Artykuły w czasopismach: „PCDDs”

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Jeon, Sang Eun, Sang Won Lee, Kyung Sik Choi, Jae Cheon You, Dong Ho Moon, Chang Jae Lee, Yong Youl Hwang, Tae Woong Hwang i Chang Han Joo. "Pcdd/Fs Concentrations in Blood of Male Chemists Working for Dioxin Analysis". Key Engineering Materials 277-279 (styczeń 2005): 548–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.277-279.548.

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The level of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) concentration in blood of 4 chemists conducting dioxin analysis at a laboratory was estimated. The level of PCDDF/s concentration ranged from 4.48 pg I-TEQ/g-fat to 8.17 pg ITEQ/ g-fat (mean level : 6.19 pg I-TEQ/g-fat, median level : 6.07 pg I-TEQ/g-fat, standard deviation in this study : 1.51 pg I-TEQ/g-fat). The level of PCDD/Fs in bloods of the chemists in this study is not higher compared with other studies in Korea. The portion of PCDFs to the total PCDD/F I-TEQ concentration in this study was found to be over 80%. This is not the case in other countries where the portion of PCDDs to the total TEQ in blood was generally much higher than that of PCDFs. In Korea, the portion of PCDFs to the total PCDD/F I TEQ concentration in food was higher than that of PCDDs. In other countries, the portion of PCDFs was relatively lower. It is considered that the portion of PCDFs in blood has interrelation with that of PCDFs in food in both Korea and other countries.

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Skene, S. A., I. C. Dewhurst i M. Greenberg. "Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans: The Risks to Human Health. A Review". Human Toxicology 8, nr 3 (maj 1989): 173–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032718900800301.

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1 PCDDs and PCDFs are ubiquitous and persistent in the environment. They are to be found in body tissues of both humans and animals. 2 The most extensively studied PCDD is 2,3,7,8-TCDD. It has been shown to produce a wide range of effects and is considered to be a (non-genotoxic) carcinogen in animals. 3 Studies into the mechanisms of toxicity so far reveal that there is involvement of a specific receptor (Ah), however further work is required to elucidate the mechanisms of the various effects. 4 Reports on a number of human exposures to PCDDs and PCDFs are described. Results from human epidemiological studies are difficult to interpret: there have been problems in methodology; there has been inadequate information on intake, and exposures have often been to mixtures of PCDDs and/or PCDFs together with other related compounds. 5 Many regulatory authorities faced with the problem of providing an index of risk from exposure to mixtures of PCDDs and PCDFs have employed the concept of 'TCDD equivalents'. 6 Whether or not PCDDs and PCDFs pose a significant human health risk at current levels of exposure they remain of considerable interest to the toxicologist.

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Baran, Agnieszka, Monika Mierzwa-Hersztek, Magdalena Urbaniak, Krzysztof Gondek, Marek Tarnawski, Magdalena Szara i Marek Zieliński. "An assessment of the concentrations of PCDDs/Fs in contaminated bottom sediments and their sources and ecological risk". Journal of Soils and Sediments 20, nr 6 (14.11.2019): 2588–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11368-019-02492-3.

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Abstract Purpose The purpose of the study was to determine the levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDD/F), two types of persistent organic pollutant (POP), in an urban retention reservoir located in an industrial zone within a coal-mining region. It also assesses the potential ecological risk of the PCDDs/Fs present in bottom sediments and the relationship between their content and the fraction of organic matter. Materials and methods The sediment samples were collected from Rybnik Reservoir, located in the centre of the Rybnik Coal Region, Silesia, one of Poland’s major industrial centres. Seventeen PCDD/F congeners in the surface of the sediments were analysed using high-resolution gas chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). Results and discussion The toxic equivalency (TEQ) of the PCDDs/Fs in the sediments ranged from 1.65 to 32.68 pg TEQ g−1. PCDDs constituted 59–78% of the total PCDDs/Fs, while the PCDFs accounted for 22–41%. The pattern of PCDD/F congeners in the sediments was dominated by OCDD. However, the second-most prevalent constituents were OCDF and ∑HpCDFs in the low TOC sediment (< 10 g TOC kg−1), but HpCDD in the rich TOC samples (> 10 g TOC kg−1). PCDD/F concentrations in the sediment samples were 2- to 38-fold higher than the sediment quality guidelines limit, indicating high ecological risk potential. Although a considerable proportion of PCDDs/Fs in the bottom sediments from the Rybnik Reservoir were derived from combustion processes, they were also obtained via transport, wastewater discharge, high-temperature processes and thermal electricity generation. The PCDD/F concentrations were significantly correlated with all fractions of organic matter; however, the strongest correlation coefficients were found between PCDDs/Fs and humic substances. Besides organic matter, the proportions of silt/clay fractions within sediments played an important role in the transport of PCDDs/Fs in bottom sediments. Conclusions The silt/clay fraction of the bottom sediments plays a dominant role in the movement of PCDDs/Fs, while the organic matter fraction affects their sorption. The results indicate that the environmental behaviour of PCDDs/Fs is affected by the quantity and quality of organic matter and the texture of sediments.

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Wielgosiński, Grzegorz. "The Possibilities of Reduction of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-P-Dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans Emission". International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2010 (2010): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/392175.

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In the study the most important and known polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDFs) emission sources are presented and known methods of reduction of dioxin emission to the atmosphere are discussed in detail. It is indicated that the most relevant emission source is a combustion process. The mechanism of dioxin formation in thermal processes is presented in brief. The author characterized primary methods of reduction of PCDDs/PCDFs emission encompassing the interference into the combustion process to minimize their formation and discussed known secondary methods aimed at their removal from the stream of waste gases. It was attempted to make a critical assessment of PCDD/Fs reduction methods described in literature.

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Guitart, Raimon, Lars Nørgaard, Giulio Mariani, Manuel Posada, Ignacio Abaitúa, Emilio Gelpi i Roberto Fanelli. "Analysis of Polychlorinated Dioxins and Furans in Samples of the Toxic Oil Syndrome". Human & Experimental Toxicology 12, nr 4 (lipiec 1993): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719301200403.

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1 Polychlorinated dioxins (PCDDs) and furans (PCDFs) are known to produce a wide range of toxic effects. 2 PCDDs and PCDFs are typical contaminants of chlorinated phenols, and pentachlorophenol and related compounds have been shown to be widely distributed among selected oil samples taken from the 1981 Spanish toxic oil epidemic. 3 Six control and eight case oil samples were analysed using GC/MS for PCDDs and PCDFs. Only small concentrations, normally below 1 ng g-1, of the higher chlorinated PCDDs and PCDFs were detected. There were no statistical differences between the case and control oils. 4 These levels seem to be too low to elicit toxic effects, although they could be enough to potentiate the toxicity of other xenobiotics present in the oils. However, it is uncertain whether the levels of these compounds measured in 1990 reflect the levels present when the oils were consumed in 1981, or whether or not the levels measured in crude oils are representative of fried oils.

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Marklund, Stellan, Gunilla Söderstrom, Karin Ljung, Christoffer Rappe, Michael Kraft i Hanspaul Hagenmaier. "Parallel Sampling for Dioxins Using Various Sampling Techniques At a Swedish Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator". Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 10, nr 1 (styczeń 1992): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x9201000104.

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Parallel sampling was carried out in a Swedish municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerator, on two consecutive days, with five different sampling techniques. The samples were analysed for chlorinated dioxins (PCDDs) and chlorodibenzofurans (PCDFS) at two laboratories, one in Sweden and the other in Germany. Two different spiking protocols were used, both including pre-sampling or clean-up spikes from each homolog group of the tetra to octa CDDs and CDFs. Comparable results were obtained for all five sampling methods for the emission data and the recoveries for all pre-sampling spikes were above 50%. The agreement between the two laboratories was good. The different sampling methods resulted in very similar congener distributions (congener profiles) or isomer distributions (isomer patterns). However, the sampling techniques differ considerably in the distribution of PCDDs/PCDFs in various sampling compartments, The sampling techniques where large contribution of PCDDs and PCDFs could be found in the wash solvent may suffer from losses and/or cross-contamination problems unless the washing is carried out properly. The use of a cooled probe in combination with an adsorption (polyurethane foam plug) or absorption (ethoxyethanol) trap, where the main portion of the PCDDs and PCDFs were found in the condensate, is considered as a convenient and efficient sampling technique.

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Eljarrat, Ethel. "Effects of Sewage Sludges Contaminated with Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Sludge-Treated Areas (Soils and Sediments)". Scientific World JOURNAL 2 (2002): 1729–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.880.

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The fate of PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs in sewage sludges after different management techniques — such as agricultural application, land restoration, and marine disposal — was studied. Changes observed in the concentrations, in the ratio between PCDD and PCDF levels, and in the isomeric distribution suggest the influence of the sewage sludge on the sludge-treated areas (soils and sediments). Whereas land application techniques seem to produce no serious environmental consequences, marine disposal practices produce considerable increases in the levels of contamination in marine sediments.

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Firestone, David. "Determination of Dioxins and Furans in Foods and Biological Tissues: Review and Update". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 74, nr 2 (1.03.1991): 375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/74.2.375.

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Abstract Determination of trace residues of polychlorlnated dlbenzo- p-dloxlns and dibenzofurans (PCDDs and PCDFs) In various matrixes Is carried out by a limited number of laboratories In the United States, Canada, and other countries. Current methods for analysis of foods and biological tissues Include a combination of preparation, extraction, cleanup, isolation, determination, and Identity confirmation procedures. Soxhlet, liquid/liquid, solid-phase, and column extraction procedures are used as well as treatment with acid or base before solvent extraction. Cleanup and isolation steps Include sulfuric acid partitioning; adsorption chromatography on Florlsil, silica gel, or alumina; gel permeation chromatography; multistage column chromatography on sulfuric acid silica and alkali silica; carbon column chromatography; and liquid chromatography fractionation with size exclusion, normalphase, and reverse-phase columns. Activated carbon and multistage chromatographic columns are widely used in cleanup schemes. Isomer-speclflc Identification and quantitation of PCDD and PCDF congeners at parts-per-trllllon levels or lower are carried out by high resolution (capillary) gas chromatography (HRGC) and multiple Ion detection mass spectrometry. In addition to chemical methods, bloassay procedures have been recommended (e.g., use of monoclonal antibodies, for immunoassay determination of PCDDs and PCDFs).

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Rodriguez-Pichardo, A., F. Camacho, C. Rappe, M. Hansson, A. G. Smith i J. B. Greig. "Chloracne Caused by Ingestion of Olive Oil Contaminated with PCDDs and PCDFs". Human & Experimental Toxicology 10, nr 5 (wrzesień 1991): 311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719101000503.

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1 All members of a Spanish family (father, mother and six children) developed chloracne. 2 The causative agent was found to be the family's stock of olive oil, which had become contaminated with polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), pentachlorophenol, and hexachlorobenzene. 3 The more highly chlorinated PCDDs, in particular octachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin, were the predominant congeners in the oil. 4 Three members of the family exhibited either an overt or a sub-clinical disturbance of kidney function. The father also had a chronic respiratory problem. These changes could not be unequivocally attributed to the PCDDs. 5 Experimental toxicity of the oil was limited to the development of an hepatic porphyria in mice. 6 A serum sample, taken 5 years after consumption of the oil ceased, contained high levels of the PCDDs and PCDFs. Extrapolation back to ingested dose was used to validate dosage estimates. 7 The use of toxicity equivalence factors (TEFs) provided estimates of cumulative dosage to produce chloracne as 0.13-0.31 μg 2378-TCDD kg-1 (using EPA TEFs) or 6.7-16 μg 2378-TCDD kg-1 (using Nordic/NATO TEFs). 8 This is the first incident in which human toxicity is related primarily to ingestion of PCDDs and for which estimates of dosage can be made.

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Riddell, Nicole, Bert van Bavel, Ingrid Ericson Jogsten, Robert McCrindle, Alan McAlees, Dave Potter, Colleen Tashiro i Brock Chittim. "Comparative assessment of the chromatographic separation of 2,3,7,8-substituted polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans using supercritical fluid chromatography and high resolution gas chromatography". Analytical Methods 7, nr 21 (2015): 9245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ay01644d.

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Simion, Alina, Mitsunori Kakeda, Naoyoshi Egashira, Yoshiharu Mitoma i Cristian Simion. "A direct method for the decontamination of a fly ash amended wet soil, artificially polluted with dioxins". Open Chemistry 10, nr 5 (1.10.2012): 1547–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-012-0066-6.

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AbstractWe report hereby the first method of direct treatment of a wet soil containing toxic polychloroderivatives. Using a system with metallic Ca and 5% Rh fixed on charcoal in methanol, soil samples artificially polluted with fly ash containing polychloro-dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), polychloro-dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (co-PCBs), and having 69.2% to 84.6% moisture content, were successfully treated and decontaminated. This treatment afforded excellent hydrodechlorination yields for the 29 most toxic congeners of PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs (98.3% degradation yield based on toxic equivalent quotient — or TEQ) after a 24 h treatment, at room temperature.

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Kunisue, Tatsuya, i Shinsuke Tanabe. "Contamination Status and Toxicological Implications of Persistent Toxic Substances in Avian Species". Journal of Disaster Research 3, nr 3 (1.06.2008): 196–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2008.p0196.

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The present study reviewed the contamination status and accumulation features of persistent toxic substances (PTSs), such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), in avian species from Japan and open sea areas. PTSs were detected not only in Japanese coastal and inland birds but also in open sea birds, suggesting global-scale pollution by these contaminants. Higher concentrations of PBDEs were observed in Japanese raptor and omnivore species, while PCB levels in piscivorous birds were notably higher than in other species. Interestingly, relatively high concentrations of dioxins and related compounds (DRCs) such as PCDDs, PCDFs, and dioxin-like PCBs (DL-PCBs) were found in open sea birds, such as albatross species. Toxic equivalents (TEQs) of PCDDs, PCDFs, and DL-PCBs, which were calculated using toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for birds proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO), were greater in albatross eggs than some avian toxicity thresholds, implying possible biochemical alterations by DRCs in albatross embryos. These results indicate that many avian species inhabiting Japan and the open ocean have been exposed to region-specific PTSs that may have put them at risk.

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Cao, Xuan, Longjie Ji, Xiaoqing Lin, William R. Stevens, Minghui Tang, Fanjie Shang, Shaofu Tang i Shengyong Lu. "Comprehensive diagnosis of PCDD/F emission from three hazardous waste incinerators". Royal Society Open Science 5, nr 7 (lipiec 2018): 172056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172056.

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Comprehensive diagnosis of polychlorinated dibenzo- p -dioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) emissions was systematically conducted on three hazardous waste incinerators (HWIs). Results indicated that PCDD/F mainly existed in the solid phase before the bag filter. This was especially true for higher chlorinated dioxin and furan congeners (hexa-, hepta- and octa-). The aged bag filters tended to increase the gas-phase PCDD/F. Emissions also increased due to PCDD/F desorption from circulated scrubbing solution and plastic packing media used in the wet scrubber. The PCDD/F concentrations were elevated during the start-up process, reaching up to 5.4 times higher than those measured during the normal operating period. The ratios of PCDFs/PCDDs revealed that the surface-catalysed de novo synthesis was the dominant pathway of PCDD/F formation. Installation of more efficient fabric filters, intermittent replacement of circulated scrubbing solution will result in reduced PCDD/F emission. Additionally, 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF correlated well with the international toxic equivalent quantity (I-TEQ) value, which suggests that 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF could act as an I-TEQ indicator.

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Campin, D. N., S. J. Buckland, D. J. Hannah i J. A. Taucher. "The Identification of Dioxin Sources in an Integrated Wood Processing Facility". Water Science and Technology 24, nr 3-4 (1.08.1991): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0463.

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A study was undertaken of the PCDD and PCDF export vectors from a major facility that comprises a bleached kraft pulp mill, paper mills, and previously, a timber processing sawmill. The PCDD and PCDF levels in pulps, untreated effluent, the final effluent, sludges, and discharge to the receiving waters, were studied. The total toxic equivalents were calculated, and the individual PCDD and PCDF profiles showed that there were several contributing sources of dioxins. The various effluent streams that contribute to the final effluent were studied, including the bleached effluent, the other kraft mill effluents, and site effluents from other processing areas. Mass balances of PCDDs and PCDFs from the effluent treatment systems are presented. The paper outlines the use of full PCDD and PCDF profile measurements as a means of identifying the point sources of dioxin contamination from within the facility, and outlines the procedures that are being implemented to control the emission of dioxins in the final effluent.

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Sofilic, T., J. Jendričko, Z. Kovačevic i M. Ćosić. "Measurement of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran emission from EAF steel making proces". Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 57, nr 3 (1.10.2012): 811–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10172-012-0089-1.

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Electric arc furnace (EAF) steel manufacturing is an important recycling activity which contributes to the recovery of steel resources and steel scrap/waste minimization. Because of the content of plastics, coatings and paintings as well as other nonferrous materials in the charge during melting, a strong emission of pollutants, including polluting substance group consists of persistent organic pollutions (POPs) represented by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) occurs. This study was set out to investigate emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs/Fs) from the stack of a new electric-arc furnace-dust treatment plant installed during modernisation of the Melt Shop in CMC SISAK d.o.o., Croatia. Obtained results have been compared with previously obtained results of PCDDs/Fs emission measurements from the old electric-arc furnace dust treatment without dust drop-out box, as well as quenching tower. The total PCDDs/Fs concentration in the stack off gases of both electric arc furnaces EAF A and EAF B were 0.2098 and 0.022603 ng I-TEQ/Nm3 respectively, and these results are close to previous obtained results by other authors. The calculated values of the emission factors for PCDDs/Fs calculated on the basis of measured PCDDs/Fs concentration in the stack off gases in 2008 and 2011 were 1.09 and 0.22 ng I-TEQ/ ton steel, respectively.

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Chalmers, Gareth, Rupert Adams, Amanda Bustin i Marc Bustin. "The Environmental Significance of Sediment Surface Area as a Controlling Factor in the Preservation of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-P-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF) in Sediments Adjacent to Woodfibre Pulp Mill, Howe Sound, British Columbia". Minerals 9, nr 11 (18.11.2019): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9110711.

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A sediment core was retrieved from an area adjacent to a Pulp and Paper Mill in Howe Sound, British Columbia, in order to examine the accumulation dioxins (PCDDs) and furans (PCDFs). Downcore distribution of TOC in the bulk samples is relatively uniform (0.5–1.7 wt. %). Bulk PCDD/F concentration shows selective enrichment and depletion at specific sediment horizons, and a low to moderate correlation with surface area (r2 = 0.23–0.54). TOC in size fractionated sediments ranges from 0.3–11 wt. % and shows a moderate correlation with surface area (r2 = 0.51). The relationship between PCDD/Fs and surface area is congener specific, ranging from no significant correlation (TCDD; r2 = 0.05), to a good correlation (i.e., OCDF; r2 = 0.74). Results indicate that both dioxin and furan concentrations are related to organic matter concentration, molecular chlorination and sediment surface area.

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González, Silvia, Martha Porras, Arianna Jimbo i Cesar H. Zambrano. "Dehydrochlorination of PCDDs on SWCN-Supported Ni10 and Ni13 Clusters, a DFT Study". Molecules 27, nr 16 (10.08.2022): 5074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27165074.

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Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) are known to be a group of compounds of high toxicity for animals and, particularly, for humans. Given that the most common method to destroy these compounds is by high-temperature combustion, finding other routes to render them less toxic is of paramount importance. Taking advantage of the physisorption properties of nanotubes, we studied the reactions of atomic hydrogen on physisorbed PCDDs using DFT; likewise, we investigated the reaction of molecular hydrogen on PCDDs aided by Ni10 and Ni13 clusters adsorbed on single-wall carbon nanotubes. Because dihydrogen is an easily accessible reactant, we found these reactions to be quite relevant as dehydrohalogenation methods to address PCDD toxicity.

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Servos, Mark R., Derek C. G. Muir i G. R. Barrie Webster. "Bioavailability of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins in Lake Enclosures". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49, nr 4 (1.04.1992): 735–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f92-082.

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The bioavailability of 1,3,6,8-tetra- (T4CDD) and octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (O8CDD) was examined in large (40 m3) lake enclosures at the Experimental Lakes Area in northwestern Ontario. The polychlorinated dioxins (PCDDs) were added to replicate enclosures as a sediment slurry at a nominal concentration of 58–59 ng∙L−1. T4CDD was more bioavailable to caged benthic invertebrates and fish (white sucker, Catostomus commersoni) than O8CDD immediately after the addition to the enclosures. However, as the concentration of T4CDD in the water column rapidly declined, the bioavailability of T4CDD also declined. Sorption of PCDD to organic matter and rapid partitioning to sediments might have reduced the uptake of PCDDs directly from the water column. Accumulation of PCDDs in biota appeared to shift from direct equilibrium partitioning during the first few days, when the concentrations in the water column were relatively high, to a detrital food chain transfer as the freely available PCDDs in the water declined. This conclusion is supported by the results of the simple, four-compartment food chain model of Thomann and Connolly based on the uptake kinetics of PCDDs from water and food.

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Lotito, V., G. Mininni, A. C. Di Pinto i L. Spinosa. "Sludge incineration tests on circulating fluidised bed furnace". Water Science and Technology 44, nr 2-3 (1.07.2001): 409–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0796.

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Results of sludge incineration tests on a demonstrative fluidised bed furnace are reported and discussed. They show that particulate, heavy metals and acidic compounds in the emissions can be easily controlled both when sludge is spiked with chlorinated hydrocarbons up to a chlorine concentration in the feed of 5%, and when the afterburner is switched off. As for organic micropollutants, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were much lower than the Italian limits of 10 μg/m3 (no limits are at present considered in the European Directives). Dioxins (PCDDs) and furans (PCDFs) in some tests exceeded the limit of 0.1 ng/m3 (TE) but the concentrations in the fly ashes were much lower, thus evidencing a possible presence of contaminants in gas phase. PAHs and PCDD/PCDFs were not depending on the afterburning operation, the presence of organic chlorine in the feed sludge and the copper addition to sewage sludge.

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Urbaniak, Magdalena, Marek Zieliński, Zbigniew Kaczkowski i Maciej Zalewski. "Spatial distribution of PCDDs, PCDFs and dl-PCBs along the cascade of urban reservoirs". Hydrology Research 44, nr 4 (17.12.2012): 614–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2012.236.

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The river environment is a highly complex system with a variety of processes continuously changing along its continuum (River Continuum Concept). Therefore identification of the threats that result from different elements of the river ecosystem is an intricate task, mainly because of the transportation and biological, geological and chemical processes occurring in such a system. The overall objective of the presented study was to examine the concentration and pattern of polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) in the five urban, cascade reservoirs. The obtained data demonstrated an increasing total concentration of toxic PCDDs/PCDFs and dl-PCBs along the studied reservoirs starting from 266 ng/kg d.w. in the first pond up to 11,400 ng/kg d.w. in the last pond, wherein the highest World Health Organization – Toxic Equivalent (WHO-TEQ) concentration (18.9 ng TEQ/kg d.w.) was also recorded. The exception from this rule, with the lowest total and WHO-TEQ concentrations (182 ng/kg d.w. and 1.31 ng TEQ/kg d.w., respectively) was the middle newly constructed III reservoir, equipped with the sediment traps and sand separators at the stormwater outlets and ecotone zones around its catchment for enhancing the purification of inflowing stormwater. This situation may indicate the importance of such solutions for the reduction of PCDDs, PCDFs and dl-PCBs in the urban water ecosystems.

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Ovanes, Chakoyan. "Rapid determination of PCDDs, PCDFs and DL-PCBs in foods, feeding stuffs and vegetable oils using new modified acid silica". Annals of Advances in Chemistry 7, nr 1 (5.01.2023): 001–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.aac.1001037.

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Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls are persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which in recent years received huge attention due to their extreme stability, high potential toxicity and bioaccumulation in food chains. The main source of human exposure to these compounds is discovered in foods of animal origin, especially foods rich in fat. The target of the present study was to set up an analytical method for the determination of PCDDs/PCDFs and DL-PCB in vegetable oils, sunflower meals, sunflower seeds, rapeseeds and milk powder. The first step consisted of a semi-automatic Soxhlet extraction for 3 hours, by using a mixture of Hexane: Acetone – 80:20, followed by acid digestion with 55% acid silica and filtration. After concentration, the extract is purified on a multilayer column (silica gel, silica-KOH, silica-H2SO4 anhydrous Na2SO4) followed by an alumina column separation in two fractions (first fraction containing PCDDs/PCDFs and second containing only PCBs). The purified extract was then analyzed by GC/MS/MS. The newly developed approach in our lab was capable to reduce the overall time of sample preparation to seven hours/ per sample. Since the method shows good mean recoveries for all labeled congeners spiked in the samples (for PCDDs/PCDFs – 80% - 110%, for DL-PCBs – 70% - 85%), we assumed the absence of overestimation or underestimation in the analyzed samples.

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Kitunen, V. H., i M. S. Salkinoja-Salonen. "PCDDs/PCDFs in unbleached pulp". Chemosphere 20, nr 10-12 (styczeń 1990): 1663–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(90)90327-p.

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Kožul, Darija, i Snježana Romanić. "Analysis of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans in Soil and Sediment". Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 60, nr 2 (1.06.2009): 243–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-60-2009-1922.

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Analysis of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans in Soil and SedimentThis review presents methods for the analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), called dioxins, in soil and sediment. These compounds are produced as by-products of different combustion processes, and because of their persistency and toxicity they present a threat for animal and human health. Due to their high organic matter content, soil and sediment can accumulate dioxins and have become important secondary emission sources. Determining dioxins in these samples is complex because dioxins are present in trace levels and have to be separated from interferences whereas other classes of organic contaminants are present in higher concentrations. After sampling, follows extraction of compounds with a suitable solvent, extract clean-up from unwanted compounds, and qualitative and quantitative analysis. At the end of this review, we gave levels of PCDD/PCDFs found in soil and sediment samples.

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Mukerjee, Debdas, Olaf Päpke i Wilfried Karmaus. "Indoor Air Contamination With Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans". Toxicology and Industrial Health 5, nr 5 (grudzień 1989): 731–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823378900500511.

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Pentachlorophenol (PCP), used extensively for wood preservative purposes, contains trace amounts of polychlorinated dibenzo dioxins (PCDDs) and-dibenzofurans (PCDFs) as contaminants. Residues of these compounds are present on the surface and sub surface of the treated wood. These contaminants have the potential to wear (or migrate) away or volatilize from the wood surface and become entrained in ambient air or dust particles, and thus becom ing available for human contact. During the early sixties several day nursery facilities were built with PCP-treated wood in the northern part of West Germany. In this paper we describe the indoor air monitoring data in these kindergarten buildings and the associated possible long-term health risk. The indoor ambient air was found to be contaminated with highly toxic PCDDs/ PCDFs at pg/m3 levels. HxCDDs, HpCFs and OCDDs/OCDFs congeners were the major contaminants.

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Klima, Vigilija, Renata Chadyšienė, Rūta Ivanec-Goranina, Dainius Jasaitis i Vaida Vasiliauskienė. "Assessment of Air Pollution with Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and Polychlorinated Dibenzofuranes (PCDFs) in Lithuania". Atmosphere 11, nr 7 (17.07.2020): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11070759.

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Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) are highly bioavailable in humans, either through direct inhalation or indirectly by trophic transfer from contaminated food or water. The main sources of pollution with PCDD/F include industrial and non-industrial combustion sources, like domestic contaminated wood burning, house fires, burning of leaves from trees, etc. When looking for alternative energy sources and reduced energy costs, solid waste incineration plants are intended to be built in the vicinity of urbanized areas, and thus, the need emerges for examination and prediction of to what extent the solid waste incineration plants might affect the surrounding ecosystem, air pollution, and human health. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) (or simply PCDD/F congeners) belong to the group of semi-volatile organic compounds with environmental stability and long-range transfer in the ambient air. Dioxin isomers are highly toxic and may have carcinogenic and mutagenic effects in humans. PCDD/F is detected in air, water, sediment, plants and animals. PCDD/F is generally distributed in the particulate phase in ambient air. For solid waste incineration plant emissions, the distribution of PCDD/F particles into particles with a diameter of <10 μm is more than 81% of the total particulate matter, and more than 54% of the PCDD/F is distributed into particles with a diameter of <2.5 μm. The aim of this study is to investigate the sources of PCDD/F, emissions and potential hazards, i.e., a toxic equivalent in Lithuania. The measurements were performed in two largest cities of Lithuania Vilnius and Kaunas, where the level of PCDD/F discovered was from 0.015 to 0.52 pg/m3 and from 0.02 to 0.05 pg/m3, respectively. The sites for the monitoring were selected based on their proximity to the locations of the planned cogeneration power plants in these cities.

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Afghan, B. K., J. Carron, P. D. Goulden, J. Lawrence, D. Léger, F. Onuska, J. Sherry i R. Wilkinson. "Recent advances in ultratrace analysis of dioxins and related halogenated hydrocarbons". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 65, nr 5 (1.05.1987): 1086–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v87-183.

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Analytical methodology for polychlorinated dioxins and furans (PCDDs and PCDFs) in environmental samples is not standardized. Many variations exist for the extraction, cleanup, quantitation, and confirmation of these compounds and reported detection limits and recoveries vary over several orders of magnitude. This paper describes research carried out at the Canada Centre for Inland Waters over the past seven or eight years to develop reliable methodology at ultratrace levels (10−12–10−15 g/g) applicable to a wide range of environmental samples. Extraction techniques are described for biological tissue (fish, clams, leaches, eggs), fly ash, sediments, and water. Detailed cleanup procedures for the various matrices consist of most or all of the following: gel permeation chromatography liquid/liquid extraction with Na3PO4, liquid/liquid extraction with H2SO4, basic alumina chromatography, and carbon fibre chromatography. Preliminary screening of the cleaned extracts is achieved by gas chromatography equipped with a mass selective detector and positive identification by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry operated in electron impact and chemical ionization modes and with full scan and multiple ion detection. Custom software permitting the analysis of a wide range of compounds in a single run by gc/ms is reported. The presence of specific isomers of PCDDs and PCDFs is confirmed by high resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. A radioimmunoassay screening procedure for PCDDs in environmental samples is also described.

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Schlatter, Ch, i H. Poiger. "Chlorierte Dibenzodioxine und Dibenzofurane (PCDDs/PCDFs)". Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung 1, nr 2 (maj 1989): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02940422.

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Moon, Chan-Seok, i Jong-Min Paik. "Estimation of PCDDs/PCDFs Intake for Korean Children and Their Mothers Through Daily Foods". Korean Journal of Environmental Health Sciences 33, nr 1 (28.02.2007): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5668/jehs.2007.33.1.011.

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Baek, Seung-Hong, In-Seok Lee, Minkyu Choi, Boo-Han Lee, Dong-Woon Hwang, Sook-Yang Kim i Hee-Gu Choi. "Concentrations and Distribution Patterns of PCDDs, PCDFs, DL-PCBs, PBDEs in Sediments from Ulsan Bay". Sea 18, nr 4 (28.11.2013): 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.7850/jkso.2013.18.4.186.

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Chmil, V. D., O. V. Golokhova, D. Yu Vydrin i V. I. Kruk. "Relevance of the problem of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) determination in baby food products". One Health and Nutrition Problems of Ukraine 52, nr 1 (24.06.2020): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33273/2663-9726-2020-52-1-32-39.

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The Aim of the Article. Analysis of the current state of the problem of the dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) determination in baby food products and the development of sample preparation methods for determining these xenobiotics in food products for infants and young children. Dioxins form a group of structurally and chemically related chlorinated tricyclic oxygen-containing aromatic compounds (congeners), which includes 75 polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins (PCDDs) and 135 polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). The most toxic congeners of dioxins, in which chlorine atoms along with other positions are necessarily in 2,3,7,8 positions of benzene rings. Their total number is 17:7 PCDD congeners and 10 PCDF congeners. A group of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) – chlorinated bicyclic aromatic compounds, which consists of 209 different congeners, 12 of which have a spatial and electronic structure and exhibit toxicological properties similar to dioxins, therefore, they are called dioxin-like PCBs (DL-PCBs). In addition, when monitoring food products as a marker, a group of 6 PCBs was selected that did not exhibit dioxin-like toxicity and therefore did not belong to dioxin-like PCBs (NDL-PCBs). Thus, of the total number of 419 PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs, only 35 are toxicologically significant, therefore, these compounds are subject to control in baby food products. To control the content of the amount of dioxins, the amount of dioxins and DL-PCBs and the amount of NDL-PCBs in foods for infants and children from one to three years in Ukraine, the maximum levels of these compounds on the basis of the order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine No. 368 of 05/13/2013 were harmonized with the maximum allowable levels in foods for infants and young children in accordance with Commission Regulation (EU) No. 1259/2011. Methods for the analysis of dioxins and PCBs. Two instrumental analysis methods are used to determine dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in foods for baby food: 1) a combination of high-resolution (capillary) gas chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC/MS); 2) a combination of GCHR with tandem mass spectroscopy (GC/MS/MS). High-resolution (capillary) gas chromatography is used to determine non-dioxin-like (marker) PCBs. The stage of sample preparation, including the stages of extraction and purification, is key in determining dioxins and PCBs. Conclusions. The stage of sample preparation using automatic devices (liquid extraction under pressure, an automated extract purification system) and chromatographic columns was developed to further determine the mass concentration of dioxins and PCBs in baby food products. The developed procedures using devices for the automatic extraction and purification of the obtained extracts from baby food samples will make it possible in the future to determine PCDDs/PCDFs, ortho-unsubstituted, mono-ortho-substituted and marker PCBs in one sample. Key Words: dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls, baby food.

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Kumar, Bhupander, Satish Kumar Singh, Ram Bharoshey Lal, Sanjay Kumar i Chandra Shekhar Sharma. "Congener specific distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo-p-furans in ambient air particulates (less than PM10) in Delhi, India". Journal of Xenobiotics 2, nr 1 (1.08.2012): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/xeno.2012.e7.

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Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-furans (PCDFs) are unintentionally formed during inefficient combustions and as a by-product. Due to their resistance to degradation and their toxic effect on health, PCDD/Fs are listed by the Stockholm Convention as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Once released into the atmosphere, most of them are adsorbed to air particles and transported away from sources in atmosphere. India signed the Stockholm Convention India agreeing thereby to reduce and eliminate the use of POPs. The German agency for Technical Cooperation helped develop facilities for monitoring POPs at a national level in Delhi. This paper presents the data generated during a training assignment for Central Pollution Control Board officials at the German laboratory. Air borne particulate matter (<PM10) was collected from 6 different locations in Delhi, India and analyzed in a German laboratory for 17 congeners of PCDD/Fs. The concentrations of ΣPCDD/Fs ranged between 1720-9010 fg m-3 (mean 5559 fg m-3) and their toxic equivalency values ranged from 67 to 460 fg I-toxic equivalent quantities (TEQ) m-3, with an average of 239 fg I-TEQ m-3 which was lower than the ambient air standards. The dominant congeners were octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD), octachlorinated dibenzo-p-furans (OCDF), 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorinated dibenzo- p-furans, and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin. The contributions of individual homologs for ΣPCDDs/Fs I-TEQ was in the order of OCDD (31%)>HCDF (21%)>hexachlorodibenzofurans (13%)=OCDF (13%)> HCDF (12%) and other individual congeners contribute less than 5%. High chlorinated congeners contributed with more than 80% for ΣPCDD/Fs I-TEQ. Rough estimates of tolerable daily intake (TDI) shows low health risk of exposure to ΣPCDD/Fs with inhalation of 0.098 pg I-TEQ kg1day1 for adult and 0.152 pg TEQ kg-1day-1 for children, which is much lower than World Health Organization recommended TDI for dioxins.

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Ferreira, Aldo Pacheco, i Maria de Fátima Ramos Moreira. "Dioxins and furans in breast milk: a case study of mothers from southern Rio de Janeiro, Brazil". Cadernos de Saúde Pública 31, nr 5 (maj 2015): 1107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00052914.

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A study of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) was conducted in a pooled sample of breast milk from 27 primiparous mothers living in 12 locations in the meso-region industrial area of southern Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between August 2012 and July 2013. Questionnaires with questions regarding food habits, social and economic conditions and places of dwelling were applied. Milk was collected between four and six weeks after delivery from mothers were breast-feeding only one infant. The toxic equivalency (TEQ) of PCDD/Fs, and dl-PCBs were 10.6, 4.77, 6.96 TEQ pg/g, respectively. The understanding and identification of pollution sources may be helpful for applying better counter measures against breast milk dioxin contamination. It is important for pregnant women to have a diet that is as free as possible from chemical contaminants. Further research must be undertaken in the context of epidemiological investigations to more accurately assess the effects of these compounds. The background contamination by PCDD/Fs, and dl-PCBs in mothers living at industrial area in Rio de Janeiro is lower than that generally found in industrialized countries.

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Vu, Chi, Huu Tran, Acharee Kaewlaoyoong, Wen-Yen Huang i Chitsan Lin. "Efficacy of Indigenously Prepared Sugarcane and Pineapple Wine Solvents for Washing Highly Dioxin-Contaminated Field Soils". Applied Sciences 9, nr 1 (25.12.2018): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9010061.

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Poly-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and poly-chlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDFs) negatively affect human health and are often found as unwanted by-products of chemical handling and manufacture procedures. While commercial solvents have been used to remove dioxins from contaminated soil, these solvents themselves may adversely affect soil health. In this study, we examined the effects of washing highly PCDD/F contaminated field-soil with two natural solvents (sugarcane and pineapple wine) under ambient temperature. Performing an initial three-washing-cycle experiment, we found that sugarcane wine more effectively removed the contaminants than pineapple wine (removal, 60% vs. 50%) and chose it to perform a six-washing-cycle experiment facilitated by mechanical stirring and ultrasonication. Sugarcane wine was found to have a high removal efficiency (almost 80%), largely due to its higher alcohol and acid content. We believe that both wines can be used in soil remediation tasks without further damage to soil health. This is the first study employing naturally made wines as soil washing solvents in treating highly PCDD/F contaminated field soil. After soil washing processes, the winery solvents are believed to be beneficial to (if necessary) bioremediation methods and/or monitored natural attenuation.

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Hunt, Gary T. "Measurement of PCDDs/PCDFs in Ambient Air". JAPCA 39, nr 3 (marzec 1989): 330–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1989.10466535.

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Ahlborg, U. G. "Nordic risk assessment of PCDDs and PCDFs". Chemosphere 19, nr 1-6 (styczeń 1989): 603–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(89)90378-0.

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Wiberg, K., K. Lundström, B. Glas i C. Rappe. "PCDDs and PCDFs in consumers' paper products". Chemosphere 19, nr 1-6 (styczeń 1989): 735–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(89)90400-1.

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Horaguchi, M., H. Ogawa, K. Ose, S. Tomisawa i S. Matsuura. "PCDDs & PCDFs from the MSW incinerator". Chemosphere 18, nr 9-10 (styczeń 1989): 1785–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(89)90462-1.

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Turkstra, E., i H. B. Pols. "PCDDs and PCDFs in Dutch inland waters". Chemosphere 18, nr 1-6 (styczeń 1989): 539–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(89)90165-3.

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Wilson, J. Y., R. F. Addison, D. Martens, R. Gordon i B. Glickman. "Cytochrome P450 1A and related measurements in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from the Fraser River". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57, nr 2 (1.02.2000): 405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f99-251.

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Juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were captured at six sites on the upper Fraser, Nechako, and Thompson rivers, British Columbia, Canada. Biological responses were measured in the liver to assess the effects of contaminants on the fish before they began migration downstream. Both ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity and CYP 1A concentrations were significantly enhanced, being two- to three-fold higher in Fraser River samples compared with those fish from reference sites on the Nechako River. DNA adduct concentrations were two- to four-fold higher in Fraser River fish, although liver histopathology appeared unaffected. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the carcasses contributed to total contaminant burdens of less than 1 pg·g-1. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites were undetectable in nearly all samples of bile. There were strong correlations between EROD activity, CYP 1A induction, and DNA adduct concentrations but no clear correlation between these responses and PCDD, PCDF, or PCB concentrations.

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Brookman, Heiner, Fabian Gievers, Volker Zelinski, Jan Ohlert i Achim Loewen. "Influence of Hydrothermal Carbonization on Composition, Formation and Elimination of Biphenyls, Dioxins and Furans in Sewage Sludge". Energies 11, nr 6 (15.06.2018): 1582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11061582.

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In many areas of application, the influence of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) on the composition of organic pollutants is still unexplored. In this study, sewage sludge (SS) was carbonized and the input as well as the hydrochar were examined for the organic pollutants: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDFs). The process temperatures of carbonization were 200 °C, 220 °C, and 240 °C and the holding time was 5 h for all tests. The total concentration of PCBs was relatively stable for all temperatures, whereas the toxicity equivalent (WHO-TEQ) at 200 °C and 220 °C increases compared to the input material. The strongest impact on toxicity was observed for PCDDs where concentrations were reduced for higher temperatures, whereas the toxicity increases by more than 16 times for temperatures of 240 °C. The concentrations and toxicity of PCDFs were reduced for all carbonization temperatures. In hydrochar from HTC at 240 °C, the limit values for the application of SS in German agriculture have been exceeded. The results indicate that the process conditions for HTC should be controlled also for SS with average contamination if the hydrochar is to be used as material, especially in agriculture.

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Urbaniak, Magdalena, Edyta Kiedrzyńska, Marcin Kiedrzyński, Michał Mendra i Adam Grochowalski. "The impact of point sources of pollution on the transport of micropollutants along the river continuum". Hydrology Research 45, nr 3 (6.11.2013): 391–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2013.242.

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The main objectives of the presented study were to quantify the transfer of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs)/polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polychlorinated dibenzofurans) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) along the river continuum and to evaluate the impact of wastewater treatment plants (WTPs) located in the catchment on the river quality. The samples were collected during the spring (high water flow) and summer season (serene water flow) of 2010. The river samples were collected from five stations located along the lowland Pilica River, including two stations situated above and below the Sulejow Reservoir. At the same time, samples from the outlets of 17 WTPs were collected. As evidenced by the results, the largest WTPs discharged up to 59.09 μg toxic equivalent (TEQ) of PCDDs/PCDFs and dl-PCBs per day during high flow events and up to 26.03 μg TEQ during serene water flows. During the same time, the smallest WTPs released on average 0.81 and 0.70 μg TEQ day−1, respectively. The obtained results have also demonstrated an increase in the TEQ concentration along the Pilica River continuum (from 4.75 to 6.25 pg TEQ L−1). The exception were samples collected below the dam where 63% TEQ reduction was observed compared to samples collected above the reservoir.

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Heuvel, M. R. van den, D. G. Dixon, K. R. Munkittrick, M. R. Servos i G. J. Van Der Kraak. "Hepatic 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity, plasma steroid hormone concentrations, and liver bioassay-derived 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalent concentrations in wild white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) caged in bleached kraft pulp mill effluent". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52, nr 7 (1.07.1995): 1339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f95-130.

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Prespawning male white sucker (Catostomus commersoni), captured near Jackfish Bay, Lake Superior (exposed to bleached kraft pulp mill effluent (BKME)), and Mountain Bay (reference) were caged in the BKME receiving area for 2, 4, and 8 d. Initially, the hepatic 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity was similar in fish from both BKME and reference sites and, upon BKME exposure, increased 20-fold at both sites after 2 d. The H4IIE cell culture bioassay was used to measure 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin toxic equivalent concentration (TEC) in sucker liver extracts. H4IIE bioassay-derived TECs from Jackfish Bay sucker showed no significant treatment differences; combined TECs for all treatments averaged 51.1 pg∙g−1. Mountain Bay sucker liver TECs were initially significantly less (4.64 pg∙g−1) than the Jackfish Bay TECs but did show a significant, fivefold increase when fish were exposed to effluent. Mountain Bay and Jackfish Bay 8-d BKME-exposed fish showed no uptake of TECs calculated from directly measured polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) during this exposure. The results suggest that PCDDs and PCDFs are not responsible for the mixed function oxidase induction observed. Handling stress caused rapid reduction of the plasma steroids testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone, confounding any possible BKME effect.

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Su, Yi Guo, Yue Meng, Yue Ban i Xiao Jing Wang. "Study on the Electron Excitation for Polychlorinated Dibenzo-P-Dioxins and Several Aromatic Substances by DFT Method". Advanced Materials Research 282-283 (lipiec 2011): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.282-283.17.

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The electronic excitations and electron absorption spectra of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) were investigated by the time-dependent density functional theory (/DFT). The main spectral features were interpreted on the basis of the electronic structure of PCDDs by fully considering the possible interference of coexist organic molecules for the electron spectra. With the numbers of benzene rings in aromatic molecules increasing, the excitation energies decrease. The excitation energies of the compounds with three or four benzene rings (phenanthrene or fluoranthene) fall into the electronic transition regions of PCDDs. Therefore these compounds were not possible differentiate from the electron spectra of PCDDs. Furthermore, with the amounts of benzene rings extending to surpass three and four, the energies decease continuously and run beyond of the transition energy ranges of PCDDs. Thus the electron excitation energies of those aromatic molecules with three or four benzene rings were in the range of PCDDs, acting as the possible interferential substances for the detecting of PCDDs.

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Urbaniak, Wyrwicka, Siebielec, Siebielec, Kidd i Zieliński. "The Application of Different Biological Remediation Strategies to PCDDs/PCDFs Contaminated Urban Sediments". Water 11, nr 10 (20.09.2019): 1962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11101962.

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Our aim was to assess the efficacy of four different bioremediation strategies applied to soil treated with urban sediments for alleviating soil phytotoxicity (examined using Lepidium sativum), by removing polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and mitigating the toxic effect on plants by the applied sediment: (1) Natural attenuation, (2) phytoremediation with the use of two plants Tagetes patula L. and Festuca arundinacea, (3) rhizobacterial inoculation with Massilia niastensis p87 and Streptomyces costaricanus RP92 strains, (4) rhizobacteria-assisted phytoremediation with both plants and strains. The applied sediment had a positive influence on L. sativum growth (90% higher than in the unamended soil), mostly due to its high content of nutrients, mainly Ca and Fe, which immobilize pollutants. The positive effect of sediments continued for up to 10-week duration of the experiment; however, the rhizobacterial inoculated samples were characterized by higher growth of L. sativum. The application of rhizobacteria-assisted phytoremediation further increased the growth of L. sativum, and was also found to improve the efficiency of PCDD/PCDF removal, resulting in a maximum 44% reduction of its content. This strategy also alleviated the negative impact of urban sediments on T. patula and F. arundinacea biomass, and had a beneficial effect on protein and chlorophyll content in the studied plants.

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Vácha, R., M. Vysloužilová i V. Horváthová. "Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxines and dibenzofurans in agricultural soils of the Czech Republic". Plant, Soil and Environment 51, No. 10 (19.11.2011): 464–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3618-pse.

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The set of 102 samples of agricultural soils was taken for the study of the load of agricultural soils with polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofuranes (PCDDs/Fs). The background value of PCDDs/Fs in agricultural soils of theCzech Republicwas determined. The soils with different sources of the load of PCDDs/Fs were compared. It was concluded that fluvisols in fluvial zones and soils with long-term sludge application are soils with the highest contents of PCDDs/Fs. The soils affected by imission outputs show a lower intensity of the load with PCDDs/Fs that is characterised by higher content of toxic congeners.

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Ferreira, Aldo Pacheco. "POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS, DIBENZOFURANS, AND BIPHENYLS IN FREGATA MAGNIFICENS FROM ILHA GRANDE BAY, RIO DE JANEIRO STATE, SOUTH-EASTERN BRAZIL". Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 63, nr 1 (marzec 2015): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592015074906301.

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The purpose of this paper is to perform analyses in a fish-eating seabird species which is recognized to be at risk of accumulating toxic contaminants due to its high position in the trophic web and to its low ability to metabolize xenobiotic compounds. Fregata magnificens were collected at Ilha Grande Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (23°8'26"S, 44°14'50"W) between February, 2009 and April, 2013. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), were analyzed in tissue composites, being subsequently identified and quantified using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The concentrations were below the range of concern established by World Health Organization. The sum of PCB-congeners analyzed had the concentration of 968 pg/g lipid weight, and 13.9 pg TEQ/g lipid weight. The PCDD/F-congeners analyzed had the concentration of 331.04 pg/g lipid weight, and 13.4 pg TEQ/g lipid weight. This type of study aims to integrate information from analyses of seabirds with halogenated hydrocarbons and could also make contribution to the scientific support for political decisions on coastal zone management.

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Clemons, J. H., M. R. van den Heuvel, J. J. Stegeman, D. G. Dixon i N. C. Bols. "Comparison of Toxic Equivalent Factors for Selected Dioxin and Furan Congeners Derived Using Fish and Mammalian Liver Cell Lines". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, nr 7 (1.07.1994): 1577–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f94-156.

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Toxic equivalent factors (TEFs) for eight polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners were derived with a rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cell line, RTL-W1, and compared with TEFs obtained with a rat hepatoma cell line, H4IIE. Cells were exposed to a range of concentrations of the congeners which included 1,2,3,7,8-pentaCDD, 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexaCDD, 1,2,3,6,7,8-hexaCDD, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptaCDD, 2,3,7,8-tetraCDF, 1,2,3,7,8-pentaCDF, 2,3,4,7,8-pentaCDF, and 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexaCDF. Ethoxyresorufin o-deethylase (EROD) activity was measured and EC50 values calculated from a dose–effect curve newly proposed for this purpose. TEFs were computed using 2,3,7,8-tetraCDD standard curves run concurrently with each assay. With the exception of 1,2,3,6,7,8-hexaCDD and 1,2,3,7,8-pentaCDF, all of the RTL-W1-derived TEFs were significantly higher (two- to eightfold higher) than the respective H4IIE TEFs. Immunoblotting analysis with the monoclonal anti-scup P4501A1 antibody was used to identify basal and induced levels of P4501A1 protein in both the RTL-W1 and H4IIE cells. It was concluded that mammalian-derived TEFs may not accurately predict the potency of PCDDs or PCDFs to fish.

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NISHIMURA, Takashi, Shuji TADANO, Akiyoshi KAMADA, Yukikazu HATTORI i Sadao MAKI. "Behavior of Atmospheric PCDDs and PCDFs in Osaka." Journal of Environmental Chemistry 8, nr 4 (1998): 759–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5985/jec.8.759.

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MATSUBARA, Hidetaka, Keiko NAKAMUTA, Kaoru FUKUSHIMA i Kouhei URANO. "Accumulation of PCDDs/PCDFs Via Food to Fish." Journal of Japan Society on Water Environment 23, nr 7 (2000): 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2965/jswe.23.415.

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Hunt, Gary T., i Bruce E. Maisel. "Atmospheric Concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs in Southern California". Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 42, nr 5 (maj 1992): 672–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1992.10467019.

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