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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „PCDD”

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Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 23 lutego 2023

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1

Campin, D. N., S. J. Buckland, D. J. Hannah i J. A. Taucher. "The Identification of Dioxin Sources in an Integrated Wood Processing Facility". Water Science and Technology 24, nr 3-4 (1.08.1991): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0463.

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A study was undertaken of the PCDD and PCDF export vectors from a major facility that comprises a bleached kraft pulp mill, paper mills, and previously, a timber processing sawmill. The PCDD and PCDF levels in pulps, untreated effluent, the final effluent, sludges, and discharge to the receiving waters, were studied. The total toxic equivalents were calculated, and the individual PCDD and PCDF profiles showed that there were several contributing sources of dioxins. The various effluent streams that contribute to the final effluent were studied, including the bleached effluent, the other kraft mill effluents, and site effluents from other processing areas. Mass balances of PCDDs and PCDFs from the effluent treatment systems are presented. The paper outlines the use of full PCDD and PCDF profile measurements as a means of identifying the point sources of dioxin contamination from within the facility, and outlines the procedures that are being implemented to control the emission of dioxins in the final effluent.

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Jeon, Sang Eun, Sang Won Lee, Kyung Sik Choi, Jae Cheon You, Dong Ho Moon, Chang Jae Lee, Yong Youl Hwang, Tae Woong Hwang i Chang Han Joo. "Pcdd/Fs Concentrations in Blood of Male Chemists Working for Dioxin Analysis". Key Engineering Materials 277-279 (styczeń 2005): 548–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.277-279.548.

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The level of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) concentration in blood of 4 chemists conducting dioxin analysis at a laboratory was estimated. The level of PCDDF/s concentration ranged from 4.48 pg I-TEQ/g-fat to 8.17 pg ITEQ/ g-fat (mean level : 6.19 pg I-TEQ/g-fat, median level : 6.07 pg I-TEQ/g-fat, standard deviation in this study : 1.51 pg I-TEQ/g-fat). The level of PCDD/Fs in bloods of the chemists in this study is not higher compared with other studies in Korea. The portion of PCDFs to the total PCDD/F I-TEQ concentration in this study was found to be over 80%. This is not the case in other countries where the portion of PCDDs to the total TEQ in blood was generally much higher than that of PCDFs. In Korea, the portion of PCDFs to the total PCDD/F I TEQ concentration in food was higher than that of PCDDs. In other countries, the portion of PCDFs was relatively lower. It is considered that the portion of PCDFs in blood has interrelation with that of PCDFs in food in both Korea and other countries.

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3

Nguyễn Khắc, Mạnh, Ái Quốc Trần, Tất Thành Nguyễn i Tuấn Việt Trần. "Các phương pháp phân tích polychlorinated dibenzo-p- dioxins và polychlorinated dibenzofurans". Journal of Military Science and Technology, VITTEP (20.12.2022): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.54939/1859-1043.j.mst.vittep.2022.141-149.

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Polychlorinated dibenzo para-dioxins (PCDD) và polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) tại Việt Nam có hai nguồn chủ yếu từ hậu quả chiến tranh và các nguồn thải công nghiệp. Đặc biệt với bối cảnh nền công nghiệp lạc hậu sử dụng những kỹ thuật đã cũ như ở Việt Nam thì việc phải quan trắc và kiểm soát chặt chẽ các nguồn thải có khả năng sinh PCDD/PCDF là rất cần thiết. Trong bài viết này, độc tính của PCDD/PCDF, cách đánh giá độc tính thông qua hệ số độ độc tương đương (Toxic equivalent factors – TEF) và tổng độ độc tương đương (Toxic equivalent quantity – TEQ) được trình bày. Tiếp theo là quá trình hình thành và phát triển của các kỹ thuật phân tích PCDD/PCDF trên thế giới qua các thời kỳ được thảo luận chi tiết. Thông qua đó, thực trạng về ô nhiễm PCDD/PCDF tại Việt Nam được đề cập và các giải pháp xử lý được đề xuất.

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4

Banout, Jan, Ondrej Urban, Vojtech Musil, Jirina Szakova i Jiri Balik. "Agent Orange Footprint Still Visible in Rural Areas of Central Vietnam". Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/528965.

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Levels of polychlorinated dioxins/furans (PCDD/PCDF) in selected environmental samples (soils, sediments, fish, and farm animals) were analyzed from the area of Phong My commune (Thua Thien-Hue province, Vietnam). This area was affected by Agent Orange spraying during the Vietnam war (1968–1971). Whereas PCDD/PCDF content in soil and sediment samples is relatively low and ranges between 0.05 and 5.1 pg WHO-TEQ/g for soils and between 0.7 and 6.4 pg WHO-TEQ/g for sediments, the PCDD/PCDF content in poultry muscle and liver in most cases exceeded the maximum permissible limit of dioxin content per unit fat mass. In some cases of soil and sediments samples, 2,3,7,8-TCDD represented more than 90% of the total PCDD/PCDF, which indicates Agent Orange as the main source.

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5

Su, Shan Shan, i Yang Hui. "The Study of Environment Levels of Dioxins and Furans in a Typical Regional". Applied Mechanics and Materials 178-181 (maj 2012): 769–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.178-181.769.

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Ambient air, tree bark, soil and river sediments were sampled by the investigation of the background levels from a typical regional without industrial pollution in southern China. The WHO-TEQ of PCDD/F (WHO-2005) were 0.0366±0.0126 pg/Nm3 in ambient air, 0.8863±0.6088 pg/g in tree bark, 3.2435±0.0651 pg/g in soil and 1.4795±0.1917 pg/g in river sediments, respectively. The levels of PCDF in ambient air and tree bark were generally a little lower than the PCDD levels, but the values of PCDD were tens, even thousands times high than the PCDF in the soil and river sediments. The scope plot of PCA indicated that the congener profiles of PCDD/Fs in the tree barks, soil and river sediments of Hezhou were similar, but different from the samples of ambient air.

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6

Eljarrat, Ethel. "Effects of Sewage Sludges Contaminated with Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Sludge-Treated Areas (Soils and Sediments)". Scientific World JOURNAL 2 (2002): 1729–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.880.

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The fate of PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs in sewage sludges after different management techniques — such as agricultural application, land restoration, and marine disposal — was studied. Changes observed in the concentrations, in the ratio between PCDD and PCDF levels, and in the isomeric distribution suggest the influence of the sewage sludge on the sludge-treated areas (soils and sediments). Whereas land application techniques seem to produce no serious environmental consequences, marine disposal practices produce considerable increases in the levels of contamination in marine sediments.

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7

Augustowska, Katarzyna, Zofia Magnowska, Maria Kapiszewska i Ewa L. Gregoraszczuk. "Is the natural PCDD/PCDF mixture toxic for human placental JEG-3 cell line? The action of the toxicants on hormonal profile, CYP1A1 activity, DNA damage and cell apoptosis". Human & Experimental Toxicology 26, nr 5 (maj 2007): 407–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327107073119.

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The present study was conducted to define the action of a mixture obtained by the extraction and purification of real fly ash, on specific toxicity endpoints, such as hormonal secretion, CYP1A1 expression, DNA damage and cell apoptosis. JEG-3 cell line was exposed in vitro to different doses of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) or Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/Polychlorinated dibenzo-P-furan (PCDD/PCDF) mixture. Both TCDD and the mixture decreased hCG secretion, while inhibition of progesterone levels was noted only under the influence of TCDD. The changes in hormone production were not due to the action on cell viability. There were time-dependent differences in CYP1A1 expression in cells exposed to TCDD and PCDD/PCDF mixture. Both TCDD and PCDD/PCDF mixture did not induce the DNA damage, as evaluated by the comet assay. Significantly lower DNA migration from the head of comet into the comet tail was noted after the removal of reagents. The highest efficiency of this process was noted 4 h after the TCDD and 24 h after the PCDD/PCDF mixture removal. These results suggest that the DNA adducts and/or DNA—DNA cross-links were formed. Neither TCDD nor PCDD/PCDF mixture had any effect on cell apoptosis assessed by caspase-3 activity and Hoechst 33258. Taken together, these findings clearly indicate a weaker action of the mixture when compared with TCDD. However, in both cases, their action was not due to the induction of the DNA damage and subsequent cell apoptosis but due to a direct influence of these toxicants on placental hormone production. Human & Experimental Toxicology ( 2007) 26, 407—417

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8

Baran, Agnieszka, Monika Mierzwa-Hersztek, Magdalena Urbaniak, Krzysztof Gondek, Marek Tarnawski, Magdalena Szara i Marek Zieliński. "An assessment of the concentrations of PCDDs/Fs in contaminated bottom sediments and their sources and ecological risk". Journal of Soils and Sediments 20, nr 6 (14.11.2019): 2588–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11368-019-02492-3.

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Abstract Purpose The purpose of the study was to determine the levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDD/F), two types of persistent organic pollutant (POP), in an urban retention reservoir located in an industrial zone within a coal-mining region. It also assesses the potential ecological risk of the PCDDs/Fs present in bottom sediments and the relationship between their content and the fraction of organic matter. Materials and methods The sediment samples were collected from Rybnik Reservoir, located in the centre of the Rybnik Coal Region, Silesia, one of Poland’s major industrial centres. Seventeen PCDD/F congeners in the surface of the sediments were analysed using high-resolution gas chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). Results and discussion The toxic equivalency (TEQ) of the PCDDs/Fs in the sediments ranged from 1.65 to 32.68 pg TEQ g−1. PCDDs constituted 59–78% of the total PCDDs/Fs, while the PCDFs accounted for 22–41%. The pattern of PCDD/F congeners in the sediments was dominated by OCDD. However, the second-most prevalent constituents were OCDF and ∑HpCDFs in the low TOC sediment (< 10 g TOC kg−1), but HpCDD in the rich TOC samples (> 10 g TOC kg−1). PCDD/F concentrations in the sediment samples were 2- to 38-fold higher than the sediment quality guidelines limit, indicating high ecological risk potential. Although a considerable proportion of PCDDs/Fs in the bottom sediments from the Rybnik Reservoir were derived from combustion processes, they were also obtained via transport, wastewater discharge, high-temperature processes and thermal electricity generation. The PCDD/F concentrations were significantly correlated with all fractions of organic matter; however, the strongest correlation coefficients were found between PCDDs/Fs and humic substances. Besides organic matter, the proportions of silt/clay fractions within sediments played an important role in the transport of PCDDs/Fs in bottom sediments. Conclusions The silt/clay fraction of the bottom sediments plays a dominant role in the movement of PCDDs/Fs, while the organic matter fraction affects their sorption. The results indicate that the environmental behaviour of PCDDs/Fs is affected by the quantity and quality of organic matter and the texture of sediments.

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9

Cao, Xuan, Longjie Ji, Xiaoqing Lin, William R. Stevens, Minghui Tang, Fanjie Shang, Shaofu Tang i Shengyong Lu. "Comprehensive diagnosis of PCDD/F emission from three hazardous waste incinerators". Royal Society Open Science 5, nr 7 (lipiec 2018): 172056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172056.

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Comprehensive diagnosis of polychlorinated dibenzo- p -dioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) emissions was systematically conducted on three hazardous waste incinerators (HWIs). Results indicated that PCDD/F mainly existed in the solid phase before the bag filter. This was especially true for higher chlorinated dioxin and furan congeners (hexa-, hepta- and octa-). The aged bag filters tended to increase the gas-phase PCDD/F. Emissions also increased due to PCDD/F desorption from circulated scrubbing solution and plastic packing media used in the wet scrubber. The PCDD/F concentrations were elevated during the start-up process, reaching up to 5.4 times higher than those measured during the normal operating period. The ratios of PCDFs/PCDDs revealed that the surface-catalysed de novo synthesis was the dominant pathway of PCDD/F formation. Installation of more efficient fabric filters, intermittent replacement of circulated scrubbing solution will result in reduced PCDD/F emission. Additionally, 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF correlated well with the international toxic equivalent quantity (I-TEQ) value, which suggests that 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF could act as an I-TEQ indicator.

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10

Szymańska, Jadwiga, Barbara Frydrych, Paweł Struciński, Wiesław Szymczak, Agnieszka Hernik i Elżbieta Bruchajzer. "Polychlorinated dibezno-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Documentation of proposed values of occupational exposure limits (OELs)". Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy 36, nr 1 (30.03.2020): 27–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7815.

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Polychlorinated dibezno-p-dioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF) are compounds with similar structure, physicochemical and toxicological properties. They are not used commercially, they are formed as by-products during certain industrial processes, combustion, failures, etc. LD50 values (0.002-300 mg / kg) depend on the species of animal tested and the chemical structure of the compound. On chronic toxicity, the information available mainly relates to 2,3,7,8-TCDD and 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF. Potential routes of human exposure are: the digestive system, lungs and skin. These compounds are accumulated mainly in the liver and adipose tissue. Their polar metabolites may undergo conjugation with glucuronic acid and glutathione. The main routes of excretion are bile and feces. In mammals, PCDD / F are also eliminated in breast milk. The results of mutagenicity and genotoxicity tests of PCDD (mainly 2,3,7,8-TCDD) and PCDF and their effects on fertility and reproduction are inconsistent. Among PCDD and PCDF, the compound that most strongly affects fertility, reproduction and fetal development is 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Epidemiological studies are the basis for assessing the carcinogenic potential of dioxins (including 2,3,7,8-TCDD) and furans in humans. Cohorts include those professionally exposed to chlorophenols, phenoxyacetic herbicides and a mixture of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and furans. PCDD / F have a common mechanism of toxic action associated with the Ah receptor. PCDD / F are considered to be inducers of several enzymes (e.g. CYP1A) and modulators of hormones and growth factors. CYP1A1 activity is one of the most sensitive indicators of exposure to 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Adenocarcinomas and hepatocellular carcinomas as well as bile ducts have been found in rats and mice after 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Tumor changes have also been observed in other organs. NTP studies also showed carcinogenic effects 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF. According to IARC, sufficient evidence of a carcinogenic effect on humans exists only for 2,3,7,8-TCDD (CAS: 1746-01-6) and 2,3,4,7,8 PeCDF (CAS: 57117-31-4). Other PCDD / F cannot be classified as carcinogenic to humans. The basis for determining the MAC value for the mixture of PCDD and PCDF was the results of the assessment of the risk of developing additional liver cancer in people exposed in the work environment for 2,3,7,8-TCDD in 2017. This risk was estimated at 1 · 10-4 for 40 years of exposure to the compound at a concentration of 18 pg / m3. In the case of combined exposure, the content of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans in the tested samples, as well as their maximum acceptable levels are expressed in the form of the so-called toxicity equivalent (TEQ). For the PCDD and PCDF mixture, we propose the value of 18 pg WHO2006-TEQ / m3. The result expressed as pg WHO-TEQ / m3 is not a de facto concentration, but a determination of the toxicity of the mixture of dioxin and furan congeners contained in the sample in relation to TCDD. This article discusses the problems of occupational safety and health, which are covered by health sciences and environmental engineering.

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11

Zhou, Bei, Kongxian Zhu, Yonghong Bi, Bernhard Henkelmann, Silke Bernhöft, Wujuan Mi i Karl-Werner Schramm. "Distribution Pattern of Dioxins in Sediment Cores from the Xiangxi River, a Tributary of Three Gorges Reservoir, China". Water 15, nr 1 (24.12.2022): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15010057.

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Sediment cores were collected from the Xiangxi River, a tributary of the Three Gorges Reservoir, the deposition time in the longest sediment core (90 cm) was measured by radiometry (137Cs, 210Pb) activities and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furan (PCDD/F) concentrations in different depths of the sediment core were measured. The results indicated that the mean deposition rate was 1.01 cm/a. The total PCDD/F concentrations ranged from 19.28 to 70.07 pg/g d.w. with a mean of 35.06 pg/g d.w. PCDD/Fs in the 1960–1990s were higher than others, which were significantly different in the various layers and cores (p < 0.05). PCDD occupied 63.42–87.33% of PCDD/Fs, and octachlorianted debenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) was the predominant congener. The ratio of PCDD to PCDF was 2.26–8.08. PCDD/Fs significantly correlated with total organic carbon (TOC) (p < 0.01). The toxic equivalent (TEQ) ranged from 0.15 to 0.98 pg/g d.w. No significant difference was found in TEQ (p > 0.05). It was concluded that the spatio-temporal heterogeneity determined by hydrodynamics and total organic carbon (TOC) was the distribution pattern of PCDD/Fs in the sediment cores of Xiangxi River, the concentrations of PCDD/Fs were low, with a low environmental pollution risk, and by-products of sodium pentachlorophenate might be the main source.

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Zhu, Xiu Hua, Song Tao Qin, Qian Xu, Yu Wen Ni, Ji Ping Chen, Xue Ping Zhang, Wei Wang i Jun Mu. "Pollution Level and Distribution of PCDD/PCDF Congeners between Gas Phase and Particulate Phase in early Spring Air of Dalian, China". Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (lipiec 2011): 2679–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.2679.

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Ambient air of Dalian was sampled with active high-volume air samplers in early spring time. The concentrations and the congeners between gas phase and particulate phase of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs) in the air were measured. Samples analysis results showed that the concentration of PCDD/Fs in particulate phase was higher than that in gas phase. The ratio of PCDD to PCDF in gaseous phase and particulate phase was lower than 0.4. The main sources of atmospheric PCDD/Fs in Dalian early spring season were coal-related source. The total I-TEQ in gaseous phase and particulate phase was 30.3 and 143.6 fg m-3, respectively. The I-TEQ of Dalian early spring atmosphere was lower than international standard, the atmospheric quality in Dalian was better.

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Manninen, Helena, Annikki Perkiö, Terttu Vartiainen i Juhani Ruuskanen. "Formation of PCDD/PCDF". Environmental Science and Pollution Research 3, nr 3 (wrzesień 1996): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02985518.

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Li, Tianwei, Jicheng Hu, Chenyang Xu i Jun Jin. "PCBs, PCNs, and PCDD/Fs in Soil around an Industrial Park in Northwest China: Levels, Source Apportionment, and Human Health Risk". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, nr 4 (16.02.2023): 3478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043478.

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The concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were determined in soil samples collected around an industrial park in Northwest China, to investigate the potential impacts of park emissions on the surrounding environment. The total concentration ranges of PCBs, PCNs, and PCDD/Fs in the soil samples were in 13.2–1240, 141–832, and 3.60–156 pg/g, respectively. The spatial distribution and congener patterns of PCBs, PCNs, and PCCD/Fs indicated that there might be multiple contamination sources in the study area, so source apportionments of PCBs, PCNs, and PCCD/Fs were performed by a positive matrix factorization model based on the concentrations of all target congeners together. The results revealed that these highly chlorinated congeners (CB-209, CN-75, and OCDF) might be derived from phthalocyanine pigments, the legacy of Halowax 1051 and 2,4-D products, which together contributed nearly half of the total concentration of target compounds (44.5%). In addition to highly chlorinated congeners, the local industrial thermal processes were mainly responsible for the contamination of PCBs, PCNs, and PCDD/Fs in the surrounding soil. The total carcinogenic risk of PCBs, PCNs, and PCDD/Fs in a few soil samples (0.22 × 10−6, 0.32 × 10−6, and 0.40 × 10−6) approached the threshold of potential carcinogenic risk (1.0 × 10−6). Since these pollutants can continuously accumulate in the soil, the contamination of PCBs, PCNs, and PCDD/Fs in surrounding soil deserves continuous attention.

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Quanz, Meaghan E., Tony R. Walker, Ken Oakes i Rob Willis. "Contaminant characterization in wetland media surrounding a pulp mill industrial effluent treatment facility". Wetlands Ecology and Management 29, nr 2 (10.01.2021): 209–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11273-020-09779-0.

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AbstractThree media (sediment, surface water, and dragonfly larvae tissue) were collected from wetlands surrounding an industrial effluent treatment facility prior to closure. Samples were analyzed for metals, total mercury, and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF) concentrations. Sediment and surface water concentrations were compared to provincial and federal guidelines, as well as reference wetland concentrations. Exceedances of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, zinc, and PCDD/PCDF guidelines were found in deeper areas of wetlands historically contaminated from effluent, as well as wetlands exposed to current effluent inputs. Composite Libellulidae samples were collected from wetlands, and comparisons were made to reference tissue concentrations + 20%. Elevated As, Cu and Pb tissue concentrations were measured at two site wetlands, but total mercury (THg) and PCDD/PCDF reference tissue concentrations were higher than wetlands near the effluent treatment facility. Spearman rho tests identified a significant correlation between sediment and tissue Pb concentrations and between surface water and sediment THg concentrations. Results suggest relatively low ecological risk to macroinvertebrates within wetlands near the effluent treatment facility from current effluent inputs, and highlight strengths and weaknesses of federal and provincial guidelines.

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Shao, Ke, Xiao Dong Li, Ying Lei Wei i Jing Song Liu. "Correlation between PCDD/F, PCB and PCBz Formed by De Novo Synthesis". Advanced Materials Research 356-360 (październik 2011): 998–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.356-360.998.

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Large amounts of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and furans (PCDD/F), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and polychlorinated benzenes (PCBz) were formed by de novo synthesis using model ashes. The de novo synthesis was affected by SO2and H2O. Knowledge of congener pattern and homologue profiles of PCDD/F, PCB and PCBz is help for elaborating the mechanism of formation and influence of the toxic compounds formed by de novo synthesis. By the help of the component analysis (CA) the best correlated congeners are effectively detected. Various good correlated pairs between PCDD/F, PCB and PCBz have been elaborated by using linear regression between the 15 samples. It was found that a good correlation between PCBz and PCDF.

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Klima, Vigilija, Renata Chadyšienė, Rūta Ivanec-Goranina, Dainius Jasaitis i Vaida Vasiliauskienė. "Assessment of Air Pollution with Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and Polychlorinated Dibenzofuranes (PCDFs) in Lithuania". Atmosphere 11, nr 7 (17.07.2020): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11070759.

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Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) are highly bioavailable in humans, either through direct inhalation or indirectly by trophic transfer from contaminated food or water. The main sources of pollution with PCDD/F include industrial and non-industrial combustion sources, like domestic contaminated wood burning, house fires, burning of leaves from trees, etc. When looking for alternative energy sources and reduced energy costs, solid waste incineration plants are intended to be built in the vicinity of urbanized areas, and thus, the need emerges for examination and prediction of to what extent the solid waste incineration plants might affect the surrounding ecosystem, air pollution, and human health. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) (or simply PCDD/F congeners) belong to the group of semi-volatile organic compounds with environmental stability and long-range transfer in the ambient air. Dioxin isomers are highly toxic and may have carcinogenic and mutagenic effects in humans. PCDD/F is detected in air, water, sediment, plants and animals. PCDD/F is generally distributed in the particulate phase in ambient air. For solid waste incineration plant emissions, the distribution of PCDD/F particles into particles with a diameter of <10 μm is more than 81% of the total particulate matter, and more than 54% of the PCDD/F is distributed into particles with a diameter of <2.5 μm. The aim of this study is to investigate the sources of PCDD/F, emissions and potential hazards, i.e., a toxic equivalent in Lithuania. The measurements were performed in two largest cities of Lithuania Vilnius and Kaunas, where the level of PCDD/F discovered was from 0.015 to 0.52 pg/m3 and from 0.02 to 0.05 pg/m3, respectively. The sites for the monitoring were selected based on their proximity to the locations of the planned cogeneration power plants in these cities.

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Stanmore, Brian R. "Examination of PCDD/F Formation in Thermal Systems Using Simple Mathematical Models". Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research 02, nr 02 (1.03.2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2102013.

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A set of empirical models which accounts for the formation of gas phase polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD and PCDF), and solid phase PCDD/F by the de novo mechanism is described.In each case, competing formation and destruction reactions are considered to operate.The effect of the time-temperature history on their formation is then examined.At high temperatures, steady-state is reached in fractions of a second, resulting in the observed low product concentrations.Rapid cooling as found in furnaces produces higher PCDD/F nett formation rates than slower cooling over the same temperature range, but with less overall yield.In addition, a cooling process will result in more PCDD/F production than heating at the same rate. Thus the conventionally-regarded temperature “windows” for formation are misleading, as in practical conditions PCDD/F are produced at higher temperatures.Simulations carried out of a pilot scale municipal solid waste (MSW)incinerator, a commercial fluidised bed boiler burning wood as a fuel, and of the laboratory scale thermal “annealing” of particulates taken from iron ore sintering off-gases illustrate the effects.There is sufficient promise in the approach to suggest that better characterisation of particulates will lead to acceptable predictions.

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Włodarczyk-Makuła, Maria. "Influence of Selected Organic Micropollutants on Organisms". Civil And Environmental Engineering Reports 24, nr 1 (28.03.2017): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ceer-2017-0006.

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Abstract This article describes the toxicity of organic micropollutants on tested microorganisms. Itis a current issue because organic micropollutants are identified in all elements of environmental (surface water, ground water, soils) and in food products. The organic micropollutants include: polychlorinated dibenzodioxyns PCDD, polychlorinated dibenzofurans PCDF, polychlorinated biphenyls PCB, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAH, halogenated compounds and by-products of water treatment. Some organic compounds cause hazard for health and human life due to their estrogenic biological activity, carcinogenic, mutagenic or teratogenic activity. The influence on organisms indicators of these compounds based on literature data were presented. The level of TEQ (toxic equivalency) in response to organic chlorine derivatives (PCDDs, PCDF, PCBs) is usually determined by toxic equivalency factor (TEF). The International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies organic micropollutants as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), possibly carcinogenic (Group 2A) or probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).

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Öberg, Tomas, i Jan Bergström. "Indicator parameters for PCDD/PCDF". Chemosphere 19, nr 1-6 (styczeń 1989): 337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(89)90333-0.

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Delschen, T., Diana Hein, G. H. M. Krause i P. Fürst. "PCDD/PCDF-Gehalt von Grünlandaufwuchs". Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung 4, nr 2 (kwiecień 1992): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02937075.

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Reischl, A., H. Thoma, M. Reissinger i O. Hutzinger. "PCDD und PCDF in Koniferennadeln". Science of Nature 74, nr 2 (luty 1987): 88–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00366083.

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Belmeskine, Hayet, Sami Haddad, Louise Vandelac i Michel Fournier. "In vitro effects of PCDDs/Fs on NK-like cell activity of Eisenia andrei earthworms". Journal of Xenobiotics 2, nr 1 (22.02.2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/xeno.2012.e1.

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In this study, we assessed<em> in vitro</em> the effects of PCDD/Fs on the NK-like cell activity in<em> Eisenia andrei</em> earthworms using flow cytometry for analysis. NK-like coelomocytes isolated from <em>E. andrei</em> and used as effectors were exposed to various concentrations of PCDDs/Fs mixture, C1 (6.25x10-3 ng 2378- TCDD/mL), C2 (12.5x10-3 ng 2378-TCDD/mL) and C3 (25x10-3 ng 2378-TCDD/mL), before adding them to human tumoral cells (K562) used as targets. We evaluated the percentage of targets lysed by Nk-like cells. The results showed a significant stimulation of the NKlike activity at C3 when PCDD/Fs were not removed from effectors before contact with targets, while no effects were noted when the effectors were washed (PCDD/Fs removed) or fixed. Assessment of the viability of the targets (K562), exposed alone and separately from effectors, to the three concentrations of PCDD/Fs, C1, C2 and C3, showed that all these concentrations were cytotoxic for K562. Results suggest that PCDD/Fs concentrations tested in this assay may be considered too low to induce suppressive effects on the immune function such as the NK-like activity in <em>E. andrei</em> earthworms.

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24

Quinn, Tyler, Jung-Hyun Kim, Yongsuk Seo i Aitor Coca. "Comparison of Thermal Manikin Modeling and Human Subjects’ Response During Use of Cooling Devices Under Personal Protective Ensembles in the Heat". Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 33, nr 3 (19.04.2018): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x18000328.

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AbstractIntroductionPersonal protective equipment (PPE) recommended for use in West Africa during the Ebola outbreak increased risk for heat illness, and countermeasures addressing this issue would be valuable.Hypothesis/ProblemThe purpose of this study was to examine the physiological impact and heat perception of four different personal cooling devices (PCDs) under impermeable PPE during low-intensity exercise in a hot and humid environment using thermal manikin modeling and human testing.MethodsSix healthy male subjects walked on a treadmill in a hot/humid environment (32°C/92% relative humidity [RH]) at three metabolic equivalents (METs) for 60 minutes wearing PPE recommended for use in West Africa and one of four different personal cooling devices (PCDs; PCD1, PCD2, PCD3, and PCD4) or no PCD for control (CON). The same ensembles were tested with thermal manikin modeling software in the same conditions to compare the results.ResultsAll PCDs seemed to reduce physiological heat stress characteristics when worn under PPE compared to CON. Both the manikin and human testing provided similar results in core temperature (Tc) and heat sensation (HS) in both magnitude and relationship. While the manikin and human data provided similar skin temperature (Tsk) characterization, Tskestimation by the manikin seemed to be slightly over-estimated. Weight loss, as estimated by the manikin, was under-estimated compared to the human measurement.ConclusionPersonal cooling device use in conjunction with impermeable PPE may be advantageous in mitigating physiological and perceptual burdens of heat stress. Evaluation of PCDs worn under PPE can be done effectively via human or manikin testing; however, Tskmay be over-estimated and weight loss may be under-estimated. Thermal manikin testing of PCDs may provide fast and accurate information to persons recommending or using PCDs with PPE.QuinnT,KimJH,SeoY,CocaA.Comparison of thermal manikin modeling and human subjects’ response during use of cooling devices under personal protective ensembles in the heat.Prehosp Disaster Med.2018;33(3):279–287.

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Nakagawa, Reiko, Hironori Hirakawa, Takao Iida, Takahiko Matsueda i Junya Nagayama. "Maternal Body Burden of Organochlorine Pesticides and Dioxins". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 82, nr 3 (1.05.1999): 716–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/82.3.716.

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Abstract To investigate the body burden of organochlorine pesticides and dioxins in Japanese women,125 milk samples were collected from 41 mothers in 1994, 42 in 1995, and 42 in 1996. Ofthe 125 samples, 82 were from primipara mothers (first delivery) and 43 were from multipara mothers (second or later delivery). By using capillary gas chromatography with electron capture detection, β-HCH and p,p′-DDE were detected as the major chlorine pesticides in human milk. Average levels of β-HCH and p,p′-DDE were 475 and 368 ng/g lipid, respectively, in primipara breast milk, 314 and 259 ng/g lipid in multipara breast milk, and 420 and 330 ng/g lipid in total breast milk. Dieldrin, heptachor epoxide, oxychlordane, trans-chlordane, and cis-chlordane were detected at lower average levels of 3, 4, 34, 41, and 5 ng/g lipid, respectively. By using high-resolution gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detec tion, dioxins were detected in all samples. Average levels of total polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD), total polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF), total PCDD + PCDF, total coplanar polychlorinatedbiphenyl (CoPCB), and total dioxin were 10.0, 7.8, 17.7, 9.9, and 27.5 TEQ (toxic equivalent) pg/g lipid, respectively, in primipara breast milk; 7.0, 5.8, 12.8, 7.3, and 20.1 TEQ pg/g lipid in multipara breast milk; and 8.9, 7.1, 16.1, 8.9, and 25.0 TEQ pg/g lipid in total breast milk. In primipara breast milk, significant correlations were found among levels of β-HCH, p,p’-DDE, total PCDD-TEQ, total PCDF-TEQ, total CoPCB-TEQ, and total TEQ except for less correlation between p,p’-DDE and total PCDF-TEQ. Levels of these analytes also significantly increased depending on mother’s age, except for total Co-PCB-TEQ. For the correlation with food habit, the only positive correlation was between total PCDF-TEQs and fish intake.

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Lindert, Mark, i Heidelore Fiedler. "Auftreten von PCDD/PCDF in Brandfällen". Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung 11, nr 1 (styczeń 1999): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03037761.

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Krauß, Th, P. Krauß i H. Hagenmaier. "Formation of PCDD/PCDF during composting?" Chemosphere 28, nr 1 (styczeń 1994): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(94)90209-7.

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Ende, M., Maria Edens, Gerda Post, Hanna Niedringhaus i Sabine Schwietert. "PCDD/PCDF in Papierprodukten und Kartontüten". Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung 4, nr 4 (wrzesień 1992): 211–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02939065.

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Hutzinger, O., i H. Fiedler. "Sources and emissions of PCDD/PCDF". Chemosphere 18, nr 1-6 (styczeń 1989): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(89)90102-1.

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Christmann, W., K. D. Klöppel, H. Partscht i W. Rotard. "Tetrachlorobenzoquinones, a source of PCDD/PCDF". Chemosphere 18, nr 1-6 (styczeń 1989): 789–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(89)90197-5.

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von Manikowsky, Sabine, Helmut Sagunski, Olaf Papke, Karl-Rainer Fabig, Hermann Neus, Michael Schumann, Karen Spannhake, Wilfried Karmaus, Nadia Osius i Bernd Zier. "PCDD/PCDF Indoor Exposure in Day-Care Centers and PCDD/PCDF Blood Concentrations of Female Employees". Environmental Health Perspectives 106 (kwiecień 1998): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3433824.

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von Manikowsky, S., H. Sagunski, O. Päpke, K. R. Fabig, H. Neus, M. Schümann, K. Spannhake, W. Karmaus, N. Osius i B. Zier. "PCDD/PCDF indoor exposure in day-care centers and PCDD/PCDF blood concentrations of female employees." Environmental Health Perspectives 106, suppl 2 (kwiecień 1998): 707–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.98106707.

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Cao, Zhiguo, Heidelore Fiedler, Bin Wang, Tingting Zhang, Gang Yu, Jun Huang i Shubo Deng. "Economic status as a determinant of national PCDD/PCDF releases and implications for PCDD/PCDF reduction". Chemosphere 91, nr 3 (kwiecień 2013): 328–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.11.054.

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Belmeskine, Hayet, Pauline Brousseau, Sami Haddad, Louise Vandelac i Michel Fournier. "Effects of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans on phagocytic response of Eisenia andrei coelomocytes". Journal of Xenobiotics 1, nr 1 (19.10.2011): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/xeno.2011.e6.

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The immunotoxicological effects of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDDs/Fs) mixtures on <em>Eisenia andrei </em>earthworms have never been studied. In this work we investigated these effects both for <em>in vitro </em>and <em>in vivo</em> exposure, using the viability and the phagocytic activity of coelomocytes as immunological biomarkers and the flow cytometry was used for analysis. The <em>in vitro </em>exposure revealed a cytotoxic effect of PCDD/Fs mixture (C2) containing 50¥10-3 ng/mL of 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD and an induction of the phagocytic capacity at the mixture (C1) containing 25¥10-3 ng/mL of 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD. In the <em>in vivo </em>filter paper exposure, the immunocompetence of earthworms was assessed after 3 h-exposure to mixtures of PCDD/Fs at the levels of C1, C2, C3 and C4 containing about; 0.05, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.83 ng of 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD/cm², respectively. Morphological observations showed an excessive secretion of mucus and body surface lesions in worms exposed to higher concentrations (C3 and C4), which revealed that these organisms were affected by PCDD/Fs either through skin and/or by feeding. The levels of the extruded cell yield decreased significantly at all the concentrations tested. However, the cell viability was shown to be unaffected by PCDD/Fs concentrations. It was also shown, that exposure to the highest PCDD/Fs concentrations; C2, C3 and C4 inhibited both phagocytic activity and efficiency.

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35

Ewers, U. "Levels of PCDD/PCDF in blood fat as indices of the PCDD/PCDF body burden in humans". Toxicology Letters 88, nr 1-3 (listopad 1996): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(96)03757-5.

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Firestone, David. "Determination of Dioxins and Furans in Foods and Biological Tissues: Review and Update". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 74, nr 2 (1.03.1991): 375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/74.2.375.

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Abstract Determination of trace residues of polychlorlnated dlbenzo- p-dloxlns and dibenzofurans (PCDDs and PCDFs) In various matrixes Is carried out by a limited number of laboratories In the United States, Canada, and other countries. Current methods for analysis of foods and biological tissues Include a combination of preparation, extraction, cleanup, isolation, determination, and Identity confirmation procedures. Soxhlet, liquid/liquid, solid-phase, and column extraction procedures are used as well as treatment with acid or base before solvent extraction. Cleanup and isolation steps Include sulfuric acid partitioning; adsorption chromatography on Florlsil, silica gel, or alumina; gel permeation chromatography; multistage column chromatography on sulfuric acid silica and alkali silica; carbon column chromatography; and liquid chromatography fractionation with size exclusion, normalphase, and reverse-phase columns. Activated carbon and multistage chromatographic columns are widely used in cleanup schemes. Isomer-speclflc Identification and quantitation of PCDD and PCDF congeners at parts-per-trllllon levels or lower are carried out by high resolution (capillary) gas chromatography (HRGC) and multiple Ion detection mass spectrometry. In addition to chemical methods, bloassay procedures have been recommended (e.g., use of monoclonal antibodies, for immunoassay determination of PCDDs and PCDFs).

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Kumar, Bhupander, Satish Kumar Singh, Ram Bharoshey Lal, Sanjay Kumar i Chandra Shekhar Sharma. "Congener specific distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo-p-furans in ambient air particulates (less than PM10) in Delhi, India". Journal of Xenobiotics 2, nr 1 (1.08.2012): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/xeno.2012.e7.

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Polychlorinated dibenzo-<em>p</em>-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-<em>p</em>-furans (PCDFs) are unintentionally formed during inefficient combustions and as a by-product. Due to their resistance to degradation and their toxic effect on health, PCDD/Fs are listed by the Stockholm Convention as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Once released into the atmosphere, most of them are adsorbed to air particles and transported away from sources in atmosphere. India signed the Stockholm Convention India agreeing thereby to reduce and eliminate the use of POPs. The German agency for Technical Cooperation helped develop facilities for monitoring POPs at a national level in Delhi. This paper presents the data generated during a training assignment for Central Pollution Control Board officials at the German laboratory. Air borne particulate matter (<PM<sub>10</sub>) was collected from 6 different locations in Delhi, India and analyzed in a German laboratory for 17 congeners of PCDD/Fs. The concentrations of ΣPCDD/Fs ranged between 1720-9010 fg m<sup>-3</sup> (mean 5559 fg m<sup>-3</sup>) and their toxic equivalency values ranged from 67 to 460 fg I-toxic equivalent quantities (TEQ) m<sup>-3</sup>, with an average of 239 fg I-TEQ m<sup>-3</sup> which was lower than the ambient air standards. The dominant congeners were octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD), octachlorinated dibenzo-p-furans (OCDF), 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorinated dibenzo- p-furans, and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin. The contributions of individual homologs for ΣPCDDs/Fs I-TEQ was in the order of OCDD (31%)>HCDF (21%)>hexachlorodibenzofurans (13%)=OCDF (13%)> HCDF (12%) and other individual congeners contribute less than 5%. High chlorinated congeners contributed with more than 80% for ΣPCDD/Fs I-TEQ. Rough estimates of tolerable daily intake (TDI) shows low health risk of exposure to ΣPCDD/Fs with inhalation of 0.098 pg I-TEQ kg<sup>1</sup>day<sup>1</sup> for adult and 0.152 pg TEQ kg<sup>-1</sup>day<sup>-1</sup> for children, which is much lower than World Health Organization recommended TDI for dioxins.

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Wilson, J. Y., R. F. Addison, D. Martens, R. Gordon i B. Glickman. "Cytochrome P450 1A and related measurements in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from the Fraser River". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57, nr 2 (1.02.2000): 405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f99-251.

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Juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were captured at six sites on the upper Fraser, Nechako, and Thompson rivers, British Columbia, Canada. Biological responses were measured in the liver to assess the effects of contaminants on the fish before they began migration downstream. Both ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity and CYP 1A concentrations were significantly enhanced, being two- to three-fold higher in Fraser River samples compared with those fish from reference sites on the Nechako River. DNA adduct concentrations were two- to four-fold higher in Fraser River fish, although liver histopathology appeared unaffected. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the carcasses contributed to total contaminant burdens of less than 1 pg·g-1. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites were undetectable in nearly all samples of bile. There were strong correlations between EROD activity, CYP 1A induction, and DNA adduct concentrations but no clear correlation between these responses and PCDD, PCDF, or PCB concentrations.

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39

Saral, Arslan, Gulten Gunes i Selami Demir. "Atmospheric PCDD/PCDF emission inventory for Turkey". Atmospheric Pollution Research 5, nr 1 (styczeń 2014): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5094/apr.2014.004.

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FIEDLER, HEIDELORE. "Thermal Formation of PCDD/PCDF: A Survey". Environmental Engineering Science 15, nr 1 (styczeń 1998): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ees.1998.15.49.

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41

Christmann, W., K. D. Klöppel, H. Partscht i W. Rotard. "Determination of PCDD/PCDF in ambient air". Chemosphere 19, nr 1-6 (styczeń 1989): 521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(89)90363-9.

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42

Müller, J. F., A. Hülster, O. Päpke, M. Ball i H. Marschner. "Transfer pathways of PCDD/PCDF to fruits". Chemosphere 27, nr 1-3 (lipiec 1993): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(93)90293-e.

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Weber, Roland, i Hanspaul Hagenmaier. "PCDD/PCDF formation in fluidized bed incineration". Chemosphere 38, nr 11 (maj 1999): 2643–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(98)00472-x.

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Rotard, Wolfgang, Wilfried Christmann, Wilhelm Knoth i Wolfgang Mailahn. "Bestimmung der resorptionsverfügbaren PCDD/PCDF aus Kieselrot". Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung 7, nr 1 (marzec 1995): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02938733.

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Joneck, M., R. Prinz i Th Suttner. "PCDD/PCDF-Gehalte in Oberböden bayerischer Ackerstandorte". Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung 4, nr 4 (wrzesień 1992): 209–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02939064.

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Joneck, M., Th Suttner, K. Stadelmayr i S. Trampler. "PCDD/PCDF-Bodengehalte im Umfeld von Verbrennungsanlagen". Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung 5, nr 4 (wrzesień 1993): 216–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02940480.

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Czuczwa, Jean M., i Ronald A. Hites. "Sources and fate of PCDD and PCDF". Chemosphere 15, nr 9-12 (styczeń 1986): 1417–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(86)90419-4.

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Pitea, Demetrio, Laura Bonati, Marina Lasagni, Giorgio Moro, Roberto Todeschini i Giancarlo Chiesa. "The combustion of municipal solid wastes and PCDD and PCDF emissions. Part 1. PCDD and PCDF in MSW". Chemosphere 18, nr 7-8 (styczeń 1989): 1457–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(89)90037-4.

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Takiguchi, Tomoya, Hoa Thi Vu i Yoshikazu Nishino. "Effects of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins, Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans, and Dioxin-like PCBs on Teeth and Bones in Animals and Humans". Toxics 11, nr 1 (21.12.2022): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11010007.

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Bone metabolism is regulated by endocrine systems, so people exposed to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) may suffer adverse effects on bones and teeth. We reviewed previous publications in which effects of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls on the teeth and bones of animals and humans were found. The aim was to identify future research directions, particularly for epidemiological studies of populations exposed to PCDD/Fs in the environment. Exposure of fetuses to PCDD/Fs may affect odontogenesis, particularly enamel formation, but the effects of PCDD/Fs on bone genesis are limited to palatine bone. Exposure to PCDD/Fs in milk may affect both teeth and bones, but the effects on bones may be reversible. Exposure to high PCDD/F concentrations even during adulthood may adversely affect teeth. Exposure to PCDD/Fs may induce osteogenesis and improve bone properties because the disrupting effects of PCDD/Fs cause bone remodeling and vitamin D activation. More studies involving humans are required to investigate previously found associations between the PCDD/F concentrations humans are exposed to and biological markers for teeth and bones, including metabolites of vitamin D.

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Li, Min, Chao Wang, Kefa Cen, Mingjiang Ni i Xiaodong Li. "Emission characteristics and vapour/particulate phase distributions of PCDD/F in a hazardous waste incinerator under transient conditions". Royal Society Open Science 5, nr 1 (styczeń 2018): 171079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171079.

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Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) emission characteristics and vapour/particulate phase partitions under three continued operation conditions, i.e. shut-down, start-up and after start-up, were investigated by sampling stack gas. The results indicated that the PCDD/F emission levels were 0.40–18.03 ng I-TEQ Nm −3 , much higher than the annual monitoring level (0.016 ng I-TEQ Nm −3 ). Additionally, the PCDD/F emission levels in start-up were higher than the other two conditions. Furthermore, the PCDD/F congener profiles differed markedly between shut-down and start-up, and the chlorination degree of PCDD/F increased in shut-down and decreased evidently in start-up. Moreover, PCDD/F vapour/particulate phase distributions varied significantly under three transient conditions. The PCDD/F vapour phase proportion decreased as the shut-down process continued, then increased as the start-up process proceeded, finally more than 98% of the PCDD/F congeners were distributed in the vapour phase after start-up. The correlations between log( C v / C s ) versus log p L 0 of each PCDD/F congener in stack gas were disorganized in shut-down, and trend to a linear distribution after start-up. Besides, polychlorinated biphenyl emissions show behaviour similar to that of PCDD/F, and the lower chlorinated congeners have a stronger relationship with 2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs, such as M1CB and D2CB.

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