBs/PCDFs on neurocognitive functioning- The pilot study". Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98693526250259902175.
Pełny tekst źródła國立臺灣大學
職業醫學與工業衛生研究所
100
Background: In 1979, approximately 2000 people in central Taiwan were accidentally exposed polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) due to ingest the contaminated rice oil. Children born to exposed mothers after the exposure event were thus prenatally exposed. We followed up these children for health effects and found poorer neurocognitive development. The effect is still presence in the prenatal exposed child after the event about 7~12 years. We would like to know the adult IQ of the prenatal exposed second generation, and assess the neurocognitive effect of second generation comprehensively. The study aim is:1. Whether the dose - effect relationship was found between IQ and predicted PCBs/PCDFs concentration? 2. Whether PCBs/PCDFs exposure could affect the nerve conduction potential situation? 3. Whether PCBs/PCDFs exposure was associated with activation changes in specific brain regions of cortical? Method: The study sample is prenatal exposed people and their matched controls. In the study aim 1, there are 110 prenatal exposed people and 124 matched controls. Assess the relationship between the predicted PCBs/PCDFs concentration and the child IQ. In the study aim 2 and 3, among the 304 prenatal exposed people that we follow up regularly, and the age range from19 to 32 years, we select 10 young men and their matched controls 11 volunteer. We propose to utilize the recently advanced neuroimaging technologies, namely, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine the functional activations. In addition, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and contact heat evoke potential (CHEP) used to follow the participants’ neurocognitive functioning. Result: Among Yucheng children, males and females were affected rather differently in IQ. Some subscales of WISC-R were negatively related to mothers’ serum levels of PCB congeners 138, 153, 157, and 180. Among adults, Wechsler intelligence scores were lower in Yucheng boys as compared to their controls. The amplitudes of the contact heat evoke potential in legs of Yucheng men was found to be lower than those in the controls (p=0.03). In functional MRI, the parietal activation with picture task (p<0.001) was found in both groups. Yucheng men had higher activation in cerebellum than their controls in the contrast results (p<0.001), and had lower activation in hippocampus, amygdala than their controls (p<0.001). We conclude that IQ was affected in the second generation of Yucheng women. These effects were dose-related to maternal exposure levels. Reduced evoke potential amplitude induced by heat exposure was seen in Yucheng second generation. Using functional activation studies, different regions of activation were seen in Yucheng and their controls. Further studies with larger number of participants are warranted to confirm this finding.
Huang, Tsai Fei, i 黃彩斐. "The Effects of Temperature and Gas Composition on the PCDD/PCDFs Formation in MSW Fly Ash". Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89246431761760405897.
Pełny tekst źródła國立中央大學
環境工程學系
86
In this study, fly ashes were sampled from three large-scale MSW (municipal solid waste) incinerators in Taiwan for analysis of dioxin contents. In addition to the investigation of dioxin contents of fly ash from MSW incinerators, our study also look into dioxin formation within the MSW incineration system via a laboratory-scale reactor. In this study, the effects of the reaction time, temperature, oxygen content in the gas stream and carbon content of fly ash on PCDD/Fs formation on fly ash were investigated. Three MSW incinerators investigated are equipped with different air pollution control device (APCD). Preliminary results indicated that 2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs homologue patterns of various types of fly ash were quite similar for three MSW incinerators. The concentrations of higher chlorinating degree congeners of PCDDs and PCDFs were obviously higher than that of lower chlorinating degree congeners. The content of dioxin in fly ash would increase as the fly ash passed through APCD zone. In other words, the environment of APCD may actually increase the content of dioxin in fly ash. Dioxin concentration in fly ash for three MSW incinerators was MSW-C<MSW-A<MSW-B. About the formation experiments for dioxins in this study, the optimum temperature of dioxin formation for various fly ashes was different. The optimum temperatures was 350℃ for boiler ash, 300℃ for cyclone ash and 250℃ for ESP ash, respectively. Preliminary results indicated that the optimum temperature would increase with decreasing particle size. The dioxin content of fly ash was not significantly correlated with reaction time. As the O2 concentration was varied between 0~100%, the optimum oxygen content for dioxin formation was found at 7.5﹪for cyclone ash, and the PCDD/PCDF ratio increased with increasing (O2(. Therefore, the formation of PCDDs which contains two oxygen atoms are affected more significantly by (O2( than PCDF which contains only one oxygen atom. Dioxins formation was observed even for the gas containing no oxygen was passed through the fly ash. As a result, other formation routes which do not need O2 occur on fly ash, for example, the Ullmann condensation reaction, or O2 was provided from the precursor (oxygen-complex compound) originally existed in fly ash. The carboncontent in fly ash is varied between 0~20﹪in this study, and the results showed that the maximum formation was found at 5%. The dioxin formation rates with and without gas stream were compared, the latter process resulted in the larger amount of PCDD/Fs. In all experiments of this study, the concentration of dioxin is ESP ash>cyclone ash>boiler ash. The precursors were not injected into the fly ash or gas stream in all formation experiments, however, dioxin was still formed in fly ash. In other words, other chlorinated routes may exist on the fly ash surface in addition to Deacon reactions.Keywords: Dioxin, PCDD, PCDF, APCD, Temperature, Oxygen, Carbon content
YANG, TO HAO, i 涂浩洋. "The Study of relation Between Dioxin (PCDDs) and Precursor". Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86482727006304393097.
Pełny tekst źródłaGadomski, Damien. "Investigations into the presence of PCDDs in ball clay exhibiting the "natural formation" profile". 2005. http://etd.nd.edu.lib-proxy.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-03292005-005736/.
Pełny tekst źródłaThesis directed by Robert L. Irvine for the Department of Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences. "March, 2005." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 132-140).
Cheng, Yao-Chiang, i 鄭銚強. "Investigation of PCDD/PCDF Formation by Inhibitors in Laboratory-scale Experimental System". Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/10442761798255006376.
Pełny tekst źródła國立中央大學
環境工程研究所
92
Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) are very toxic compounds mainly emitted from municipal solid waste incinerators(MSWI). These compounds will affect human health when inhaled. Activated carbon injection (ACI) and SCR decompostition are two major end-of-pipe pollution control technologies currently used. It is proved that addition of inhibitors (such as sulfur, SO2, urea, alkaline materials) could decrease formation of dioxins. Experimental results indicate that addition of sulfur in incineration process can reduce PCDD/F formation. PCDD/F formation can be effectively reduced when S/Cl molar ratio is about 2. Dioxins decrease dramatically at SO2/HCl ratio as 0.55. The sulfur component will react with Cl2 and convent it into HCl. In addition, S or SO2 affect dioxin formation by vulcanizating phenolic precursors and catalysis metal, thus inhibiting chlorination reaction. Calcium hydroxide can reduce dioxin formation by more than 90﹪when Ca/Cl molar ratio is over 0.5. Addition of urea can also reduce PCDD/F formation about 50~87﹪when N/Cl mole ratio is about 0.1. The role of urea is to block catalysis metal and to form complex compounds with Cu and to prevent Ullmann reaction. Inhibition of dioxins formation will be the best way to reduce dioxin emissions. The cost of applying inhibitors for reducing dioxin formation is considerably lower than that of using activated carbon injection (ACI) and SCR decompostition. Adding inhibitors technology has a good potential for controling dioxins formation and emission in the future.
Liu, Chun-Hu, i 劉純湖. "The PCDD/PCDF/PCB Levels in Breast Milk Samples Collected in Tainan Area". Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ps289u.
Pełny tekst źródła國立成功大學
環境醫學研究所
90
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are broadly distributed environmental contaminants. PCDDs/PCDFs/PCBs are highly stable in the environment. They are lipophilic and can be bioaccumulated via food chain into human bodies with long half-lives of elimination. The adipose tissue, blood, and breast milk are usually analyzed for the assessment of human exposure to PCDDs/PCDFs/PCBs. Among these three types of specimen, analysis of breast milk for exposure assessment provides two specific advantages. First, the collection of breast milk is noninvasive. Second, the analytical data can be used to assess the exposure of both the mother and the infant. The objectives of the study are (1) to measure the PCDDs/PCDFs/PCBs levels in breast milk samples collected in Tainan area, and (2) to utilize these data to evaluate infant’s exposure via breast-feeding. The samples were collected from NCKU, Sin-Lau, and Chi-Mei hospitals in Tainan city. Breast milk samples were collected from 41 volunteers in these hospitals in years 2000 and 2001. Breast milk lipids were extracted by ethanol and n-hexane, followed by sulfuric acid digestion. For the analysis of 17 PCDDs/PCDFs, the extracts were fractionated with ion exchange (SCX), silica (Si), and Florisil solid phase extraction columns, and the fraction containing dioxins and furans were analyzed by gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS). For the analysis of PCBs, only Florisil column fractionation was used, and 36 PCB congeners were analyzed by gas chromatography electronic capture detector (GC-ECD). The average age of the subjects in this study was 30 years (N = 37, SD = 3.6 yrs). The total concentration of 17 dioxin congeners in the breast milk was 213 �b 141 pg/g-lipid. The concentration can be expressed as 12.7 �b 8.40 pg-I-TEQ/g-lipid when the international toxic equivalences (I-TEQs) of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is calculated, or 14.6 �b 9.26 pg-WHO-TEQ/g-lipid using WHO toxic equivalences (WHO-TEQs). The total concentration of 36 PCB congeners in breast milk was 96.8 �b 96.0 ng/g-lipid. The data represent these mothers’ exposure, and infants’ exposure through breast-feeding nursing can be estimated. Assuming that the breast milk intakes per day for an infant are 805 mL in the first two months after birth, 810 mL in the third month, and 925 mL from the 4th to the 6th month respectively, with an absorption efficiency of 95 %, the average infant’s dioxin/furan exposure was estimated to be 216 �b 129 pg-I-TEQ/day (or 250 �b 148 pg-WHO-TEQ/day). Due to the weight difference between boys and girls, these values translate into 34.9 �b 20.7 pg-I-TEQ/kg/day (40.5 �b 23.8 pg-WHO-TEQ/kg/ day) for boys, and 40.1 �b 23.8 pg-I-TEQ/kg/day (46.5 �b 27.3 pg-WHO-TEQ/kg/ day) for girls. Using the same model, the average infant’s exposure to 36 PCBs was estimated to be 2671 �b 2526 ng/day, or 431 �b 408 ng/kg/day for boys and 495 �b 465 ng/kg/day for girls.
Wang, Hsiao-Jou, i 王曉柔. "Exposure assessment of PCDD/PCDF/Co-PCBs for workers of secondary copper smelter". Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50353486686424917961.
Pełny tekst źródła國立成功大學
環境醫學研究所
93
The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of serum PCDD/F/Co-PCBs of operation workers, the concentrations of airbrone PCDD/Fs of working environment, and the relationship between serum PCDD/F/Co-PCBs levels and health index of workers in secondary copper smelting plant. The personal exposure data and time activity pattern were collected with questionnaires. And thirteen blood biochemistry examinations, immunological index and five hormones were examined. All the results were integrated to conduct the PCDD/F/Co-PCBs exposure assessment of workers. 46 blood samples and 4 air samples were collected and analyzed in this study. The highest TEQ levels of airborne PCDD/Fs was 34.8 pg WHO-TEQ/Nm3 sampled in the casting area at plant A, and lowest was in the casting area at plant B. The partitioning of gas/particle data showed the PCDD/Fs in particle phase was higher than gas phase. All workers were grouped to foreign and local workers, then local workers were grouped to high and low-level groups by the median of serum PCDD/Fs (29.5 pg WHO98-TEQDF/g lipid). The average serum PCDD/F/Co-PCBs levels in high, low-level and foreign groups were 41.0、20.9 and 20.4 pg-WHO-TEQ/g-lipid respectively. The TEQ levels of serum PCDD/F/Co-PCBs of all workers (28.6 pg WHO98-TEQDF/g lipid)was higher than that of general populations in Taiwan. Besides the abnormal rates of glucose in low-level group and GGT in foreign group were marginally significant lower than the high-level group, there were no significant differences of blood biochemistry, hormone, and immunological index among three groups. The dominating homologue of PCDD/Fs in blood and air samples are both PeCDFs and HxCDFs, it meant that the workers were potentially exposure to higher levels of PCDD/Fs emitted from secondary copper plant. The major congeners of Co-PCBs were PCB77, PCB169 and PCB126. The regression data showed serum PCDD/F/Co-PCBs were highly correlated with seniority and the exposure indices .The lifetime average daily does (LADD) of workers were met the range of WHO daily tolerance dose. The usage of personal protective measures was suggested to effectively reduce the exposure of PCDD/F/Co-PCBs.
Jyun-JiLin i 林俊吉. "Emissions of PCDEs during the Cold-Start of a Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator: Monitoring and Control". Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2p843n.
Pełny tekst źródła國立成功大學
環境工程學系
103
The aim of this study is to solve the problem of extremely high polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs) concentrations and formation during cold-start procedure of municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs). In this study, we proposed control technologies, including shortening the heating time of combustion between 200-450°C and advancing the injecting times of activated carbon and lime, to abate high emissions of combustion-originated PCDEs during the cold-start procedure. PCDE emissions of two MSWIs, one adopting proposed control technologies (MSWI-A) and the other with standard start-up procedure (MSWI-B), were compared to evaluate the effect of reduction on PCDEs. Stack flue gases sampling were carried on the incinerator 3 and 2 of MSWI-A during cold-start trials and a total of four (sample A–D) and six samples (sample A–F) were collected, respectively. The results showed that the total PCDE concentrations rose in the middle stage of two cold-start trials of MSWI-A. At that time the temperature of combustion chamber reached 231°C–406°C, which was in the temperature region of de novo synthesis (250°C–450°C). After that, the waste feeding resulted in the incomplete combustion condition, causing the drastic elevation of total PCDE concentrations (0.0994 ng/Nm3 for incinerator 3 and 0.134 ng/Nm3 for incinerator 2). Furthermore, the temperatures in the inlet of superheater and economizer were also in the temperature region of de novo synthesis, which may resulted in the formation of PCDEs. After calculating, the estimated PCDE emission quantities of MSWI-A during the first and the second start-up trials were 0.0664 mg and 0.0486 mg, respectively. By adopting the control technologies, the highest PCDE concentrations and PCDE emission quantities of MSWI-A during two cold-start trials were reduced by 98.7–99.0% and 98.4–98.4%, respectively, compared to those of MSWI-B. This study was carried out at the MSWI which is in operation. The adopted measures can be practically applied without modifying any hardware facilities. Cleaning stoppage of auxiliary fuel nozzle and advancing the injecting times of activated carbon and lime will not affect the operational cost. Furthermore, the furnaces and air pollution control devices (APCDs) of MSWI-A are similar to those of other MSWIs in Taiwan. Therefore, the control technologies proposed in this study can be applied to other MSWIs in the future.
SHU, Jing-Fang, i 許菁芳. "The relationship between blood levels of PCB/PCDD/PCDF congeners and abnormal liver function in Yu-Cheng patients". Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/10364812442109420204.
Pełny tekst źródła國立成功大學
環境醫學研究所
88
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-furans (PCDFs) are among the most widespread environmental pollutants. Accumulation in human tissues with these lipophilic compounds is often considered as a potential threat to human health. Livers are the most sensitive organs observed in toxicological animal studies and consequential liver damages caused by the toxins are commonly observed. Several epidemiological studies have shown that occupational and non-occupational human exposures of PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs, such as those of PCBs in transformer/capacitor factories and PCDDs/PCDFs in an industrial accident occurring in Seveso, Italy, were linked to abnormalities in liver function. In these studies, levels of total PCBs/PCDDs/PCDFs, rather than levels of specific PCB/PCDD/PCDF congeners, in the blood samples are often used to study their association with the health effects. Abnormalities in liver function and liver cirrhosis were also reported in the Yu-cheng patients in Taiwan. A nested case-control design was used within a cohort of subjects, 2061 Yu-cheng patients in Taiwan, which has been followed up by Guo and his co-workers since 1991. The study aims to investigate the relationship between blood levels of PCB/PCDD/PCDF congeners and observed abnormal liver function in Yu-cheng patients by measuring the concentrations of specific congeners in the blood samples. Gas chromatography-electron capture detection (GC-ECD) and gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) are utilized for the congener-specific measurements. PCB/PCDD/PCDF congener levels in the blood of 41 Yu-cheng patients were analyzed. The average concentration of the total PCDDs/PCDFs of the blood samples was found to be 6893 pg/g-lipid and the concentration of 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF (1741pg/g-lipid) was the highest among seventeen PCDD/PCDF congeners determined in the blood samples. The average total PCBs concentration in the blood samples was found to be 2921 pg/mg-lipid and the concentration of PCB 28/31 (397pg/mg-lipid) was the highest among thirty-four PCB congeners. After adjustment for cholesterol and body mass index (BMI), there were statistically significant positive correlations between liver function and some PCB levels (PCB 28/31, 44, and 189).
Teixeira, Maria Manuela de Oliveira Abreu Costa Gomes. "Uma atualização do artigo publicado no livro: farmácia clínica e atenção farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo - Brasil". Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/37769.
Pełny tekst źródłaEdo, Giménez Mar. "Mixed fuels composed of household waste and waste wood : Characterization, combustion behaviour and potential emissions". Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-127227.
Pełny tekst źródłaFörbränning med energiåtervinning är det huvudsakliga sättet att ta hand om avfall som inte kan återanvändas eller återvinnas. Det är en väletablerad energikälla i Europa och särskilt i Sverige där 2,2 miljoner ton avfall, däribland inhemskt och importerat hushållsavfall och returträ, förbrändes under 2015. På grund av den heterogena sammansättningen hos hushållsavfall och returträ är förbränning av dessa material i anläggningar med energiåtervinning (så kallade WtE-anläggningar) förknippade med en del driftsrelaterade utmaningar. Det kan även ge upphov till miljöfarliga utsläpp, som dock kan reduceras genom förbehandling av avfallet. I denna avhandling har variationer i sammansättningen hos hushållsavfall och returträ som förbränns i WtE-anläggningar undersökts. Effekten av bränslemixens sammansättning och ev förbehandling på bränslets förbränningsegenskaper samt bildning av långlivade organiska föroreningar (så kallade POPar) såsom polyklorerade dibenso-p-dioxiner och polyklorerade dibensofuraner vid förbränning har utvärderats. Det övergripande målet är att bidra till en djupare förståelse av hur valet av förbehandlingsteknik för avfall kan bidra till att minska skadliga utsläpp till luft när avfallsbränslen förbränns i WtE-anläggningar. Denna avhandling beskriver den stora variabiliteten av metall- och materialföroreningar i inhemskt och importerat returträ och föreslår förbehandlingstekniker för att producera bränslen med låg potential att generera föroreningar. En jämförelse av mekaniska förbehandlingstekniker visade att mekanisk sönderdelning och separering (krossning och siktning) är mer effektivt än s.k. högtrycks-pressning för att minska utsläppen av föroreningar som dioxiner och furaner vid förbränning. Utvärderingen av bränslemixar innehållande hushållsavfall uppvisade en oxidativ nedbrytning i tre steg vid förbränning, och en accelererad nedbrytning av avfallsmaterialet jämfört med vedmaterialet i bränslet, troligen som effekt av innehållet av matavfall och plast i hushållsavfallet. Förbränningsförsök med bränsleblandningar av returträ och hushållsavfall med olika innehåll av matavfall visade att mängden returträ, och inte mängden matavfall, är den viktigaste faktorn för bildning av dioxiner, furaner, klorbifenyler, klorbensener, och klorfenoler. Torrefiering kan vara en lämplig teknik för att förbättra avfallets bränsleegenskaper, t.ex. på grund av dess låga emissioner.
Yin, Ge. "Organohalogen contaminants in wildlife from the Yangtze River Delta : Development of methods and assessments of legacy and emerging persistent organic pollutants". Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-131986.
Pełny tekst źródłaAt the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 5: Submitted. Paper 6: Manuscript.