Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / PCDD

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „PCDD”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 23 lutego 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "PCDD"

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Campin, D. N., S. J. Buckland, D. J. Hannah i J. A. Taucher. "The Identification of Dioxin Sources in an Integrated Wood Processing Facility". Water Science and Technology 24, nr 3-4 (1.08.1991): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0463.

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A study was undertaken of the PCDD and PCDF export vectors from a major facility that comprises a bleached kraft pulp mill, paper mills, and previously, a timber processing sawmill. The PCDD and PCDF levels in pulps, untreated effluent, the final effluent, sludges, and discharge to the receiving waters, were studied. The total toxic equivalents were calculated, and the individual PCDD and PCDF profiles showed that there were several contributing sources of dioxins. The various effluent streams that contribute to the final effluent were studied, including the bleached effluent, the other kraft mill effluents, and site effluents from other processing areas. Mass balances of PCDDs and PCDFs from the effluent treatment systems are presented. The paper outlines the use of full PCDD and PCDF profile measurements as a means of identifying the point sources of dioxin contamination from within the facility, and outlines the procedures that are being implemented to control the emission of dioxins in the final effluent.
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Jeon, Sang Eun, Sang Won Lee, Kyung Sik Choi, Jae Cheon You, Dong Ho Moon, Chang Jae Lee, Yong Youl Hwang, Tae Woong Hwang i Chang Han Joo. "Pcdd/Fs Concentrations in Blood of Male Chemists Working for Dioxin Analysis". Key Engineering Materials 277-279 (styczeń 2005): 548–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.277-279.548.

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The level of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) concentration in blood of 4 chemists conducting dioxin analysis at a laboratory was estimated. The level of PCDDF/s concentration ranged from 4.48 pg I-TEQ/g-fat to 8.17 pg ITEQ/ g-fat (mean level : 6.19 pg I-TEQ/g-fat, median level : 6.07 pg I-TEQ/g-fat, standard deviation in this study : 1.51 pg I-TEQ/g-fat). The level of PCDD/Fs in bloods of the chemists in this study is not higher compared with other studies in Korea. The portion of PCDFs to the total PCDD/F I-TEQ concentration in this study was found to be over 80%. This is not the case in other countries where the portion of PCDDs to the total TEQ in blood was generally much higher than that of PCDFs. In Korea, the portion of PCDFs to the total PCDD/F I TEQ concentration in food was higher than that of PCDDs. In other countries, the portion of PCDFs was relatively lower. It is considered that the portion of PCDFs in blood has interrelation with that of PCDFs in food in both Korea and other countries.
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Nguyễn Khắc, Mạnh, Ái Quốc Trần, Tất Thành Nguyễn i Tuấn Việt Trần. "Các phương pháp phân tích polychlorinated dibenzo-p- dioxins và polychlorinated dibenzofurans". Journal of Military Science and Technology, VITTEP (20.12.2022): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.54939/1859-1043.j.mst.vittep.2022.141-149.

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Polychlorinated dibenzo para-dioxins (PCDD) và polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) tại Việt Nam có hai nguồn chủ yếu từ hậu quả chiến tranh và các nguồn thải công nghiệp. Đặc biệt với bối cảnh nền công nghiệp lạc hậu sử dụng những kỹ thuật đã cũ như ở Việt Nam thì việc phải quan trắc và kiểm soát chặt chẽ các nguồn thải có khả năng sinh PCDD/PCDF là rất cần thiết. Trong bài viết này, độc tính của PCDD/PCDF, cách đánh giá độc tính thông qua hệ số độ độc tương đương (Toxic equivalent factors – TEF) và tổng độ độc tương đương (Toxic equivalent quantity – TEQ) được trình bày. Tiếp theo là quá trình hình thành và phát triển của các kỹ thuật phân tích PCDD/PCDF trên thế giới qua các thời kỳ được thảo luận chi tiết. Thông qua đó, thực trạng về ô nhiễm PCDD/PCDF tại Việt Nam được đề cập và các giải pháp xử lý được đề xuất.
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Banout, Jan, Ondrej Urban, Vojtech Musil, Jirina Szakova i Jiri Balik. "Agent Orange Footprint Still Visible in Rural Areas of Central Vietnam". Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/528965.

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Levels of polychlorinated dioxins/furans (PCDD/PCDF) in selected environmental samples (soils, sediments, fish, and farm animals) were analyzed from the area of Phong My commune (Thua Thien-Hue province, Vietnam). This area was affected by Agent Orange spraying during the Vietnam war (1968–1971). Whereas PCDD/PCDF content in soil and sediment samples is relatively low and ranges between 0.05 and 5.1 pg WHO-TEQ/g for soils and between 0.7 and 6.4 pg WHO-TEQ/g for sediments, the PCDD/PCDF content in poultry muscle and liver in most cases exceeded the maximum permissible limit of dioxin content per unit fat mass. In some cases of soil and sediments samples, 2,3,7,8-TCDD represented more than 90% of the total PCDD/PCDF, which indicates Agent Orange as the main source.
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Su, Shan Shan, i Yang Hui. "The Study of Environment Levels of Dioxins and Furans in a Typical Regional". Applied Mechanics and Materials 178-181 (maj 2012): 769–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.178-181.769.

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Ambient air, tree bark, soil and river sediments were sampled by the investigation of the background levels from a typical regional without industrial pollution in southern China. The WHO-TEQ of PCDD/F (WHO-2005) were 0.0366±0.0126 pg/Nm3 in ambient air, 0.8863±0.6088 pg/g in tree bark, 3.2435±0.0651 pg/g in soil and 1.4795±0.1917 pg/g in river sediments, respectively. The levels of PCDF in ambient air and tree bark were generally a little lower than the PCDD levels, but the values of PCDD were tens, even thousands times high than the PCDF in the soil and river sediments. The scope plot of PCA indicated that the congener profiles of PCDD/Fs in the tree barks, soil and river sediments of Hezhou were similar, but different from the samples of ambient air.
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Eljarrat, Ethel. "Effects of Sewage Sludges Contaminated with Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Sludge-Treated Areas (Soils and Sediments)". Scientific World JOURNAL 2 (2002): 1729–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.880.

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The fate of PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs in sewage sludges after different management techniques — such as agricultural application, land restoration, and marine disposal — was studied. Changes observed in the concentrations, in the ratio between PCDD and PCDF levels, and in the isomeric distribution suggest the influence of the sewage sludge on the sludge-treated areas (soils and sediments). Whereas land application techniques seem to produce no serious environmental consequences, marine disposal practices produce considerable increases in the levels of contamination in marine sediments.
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Augustowska, Katarzyna, Zofia Magnowska, Maria Kapiszewska i Ewa L. Gregoraszczuk. "Is the natural PCDD/PCDF mixture toxic for human placental JEG-3 cell line? The action of the toxicants on hormonal profile, CYP1A1 activity, DNA damage and cell apoptosis". Human & Experimental Toxicology 26, nr 5 (maj 2007): 407–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327107073119.

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The present study was conducted to define the action of a mixture obtained by the extraction and purification of real fly ash, on specific toxicity endpoints, such as hormonal secretion, CYP1A1 expression, DNA damage and cell apoptosis. JEG-3 cell line was exposed in vitro to different doses of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) or Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/Polychlorinated dibenzo-P-furan (PCDD/PCDF) mixture. Both TCDD and the mixture decreased hCG secretion, while inhibition of progesterone levels was noted only under the influence of TCDD. The changes in hormone production were not due to the action on cell viability. There were time-dependent differences in CYP1A1 expression in cells exposed to TCDD and PCDD/PCDF mixture. Both TCDD and PCDD/PCDF mixture did not induce the DNA damage, as evaluated by the comet assay. Significantly lower DNA migration from the head of comet into the comet tail was noted after the removal of reagents. The highest efficiency of this process was noted 4 h after the TCDD and 24 h after the PCDD/PCDF mixture removal. These results suggest that the DNA adducts and/or DNA—DNA cross-links were formed. Neither TCDD nor PCDD/PCDF mixture had any effect on cell apoptosis assessed by caspase-3 activity and Hoechst 33258. Taken together, these findings clearly indicate a weaker action of the mixture when compared with TCDD. However, in both cases, their action was not due to the induction of the DNA damage and subsequent cell apoptosis but due to a direct influence of these toxicants on placental hormone production. Human & Experimental Toxicology ( 2007) 26, 407—417
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Baran, Agnieszka, Monika Mierzwa-Hersztek, Magdalena Urbaniak, Krzysztof Gondek, Marek Tarnawski, Magdalena Szara i Marek Zieliński. "An assessment of the concentrations of PCDDs/Fs in contaminated bottom sediments and their sources and ecological risk". Journal of Soils and Sediments 20, nr 6 (14.11.2019): 2588–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11368-019-02492-3.

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Abstract Purpose The purpose of the study was to determine the levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDD/F), two types of persistent organic pollutant (POP), in an urban retention reservoir located in an industrial zone within a coal-mining region. It also assesses the potential ecological risk of the PCDDs/Fs present in bottom sediments and the relationship between their content and the fraction of organic matter. Materials and methods The sediment samples were collected from Rybnik Reservoir, located in the centre of the Rybnik Coal Region, Silesia, one of Poland’s major industrial centres. Seventeen PCDD/F congeners in the surface of the sediments were analysed using high-resolution gas chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). Results and discussion The toxic equivalency (TEQ) of the PCDDs/Fs in the sediments ranged from 1.65 to 32.68 pg TEQ g−1. PCDDs constituted 59–78% of the total PCDDs/Fs, while the PCDFs accounted for 22–41%. The pattern of PCDD/F congeners in the sediments was dominated by OCDD. However, the second-most prevalent constituents were OCDF and ∑HpCDFs in the low TOC sediment (< 10 g TOC kg−1), but HpCDD in the rich TOC samples (> 10 g TOC kg−1). PCDD/F concentrations in the sediment samples were 2- to 38-fold higher than the sediment quality guidelines limit, indicating high ecological risk potential. Although a considerable proportion of PCDDs/Fs in the bottom sediments from the Rybnik Reservoir were derived from combustion processes, they were also obtained via transport, wastewater discharge, high-temperature processes and thermal electricity generation. The PCDD/F concentrations were significantly correlated with all fractions of organic matter; however, the strongest correlation coefficients were found between PCDDs/Fs and humic substances. Besides organic matter, the proportions of silt/clay fractions within sediments played an important role in the transport of PCDDs/Fs in bottom sediments. Conclusions The silt/clay fraction of the bottom sediments plays a dominant role in the movement of PCDDs/Fs, while the organic matter fraction affects their sorption. The results indicate that the environmental behaviour of PCDDs/Fs is affected by the quantity and quality of organic matter and the texture of sediments.
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Cao, Xuan, Longjie Ji, Xiaoqing Lin, William R. Stevens, Minghui Tang, Fanjie Shang, Shaofu Tang i Shengyong Lu. "Comprehensive diagnosis of PCDD/F emission from three hazardous waste incinerators". Royal Society Open Science 5, nr 7 (lipiec 2018): 172056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172056.

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Comprehensive diagnosis of polychlorinated dibenzo- p -dioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) emissions was systematically conducted on three hazardous waste incinerators (HWIs). Results indicated that PCDD/F mainly existed in the solid phase before the bag filter. This was especially true for higher chlorinated dioxin and furan congeners (hexa-, hepta- and octa-). The aged bag filters tended to increase the gas-phase PCDD/F. Emissions also increased due to PCDD/F desorption from circulated scrubbing solution and plastic packing media used in the wet scrubber. The PCDD/F concentrations were elevated during the start-up process, reaching up to 5.4 times higher than those measured during the normal operating period. The ratios of PCDFs/PCDDs revealed that the surface-catalysed de novo synthesis was the dominant pathway of PCDD/F formation. Installation of more efficient fabric filters, intermittent replacement of circulated scrubbing solution will result in reduced PCDD/F emission. Additionally, 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF correlated well with the international toxic equivalent quantity (I-TEQ) value, which suggests that 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF could act as an I-TEQ indicator.
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Szymańska, Jadwiga, Barbara Frydrych, Paweł Struciński, Wiesław Szymczak, Agnieszka Hernik i Elżbieta Bruchajzer. "Polychlorinated dibezno-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Documentation of proposed values of occupational exposure limits (OELs)". Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy 36, nr 1 (30.03.2020): 27–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7815.

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Polychlorinated dibezno-p-dioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF) are compounds with similar structure, physicochemical and toxicological properties. They are not used commercially, they are formed as by-products during certain industrial processes, combustion, failures, etc. LD50 values (0.002-300 mg / kg) depend on the species of animal tested and the chemical structure of the compound. On chronic toxicity, the information available mainly relates to 2,3,7,8-TCDD and 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF. Potential routes of human exposure are: the digestive system, lungs and skin. These compounds are accumulated mainly in the liver and adipose tissue. Their polar metabolites may undergo conjugation with glucuronic acid and glutathione. The main routes of excretion are bile and feces. In mammals, PCDD / F are also eliminated in breast milk. The results of mutagenicity and genotoxicity tests of PCDD (mainly 2,3,7,8-TCDD) and PCDF and their effects on fertility and reproduction are inconsistent. Among PCDD and PCDF, the compound that most strongly affects fertility, reproduction and fetal development is 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Epidemiological studies are the basis for assessing the carcinogenic potential of dioxins (including 2,3,7,8-TCDD) and furans in humans. Cohorts include those professionally exposed to chlorophenols, phenoxyacetic herbicides and a mixture of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and furans. PCDD / F have a common mechanism of toxic action associated with the Ah receptor. PCDD / F are considered to be inducers of several enzymes (e.g. CYP1A) and modulators of hormones and growth factors. CYP1A1 activity is one of the most sensitive indicators of exposure to 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Adenocarcinomas and hepatocellular carcinomas as well as bile ducts have been found in rats and mice after 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Tumor changes have also been observed in other organs. NTP studies also showed carcinogenic effects 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF. According to IARC, sufficient evidence of a carcinogenic effect on humans exists only for 2,3,7,8-TCDD (CAS: 1746-01-6) and 2,3,4,7,8 PeCDF (CAS: 57117-31-4). Other PCDD / F cannot be classified as carcinogenic to humans. The basis for determining the MAC value for the mixture of PCDD and PCDF was the results of the assessment of the risk of developing additional liver cancer in people exposed in the work environment for 2,3,7,8-TCDD in 2017. This risk was estimated at 1 · 10-4 for 40 years of exposure to the compound at a concentration of 18 pg / m3. In the case of combined exposure, the content of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans in the tested samples, as well as their maximum acceptable levels are expressed in the form of the so-called toxicity equivalent (TEQ). For the PCDD and PCDF mixture, we propose the value of 18 pg WHO2006-TEQ / m3. The result expressed as pg WHO-TEQ / m3 is not a de facto concentration, but a determination of the toxicity of the mixture of dioxin and furan congeners contained in the sample in relation to TCDD. This article discusses the problems of occupational safety and health, which are covered by health sciences and environmental engineering.
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "PCDD"

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Yang, Yun. "Temperature dependent PCDD/PCDF product distributions from phenols". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20182.

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Moore, Paul 1962. "The Analysis of PCDD and PCDF Emissions from the Cofiring of Densified Refuse Derived Fuel and Coal". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1990. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc330690/.

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The United States leads the world in per capita production of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), generating approximately 200 million tons per year. By 2000 A.D. the US EPA predicts a 20% rise in these numbers. Currently the major strategies of MSW disposal are (i) landfill and (ii) incineration. The amount of landfill space in the US is on a rapid decline. There are -10,000 landfill sites in the country, of which only 65-70% are still in use. The Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) predicts an 80% landfill closure rate in the next 20 years. The development of a viable energy resource from MSW, in the form of densified Refuse Derived Fuel (dRDF), provides solutions to the problems of MSW generation and fossil fuel depletions. Every 2 tons of MSW yields approximately 1 ton of dRDF. Each ton of dRDF has an energy equivalent of more than two barrels of oil. At current production rates the US is "throwing away" over 200,000,000 barrels of oil a year. In order to be considered a truly viable product dRDF must be extensively studied; in terms of it's cost of production, it's combustion properties, and it's potential for environmental pollution. In 1987 a research team from the University of North Texas, in conjunction with the US DOE and Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), cofired over 550 tons of dRDF and bdRDF with a high sulfur Kentucky coal in a boiler at ANL. This work examines the emission rates of polychlorinated dioxins (PCDDs) and furans (PCDFs) during the combustion of the dRDF, bdRDF, and coal. Even at levels of 50% by Btu content of dRDF in the fuel feedstock, emission rates of PCDDs and PCDFs were below detection limits. The dRDF is shown to be an environmentally acceptable product, which could help resolve one of the major social and environmental problems facing this country today.
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Weber, P. [Verfasser]. "Der Chlortransfer bei der Bildung von polychlorierten organischen Spurenstoffen (PCDD/PCDF) in industriellen thermischen Prozessen (Müllverbrennung) / P. Weber". Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2000. http://d-nb.info/1198219823/34.

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Lundin, Lisa. "Formation and degradation of PCDD/F in waste incineration ashes". Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1395.

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Frýba, Lukáš. "Analýza alternativ odstraňování PCDD/F při spalování odpadů". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-229471.

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The thesis is focused on analyzing the current status of the technology used for cleaning flue gas from persistent organic pollutants, especially PCDD/F. For the three most commonly used methods of solution operational and energy efficiency comparison was made, where achievable energy export and the impact of the change in working conditions on the efficiency indicators of energy production and use of the energy was evaluated. In conditions we considered an alternative machine-technological solutions used for the final disposal of persistent organic pollutants resulting from the waste combustion in terms of additional operating costs and energy efficiency.
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Aurell, Johanna. "Effects of Varying Combustion Conditions on PCDD/F Formation". Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemi, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1795.

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Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are by-products emitted from combustion sources such as municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration plants. These organic compounds are recognized as toxic, bioaccumulative and persistent in the environment. PCDD/Fs are removed from flue gases before released from MSW incineration. However, the PCDD/Fs are not destroyed but retained in the residues, thus in the environment. Understanding the pathways that lead to their formation is important in order to develop ways to suppress their formation and prevent their release into the environment. Suppressing the formation can also allow less expensive air pollution control system to be used, and/or the costs of thermally treating the residues to be reduced. The main objective of the studies underlying this thesis was to elucidate process, combustion and fuel parameters that substantially affect the emission levels and formation of PCDD/Fs in flue gases from MSW incineration. The experiments were conducted under controllable, realistic combustion conditions using a laboratory-scale reactor combusting artificial MSW. The parameter found to most strongly reduce the PCDD/F emissions, was prolonging the flue gas residence time at a relatively high temperature (460°C). Increasing the sulfur dioxide (SO2) to hydrogen chloride (HCl) ratio to 1.6 in the flue gas was also found to reduce the PCDF levels, but not the PCDD levels. Fluctuations in the combustion process (carbon monoxide peaks), high chlorine levels in the waste (1.7%) and low temperatures in the secondary combustion zone (660°C) all tended to increase the emission levels. The PCDD/PCDF ratio in the flue gas was found to depend on the chlorine level in the waste, fluctuations in the combustion process and the SO2:HCl ratio in the flue gas. The formation pathways were found to be affected by the quench time profiles in the post-combustion zone, fluctuations in the combustion process and addition of sulfur. In addition, increased levels of chlorine in the waste increased the chlorination degrees of both PCDDs and PCDFs. A tendency for increased SO2 levels in the flue gas to increase levels of polychlorinated dibenzothiophenes (sulfur analogues of PCDFs) was also detected, however the increases were much less significant than the reduction in PCDF levels.
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Åberg, Annika. "Fate and exposure assessment of PCDD/Fs at contaminated sites". Licentiate thesis, Umeå University, Chemistry, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-5717.

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Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDFs) belong to the most toxic compounds known to science and they are defined as Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) under the Stock-holm Convention. The general human exposure to PCDD/Fs is primarily through dietary intake. The importance of contaminated sites as secondary PCDD/F sources (i.e. sources that once received its contamination from a primary source) are getting increased attention. To be able to assess the risks for human exposure at PCDD/F contaminated sites, the environmen-tal distribution of PCDD/Fs and the potential mobilization between dif-ferent environmental media (e.g. food chain transfer) must be known. The primary aim of the work presented in this thesis was to investigate human exposure pathways associated with PCDD/F contaminated sites by combining field measurements and modeling. Site specific field measurements were made at a PCDD/F contaminated site in Sweden and multimedia modeling scenarios were evaluated against site specific data and national reference data.

The results show that the congener distributions in exposure media affected by contaminated soil may differ significantly from the distribu-tions found in media from reference locations. Higher chlorinated PCDD/Fs may be transferred into food chains where they contribute to a large fraction of the toxic equivalent concentration (TEQ). Ingestion of locally produced animal food may be an important exposure pathway al-ready at low or moderate PCDD/F soil concentrations. However, the con-gener composition of the source is critical for the exposure. The signifi-cance of the individual exposure routes varies depending on e.g. the spatial distribution and magnitude of the soil contamination, the pro-perties of the exposure media and the human behavior. Multimedia mo-deling can be used in risk assessments as long as model algorithms and model parameters are representative for the superhydrophobic properties of PCDD/Fs. However, selection of physical-chemical PCDD/F properties is a challenge due to large variation in reported values. For some proper-ties, data is scattered or completely lacking

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Stark, Marie Luise [Verfasser]. "Transfer von Dioxinen (PCDD), Furanen (PCDF) und polychlorierten Biphenylen (PCB) aus dem Futter in ausgewählte Gewebe wachsender Schafe / Marie Luise Stark". Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2021. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:188-refubium-31051-8.

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Liljeroos, Tom. "Är saltglaseringsindustrin en källa till tidig organokloridförekomst?" Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Teacher Education (LUT), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-2365.

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Abstract.

The levels of dioxin and comparable substances rose to a large extent in our environment during the second half of the 20'Th century. This was the result of the synthesis of, and careless usage of these substances in cooling fluids, hydraulics, pesticides etc.

Background levels of dioxins and furans in sealed samples prior to this era suggest that former sources of these substances existed.

Salt glazing is a method of adding a smooth acid resistant exterior to stoneware ceramics. The technique has been in use since the 16'Th century, maybe even earlier than that. Some sources date the origin of the technique to the 13'Th century. Salt glazed ceramics were the prime type of industrial vessels and it was extensively used for food preservation in households from the 17'Th century to the early/mid 20'Th century.

The method was/is primarily used by Germany, Great Britain, America and Sweden.

Salt glazing is a source of graphite structures from soot, and of chlorine gas. Hence, the formation of organochlorides should be able to occur.

The reports main objective is to highlight the question; “Could the salt glazing industry be one of the sources to early dioxin emissions?” Secondary objectives are to present an introduction to dioxin and comparable substances, methods of analysis and symptoms of exposure.

The salt glazing industry is much likely one of the anthropogenic sources of early PCDD/F emissions. Though emission levels seem to be quite low, due to the persistence of PCDD/F noticeable levels could have accumulated. When the Leblanc soda process (a known source of PCDD/F) was introduced in 1791, the salt glazing process had already been used for nearly three hundred years.

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Sewart, Andrew Paul. "The fate and behaviour of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls in sewage sludge : amended agricultural soils and their potential transfer into terrestrial foodchain via lactating cattle". Thesis, Lancaster University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261004.

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Książki na temat "PCDD"

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Burton, Krakow, Neuhauser Edward F, Altwicker Elmar R, New York State Energy Research and Development Authority., Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation i Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, red. Fundamental aspects of dioxin (PCDD) and furan (PCDF) formation from combustion: Final report. Albany, N.Y: NYSERDA, 1992.

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Steer, P. Ambient air sampling for PCDD/PCDF near two pulp mills in northern Ontario. [Toronto]: Ontario Environment, 1992.

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Ontario. Ministry of the Environment., red. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). [Toronto]: Ontario Ministy of the Environment, 1985.

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Harrad, Stuart. Levels and sources of PCDDs and PCDFs in UK soils. Norwich: University of East Anglia, 1989.

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Lee, Anthony. Assessment of PCDDs and PCDFs from PCB transformer and capacitor fires. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory, 1985.

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Socializzazione e negoziazione nel processo decisionale della PESC/PCSD dell'Unione europea. Pisa: PLUS-Pisa University Press, 2011.

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Mujica, Javier. Herramientas jurídicas para la defensa de los Derechos Humanos de las PCDs. Jesús María, Lima: CEDAL, Centro de Asesoría Laboral del Perú, 2005.

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Veneracion, Cynthia C. PCHD community project implementation, 1991-93: Experiences from Camarines Sur : final report. Quezon City: Institute of Philippine Culture, Ateneo de Manila University, 1993.

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Veneracion, Cynthia C. Partnership building and planning for community health development: PCHD experiences, 1990-93. Quezon City: Institute of Philippine Culture, Ateneo de Manila University, 1993.

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Sheffield, Arthur. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs): Sources and releases. Ottawa: Environmental Protection Service, 1985.

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Części książek na temat "PCDD"

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Neumann, G., A. Hülster i H. Marschner. "Identifizierung PCDD/PCDF-Mobilisierender Verbindungen in Wurzelexsudaten von Zucchini". W Rhizosphärenprozesse, Umweltstreß und Ökosystemstabilität, 167–75. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-83429-4_20.

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Roth, Rolf, Günther Scholz i H. J. Jürgens. "Process for PCDD and PCDF Removal from Contaminated Soil". W Contaminated Soil ’88, 819–25. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2807-7_129.

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Rozman, K., B. Stahl i H. Sterzl-Eckert. "Polychlorierte Dibenzodioxine und Dibenzofurane (PCDD/F)". W Toxikologie, 451–61. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527604820.ch29.

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Först, C., L. Stieglitz i G. Zwick. "Isomer-Specific Determination of PCDD/PCDF in Water Leachate of a Waste Landfill". W Organic Micropollutants in the Aquatic Environment, 52–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2989-0_6.

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Dudzińska, Marzenna R., Zdzisław Kozak i Lucjan Pawłowski. "An Attempt to Estimate the PCDF/PCDD Emissions from Waste Incinerated in Cement Kilns". W Chemistry for the Protection of the Environment 3, 173–79. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9664-3_21.

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Wade, Richard L. "Development of Decontamination Guidelines for PCB/PCDF and PCDD Decontamination in Areas of High Exposure Potential". W Hazards, Decontamination, and Replacement of PCB, 101–14. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0747-1_6.

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Jeon, Sang Eun, Sang Won Lee, Kyung Sik Choi, Jae Cheon You, Dong Ho Moon, Chang Jae Lee, Yong Youl Hwang, Tae Woong Hwang i Chang Han Joo. "Pcdd/Fs Concentrations in Blood of Male Chemists Working for Dioxin Analysis". W Key Engineering Materials, 548–51. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-958-x.548.

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Rada, Elena Cristina, Marco Ragazzi, Gabriela Ionescu, Marco Tubino, Werner Tirler i Maurizio Tava. "Chapter 6 Perspectives of Unconventional PCDD/F Monitoring for a Steel Making Plant". W Air Quality, 121–30. 3333 Mistwell Crescent Oakville, ON L6L 0A2 Canada: Apple Academic Press Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315366074-7.

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Kilavuz, Seda Aslan, Ertan Durmusoglu i Aykan Karademir. "Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of PCDD/Fs in Vegetable Foods at Highly Polluted Area in Turkey". W Causes, Impacts and Solutions to Global Warming, 291–303. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7588-0_18.

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Alberti, J., P. Bachhausen, U. Brüll, E. Plöger i H. D. Stock. "Examination of Playgrounds and Sport-Fields in Northrhinewestphalia Concerning PCDD/F -Containing Copper Slag Methods and Results". W Soil & Environment, 703–12. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2018-0_126.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "PCDD"

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Mininni, Giuseppe, Dario Marani, Camilla Maria Braguglia, Ettore Guerriero i Andrea Sbrilli. "Behavior of Organic and Inorganic Micropollutants in Chlorine Spiked Sludge Incineration by a Circulating Fluidized Bed Furnace". W 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-105.

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The effects of combustion and feeding conditions on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) and PCDD/F formation and appearance in the emissions at the stack during sludge incineration are discussed in this paper. Partitioning in the solid streams of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn is also analyzed. Tests were performed on a demonstrative plant equipped with a fluidized bed furnace (FBF) using sewage sludge either as is or spiked with chlorinated organic compounds (tetrachloroethylene or a mixture of tetrachloroethylene, chlorobenzene and toluene) to study the chlorine effect on the presence of micropollutants in the different streams. Exhaust gases were sampled both before and after the treatment system (bag house and wet scrubber). In the untreated flue gas the highest values of PCDD/F and PAH were detected when the afterburning chamber was not in use or operating at low temperatures. Operation of the afterburning chamber at temperature higher than 850–900 °C was sufficient to keep organic micropollutants concentrations in the untreated flue gas at reasonably low levels. No significant correlation of the operating conditions with emissions at the stack was found. High copper concentration in the feed enhanced PCDD/F formation, with exception of tests carried out with high afterburning temperature. The homologue profile of PCDD/F and PAH depended on test conditions. Preferential accumulation of heavy metals in the filter ash with respect to cyclone ash was quantified in terms of an enrichment factor. Out of the seven metals considered, only Cd and Pb undergo significant enrichment in the filter ash. The enrichment increased with increasing chlorine content of the feed. In contrast, Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni, and Zn behaved as refractory (non-volatile) elements even at high chlorine dosage. In accordance with the widely accepted hypothesis that metal enrichment is due to metal vaporization in the combustion chamber and subsequent condensation onto the filter ash particles, a thermodynamic model of the combustion process was able to satisfactorily predict the different metal behavior and the effect of chlorine dosage on metal enrichment.
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Martín Martín, Juan Alberto, Miren Gallastegi Villa, Asier Aranzabal Maiztegi, María Pilar González Marcos i Juan Ramón González Velasco. "Alternative Catalytic Formulations for Simultaneous NH3-SCR and PCDD/Fs Oxidation". W 14th Mediterranean Congress of Chemical Engineering (MeCCE14). Grupo Pacífico, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.48158/mecce-14.dg.05.08.

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Yu, Chun-Yan, Yue Li, Shao-Bin Ju i Xiao-Yan Mu. "Study on the PCDD/Fs in Jiaozhou Bay of Qingdao, China". W 2008 2nd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (ICBBE '08). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2008.290.

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Pongpiachan, S., T. Wiriwutikorn, C. Rungruang, K. Yodden, A. Sbrilli, M. Gobbi i C. Centeno. "Occupational exposure to PCDD/PCDF from industrial boilers at a whisky factory and vegetable oil factory in Samutsakorn Province, Thailand". W SAFE 2013. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/safe130701.

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Kotorová, Soňa, Andrea Šagátová i Marko Fülöp. "Radiation and heat treatment of sediments contaminated with the PCBs and PCDD/Fs". W APPLIED PHYSICS OF CONDENSED MATTER (APCOM 2021). AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0067244.

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Zhu, Xiuhua, Gerd Pfister, Bernhard Henkelmann, Jarmila Kotalik, Stefan Fiedler i Karl-Werner Schramm. "PCDD/Fs and PCBs in Soot Dust, Fume and Contaminated Air with Burning E-Wastes". W 2008 2nd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2008.475.

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Zhenzhen Guan i Dezhen Chen. "NOx removal in the selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) process and combined NOx and PCDD/Fs control". W 2011 IEEE Power Engineering and Automation Conference (PEAM). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/peam.2011.6134838.

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Jy, T. Perng, L. Wen Jhy, H. Sheng Lung, S. Minlinag, S. Tung Sheng i C. Guo Ping. "16. Characterization of Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in the Atmosphere of Workplaces of a Sinter Plant". W AIHce 2004. AIHA, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2758143.

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Long, Jiao. "QSPR Studies on the Aqueous Solubility of Selected PCDD/FS by Using Artificial Neural Network Combined with Principal Component Analysis". W 2011 5th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2011.5781211.

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de Assunção, J. V., C. R. Pesquero, R. P. da Nóbrega i R. de Abrantes. "Toxic organic air pollutants in the atmosphere of São Paulo and its origins: Dioxins, furans (PCDD/Fs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)". W AIR POLLUTION 2006. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air06028.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "PCDD"

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Booth, Cormac, Mark Burgman, Carl Donovan, John Harwood, Len Thomas, Robert Schick i Jason Wood. PCoD Lite - Using an Interim PCoD Protocol to Assess the Effects of Disturbance Associated with US Navy Exercises on Marine Mammal Populations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, wrzesień 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada616415.

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Costa, Daniel P. Development of the PCAD Model to Assess Biological Significance of Acoustic Disturbance. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, wrzesień 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada602516.

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Costa, Daniel P. Development of the PCAD Model to Assess Biological Significance of Acoustic Disturbance. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, wrzesień 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada617696.

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Lugar, R. M. Results of monitoring for PCDDs and PCDFs in ambient air at McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), wrzesień 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10192134.

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Buttyan, Ralph. Targeted Elimination of PCDH-PC Expressing Prostate Cancer Cells for Control of Hormone-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, listopad 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada484469.

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Buttyan, Ralph. Targeted Elimination of PCDH-PC Expressing Prostate Cancer Cells for Control of Hormone-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, listopad 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada502325.

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Lopez, D., Q. Wu, D. Dhody, Q. Ma i D. King. IGP Extension for Path Computation Element Communication Protocol (PCEP) Security Capability Support in PCE Discovery (PCED). RFC Editor, styczeń 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc9353.

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Kraus, Scott D., i Rosalind M. Rolland. Defining the Transfer Functions of the PCAD Model in North Atlantic Right Whales (Eubalaena glacialis) - Retrospective Analyses of Existing Data. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, wrzesień 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada573545.

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Thomas, Len, John Harwood, Catriona Harris i Robert S. Schick. Statistical Tools for Fitting Models of the Population Consequences of Acoustic Disturbance to Data from Marine Mammal Populations (PCAD Tools II). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, wrzesień 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada573920.

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Thomas, Len, John Hardwood, Catriona Harris i Robert S. Schick. Statistical Tools for Fitting Models of the Population Consequences of Acoustic Disturbance to Data from Marine Mammal Populations (PCAD Tools 2). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, wrzesień 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada602570.

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