Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Passive smoking Case studies”
Kliknij ten link, aby zobaczyć inne rodzaje publikacji na ten temat: Passive smoking Case studies.
Utwórz poprawne odniesienie w stylach APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard i wielu innych
Sprawdź 50 najlepszych artykułów w czasopismach naukowych na temat „Passive smoking Case studies”.
Przycisk „Dodaj do bibliografii” jest dostępny obok każdej pracy w bibliografii. Użyj go – a my automatycznie utworzymy odniesienie bibliograficzne do wybranej pracy w stylu cytowania, którego potrzebujesz: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver itp.
Możesz również pobrać pełny tekst publikacji naukowej w formacie „.pdf” i przeczytać adnotację do pracy online, jeśli odpowiednie parametry są dostępne w metadanych.
Przeglądaj artykuły w czasopismach z różnych dziedzin i twórz odpowiednie bibliografie.
1
Samet, Jonathan M., i Peter Lange. "Longitudinal Studies of Active and Passive Smoking". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 154, nr 6_pt_2 (grudzień 1996): S257—S265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm/154.6_pt_2.s257.
Pełny tekst źródła
2
Uchiyama, Koji, Yasuo Haruyama, Hiromi Shiraishi, Kiyohiko Katahira, Daiki Abukawa, Takashi Ishige, Hitoshi Tajiri i in. "Association between Passive Smoking from the Mother and Pediatric Crohn’s Disease: A Japanese Multicenter Study". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, nr 8 (23.04.2020): 2926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082926.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Smoking is a risk factor for adult-onset Crohn’s disease (CD). Although passive smoking from family members is a major concern, especially in pediatric CD, the number of existing epidemiological studies is limited. This multicenter case–control study aimed to assess the effects of familial smoking on pediatric CD. We examined 22 pediatric CD cases and 135 controls. The subjects’ mothers were given a self-administered questionnaire about family smoking before disease onset in the CD group or the corresponding period in the control group. Univariable logistic regression model was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), whereas dose–response relationship analyses were performed for more in-depth evaluations. Univariable analyses indicated that passive smoking from the mother (OR, 2.09; 95% CI, 0.61–7.10) was not a significant, but a candidate risk factor for developing pediatric CD. In contrast, the dose–response relationship analyses revealed that passive smoking from the mother (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.04–1.31) was significantly associated with pediatric CD. Therefore, passive smoking from the mother may be predominantly associated with the development of pediatric CD. Further follow-up studies comprising environmental measurements of passive smoking exposure doses and genetic factors interaction analysis are necessary.
3
Zhang, Peng, Rui Wang, Zhijun Li, Yuhan Wang, Chunshi Gao, Xin Lv, Yuanyuan Song i Bo Li. "The risk of smoking on multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis based on 20,626 cases from case-control and cohort studies". PeerJ 4 (15.03.2016): e1797. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1797.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Background.Multiple sclerosis (MS) has become a disease that represents a tremendous burden on patients, families, and societies. The exact etiology of MS is still unclear, but it is believed that a combination of genetic and environmental factors contribute to this disease. Although some meta-analyses on the association between smoking and MS have been previously published, a number of new studies with larger population data have published since then. Consequently, these additional critical articles need to be taken into consideration.Method.We reviewed articles by searching in PubMed and EMBASE. Both conservative and non-conservative models were used to investigate the association between smoking and the susceptibility to MS. We also explored the effect of smoking on the susceptibility to MS in strata of different genders and smoking habits. The association between passive smoking and MS was also explored.Results.The results of this study suggest that smoking is a risk factor for MS (conservative model: odds ratio (OR) 1.55, 95% CI [1.48–1.62],p< 0.001; non-conservative model: 1.57, 95% CI [1.50–1.64],p< 0.001). Smoking appears to increase the risk of MS more in men than in women and in current smokers more than in past smokers. People who exposed to passive smoking have higher risk of MS than those unexposed.Conclusion.This study demonstrated that exposure to smoking is an important risk factor for MS. People will benefit from smoking cessation, and policymakers should pay attention to the association between smoking and MS.
4
Reksodiputro, Lupita, Thalia Mufida, Niken Poerbonegoro i Mirta Hediyati Reksodiputro. "Association Between Active or Passive Smoking and Allergic Rhinitis: an Evidence-Based Case Report". eJournal Kedokteran Indonesia 9, nr 1 (5.05.2021): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.23886/ejki.9.22.56.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This evidence-based case report (EBCR) aims to investigate the association between active or passive smoking with allergic rhinitis by summarizing existing studies on the topic. A literature search was done on major databases with keywords related to this study’s research question. The literature was appraised using CEBM University of Oxford for etiology study and systematic review sheets. The search obtained two articles for critical appraisal, includes a meta-analysis and a cohort study. The studies were appraised as valid, important, and applicable to the writer’s setting. Saulyte et al’ s2 article described RR active smoking with allergic rhinitis of 1.02 (95%CI 0.92-1.15), with no significant association. They resolved the heterogeneity by making subgroups. The cross-sectional subgroup with RR 1.09 (95%CI 1.06-1.12) is statistically significant. There was a significant association in passive smoking and obtained RR 1.10 (95%CI 1.06-1.15). In the study by Mlinaric et al4 the RR of active and passive smoking compared to non-smoker are 1.82 and 2.00; both show statistical significance. Both active and passive smoking is associated with a high risk of allergic rhinitis in adults and children. Keywords active smoking, passive smoking, allergic rhinitis. Hubungan Perokok Aktif dan Pasif dengan Rhinitis Alergi: Laporan Kasus Berbasis Bukti Abstrak Pada laporan kasus berbasis bukti ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi hubungan antara perokok aktif dan perokok pasif pada pasien dengan rinitis alergi. Dilakukan pencarian literatur menggunakan kata kunci yang berhubungan dengan kasus pada beberapa search engine, kemudian dilakukan penilaian kelayakan dengan lembar appraisal dari CEBM University of Oxford for etiology study and systematic review sheet. Dari pencarian didapatkan dua artikel yang mepresentasikan kasus tersebut, yaitu studi meta analisis dan studi cohort. Studi meta analisis oleh Saulyte et al2 menyatakan RR pada perokok aktif dengan rinitis alergi adalah 1,02 (95%CI 0,92-1,15). Pada subgrup potong lintang didapatkan perbedaan bermakna dengan RR 1,09 (95%CI 1,06-1,12). Pada studi cohort oleh Minaric et al didapatkan RR pada perokok aktif 1,82 dan pada perokok pasif 2,00, keduanya menunjukan angka yang signifikan. Pada perokok aktif dan pasif berhubungan dengan risiko tinggi pada rinitis alergi di pasien dewasa dan anak-anak. Kata kunci: perokok aktif, perokok pasif, rhinitis alergi.
5
Dybing, Erik, i Tore Sanner. "Passive smoking, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and childhood infections". Human & Experimental Toxicology 18, nr 4 (kwiecień 1999): 202–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/096032799678839914.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
1 A number of cohort and case-control studies have shown clear, dose-related associations between maternal smoking and infant death. The strongest relationships were found when the mother smoked during pregnancy as well as postnatally. Maternal smoking during pregnancy increases the risk for SIDS in most studies, whereas it appears that maternal smoking only postnatally also leads to an increase in risk. In addition, smoking only by the father appears to increase the risk for SIDS, but this is not seen in all studies. 2 Exposure of children to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) increases the risk of having night cough and respiratory infections (bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia), especially during the first 2 years of life. An increased risk is also seen in studies not distinguishing between upper and lower respiratory diagnoses. Longterm breastfeeding may have a protective effect on ETS-increased risk of lower respiratory tract illness. One study of older children reports that ETS combined with allergy increased the risk of acute respiratory tract infections above that due to ETS alone. 3 The number of new episodes and duration of otitis media with effusion in young children is positively correlated with ETS exposure. Especially infants with lower birth weights had a high risk of recurrent otitis media during the first year of life when the mother was a heavy smoker. 4 Passive smoking has been reported as a risk factor in meningococcal disease and tuberculosis in young children.
6
Hedström, AK, M. Bäärnhielm, T. Olsson i L. Alfredsson. "Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke is associated with increased risk for multiple sclerosis". Multiple Sclerosis Journal 17, nr 7 (3.03.2011): 788–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458511399610.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Background: Tobacco smoking has consistently been associated with increased risk for multiple sclerosis. However, data has been inconsistent regarding the influence of passive smoking. Objective: The aim was to estimate the influence of passive smoking on the risk for multiple sclerosis. Methods: A population-based case–control study using incident cases of multiple sclerosis was performed in Sweden, and the study population was restricted to subjects who had never smoked (695 cases, 1635 controls). The incidence of multiple sclerosis among never-smokers who had been exposed to passive smoking was compared with that of never-smokers who had never been exposed by calculating the odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval employing logistic regression. Results: The risk for multiple sclerosis was increased among never-smokers who had been exposed to passive smoking (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1–1.6) compared to never-smokers who had never been exposed. The risk increased with increasing duration of exposure ( p = 0.003). Conclusions: Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke is associated with an increased risk for multiple sclerosis. Since smoking, but not usage of oral tobacco in the form of moist snuff, is associated with increased risk for multiple sclerosis, we consider that the critical effects of passive smoking may be the result of irritations in the lungs. Hence, further studies would be valuable in order to clarify whether other forms of lung irritation, such as air pollution, contribute to the triggering of multiple sclerosis.
7
Hedström, AK, T. Olsson i L. Alfredsson. "Smoking is a major preventable risk factor for multiple sclerosis". Multiple Sclerosis Journal 22, nr 8 (12.10.2015): 1021–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458515609794.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Background: Both smoking and exposure to passive smoking have repeatedly been associated with increased multiple sclerosis (MS) risk, but have never before been studied together. We assessed the public health impact of these factors. Methods: In a Swedish population-based case-control study (2455 cases, 5336 controls), we calculated odds ratios of developing MS associated with different categories of tobacco smoke exposure, together with 95% confidence intervals, by using logistic regression. The excess proportion of cases attributable to smoking and passive smoking was calculated as a percentage. Results: Both smoking and exposure to passive smoking contribute to MS risk in a dose-dependent manner. At the population level, 20.4% of all cases were attributable to smoke exposure. Among subjects carrying the genetic risk factor HLA-DRB1*15 but lacking HLA-A*02, 41% of the MS cases were attributable to smoking. Conclusions: From a public health perspective, the impact of smoking and passive smoking on MS risk is considerable. Preventive measures in order to reduce tobacco smoke exposure are, therefore, essential. In particular, individuals with a history of MS in the family should be informed regarding the impact of smoking on the risk of MS, and the importance of preventing their children from being exposed to passive smoke.
8
Louie, Karly S., Xavier Castellsague, Silvia de Sanjose, Rolando Herrero, Chris J. Meijer, Keerti Shah, Nubia Munoz i F. Xavier Bosch. "Smoking and Passive Smoking in Cervical Cancer Risk: Pooled Analysis of Couples from the IARC Multicentric Case–Control Studies". Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 20, nr 7 (24.05.2011): 1379–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-11-0284.
Pełny tekst źródła
9
Akhavan Rezayat, Arash, Malihe Dadgar Moghadam, Mohammad Ghasemi Nour, Matin Shirazinia, Hamidreza Ghodsi, Mohammad Reza Rouhbakhsh Zahmatkesh, Mitra Tavakolizadeh Noghabi, Benyamin Hoseini i Kambiz Akhavan Rezayat. "Association between smoking and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis". SAGE Open Medicine 6 (1.01.2018): 205031211774522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050312117745223.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Background/aims: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is one of the most common chronic liver diseases. Some risk factors are known to influence the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, but the effect of tobacco smoking on the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is controversial. The main goal of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to investigate the association between smoking and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Method: Electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science) were searched to find published articles on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and smoking until December 2016. All relevant studies were screened by inclusion and exclusion criteria and compatible studies were chosen. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale was used to assess the methodological quality of eligible articles. Subsequently, information was gathered based on the following: author, publication year, keywords, country, inclusion and exclusion criteria, main results, study design, conclusion, and confounder variables (age, body mass index, gender, ethnicity, and diabetes). Finally, analyses were performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Software. Results: Data were extracted from 20 observational studies (9 cross-sectional, 6 case-control, 4 cohort studies, and 1 retrospective cohort study). A significant association was observed between smoking and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with a pooled odds ratio of 1.110 (95% confidence interval, 1.028–1.199), p-value = 0.008. The statistical heterogeneity was medium with an I2 of 40.012%, p-heterogeneity = 0.074. Also there was a significant relation between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and passive smoking with a pooled odds ratio of 1.380 (95% confidence interval, 1.199–1.588; p-value = 0.001; I2 = 59.41; p-heterogeneity = 0.117). Conclusion: Our meta-analysis demonstrated that smoking is significantly associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Further prospective studies exploring the underlying mechanisms of this association should be pursued. Also passive smoking increases the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease about 1.38-fold. The effects of smoking cigarettes on active smokers (current smoker, former smoker, and total smoker) are less than passive smokers. Further studies are needed to compare the of effects of passive and active smoking on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
10
Little, J., A. Cardy, M. T. Arslan, M. Gilmour, P. A. Mossey, Jill Clayton-Smith, Mike Connor i in. "Smoking and Orofacial Clefts: A United Kingdom–Based Case-Control Study". Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 41, nr 4 (lipiec 2004): 381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/02-142.1.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Objective To investigate the association between smoking and orofacial clefts in the United Kingdom. Design Case-control study in which the mother's exposure to tobacco smoke was assessed by a structured interview. Setting Scotland and the Manchester and Merseyside regions of England. Participants One hundred ninety children born with oral cleft between September 1, 1997, and January 31, 2000, and 248 population controls, matched with the cases on sex, date of birth, and region. Main Outcome Measure Cleft lip with or without cleft palate and cleft palate. Results There was a positive association between maternal smoking during the first trimester of pregnancy and both cleft lip with or without cleft palate (odds ratio 1.9, 95% confidence interval 1.1 to 3.1) and cleft palate (odds ratio 2.3, 95% confidence interval 1.3 to 4.1). There was evidence of a dose-response relationship for both types of cleft. An effect of passive smoking could not be excluded in mothers who did not smoke themselves. Conclusion The small increased risk for cleft lip with or without cleft palate in the offspring of women who smoke during pregnancy observed in this study is in line with previous evidence. In contrast to some previous studies, an increased risk was also apparent for cleft palate. In these U.K. data, there was evidence of a dose-response effect of maternal smoking for both types of cleft. The data were compatible with a modest effect of maternal passive smoking, but the study lacked statistical power to detect or exclude such an effect with confidence. It may be useful to incorporate information on the effects of maternal smoking on oral clefts into public health campaigns on the consequences of maternal smoking.
11
Ngo, Chau Quy, Giap Van Vu, Phuong Thu Phan, Hanh Thi Chu, Lan Phuong Thi Doan, Anh Tu Duong, Quan-Hoang Vuong i in. "Passive Smoking Exposure and Perceived Health Status in Children Seeking Pediatric Care Services at a Vietnamese Tertiary Hospital". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, nr 4 (13.02.2020): 1188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041188.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Understanding the predictors of health conditions and exposure to secondhand smoke among children is necessary to determine the severity of the issues and identify effective solutions. Despite the significant prevalence in smoking and child exposure to secondhand smoke, there have been only a few studies focusing on this area in Vietnam, and thus the current study aims to fill in this gap. The questionnaires of 435 children aged between 0 and 6 and their caregivers, who agreed to participate in the research, were collected at the Pediatric Department of Bach Mai hospital, Hanoi, in 2016. Multivariable logistic regression was employed to identify factors associated with perceived health status and exposure to secondhand smoke among children in the last 24 h and the last 7 days from the date of the survey. Our study found that 43% of the respondents had smokers in the family, and 46.4% of children were exposed to passive smoking in the last 7 days. Urban children were most frequently exposed to passive smoking at home and in public, whereas in the rural area, the home and relatives’ houses were the most common places for exposure. Compared to children whose caregivers were farmers, children of non-government workers were more likely to be exposed to passive smoking in the last 7 days. Moreover, children in a family having smoking rules and no smokers were less likely to be exposed to passive smoking in the last 24 h and 7 days than those living in a family allowing smoking and having smokers. In conclusion, our study shows that the government needs to implement better public smoking monitoring and encourage caregivers to implement smoke-free households or smoking rules in their houses.
12
Etzel, Ruth A., Edward N. Pattishall, Nancy J. Haley, Robert H. Fletcher i Frederick W. Henderson. "Passive Smoking and Middle Ear Effusion Among Children in Day Care". Pediatrics 90, nr 2 (1.08.1992): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.90.2.228.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
One hundred thirty-two children who attended a research day-care center were studied to determine whether passive tobacco smoke exposure was associated with an increased rate of otitis media with effusion or with an increased number of days with otitis media with effusion during the first 3 years of life. Based on preliminary studies, a serum cotinine concentration of ≥2.5 ng/mL was considered indicative of exposure to tobacco smoke. Otitis media with effusion was diagnosed using pneumatic otoscopy by nurse practitioners and pediatricians who reviewed the children's health status each weekday. The 87 children with serum cotinine concentrations ≥2.5 ng/mL had a 38% higher rate of new episodes of otitis media with effusion during the first 3 years of life than the 45 children with lower or undetectable serum cotinine concentrations (incidence density ratio = 1.38, 95% confidence interval 1.21 to 1.56). The average duration of an episode of otitis media with effusion was 28 days in the children with elevated cotinine concentrations and 19 days in the children with lower cotinine concentrations (P < .01). It is estimated that 8% of the cases of otitis media with effusion in this population and 17.6% of the days with otitis media with effusion may be attributable to exposure to tobacco smoke.
13
Nikolic, Maja, Dragana Nikic i Konstansa Lazarevic. "Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and respiratory symptoms in school children of Nis". Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 134, Suppl. 2 (2006): 104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh06s2104n.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
INTRODUCTION. There is relatively strong evidence among children showing that passive smoking is associated with respiratory symptoms and respiratory diseases, but few studies have been carried out in Serbian population. OBJECTIVE. Establishment of association between exposure to tobacco smoke within family and prevalence of the upper and lower respiratory symptoms in school children. METHOD. In this descriptive epidemiological study, studied population consisted of 533 school children, 12.96?1.54 years old, residents of Nis town, from the area with identical open air pollution. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure was recorded in 382 children. Data about symptoms in children, conditions of habitation, presence of pets and hereditary predisposition were entered into structured questionnaire. RESULTS. T-test and ?2-test statistics showed no significant difference of living conditions, hereditary predisposition among children and average time which passive smoker and nonsmoker children spent indoors. In both groups, the upper respiratory symptoms were more frequent (42.4%-80.2%) in comparison to lower respiratory symptoms (14.4%-25.7%). There was significant difference of the upper and lower respiratory symptoms between the exposed children and control group (?2=9.7>?2 (1.005) =3.8, p>0.05 - for the upper and ? 2 =4.4 >? 2 (1.005) =3.8, p>0.05 - for the lower respiratory symptoms). Primary health care need for respiratory symptoms and diseases due to effect of passive smoking was higher in the exposed children. CONCLUSION. The results provide evidence of adverse respiratory effects of passive smoking to children being exposed to smoke in domestic setting. These findings emphasize the need for effective measures of prevention of involuntary smoking during childhood in Serbia.
14
Bochicchio, Francesco. "Case-control studies on residential radon and lung cancer: A concise review". Archive of Oncology 12, nr 1 (2004): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aoo0401019b.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The risk estimates for the general population extrapolated from the risk obtained from the miner studies leaded many national and international health organizations to estimate that residential exposure to radon and its decay products can be considered one of the main lung cancer risks after the tobacco smoking, which is responsible of a very large fraction of the total number of lung (and other) cancers. Due to this health relevance and to uncertainties in the extrapolation from studies on miners, many residential case-controls studies have been conducted in Europe, North America and China, are shortly reviewed in this paper. Most of these studies estimated an increased risk, proportional to the radon expo- sure, although a statistical significance of the estimated risk was reached only in few studies or restricted analyses, due to the low statistical power related to the relatively small study size and the presence of not negligible uncertainties in the evaluated radon exposure. The effects of these uncertainties were analyzed in some studies, and it was estimated to reduce the risk by 50% to 100%. Moreover, some restricted analyses showed that selecting subjects with a presumably better evaluation of radon exposure, for example with radon measurement covering all the exposure period of interest, the estimated risk increases by a factor of about two. The use of retrospective dosimetry compared with contemporary radon concentration measurements produce higher risks, too. In most of the studies a multiplicative interaction between tobacco smoking and radon is suggested, which implies that the lung cancer risk due to radon exposure is much higher for a smoker, compared with the risk for a never-smoker. More precise and definitive results are expected from pooled analysis. The just published pooled analyses of two Chinese studies and seven North American estimate a (slightly) significant excess odds ratio of 14% and 11% respectively. A more precise and comprehensive assessment is expected from the forthcoming results of the European pooling of 13 studies and the following pooling of all the studies. Other studies will be probably needed to answer some question on the risk for never-smokers and the interaction with passive smoking.
15
Sasco, Annie J., i Harri Vainio. "From in utero and childhood exposure to parental smoking to childhood cancer: a possible link and the need for action". Human & Experimental Toxicology 18, nr 4 (kwiecień 1999): 192–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/096032799678839905.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The objective ofthe present work is to critically summarize published studies and reassess the state of knowledge on a highly controversial topic: the potential association between prenatal exposure to passive smoking as well as maternal active smoking and postnatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and enhanced incidence of childhood cancer. Elements to be considered include the substantial proportion of pregnant women who remain smokers, the widespread nature of exposure to ETS during pregnancy as well as during childhood, the known toxicology of tobacco smoke, and in particular sidestream smoke, characterized by a rich carcinogen content, the specific metabolism of foetuses and new-borns and finally the amount of epidemiologic data already available. We conducted a thorough review of the literature to identify studies either exclusively dealing with the effects of passive smoking on the occurrence of childhood cancers or more generally etiologic studies of cancer, be it overall or site-specific. We identified close to 50 publications presenting pertinent results from epidemiological investigations and about 50 more on mechanisms and metabolism, smoking in pregnancy and exposure to ETS as well as selected reviews and commentaries. Collaborative epidemiological studies were conducted in the United Kingdom (UK), USA, Sweden, Netherlands and internationally (France, Italy). In addition, other studies were also available from the USA, UK, Canada, Australia, Sweden, Italy, Denmark and People' Republic of China. The vast majority were case-control studies dealing with all cancers, leukaemia and lymphomas, central nervous system (CNS) tumours, Wilms' tumour, retinoblastoma, neuroblastoma, hepatoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, bone and soft tissues tumours, germ cell tumours, as well as specific histological types of leukaemias, lymphomas or CNS tumours. No strong association between maternal smoking in pregnancy and/or exposure to ETS and childhood cancer is found. Yet, several studies found slightly increased relative risks, generally smaller than 1.5, i.e. the order of magnitude associated with some recognized hazards of exposure to ETS (1.2 to 1.3 for adult lung cancer and cardiovascular diseases). Tumours most often found associated with maternal smoking in pregnancy or ETS exposure are childhood brain tumours and leukaemia-lymphoma, with risks up to two or greater in selected studies. In a few studies, risks associated with paternal smoking are higher than the maternal ones. This evidence from human studies coupled with demonstration ofgenotoxic effects on the foetus of exposure to metabolites of tobacco smoke, and demonstrable presence of adducts should lead to strong recommendations aiming at fully protecting foetuses, new-borns and infants from tobacco smoke.
16
Bedina, I. D., i T. V. Kochetova. "Verbal and Nonverbal Strategies of Interaction between Active and Passive Smokers in Situations of Smoking in Public Places: a Method of Case Formulation". Social Psychology and Society 13, nr 3 (2022): 80–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2022130306.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Objective. Identification of the features of social perception in situations of smoking in public places, as well as patterns and strategies of interaction in the communicative practices of active and passive smokers in public urban spaces using the “case formulation” method.Background. Because of the non-compliance with the law on smoking in public places, the issue of combating such violations becomes urgent. But it is important to use not only the administrative resources of the state, but also social control. Searching for the features of communicative practices of both active and passive smokers in relation to each other, their mutual social perception and factors influencing the interaction between them will help to suggest effective ways to use social capital to combat the problem of smoking in public places.Study design. The paper studied cases related to the behavior of smokers and non-smokers in an open urban space. Using the interpretation of qualitative data, categories and subcategories corresponding to the patterns of behavior of subjects and their mutual perception from both interacting groups were identified. Categories and subcategories were formed by data encoding.Participants. For the study, 4 cases of interaction between active and passive smokers in Tverskaya Street were selected by random sampling.Measurements. The method of covert observation with a passive type of participation was chosen. 4 observation sessions were conducted the results of which formed the basis of the cases. The observation involved the study of the behavior of subjects in relation to each other, including verbal and nonverbal signs exchanged by communication participants; features of urban spaces in which communication takes place; the place of interaction.Results. Active and passive smokers use verbal and nonverbal interaction strategies, which are characterized by some features of social perception. Thus, verbal ones include an impersonal expression of discontent, an appeal to the fact of smoking, an appeal to the smell; non-verbal ones — most often motor ones: slowing down the step, accelerating the step/overtaking, as well as changing the trajectory of smoke.Conclusions. The using of the case formulation method opens up opportunities for studying various communicative practices in the modern urban environment. It is important to conduct communication campaigns aimed at both violators and people affected by their actions. The former should be encouraged to behave responsibly by the immersive transfer of “someone else’s” social experience, the victims should be mobilized to use the advantages of their existing social coercion apparatus by verbalizing demands.
17
Nathanson, Constance A. "Collective Actors and Corporate Targets in Tobacco Control: A Cross-National Comparison". Health Education & Behavior 32, nr 3 (czerwiec 2005): 337–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198105275047.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Cross-national comparative analysis of tobacco control strategies can alert health advocates to how opportunities for public health action, types of action, and probabilities for success are shaped by political systems and cultures. This article is based on case studies of tobacco control in the United States, Canada, Britain, and France. Two questions are addressed: (a) To whom were the dangers of smoking attributed? and (b) What was the role of collective action—grassroots level organization—in combating these dangers? Activists in Canada, Britain, and France moved earlier than the United States did to target the tobacco industry and the state. Locally based advocacy centered on passive smoking has been far more important in the United States. The author concludes that U.S.-style advocacy has played a major role in this country’s smoking decline but is insufficient in and of itself to change the corporate practices of a wealthy and politically powerful industry.
18
Abebe, Soressa, Girmai Gebru, Demisew Amenu, Zeleke Mekonnen i Lemessa Dube. "Risk factors associated with congenital anomalies among newborns in southwestern Ethiopia: A case-control study". PLOS ONE 16, nr 1 (28.01.2021): e0245915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245915.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Introduction Human embryo is well protected in the uterus by the embryonic membrane, although teratogens may cause developmental disruptions after maternal exposure to them during early pregnancy. Most of the risk factors contributing to the development of congenital anomalies are uncertain; however, genetic factors, environmental factors and multifactorial inheritance are found to be risk factors. Regardless of their clinical importance, there are little/no studies conducted directly related to predisposing risk factors in southwestern Ethiopia. Objective The study aimed to determine the associated risk factors with congenital anomalies among newborns in southwestern Ethiopia. Methods Case—control study was conducted on newborns and their mothers in six purposively selected hospitals in southwestern Ethiopia from May 2016 to May 2018. Data was collected after evaluation of the neonates for the presence of congenital anomalies using the standard pretested checklist. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. P <0.01 was set as statistically significant. Results Risk factors such as unidentified medicinal usage in the first three months of pregnancy (AOR = 3.435; 99% CI: 2.012–5.863), exposure to pesticide (AOR = 3.926; 99% CI: 1.266–12.176), passive smoking (AOR = 4.104; 99% CI: 1.892–8.901), surface water as sources of drinking (AOR = 2.073; 99% CI: 1.221–3.519), folic acid supplementation during the early pregnancy (AOR = 0.428; 99% CI: 0.247–0.740) were significantly associated with the congenital anomalies. Conclusions In this study, risk factors such as passive smoking, exposure to pesticides, chemicals and use of surface water as a source of drinking during early pregnancy had a significant association with congenital anomalies. There is a need to continuously provide health information for the community on how to prevent and control predisposing risk factors.
19
Saad Muhammad, Adil Rehman, Muhammad Usama, Aanab Sardar, Abbas Iqbal i Shahista Naz. "Role of breastfeeding in protection against respiratory tract infections during childhood: A case control study." Professional Medical Journal 29, nr 11 (31.10.2022): 1649–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2022.29.11.6874.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Objective: To look into the protective role of breastfeeding against respiratory tract infections in children below 5 years age. Furthermore, effect of various demographic and environmental factors like gender, passive smoking, maternal education, vaccination status of the child, source of drinking water, source of household energy and pre-existing illness on RTIs was studied. Study Design: Case Control study. Setting: Department of Pediatrics, Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad. Period: December 2019 to August 2020. Material & Methods: Data was collected on pre-formed, self-administered, structured questionnaires using non randomized sampling technique (50 cases and 50 controls). Results: RTI was found not to be associated with breastfeeding (OR 0.651 and 95% CI 0.226-1.875). Similarly factors including vaccination (OR 0.755 and 95% CI 0.322-1.767), pre-existing illnesses (OR 1.000 and 95% CI 0.388-2.576), passive smoking (OR 0.832 and 95% CI 0.359-1.930) and supplemental feed during first 6 months of life (OR 1.758 and 95% CI 0.796-3.880) were not significantly associated with respiratory tract infections. Conclusion: Breastfeeding is not associated with a reduced risk of RTIs in children less than 5 years of age. This contradicts with the hypothesis that breastfeeding plays a significant role in reducing RTIs: which may be due to the fact that majority of patients were given supplemental feed before 6 months. Whereas exclusive breastfeeding is recommended by WHO.
20
Cabrera-Sanchez, Javier, Vicente Cuba, Victor Vega, Patrick Van der Stuyft i Larissa Otero. "Lung cancer occurrence after an episode of tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis". European Respiratory Review 31, nr 165 (27.07.2022): 220025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0025-2022.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Introduction:People with tuberculosis experience long-term health effects beyond cure, including chronic respiratory diseases. We investigated whether tuberculosis is a risk factor for subsequent lung cancer.Methods:We searched PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature and the Scientific Electronic Library Online for cohort and case–control studies providing effect estimates for the association between tuberculosis and subsequent lung cancer. We pooled estimates through random-effects meta-analysis. The study was registered in PROSPERO (CDR42020178362).Results:Out of 6240 records, we included 29 cohort and 44 case–control studies. Pooled estimates adjusted for age and smoking (assessed quantitatively) were hazard ratio (HR) 1.51 (95% CI 1.30–1.76, I2=81%; five studies) and OR 1.74 (95% CI 1.42–2.13, I2=59%; 19 studies). The occurrence of lung cancer was increased for 2 years after tuberculosis diagnosis (HR 5.01, 95% CI 3.64–6.89; two studies), but decreased thereafter. Most studies were retrospective, had moderate to high risk of bias, and did not control for passive smoking, environmental exposure and socioeconomic status. Heterogeneity was high.Conclusion:We document an association between tuberculosis and lung cancer occurrence, particularly in, but not limited to, the first 2 years after tuberculosis diagnosis. Some cancer cases may have been present at the time of tuberculosis diagnosis and therefore causality cannot be ascertained. Prospective studies controlling for key confounding factors are needed to identify which tuberculosis patients are at the highest risk, as well as cost-effective approaches to mitigate such risk.
21
Alsharairi, Naser A. "Dietary Antioxidants and Lung Cancer Risk in Smokers and Non-Smokers". Healthcare 10, nr 12 (10.12.2022): 2501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10122501.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Smoking is considered a major risk factor in the development of lung diseases worldwide. Active smoking and secondhand (passive) smoke (SHS) are related to lung cancer (LC) risk. Oxidative stress (OS) and/or lipid peroxidation (LP) induced by cigarette smoke (CS) are found to be involved in the pathogenesis of LC. Meta-analyses and other case-control/prospective cohort studies are inconclusive and have yielded inconsistent results concerning the protective role of dietary vitamins C and E, retinol, and iron intake against LC risk in smokers and/or non-smokers. Furthermore, the role of vitamins and minerals as antioxidants with the potential in protecting LC cells against CS-induced OS in smokers and non-smokers has not been fully elucidated. Thus, this review aims to summarize the available evidence reporting the relationships between dietary antioxidant intake and LC risk in smokers and non-smokers that may be used to provide suggestions for future research.
22
Charishma, Chinthala S., i Krishna Agarwal. "Risk factors for fetal growth restriction in preterm births: a retrospective case control study". International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 11, nr 10 (27.09.2022): 2734. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20222470.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Background: Fetal growth restriction (FGR) and preterm birth (PTB) are two adverse pregnancy outcomes. There are many maternal risk factors that predispose to preterm and FGR independently. Very few studies have identified risk factors for combinations of preterm and FGR. The aim of the study was to find out whether risk factors for preterm FGR are different from the preterm non FGR.Methods: It was a retrospective case control study in which a total of 204 subjects (102 cases and 102 controls) were analyzed. Singleton, live as well as still births that occurred between 28+0 and 36+6 weeks of gestation were included in this study. FGR was defined as birth weight less than the 10th percentile as per intergrowth 21 charts. Odds ratios for the occurrence of preterm FGR and preterm non-FGR newborns, and respective 95% confidence intervals were estimated for each exposure variable.Results: Logistic regression analysis identified four significant risk factors for preterm FGR; low socioeconomic status (OR=1.9), manual labour (OR=12.9), BMI<18.5 kg/m2 (OR=9.2), passive smoking (OR=2.48). After adjusting these factors in multivariate analysis, underweight (OR=8.37) and manual work (OR=9.99) were found to be independent risk factors for FGR among preterm births.Conclusions: Interventions to promote early attendance to ANC services, reducing poverty, educating to avoid smoking and manual labour may significantly decrease the burden of FGR and preterm birth.
23
Yu, Ming-Zhen, Meei-Maan Wu, Huei-Tzu Chien, Chun-Ta Liao, Ming-Jang Su, Shiang-Fu Huang i Chih-Ching Yeh. "Risk Prediction Models for Patients with Head and Neck Cancer among the Taiwanese Population". Cancers 14, nr 21 (29.10.2022): 5338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14215338.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Epidemiological evidence has suggested that modifiable lifestyle factors play a significant role in the risk of head and neck cancer (HNC). However, few studies have established risk prediction models of HNC based on sex and tumor subsites. Therefore, we predicted HNC risk by creating a risk prediction model based on sex- and tumor subsites for the general Taiwanese population. This study adopted a case-control study design, including 2961 patients with HNC and 11,462 healthy controls. Multivariate logistic regression and nomograms were used to establish HNC risk prediction models, which were internally validated using bootstrap sampling. The multivariate logistic regression model indicated that age, education level, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, passive smoking, coffee consumption, and body mass index are common HNC predictors in both sexes, while the father’s ethnicity, betel-nut-chewing habits, and tea consumption were male-specific HNC predictors. The risk factors of the prediction model for the HNC tumor subsite among men were the same as those for all patients with HNC. Additionally, the risks of alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and betel nut chewing varied, based on the tumor subsite. A c-index ranging from 0.93 to 0.98 indicated that all prediction models had excellent predictive ability. We developed several HNC risk prediction models that may be useful in health promotion programs.
24
Ramadhan, Shireen H., Shamil K. Talal i Wasfiya A. Moner. "The Effects of Passive and Active Smoking on Brachial and radial Blood Pressure and Some Other Physical Factors in Healthy Young Adults". Science Journal of University of Zakho 5, nr 3 (29.09.2017): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.25271/2017.5.3.394.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Tobacco smoke is enormously harmful to human health, there’s no safe way to smoke. The primary objective of this study is to analyze the role of tobacco smoke compounds and their ability to damage the cardiovascular system and, in particular, to interfere with blood pressure (Brachial and radial pressure), heart rate and partly on the percentage blood Oxygen saturation. A new device has been manufactured which is unique for measuring the level of smoke, to obtained privies readings, the device had fixed to the first reference level آ and starting up from it.
The effect of smoking has been studied on (26) male passive (26) active smoker volunteer, (14) female passive and (14) female active smoker participants. The results has been showed that the blood pressure and heart rate has been increased with increasing the number of cigarettes in both genders for passive and active smokers. However, this effect for male was more pronounced comparing with females for passive and active smokers. In the case of oxygen saturation concentration percentage, for males the change of oxygen concentration percentage was not stable. In other words, it was fluctuated with the number of cigarettes. But for females the oxygen concentration was decreased but not too much. This means that this effect was not pronounced. this study found آ that the most pronounced effect has been shown by male’s comparison to females for both passive and active smokers.
As well as in nonsmoker’s males, the relation between heart rate and smoke level is inversely proportional. While in male and female smokers and female nonsmokers the relation is proportional. In all cases the relation between the smoke level and time of smoking is inversely proportional.
Finally males& females are affected differently by tobacco use; the sensitivities to smoke for males are higher than in females for passive and active smokers in both brachial and radial blood pressure measurement.
25
Coppeta, Luca, Andrea Magrini, Antonio Pietroiusti, Stefano Perrone i Mario Grana. "Effects of Smoking Electronic Cigarettes on Pulmonary Function and Environmental Parameters". Open Public Health Journal 11, nr 1 (29.08.2018): 360–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944501811010360.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Objectives:Our study aims to evaluate whether the active use of the electronic cigarette (e-cig) can determine adverse effects on the respiratory function of healthy workers and whether potentially dangerous pollutants are released in the air.Methods:Thirty healthy workers (seventeen men and thirteen women, age range 27-37) were included in the study. Immediately before and after a 5-minute smoking session performed in two different days (first-day e-cig, second-day tobacco cigarette [t-cig]), they underwent spirometry evaluation. Furthermore, environmental particle monitoring was performed during the experimental procedure (i.e.before, during and after active smoking).Results:Our study showed slight reductions in the main pulmonary function data both after active e-cig and t-cig smoking. Changes in the main respiratory parameters were significantly different than baseline after 1 minute from e-cigarette smoking (3,95vs3,91 lt for FEV:P=0,03; 0,84vs0,83 for FEV1/FVC ratio:P=0,008; 4,23vs3,99 lt/min for FEF25-75%: P=0,03) but not after 15 minutes from active e-cigarette smoking, whereas after t-cig smoking, there was a significant drop in the 15 min value of FEV1(P=, FEF25-75% (P=0.01) and the FEV1/FVC ratio (P=0.007).Regarding environmental exposure, the e-cig smoking was associated with the transient release of particles with a diameter < 1 micron which dropped to baseline after 5 minutes, whereas in the case of t-cig, the particles persisted for 60 min.Conclusion:In this study, the active use of e-cig for a short time caused similar, although less pronounced effects as tobacco smoke on the pulmonary function. Similarly, the particles released in the environment had lower concentration and persistence than those of t-cig. These data suggest that e-cig may potentially be dangerous for active smokers and the environment. Long-term studies seem warranted to discover the health effects of active and passive exposure to e-cig.
26
Li, Jiang, Meghan C. Martinez, Dominick L. Frosch i Georg E. Matt. "Effects of Smoking on SARS-CoV-2 Positivity: A Study of a Large Health System in Northern and Central California". Tobacco Use Insights 15 (styczeń 2022): 1179173X2211147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1179173x221114799.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Introduction COVID-19 continues to impact vulnerable populations disproportionally. Identifying modifiable risk factors could lead to targeted interventions to reduce infections. The purpose of this study is to identify risk factors for testing positive for SARS-CoV-2. Methods Using electronic health records collected from a large ambulatory care system in northern and central California, the study identified patients who had a test for SARS-CoV-2 between 2/20/2020 and 3/31/2021. The adjusted effect of active and passive smoking and other risk factors on the probability of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 were estimated using multivariable logistic regression. Analyses were conducted in 2021. Results Of 556 690 eligible patients in our sample, 70 564 (12.7%) patients tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Younger age, being male, racial/ethnic minorities, and having mild major comorbidities were significantly associated with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test. Current smokers (adjusted OR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.66-0.73) and former smokers (adjusted OR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.89-0.95) were less likely than nonsmokers to be lab-confirmed positive, but no statistically significant differences were found when comparing passive smokers with non-smokers. The patients with missing smoking status (25.7%) were more likely to be members of vulnerable populations with major comorbidities (adjusted OR ranges from severe: 2.52, 95% CI = 2.36-2.69 to mild: 3.28, 95% CI = 3.09-3.48), lower income (adjusted OR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.85-0.86), aged 80 years or older (adjusted OR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.07-1.16), have less access to primary care (adjusted OR: 0.07, 95% CI: 0.07-0.07), and identify as racial ethnic minorities (adjusted OR ranges from Hispanic: 1.61, 95% CI = 1.56-1.65 to Non-Hispanic Black: 2.60, 95% CI = 2.5-2.69). Conclusions Our findings suggest that the odds of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 were significantly lower in smokers compared to nonsmokers. Other risk factors include missing data on smoking status, being under 18, being male, being a racial/ethnic minority, and having mild major comorbidities. Since those with missing data on smoking status were more likely to be members of vulnerable populations with higher smoking rates, the risk of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 among smokers may have been underestimated due to missing data on smoking status. Future studies should investigate the risk of severe outcomes among active and passive smokers, the role that exposure to tobacco smoke constitutes among nonsmokers, the role of comorbidities in COVID-19 disease course, and health disparities experienced by disadvantaged groups.
27
Lawn, Sharon. "Cigarette Smoking in Psychiatric Settings: Occupational Health, Safety, Welfare and Legal Concerns". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 39, nr 10 (październik 2005): 886–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01698.x.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Objective: In the current climate of growing concern for the harmful effects of cigarette smoking and passive smoking, the high prevalence of this activity within psychiatric settings can no longer be ignored. This paper reviews the findings of research in a public stand-alone psychiatric facility in South Australia where significant legal and occupational health, safety and welfare (OHSW) concerns were apparent for both patients and staff as a consequence of the strong culture of smoking in that setting. The aim of this paper is to raise awareness of this significant health and legal issue and to inform policy and practice change. Method: This paper reviews legal issues associated with smoking in psychiatric settings and presents relevant findings from previous studies in which in-depth interviews and observations in community and inpatient psychiatric settings were conducted. Results: Significant legal and OHSW concerns were apparent for both patients and staff in all settings. The potential for future litigation was high. Conclusions: There are a number of legal and OHSW implications of continued smoking by staff and patients within mental health settings. Several administrative, clinical and cultural practices need to change within this system of care in order to improve overall patient wellbeing and to avoid the potential for litigation by patients and staff.
28
Wünsch-Filho, Victor, Paolo Boffetta, Didier Colin i José Eduardo Moncau. "Familial cancer aggregation and the risk of lung cancer". Sao Paulo Medical Journal 120, nr 2 (marzec 2002): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31802002000200003.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
CONTEXT: Around 90% of lung cancer worldwide is attributable to cigarette smoking, although less than 20% of cigarette smokers develop lung cancer. Other factors such as diet, chronic lung diseases, occupation and possibly environmental agents also contribute to this cancer. Genetic factors seem to play a role in lung cancer, but the precise characteristics influencing lung cancer susceptibility are not known, since genetic factors are easily obscured by the strong environmental determinants of lung cancer, particularly smoking. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the effect that cancer occurrence among first-degree relatives has on the risk of lung cancer. DESIGN: Hospital-based case-control study. SETTING: The metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: 334 incident lung cancer cases and 578 controls matched by hospitals. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: By means of a structured questionnaire, cases and controls were interviewed about cancer occurrence in first-degree relatives, tobacco smoking, exposure to passive smoking, occupation, migration and socioeconomic status. Non-conditional logistic regression was used to calculate the risk of familial cancer aggregation, the effect of cancer in first-degree relatives and smoking in conjunction, and for controlling confounders. RESULTS: The adjusted odds ratio (OR) revealed a slight, but not statistically significant, excess risk of lung cancer for subjects with a history of lung cancer in relatives (OR 1.21; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.50 -- 2.92). The same was found among those with a history of other tobacco-related cancers in relatives (OR 1.36; 95% CI 0.87 -- 2.14). A step gradient effect was observed regarding lung cancer risk, in accordance with increases in the number of pack-years of cigarette consumption. An interaction between familial cancer aggregation and tobacco smoking was detected. CONCLUSIONS: A mildly elevated risk of lung cancer among persons with a positive history of lung and other tobacco-related cancers was observed. The finding of an interaction between the variables of familial cancer aggregation and smoking suggests that familial cancer aggregation could be considered as a marker of susceptibility, increasing the risk of lung cancer among smokers. These results improve our knowledge of lung carcinogenesis and can guide future cancer genetic studies.
29
Helmyati, Siti, Maria Wigati, Muhammad Hafizh Hariawan, Erri Larene Safika, Mira Dewi, Cindra Tri Yuniar i Trias Mahmudiono. "Predictors of Poor Neonatal Outcomes among Pregnant Women in Indonesia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Nutrients 14, nr 18 (10.09.2022): 3740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14183740.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Objectives: This study aimed to examine the association between maternal health behaviors and neonatal outcomes among the Indonesian population. Methods: Articles were collected from PubMed, EBSCO, ProQuest, DOAJ, and GARUDA. Funnel plots and Egger’s tests analyzed indications of publication bias. A Mantel–Haenszel random-effects model was used to see the overall effect size of exposures on outcomes. Heterogeneity was seen based on I2. Data collected from articles included the author, year of publication, location of the study, study design, number of samples, risk factors, and effect sizes. Results: We identified 24 relevant studies, including eight from the primary databases and 16 from an additional database. A total of 12 studies were included in the meta-analysis, examining the association between maternal health behaviors and neonatal outcomes. The pooled odds ratio (OR) for passive smoking and low-birth-weight (LBW) was 3.41 (95% CI: 1.75–6.63, I2 = 40%, four studies). The pooled OR for incomplete antenatal care (ANC) and LBW was 6.29 (95% CI: 2.11–18.82, I2 = 70%, four studies). The pooled OR for incomplete ANC and neonatal mortality was 2.59 (95% CI: 1.01–6.66, I2 = 93%, four studies). Conclusions: The results indicated that pregnant women with incomplete ANC had a higher risk of LBW and neonatal mortality, and those who were passively exposed to smoking had a higher risk of LBW. Further investigations are needed, considering the high heterogeneity found, and additional meta-analyses should be based on the variations of socio-demographic conditions.
30
Youssef, MM, EMS El-Din, MM AbuShady, NR El-Baroudy, TA Abd el hamid, AF Armaneus, AS El Refay, J. Hussein, D. Medhat i YA Latif. "Urinary bisphenol A concentrations in relation to asthma in a sample of Egyptian children". Human & Experimental Toxicology 37, nr 11 (14.02.2018): 1180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327118758150.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Background: Bronchial asthma is one of the top disabling diseases in pediatrics. Limited research has been studied the association of the widely used plastic monomer bisphenol A (BPA) with childhood asthma. Objective: To compare the levels of urinary BPA in asthmatic and control children and to investigate the implication of BPA among other risk factors for the development of asthma. Subjects and methods: This case–control study included 97 children (45 asthmatic and 52 healthy controls) aged 3–8 years. Asthmatic children were diagnosed according to Global initiative for asthma (GINA) guidelines. Sociodemographic factors were assessed and urinary levels of BPA were determined in spot urine samples using high-performance liquid chromatography. The contribution of BPA among predictors for developing asthma was studied in asthmatic children. Results: Median total urinary BPA levels were significantly higher in asthmatic children than in control group (1.56 ng/mL in asthmatic children compared to 0.790 ng/mL in control group, p = 0.001). Children who had total urinary BPA levels >1.3 ng/mL were more likely to be asthmatic (odds ratio: 2.84, 95% confidence interval 1.22–6.59, p = 0.015). Multiple logistic regression analysis for predictors of asthma showed the importance of higher levels of BPA (>1.3 ng/mL) as a more significant predictor than passive smoking ( p = 0.006 for BPA categories vs. p = 0.049 for passive smoking). Conclusion: Association of higher levels of urinary BPA with the diagnosis of asthma in children may indicate the potential risk of BPA exposure in the precipitation of bronchial asthma. Further clinical and biochemical research are needed to clarify the proper mechanism explaining this association.
31
Bin, Y., K. Cook, V. Nair-Shalliker, K. Sutherland i P. Cistulli. "P022 Obstructive sleep apnoea and cancer risk: preliminary results of a case-control analysis using data from the Cancer Lifestyle and Evaluation of Risk Study (CLEAR) study". SLEEP Advances 3, Supplement_1 (1.10.2022): A38—A39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleepadvances/zpac029.095.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Abstract INTRODUCTION Animal and cellular models suggest that obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) plays a role in the development of cancer. Epidemiological studies have found inconsistent associations and typically lack control for lifestyle risk factors contributing to both OSA and cancer. We examined associations between OSA and common cancers in a case-control study. METHODS We analysed data from the New South Wales CLEAR Study which recruited adults with newly diagnosed cancer (n=8551 cases) and cancer-free controls (n=2230). Self-reported OSA was compared in women and men with a verified cancer diagnosis and controls of the same gender. Covariates included age, body mass index, smoking, passive smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, skin colour, and time spent outdoors. RESULTS OSA was more common in cancer cases than controls: 2.9% vs. 1.9% in women and 7.9% vs. 5.9% in men. For women, OSA was not significantly associated with melanoma (AOR 1.58, 95% CI 0.76-3.29), lung (1.54; 0.59 - 3.99), breast (1.35; 0.79-2.31), or bowel cancer (1.26, 0.61 - 2.59) after adjustment for potential confounders. For men, OSA was not significantly associated with bowel (1.37; 0.92-2.03), prostate (1.31; 0.94 -1.82), lung (0.96; 0.45-2.01), or melanoma (0.92; 0.58-1.48) after control for covariates. DISCUSSION Further analysis will consider rarer cancers and the role of shiftwork, sleep duration, and napping. Preliminary results support a link between OSA and common cancers only through shared risk factors. Information on OSA treatment is missing from this study. OSA treatment together with self-reported OSA may lead to under-estimation of any OSA-cancer association.
32
Huang, Po-Chin, Po-Keng Cheng, Hsin-Chang Chen, Ivy Shiue, Wan-Ting Chang, Hsin-I. Huang, Jung-Wei Chang i I.-Jen Wang. "Are Phthalate Exposure Related to Oxidative Stress in Children and Adolescents with Asthma? A Cumulative Risk Assessment Approach". Antioxidants 11, nr 7 (1.07.2022): 1315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11071315.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Childhood asthma has become one of the most common chronic diseases in children and adolescents. However, few case–control studies investigating the relationship between phthalate exposure and asthma in children and adolescents have been conducted, especially in Asia. Therefore, we assessed the potential associations between phthalate exposure and asthma among children and adolescents in Taiwan. Because various demographic and environmental variables may influence the incidence and prognosis of asthma, we performed a case–control study with propensity score matching. Out of 615 Childhood Environment and Allergic Diseases Study participants, we conditionally matched 41 children with clinically diagnosed asthma with 111 controls. We then analyzed 11 phthalate metabolites by using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Compared with the control group, the median urinary phthalate levels for most phthalate metabolites in the case group were slightly increased, including monomethyl phthalate, mono-n-butyl phthalate, monobenzyl phthalate, monoethylhexyl phthalate, mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate, mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate, mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate, and mono-(2-carboxymethylhexyl) phthalate. Hence, our results suggest that phthalate exposure may be associated with the development of asthma. In addition, prenatal environmental factors, such as active or passive smoking during pregnancy, may increase the risk of asthma.
33
Ameigaal, Samira D., Ahmed A. Ageel i Mostafa O. Abdoarahem. "Association of Risk Factors with Breast Cancer in Libyan Women". Al-Mukhtar Journal of Sciences 35, nr 3 (30.09.2020): 218–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54172/mjsc.v35i3.270.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer among Libyan females. There are many important risk factors for BC in different populations as suggested by epidemiological studies. BC is an etiologically complex disease affected by genetic and other environmental factors, which include gender, age, previous breast cancer, body mass index, menopausal status, postmenopausal hormonal therapy, reproductive factor, alcohol consumption, smoking and breastfeeding. The aim of this study was to investigate if there is an association between risk factors and breast cancer among Libyan females. Data were collected by using questioners for 38 cases with breast cancer from Tripoli Medical Center and 100 controls from March 2016 to February 2017. The results showed that risk of breast cancer was associated with age, the mean ages (± SD) of the case and control groups were 46.7 ± 15.6 and 38.8 ± 19.1 respectively, age at the first birth (P=0.036), family history with first-degree relative percentage of the cases and control groups were 21% and 4% and second-degree relatives were 10.5% and 13% respectively with statistical difference (P=0.042) and menopausal status (P=0.002). The risk decreased with breastfeeding (P=0.033). No association was observed between passive smoking (P=0.363) and the number of pregnancies and births (P=0.402). Data from this study indicated that there were some factors associated with breast cancer among Libyan females including age, age at the first pregnancy, family history and menopausal status.
34
Habib, Rahat Bin, ARM Luthful Kabir, Sunirmal Roy, Md Kamrul Ahsan Khan, Muzibur Rahman, Taslim Ara Nila, Mohammad Abdul Wahab, Md Mahbubur Rahman Shaheen i Sujit Das. "Association of Father's Smoking and Neonatal Respiratory Morbidities". Bangladesh Medical Journal 49, nr 2 (23.03.2020): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmj.v49i2.55817.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
First 28 days are the most vulnerable period for every neonate. Children usually suffered from respiratory illness. Therefore it is important to observe the prevalence of neonatal respiratory sickness. However, the disease profile among the neonates in rural areas is not exactly known. Many fathers in the rural area used smoke-producing tobacco. Therefore it is important to identify any relation of passive smoking with neonatal respiratory morbidities at the grass-root level.This study was conducted to estimate the frequency and to determine the pattern of respiratory illness of neonate and also to assess the impact of fathers smoking on the magnitude of acute respiratory tract infections (ARI) of newborns. This was a descriptive type of cross sectional study. It carried out on 62 neonates for 180 days, who attended the Tungipara UHC, Gopalganj in Bangladesh between January to June 2018. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews, physical examination, relevant investigations, and data were collected by semi structured questionnaire for respiratory illness. In this observational study, out of 62 neonates, from 1st day to 28 days of age. Diseases of the respiratory system topped the list (32%). Upper respiratory tract illnesses (URTI) were 22.5% as against only 9.5% of lower respiratory tract illness (LRTI). Most (47%) newborns were 28 days aged and 2nd most common (17.5%) was 15 days. The cumulative frequency was 37 percent up to 15 days of age. In the case of the father's occupation, most (19%) were in the private service. About one third (29%) fathers were engaged in business, whereas 18% done small business among them. However, it is a village area their cultivator was only 05 fathers. Consequently parent's education more than half (51.5%, 59.5%) were up to class 8. Nearly one-fifth of the fathers studied more than 12 classes. One-tenth of the fathers had no history of schooling and it was 1.5% of mothers. Most (32%) came in the OPD due to RTI and other than the respiratory problem was 26%. Among them, 42% did not require any treatment. In the inferential statistics fathers, smoking was responsible for neonatal respiratory illness. (Fisher's exact test 21.87 df 4 P 001). The respiratory illness affected more by second hand smoking whose fathers smoked tobacco. There need more grass-root level, multicentric, control-based study to find out the real picture of neonate respiratory morbidity, and other illness. Bangladesh Med J. 2020 May; 49(2) : 30-33
35
Larsen, Lars Peter Skovgaard, i Frede Olesen. "Characteristics of Subgroups of Attenders and Non-Attenders in an Organised Screening Programme for Cervical Cancer". Journal of Medical Screening 3, nr 3 (wrzesień 1996): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096914139600300306.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Objective –Several studies have compared attenders and non-attenders in organised cervical screening programmes but few have analysed subgroups of at-tenders and non-attenders. This study presents social and other characteristics of such subgroups. Setting—Aarhus County, Denmark. Methods –A case-control study in a cohort of 133 500 women, aged 23–60, included in the programme from 1 October 1990 to 1 April 1994. The participation rate was 75%, and those taking part comprised women with opportunistic screening or who had had a smear owing to symptoms in the previous three years (“active” attenders), and women who were invited for screening because they had not been otherwise tested (“passive” attenders). “Passive” (n = 708) and “active” attenders (n = 692) were compared. Women who had never had a smear test (“never” attenders, n = 287) were then compared with “ever” attenders (n = 1215)—that is, women who had not had a smear test during the previous 42 months, but had had at least one previous test. Data were collected by mailed questionnaires. Results –The response rate was 81% and 53% for attenders and non-attenders, respectively. After correction for age, there was no difference between the “active” and “passive” attenders for cancer risk factors (smoking, age of first intercourse, number of sexual partners, and social group), or in the degree of responsibility for close relatives, but “active” attenders seemed to have more frequent contact with their general practitioner. “Never” attenders had less frequent contact with their general practitioner than “ever” attenders. They were more often living alone and nullipara, but had no overrepresentation of cancer risk factors. Conclusions –Increased effect cannot be obtained by focusing on the described groups, but by increasing the participation rate. “Never” attenders do not belong to a special risk group.
36
Chen, Jiunn-Rong, Chyi-Huey Bai, Hou-Chang Chiu i Wen-Harn Pan. "Dilatation of common carotid artery is strongly associated with cerebral ischemic stroke with or without the presence of carotid atherosclerosis". Stroke 32, suppl_1 (styczeń 2001): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/str.32.suppl_1.365-d.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
P147 Background: Dilatation of common carotid artery (CCA) was related to age, sex, and body height in population studies. It was also considered a compensatory mechanism to carotid atherosclerotic stenosis. The present study examined the risk of CCA dilatation associated with ischemic stroke (IS) and its relations to carotid atherosclerosis, hypertension, hyperglycemia, fibrinogen, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), smoking, and alcohol consumption. Methods: A case-control study was carried on 251 first-ever IS patients (age≥40) excluding previous history of myocardial infarction and cancer and 242 non-stroke outpatients. Intraluminal diameter of middle portion of CCA, and plaque thickness in CCA, bulb, internal and external carotid arteries were measured. Information on hypertension and diabetes status and data of life-styles such as smoking and alcohol consumption were collected. Levels of fibrinogen, factor VIIIc, cholesterol, HDL-C and glucose were obtained. Results: CCA dilatation was a strong factor for IS (OR=4.13, P=0.0001). It was also associated with hypertension, hyperglycemia, smoking, alcohol consumption, low HDL-C, and high levels of fibrinogen, factor VIIIc, cholesterol, and plaque score. The association remained significant with or without each of the following conditions: hypertension (p=0.0001, p=0.0007), hyperglycemia (p=0.0446, p=0.0001), elevated fibrinogen (p=0.0104, p=0.0001) or factor VIIIc (p=0.2458, p=0.0001), hypercholesterolemia (p=0.0238, p=0.0001), decreased HDL-C (p=0.0012, p=0.0001) and presence of plaque score (p=0.0263, p=0.0003). Adjusting above risk factors, odds ratios of elevated diameter could associated with IS, before (OR=2.21, P=0.0066) and after (OR=6.63, p=0.0055) excluding subjects with plaque. Conclusion: Dilatation of CCA is a strong risk factor for IS. The fact the association remained significant without ultrasonic evidence of carotid plaque indicates that IS in Chinese involved a mechanism of active vasculopathy, not just a passive compensatory process to extracranial atherosclerosis.
37
Moon, Jooyoung, i Hanna Moon. "RECENT APPROACHES FOR SMOKING CESSATION IN CROHN’S DISEASE: A QUALITATIVE REVIEW". Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 27, Supplement_1 (1.01.2021): S51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ibd/izaa347.121.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Abstract Background The clinical practice guideline for Crohn’s disease (CD) management strongly recommends the avoidance and cessation of smoking. However, no standardized smoking cessation (SC) program exists for CD patients. Results from a nationwide survey among U.S. gastroenterologists have shown that SC counseling occurs irregularly and that almost half are not comfortable discussing SC strategies with their patients. These findings suggest that systematization and improvements in approaches for SC are necessary. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive review on recent developments and recommendations in SC care for CD patients. Methods A systematic literature review was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases for articles published from years 2016 to 2020. Two researchers independently screened and reviewed data. Inclusion criteria included peer-reviewed, published scientific articles written in the English language that examined SC in CD patients. Only studies with adults (≥18 years old) and those with more than 10 subjects were included. No geographic limitations were applied. A total of 12 articles met our inclusion criteria. Results CD patients were found to have a significantly lower rate of SC when compared to the average population. Initial diagnosis of CD served as a strong motivator to quit, suggesting that SC education and intervention should begin on the first visit. Other significant positive predictors for SC in previous smokers included male gender, older age, and higher BMI. Adoption of a standardized program with a systematized process of questioning, documenting, and educating patients on SC resulted in an increase in discussion of SC strategies. Studies which expressed concerns regarding the deleterious effects of passive smoking on CD suggested that SC counseling be more broadly applied to include a patient’s cohabitants. For those who require more intervention, addiction medicine consultation has been shown to reduce smoking use by a substantial margin of 27%. In order to increase the success of SC, a recent trial has taken a personalized approach that involves measuring an individual’s nicotine metabolite ratio to recommend a matching medication. Results have been promising with high rates of satisfaction of 85%. Conclusions Gastroenterologists should provide SC counseling more often and on a more regular basis, especially for patients who receive an initial diagnosis of CD. As existing SC strategies have limitations, new approaches are being actively explored, but further studies are desperately needed. Development of standardized and personalized SC programs should be considered so that SC counseling can become a routine and integral part of care for CD patients.
38
Olšarová, Karolína, i Gita D. Mishra. "Early life factors for endometriosis: a systematic review". Human Reproduction Update 26, nr 3 (6.03.2020): 412–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmaa002.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Abstract BACKGROUND Despite its high prevalence and health burden, many aspects of endometriosis remain unclear, including risk factors and the underlying biological mechanisms. Exposures during early life, including in utero, are thought to play an important role in the subsequent onset of the condition. To date, however, much of the evidence from studies on early life exposures and diagnosed endometriosis appears mixed and difficult to assess. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE This study aims to provide a systematic review of the epidemiologic evidence on early life factors associated with the subsequent diagnosis of endometriosis. In utero and early life exposures have previously been linked to a range of adult health outcomes, including infertility. SEARCH METHODS A systematic review of case–control, cross-sectional and cohort studies was conducted using the search terms ‘endometriosis’[MeSH] AND (‘risk factors’[MeSH] OR ‘protective factors’[MeSH]) AND (‘in utero’, ‘fetal’, ‘neonatal, ‘perinatal’, ‘developmental origins’, ‘early life’, ‘childhood’ OR ‘life course’) in Embase, PubMed and Scopus databases. The review included articles published in English until 10 June 2018 with original data from studies with diagnosed endometriosis. The quality of primary studies was evaluated using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale by both authors independently. Due to the degree of inconsistency in the measurements and study methods, a qualitative assessment of findings was undertaken rather than meta-analysis. OUTCOMES The search retrieved 70 records without duplicates that contained 20 records on human case–control, cross-sectional or cohort studies, from which 11 papers/studies were selected based on their assessment score. The majority of studies found that women born with low birthweight (<2.5 kg or <5.5 lb) were more likely to be diagnosed with endometriosis. For other early life factors, the evidence is mixed or limited, with further research needed on the association of endometriosis with preterm birth, in utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol and to maternal smoking, passive smoking in early life, and infant formula feeding (compared with breastfeeding). WIDER IMPLICATIONS While the weight of evidence points to low birthweight as a risk factor for diagnosis of endometriosis, future research is warranted on this and other key early life exposures where the findings are mixed to provide more robust evidence and for insights on potential causal pathways. Such research, however, needs to address current methodological issues, such as the use of prospective data from large population-based studies, better diagnostic methods to confirm disease free status, more consistent definitions of variables and consideration of potential biological mechanisms to guide the analyses. The improvements will advance the future synthesis of evidence to support clinically relevant risk assessment for a more timely diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis.
39
Chen, Hong, Xiang Liu, Xiang Gao, Yipeng Lv, Liang Zhou, Jianwei Shi, Wei Wei i in. "Epidemiological evidence relating risk factors to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis". PLOS ONE 16, nr 12 (28.12.2021): e0261692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261692.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the most common chronic respiratory disease worldwide, not only leads to the decline of pulmonary function and quality of life consecutively, but also has become a major economic burden on individuals, families, and society in China. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to explore the risk factors for developing COPD in the Chinese population that resides in China and to provide a theoretical basis for the early prevention of COPD. Methods A total of 2457 cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies published related to risk factors for COPD in China were searched. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 20 articles were selected. Stata 11.0 was used for meta-analysis. After merging the data, the pooled effect and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the association between risk factors and COPD. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed using I2 and Cochran’s Q tests. Begg’s test was used to assess publication bias. Results Exposure to particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) (pooled effect = 1.73; 95%CI: 1.16~2.58; P <0.01), smoking history (pooled effect = 2.58; 95%CI: 2.00~3.32; P <0.01), passive smoking history (pooled effect = 1.39; 95%CI: 1.03~1.87; P = 0.03), male sex(pooled effect = 1.70; 95%CI: 1.31~2.22; P <0.01), body mass index (BMI) <18.5 kg/m2 (pooled effect = 1.73; 95%CI: 1.32~2.25; P <0.01), exposure to biomass burning emissions (pooled effect = 1.65; 95%CI: 1.32~2.06; P <0.01), childhood respiratory infections (pooled effect = 3.44; 95%CI: 1.33~8.90; P = 0.01), residence (pooled effect = 1.24; 95%CI: 1.09~1.42; P <0.01), and a family history of respiratory diseases (pooled effect = 2.04; 95%CI: 1.53~2.71; P <0.01) were risk factors for COPD in the Chinese population. Conclusion Early prevention of COPD could be accomplished by quitting smoking, reducing exposure to air pollutants and biomass burning emissions, maintaining body mass index between 18.5 kg/m2 and 28 kg/m2, protecting children from respiratory infections, adopting active treatments to children with respiratory diseases, and conducting regular screening for those with family history of respiratory diseases.
40
Dev, Deveshwar, Rambabu Sharma i Meenakshi Sharma. "Maternal tobacco consumption during pregnancy and risk of congenital heart diseases in offspring". International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 5, nr 3 (20.04.2018): 1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20181534.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Background: Maternal tobacco consumption (both active and passive) during pregnancy as a risk factor for congenital heart diseases in off-springs has been studied by some workers with a small number of subjects hence requires to be evaluated through a study with a significant size of cohort. The objective of the study was to find out the association between maternal tobacco consumption and the risk of CHDs among their off springs.Methods: This is a hospital based, comparative, cross sectional, observational study. 518 children with CHDs, confirmed by echocardiography were included as cases and 240 children without any obvious congenital anomaly matched for age and sex were taken as controls. The following clinical observations were collected through questionnaires in a predesigned Performa: maternal and paternal tobacco consumption during pregnancy; maternal medical, gestational and obstetric history; and other birth defects.Results: Children from case and control groups were comparable with respect to age and sex at the inclusion in the study. Out of the total 758 study participants, 73 children (14.01%) with CHDs had history of maternal tobacco consumption (active consumption) during pregnancy and 86 children (16.6%) with CHDs had history of paternal smoking habit (P value was highly significant).Conclusions: Tobacco consumption during pregnancy (both active and passive) confer an increased risk of CHDs in their off springs (p value <0.001).
41
Yakasai, Ibrahim A., i Imran O. Morhason-Bello. "Risk factors for pre-eclampsia among women at antenatal booking in Kano, Northern Nigeria". Healthcare in Low-resource Settings 1, nr 1 (15.05.2013): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/hls.2013.e12.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Pre-eclampsia (PE) is an important cause of maternal mortality. There have been several studies on risk factors assessment with conflicting reports across the globe on this disease; however, rigorous recent evaluation of these factors is uncommon in this region. The aim of the present study was to determine the risks factors in the early-onset PE in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH), Kano (Northern Nigeria). We conducted a case-control study in Nigeria between April 2009 and January 2010 to identify the risk factors associated with the early-onset PE in women attending antenatal clinic in AKTH. Information on socio-cultural characteristics, medical history, previous obstetrics history, level of stress at home, and type of family were obtained and recorded in a proforma designed for the study. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine the risk factors for PE at 95% confidence level. Pregnant women with early-onset PE (150 in each case and control group). Risk factors associated with increased risk of early-onset PE were: history of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia (PE/E) in a previous pregnancy [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.09]; exposure to passive smoking (AOR 1.34); inadequate antenatal supervision (AOR 15.21); family history of hypertension in one or more 1st-degree relative (AOR 8.92); living in a joint family (AOR 6.93); overweight (120% to 150% of pre-pregnancy ideal body weight, AOR 4.65). Risk factors among women in Northern Nigeria are similar to those reported from other studies. Good antenatal cares, early detection, reduction of stressful conditions at home are the most important preventive measures of early-onset severe PE among these women.
42
Watson, Sharon. "Verdict imminent in passive smoking case". Nursing Standard 12, nr 34 (13.05.1998): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.12.34.6.s5.
Pełny tekst źródła
43
Dyer, C. "Passive smoking case reaches High Court". BMJ 316, nr 7143 (16.05.1998): 1477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.316.7143.1477.
Pełny tekst źródła
44
Dyer, C. "British nurse loses passive smoking case". BMJ 316, nr 7145 (30.05.1998): 1625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.316.7145.1625j.
Pełny tekst źródła
45
Becker, Klaus. "Health Effects of High Radon Environments in Central Europe: Another Test for the LNT Hypothesis?" Nonlinearity in Biology, Toxicology, Medicine 1, nr 1 (1.01.2003): 154014203908444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15401420390844447.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Among the various “natural laboratories” of high natural or technical enhanced natural radiation environments in the world such as Kerala (India), Brazil, Ramsar (Iran), etc., the areas in and around the Central European Ore Mountains (Erzgebirge) in the southern parts of former East Germany, but also including parts of Thuringia, northern Bohemia (now Czech Republic), and northeastern Bavaria, are still relatively little known internationally. Although this area played a central role in the history of radioactivity and radiation effects on humans over centuries, most of the valuable earlier results have not been published in English or quotable according to the current rules in the scientific literature and therefore are not generally known internationally. During the years 1945 to 1989, this area was one of the world's most important uranium mining areas, providing the former Soviet Union with 300,000 tons of uranium for its military programs. Most data related to health effects of radon and other carcinogenic agents on miners and residents became available only during the years after German reunification. Many of the studies are still unpublished, or more or less internal reports. By now, substantial studies have been performed on the previously unavailable data about the miners and the population, providing valuable insights that are, to a large degree, in disagreement with the opinion of various international bodies assuming an increase of lung cancer risk in the order of 10% for each 100 Bq/m3 (or doubling for 1000 Bq/m3), even for small residential radon concentrations. At the same time, other studies focusing on never-smokers show little or no effects of residential radon exposures. Experiments in medical clinics using radon on a large scale as a therapeutic against various rheumatic and arthritic disease demonstrated in randomized double-blind studies the effectiveness of such treatments. The main purpose of this review is to critically examine, including some historical references, recent results primarily in three areas, namely the possible effects of the inhalation of very high radon concentrations on miners; the effect of increased residential radon concentrations on the population; and the therapeutic use of radon. With many of the results still evolving and/or under intense discussion among the experts, more evidence is emerging that radon, which has been inhaled at extremely high concentrations in the multimillion Bq/m3 range by many of older miners (however, with substantial confounders, and large uncertainties in retrospective dosimetry), was perhaps an important but not the dominating factor for an increase in lung cancer rates. Other factors such as smoking, inhalation of quartz and mineral dust, arsenic, nitrous gases, etc. are likely to be more serious contributors to increased miner lung cancer rates. An extrapolation of miner data to indoor radon situations is not feasible. Concerning indoor radon studies, the by far dominating effect of smoking on the lung cancer incidence makes the results of some studies, apparently showing a positive dose-response relationship, questionable. According to recent studies in several countries, there are no, or beneficial, residential radon effects below about 600 to 1000 Bq/m3 (the extensive studies in the U.S., in particular by B. Cohen, and the discussions about these data, will not be part of this review, because they have already been discussed in detail in the U.S. literature). As a cause of lung cancer, radon seems to rank — behind active and passive smoking, and probably also air pollution in densely populated and/or industrial areas (diesel exhaust soot, etc.) — as a minor contributor in cases of extremely high residential radon levels, combined with heavy smoking of the residents. As demonstrated in an increasing number of randomized double-blind clinical studies for various painful inflammatory joint diseases such as rheumatism, arthritic problems, and Morbus Bechterew, radon treatments are beneficial, with the positive effect lasting until at least 6 months after the normally 3-week treatment by inhalation or bathes. Studies on the mechanism of these effects are progressing. In other cases of extensive use of radon treatment for a wide spectrum of various diseases, for example, in the former Soviet Union, the positive results are not so well established. However, according to a century of radon treatment experience (after millenniums of unknown radon therapy), in particular in Germany and Austria, the positive medical effects for some diseases far exceed any potential detrimental health effects. The total amount of available data in this field is too large to be covered in a brief review. Therefore, less known — in particular recent — work from Central Europe has been analyzed in an attempt to summarize new developments and trends. This includes cost/benefit aspects of radon reduction programs. As a test case for the LNT (linear non-threshold) hypothesis and possible biopositive effects of low radiation exposures, the data support a nonlinear human response to low and medium-level radon exposures.
46
Lipley, Nick. "Passive smoking case to make legal history". Nursing Standard 12, nr 33 (6.05.1998): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.12.33.5.s2.
Pełny tekst źródła
47
Loff, Bebe, i Stephen Cordner. "Passive smoking test case wins in Australia". Lancet 357, nr 9267 (maj 2001): 1511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04715-2.
Pełny tekst źródła
48
Iskandar, Iskandar, Abdul Hadi i Alfridsyah Alfridsyah. "Faktor Risiko Terjadinya Penyakit Jantung Koroner pada Pasien Rumah Sakit Umum Meuraxa Banda Aceh". AcTion: Aceh Nutrition Journal 2, nr 1 (15.05.2017): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30867/action.v2i1.34.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is the number one killer in Indonesia. The mortality rate due to CHD 17.05% of total deaths. Risk factors can be modified ie: dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, stress, infection, smoking habits, poor diet, lack of movement, Obesity. Unavoidable risk factors are age, sex, and family history. The purpose of this research is to know the factors related to CHD. Methods Analytical observational studies with Cossectional designs were conducted in July 2015. Data were collected by interviews and measurements of IMT and blood lipid profiles. Subjects were CHD patients as case group and non-CHD as comparison group was taken by con cement sampling by matching. Analysis of Univariate, bivariate and multivariate data. The result was that subjects with BMI ≥25 m2 had 2.7 times higher risk of CHD (CI 1.04-7.3). Physical passive activity has no effect on CHD (P 0.27). Smoking does not pose a significant risk to CHD 1.8 (CI 0.84-3.7). While consuming high fat there is a significant relationship with CHD (p: 0,29> 0,05). The most influential factors for CHD are cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the blood. The conclusion of BMI and blood lipid profile has an effect on CHD. The most influential factors are cholesterol and blood triglyceridesKeywords: Physical activity, BMI, HDL and LDL, cholesterol, CHDPenyakit Jantung Koroner (PJK) merupakan pembunuh nomor satu di Indonesia. Angka kematian karena PJK 17,05% dari total kematian. Faktor risiko dapat dimodifikasi yaitu: dislipidemia, diabetes melitus, stres, infeksi, kebiasaan merokok, pola makan yang tidak baik, kurang gerak, Obesitas. Faktor risiko tidak dapat dicegah adalah usia, sex, serta riwayat keluarga. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui faktor yang berhubungan dengan PJK. Metode penelitian observasional analitik dengan rancangan cross sectional dilaksanakan bulan Juli 2015. Data dikumpulkan dengan wawancara dan pengukuran IMT dan profil lipid darah. Subjek adalah pasien PJK sebagai kelompok kasus dan non PJK sebagai kelompok pembanding diambil secara concecutive sampling dengan matching. Analisis data univariate, bivariate dan multivariate. Hasilnya subjek yang mempunyai IMT ≥25 m2 mempunyai Risiko 2,7 kali lebih tinggi terkena PJK (CI; 1,04-7,3). aktifitas pasif fisik tidak mempunyai berpengaruh terhadap PJK (P; 0,27). Merokok tidak mempunyai risiko secara bermakna terhadap PJK 1,8 (CI; 0,84-3,7). Sedangkan Mengkonsumsi lemak tinggi ada hubungan yang bermakna dengan PJK (p; 0,29 > 0,05). Faktor yang paling berpengaruh terhadap PJK adalah kadar kolesterol dan trigliserida dalam darah. Kesimpulan IMT dan profil lipid darah mempunyai pengaruh terhadap PJK. Faktor yang paling berpengaruh adalah kolestetol dan trigliserida darah.Kata kunci: Aktifitas fisik, IMT, HDL dan LDL, kolesterol, PJK
49
Stirland, Lucy E., Chris I. O'Shea i Tom C. Russ. "Passive smoking as a risk factor for dementia and cognitive impairment: systematic review of observational studies". International Psychogeriatrics 30, nr 8 (18.12.2017): 1177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610217002824.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
ABSTRACTBackground:Smoking is a well-established risk factor for dementia, but the effects of passive smoking are unclear. We aimed to examine links between passive smoking and dementia or cognitive impairment.Methods:We searched seven medical research databases: MEDLINE, Web of Science (Core Collection), Cochrane, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Scopus, and CINAHL Plus. Studies were included if they examined measures of passive smoking and either cognitive impairment or dementia.Results:Of 1,425 records found, nine papers of varying methodologies were included after screening against inclusion criteria. Eight papers reported weak associations between passive smoking and either cognitive impairment or dementia. One paper only found this association alongside carotid artery stenosis. The papers’ quality was variable, with only two deemed high quality.Conclusion:There is limited weak observational evidence linking passive smoking with an increased risk of cognitive impairment or dementia. However, the studies were methodologically diverse and of inconsistent quality, preventing firm conclusions.
50
Salliot, C., Y. Nguyen, X. Mariette, M. C. Boutron-Ruault i R. Seror. "POS0478 ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BODY SHAPES AND BODY SHAPE TRAJECTORIES, AND THE RISK OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS IN THE FRENCH E3N COHORT". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (19.05.2021): 471.1–471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.2655.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Background:Several cohort and case-control studies have suggested that overweight or obesity is associated with the risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). Associations were based on Body Mass Index (BMI), although this measurement does not reflect the fat distribution [1].Objectives:To study the relationships between anthropometric measurements and the risk of RA in women involved in the E3N cohort.Methods:E3N is an ongoing French prospective cohort that enrolled 98,995 women aged 40-65 years in 1990. Women completed mailed questionnaires every 2-3 years on lifestyle and health-related information. A total of 698 incident RA cases have been validated among 78,452 women [2]. Available anthropometric measurements include birth height and weight, height and weight (collected at baseline and regularly updated during follow-up), and age-related body shapes (BS). Women had to identify the silhouette among 8 BS that best described their BS at 8 years, puberty, 20-25 years, 30-35 years, and study baseline. BS trajectories (from 8 to 30-35 years) were constructed using Nagin’s approach to group-based trajectory modeling that identifies 6 different trajectories [3]. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the risk of incident RA were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models with age as the time scale. Models were first adjusted for known risk factors of RA (model 1), and then multi-adjusted (model 2).Results:Taking lean BS as reference, medium BS at puberty was associated with an increased risk of RA [HR=1.23 (95% CI 1.0-1.5)], in the fully adjusted model (table 1), as was large BS at baseline [HR =1.32 (95% CI 1.1-1.6)] (in model 1). Obesity (BMI>30 kg/m2) was marginally associated with RA in model 1 [HR=1.30 (95% CI 1.0-1.7)], but the association was no longer statistically significant in the multi-adjusted model, taking normal BMI [18-25 kg/m2[as the reference.Birth weight and height, BS (at 8, 20-25 and 30-35 years), and BS trajectories were not significantly associated with RA in any model.Conclusion:In E3N cohort, medium body shape at puberty was associated with an increased risk of RA independently of the BMI and smoking exposure.Table 1.Cox proportional-hazards analysis of anthropometric factors associated with RARANon-casesMODEL 1MODEL 2HRs (95%CI)ptrendHRs (95%CI)ptrendBaseline Body mass index (kg/m2)<18101,7970.75 (0.4-1.4)0.05320.85 (0.4-1.6)0.6165 [18-25[46250,330RefRef [25-30]17119,7161.10 (0.9-1.3)1.00 (0.8-1.2)> 30555,9111.30 (1.0-1.7)1.13 (0.8-1.6)Body shape at pubertyLean33240,485Ref0.0937Ref0.1490Medium17917,9031.24 (1.0-1.5)1.23 (1.0-1.5)Large14715,9841.14 (0.9-1.4)1.12 (0.9-1.4)Body shape at baselineLean35944,718Ref0.0055Ref0.1743Medium20020,0411.20 (1.0-1.4)1.16 (0.9-1.4)Large1109,8381.32 (1.1-1.6)1.20 (0.9-1.6)ptrend: p for trend. Ref: reference.Model 1 adjusted for age, smoking (past/current/never), passive smoking during childhood and/or adulthood (ever/never), educational level (<high–school, up to 2 years of university, ≥ 3 years of university).Multi-adjusted model 2 included model 1 + body mass index (<18, 18–25, 25–30, >30 kg/m2), body shape at puberty, body shape at baseline adjusted for age, baseline physical activity (in quartiles), age at menarche (<13, 13–15, ≥15 years), age at menopause (≤45, 45–53, ≥53 years), age at the first pregnancy (<22, 22–27, ≥27 years), number of full-term pregnancies (≤1, 2, ≥3), and duration of premenopausal use of progestogen (0, 0–24, >24 months).References:[1]Crowson CS, Matteson EL, Davis JM 3rd, Gabriel SE. Contribution of obesity to the rise in incidence of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2013;65:71-7.[2]Nguyen Y, Salliot C, Gusto G, et al. Improving accuracy of self-reported diagnoses of rheumatoid arthritis in the French prospective E3N-EPIC cohort: a validation study. BMJ Open. 2019;9:e033536.[3]Nagin D. Analyzing developmental trajectories: a semiparametric, group based approach. Psychol Methods 1999;4:139e57.Disclosure of Interests:None declared