Artykuły w czasopismach: „Passenger car”

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Ma, Fei, Dan Guo, Kum Fai Yuen, Qipeng Sun, Fuxia Ren, Xiaobo Xu i Chengyong Zhao. "The Influence of Continuous Improvement of Public Car-Sharing Platforms on Passenger Loyalty: A Mediation and Moderation Analysis". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, nr 8 (16.04.2020): 2756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082756.

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Public car-sharing is a growing business model that contributes to sustainable transportation and urban development. The continuous improvement of public car-sharing platform to garner passenger loyalty is vital for a car-sharing platform’s success. This study applied perceived value theory, trust theory, and transaction cost theory to construct a structural equation model in order to explain passenger loyalty. Data from 755 surveys were collected using stratified sampling in mainland China. The estimated results of the theoretical model show that the relationship between continuous improvement and passenger loyalty is mediated by passenger perceived value, passenger trust, and transaction costs. Consequently, a multi-group analysis is conducted to analyze the moderation effects of passenger’s license and car-sharing experience on the theoretical model. The results show that some of the path coefficients are significantly different between these sub-groups. This indicates that platforms should provide differentiate services for passengers based on the purpose of using car-sharing and usage experience. This study provides new theoretical insights into understanding passenger loyalty with respect to public car-sharing and provides policy recommendations for the sustainable development of public car-sharing.

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Zozulia, Vitalii. "The spectrum of body injuries of the driver and passenger in the case of a lethal traffic injury in a frontal collision in the interior of class E cars". Forensic-medical examination, nr 2 (25.11.2021): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24061/2707-8728.2.2021.7.

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The article discusses the state of examination of a lethal automobile injury to a driver and a passenger in a frontal collision in the passenger compartment of class E cars. Aim of the work. Investigate the injuries of the driver and passenger in the passenger compartment of an E class car and highlight the signs of being in the passenger compartment in the driver’s or passenger’s seat for practical use in forensic medical research. Materials and methods. The objects of the study were 179 «Acts of forensic medical examination of corpses» and «Conclusions of an expert» on road accidents accompanied by injury and death of people obtained from the archives of the Zhytomyr Regional Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination, accompanied by the death of persons inside car. The damage to the driver and passenger in a frontal collision in the passenger compartment of class E cars was carefully considered. A set of proven reliable methods was used in the work: anthropometric, morphometric, photographic, forensic, statistical analysis. Results. As a result of the registration of damages, the features inherent in damages received in the passenger compartment of an E-class car in a frontal collision were revealed. In particular: injuries to the soft tissues of the left leg prevailed among the front seat passengers, and not among the drivers, as is commonly believed; fractures of the bones of the lower extremities were found only in drivers; fractures of the bones of the right upper limb were observed only in front seat passengers; damage to the soft tissues of the left hand was characteristic only of drivers; the drivers had pelvic fractures on the right and left; the drivers had rib fractures on the left in combination with ruptures of the lungs on the side of the injury; the passengers had injuries to the ribs on the right, but no right-sided ruptures of the lungs were recorded. Conclusions. It has been established that the spectrum of damage to a driver and a passenger in a fatal car injury in a frontal collision in the passenger compartment of class E cars is characterized by a sufficient variety. Fractures of the right and left lower extremities and fractures of the thoracic spine are among the features that distinguished the driver from the passenger in a frontal collision in the passenger compartment of class E cars.

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Pan, Hanchuan, Zhigang Liu i Hua Hu. "An Enhanced Dynamic User Optimal Passenger Flow Assignment Model for Metro Networks". Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4035068.

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By considering the difference between a car driver’s route choice behavior on the road and a passenger’s route choice behavior in urban rail transit (URT), this paper proposes an enhanced Dynamic User Optimal (DUO) passenger flow assignment model for metro networks. To capture realistic URT phenomena, the model has integrated the train operation disturbance constraint. Real passenger and train data are used to verify the proposed model and algorithm. The results indicate that the DUO-based model is more suitable for describing passenger route choice behavior under uncertain conditions compared to a static model. Moreover, this paper found that passengers under oversaturated conditions are more sensitive to train operation disturbances compared to undersaturated passengers.

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Herrera, I., H. Su i Stefan Kaczmarczyk. "Investigation into the Damping and Stiffness Characteristics of an Elevator Car System". Applied Mechanics and Materials 24-25 (czerwiec 2010): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.24-25.77.

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Modelling the dynamic performance of an elevator car system represents a complex task and forms an important step in the elevator system design procedure. The need to consider the behaviour of passengers travelling in the car complicates the procedure further. This paper presents an original approach to identify the stiffness and damping characteristics of an elevator car system. A simplified model is developed and the experimental rig with a rectangular elevator platform fixed on the top of four silent blocks attached to a shaker is setup. The transmissibility measurements are carried out with a harmonic excitation applied first to a platform with no passenger load and then to the platform with one passenger within the frequency range of 1 – 20 Hz. A single person standing on the platform is employed in order to assess the passenger’s contribution to the dynamic behaviour of the elevator car system. The curve fitting technique implemented in MATLAB is used to determine the damping and stiffness coefficients both for the empty car system and the car-passenger system. Investigation on the tolerances for both parameters is carried out. An approach to simplify the experimental procedure and to reduce the number of individual tests is proposed.

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Bondarenko, Olga Igorevna, Dmitriy Yakovlevich Antipin i Sergey Gennadyevich Shorokhov. "Assessment of passenger injuries level in emergency situations at interaction with baggage". Transport of the Urals, nr 1 (2020): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20291/1815-9400-2020-1-30-34.

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The paper proposes a method that allows forecasting a level of passenger injuries at interaction with baggage in emergency situations. The authors have created computer models of emergency situations that are caused by a collision of passenger rolling stock with an obstacle on a track in the form of a motorcar and a freight car, and by swinging of a car on a side wall. The model of the investigated car is supplemented by elements of passenger car interior, models of anthropometric dummies and baggage. The anthropometric dummies are located on passenger seats, the baggage is presented by rigid bodies that are located on parcel shelves. As a result, the authors have got the values of injury criteria at interaction of passengers with baggage.

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Ju, Yeong Jo, Jeong Ran Lim i Euy Sik Jeon. "Prediction of AI-Based Personal Thermal Comfort in a Car Using Machine-Learning Algorithm". Electronics 11, nr 3 (23.01.2022): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11030340.

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Defining a passenger’s thermal comfort in a car cabin is difficult because of the narrow environment and various parameters. Although passenger comfort is predicted using a thermal-comfort scale in the overall cabin or a local area, the scale’s range of passenger comfort may differ owing to psychological factors and individual preferences. Among the many factors affecting such comfort levels, the temperature of the seat is one of the direct and significant environmental factors. Therefore, it is necessary to predict the cabin environment and seat-related personal thermal comfort. Accordingly, machine learning is used in this research to predict whether a passenger’s seat-heating-operation pattern can be predicted in a winter environment. The experiment measures the ambient factor and collects data on passenger heating-operation patterns using a device in an actual winter environment. The temperature is set as the input parameter in the measured data and the operation pattern is used as the output parameter. Based on the parameters, the predictive accuracy of the heating-operation pattern is investigated using machine learning. The algorithms used in the machine-learning train are Tree, SVM, and kNN. In addition, the predictive accuracy is tested using SVM and kNN, which shows a high validation accuracy based on the prediction results of the algorithm. In this research, the parameters predicting the personal thermal comfort of three passengers are investigated as a combination of input parameters, according to the passengers. As a result, the predictive accuracy of the operation pattern according to the tested input parameter is 0.96, showing the highest accuracy. Considering each passenger, the predictive accuracy has a maximum deviation of 30%. However, we verify that it indicates the level of accuracy in predicting a passenger’s heating-operation pattern. Accordingly, the possibility of operating a heating seat without a switch operation is confirmed through machine learning. The primary-stage research result reveals whether it is possible to predict objective personal thermal comfort using the passenger seat’s heating-operation pattern. Based on the results of this research, it is expected to be utilized for system construction based on the AI prediction of operation patterns according to the passenger through machine learning.

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SOFIAN, Andrei-Constantin, Bogdan Manolin JURCHIȘ i Mădălin Florin POPA. "Rack and Pinion Steering System Design for a Passenger Car". Annals of “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati. Fascicle IX, Metallurgy and Materials Science 44, nr 4 (15.12.2021): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/mms.2021.4.14.

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The steering system plays a crucial role in the stability of the automobile, especially in the safety of the passengers and pedestrians. The aim of this work is to design a rack and pinion steering system that could equip a passenger car. In this process, many parameters are considered for the correct and effective directional response behavior of the vehicle. 2D models were sketched to validate the kinematic algorithm calculus used to optimize and refine the dimensions of the components of the steering system. After a satisfactory Ackermann percentage was achieved, steering system is designed and analysed in one of the most used CAD and CAE software in automotive, CATIA.

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Deraman, Farih Bin, Asrudin Bin Mat Ali i Normi Bin Muhamad. "Innovation of air quality detector in passenger car using IoT". International Journal of Technology, Innovation and Humanities 1, nr 1 (21.10.2020): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.29210/88801.

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The internet of things (IoT), is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction (Gismalla Abdullah, 2017). The internet of things helps people live and work smarter as well as gain complete control over their lives. A passenger car is a road motor vehicle, intended for the carriage of passengers and designed to seat no more than nine persons. The problems occur in passenger car when there is no device that monitor the quality of air in the car’s cabins. Air Quality Detector is an automatic system that being developed to send the value of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) level in car to LCD display and Blynk App. The existing low-end car do not have any system that can notify the passengers regarding the CO2 level in the car. As a solution, this innovation able to detect exact condition of carbon dioxide level in car to the LCD display and Blynk app to be warned by the passenger. Air Quality Detector has been simulated to run successfully in term of controlling and monitoring CO2 in the car.

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Zhang, Bing Chen, Wei Min Guo i Yan Qun Wang. "Research on Seat Design of Railway Passenger Car". Key Engineering Materials 474-476 (kwiecień 2011): 260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.474-476.260.

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Railway transportation hold a leading post in the long-distance passenger transport market. Passengers spend most of their time sitting, so seat affect passenger comfort most among interior facilities of coach. One of the major tasks of interior design is functionality and comfort of seat. Seat width, seat depth and seat height are basic functions factors of seat. The seat depth is major issue of functionality design of 25g car. The shape of cushion and backrest are main comfort factors of seat. The backrest angle is major issue of comfort design of 25g car now. The interior system design of railway passenger car can be developed if we stress and make rational use of these factors of seat design.

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Chen, Lu, Lijun Xu, Qinghan Yang i Xinke Pan. "Innovative Styling and Structural Design of New Duplex Wide-Body Passenger Aircraft Based on Mobile Edge Computing". Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (4.10.2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4628643.

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The research is designed to explore wide-body aircraft that are more suitable in 2035-2040. The innovative design of the wide-body aircraft adopts the form of the main passenger compartment and wing separation, the passenger compartment in the form of a single engine car through the rail transit and transfer car travel together. The transfer car delivers the two engine cars in turn to the aircraft, which is tightly connected to the rail structure by mechanical claws. Engine cars can split up at the transfer station, thus assisting in the diversion of passengers. The interior of the engine car has been optimized. A visual mask can be used for isolation has been designed for the seats. And a device is designed to lighten passengers’ legs to alleviate “economy class syndrome.” The corresponding data analysis used the mobile edge computing technology.

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Bondarenko, Ol'ga. "ASSESSMENT OF THE SAFETY OF PASSENGER CARS IN CASE OF AN EMERGENCY ROLLOVER ON THE RAILROAD TRACKS". Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2021, nr 9 (8.09.2021): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/1999-8775-2021-9-49-54.

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The purpose of the work is to assess the safety of passenger cars in case of an emergency rollover on the body of railroad tracks. The paper introduces a method for predicting injury of railway transport passengers as a result of swinging over the wagon on the body of railroad tracks. The method of research is mathematical modeling of scenarios of swinging over the wagon on a flat bottom or earth tramp of the railway track. A model of a passenger compartment has been developed, which is supplemented with models of a roomette, hand luggage and an anthropometric dummy. The originality of the work is the use of mannequin models for an accident with the rollover of a compartment car on the body of the railroad tracks and obtaining data on the interaction of fit models and a compartment car. The result of the study is the reported values of possible injury to passengers during an emergency rollover of a passenger car. Namely, the values of the head injury criterion, cervical vertebrae, breast and hips of the crash test dummy have been obtained. In comparison of the two considered scenarios of swinging over the wagon, the value of the head injury criterion for overturning the car on an inclined surface is 15% higher, the neck injury criterion is 30% higher, and the hip and chest injury criterion is 23% higher for mannequins on the upper shelves of the compartment due to their interaction with hand luggage. The obtained values do not exceed critical ones. The most dangerous positions of the mannequin model in the compartment of the car are revealed. Conclusions concerning the sufficient safety of the passenger car are formed and recommendations for the development of additional technical solutions to improve the safety of passenger cars are given.

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SAITO, Kenji. "New passenger Car Tyre". Journal of the Society of Mechanical Engineers 91, nr 840 (1988): 1170–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemag.91.840_1170.

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Lee, Sungwon, Yeong Heok Lee i Jee Hyung Park. "Estimating Price and Service Elasticity of Urban Transportation Demand with Stated Preference Technique: Case in Korea". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1839, nr 1 (styczeń 2003): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1839-19.

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Price and service elasticities of passenger car travel are estimated using stated preference and sample enumeration methodology. Moreover, the effects of hypothetical travel demand management policies are analyzed by changes on modal share using the elasticity estimates. The elasticity of passenger car travel with fuel price is estimated to be within the range of −0.078 to −0.171. The parameter estimate of the fare variable is estimated to be statistically insignificant in every subgroup of car users. This finding suggests that fare policies are relatively ineffective for increasing transit modal shares in Korea. Meanwhile, car users' responsiveness to changes in parking costs is estimated to be much higher than for fuel cost. This suggests that parking regulations or pricing policies may be effective in reducing travel by passenger car. The elasticity with in-vehicle time, which is a key attribute of public transport amenities, is estimated to be particularly high, implying that policy measures such as introducing express buses or express urban trains could be effective in reducing passenger car travel. The demand elasticity of service levels of mass transit represented by the degree-of-crowdedness proxy turns out to be very high. Reducing crowdedness in public transit can be very effective in attracting more passengers, or at least in retaining current patronage.

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Koryagin, Mark E. "An Agent-Based Model for Optimization of Road Width and Public Transport Frequency". PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 27, nr 2 (13.04.2015): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v27i2.1559.

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An urban passenger transportation problem is studied. Municipal authorities and passengers are regarded as participants in the passenger transportation system. The municipal authorities have to optimise road width and public transport frequency. The road consists of a dedicated bus lane and lanes for passenger cars. The car travel time depends on the number of road lanes and passengers’ choice of travel mode. The passengers’ goal is to minimize total travel costs, including time value. The passengers try to find the optimal ratio between public transport and cars. The conflict between municipal authorities and the passengers is described as a game theoretic model. The existence of Nash equilibrium in the model is proved. The numerical example shows the influence of the value of time and intensity of passenger flow on the equilibrium road width and public transport frequency.

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Grossi, G., F. Arpino, G. Buonanno, G. Cortellessa, L. Moretti, H. Nagano i L. Stabile. "A Eulerian-Lagrangian approach for the CFD analysis of airborne disease transmission in a car cabin". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2177, nr 1 (1.04.2022): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2177/1/012015.

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Abstract In indoor environments such as private cars, taxis and public transport, social distance cannot always be applied and virus concentrations can reach high levels. In this paper, a Eulerian-Lagrangian approach is adopted for the transient simulation of aerosol airborne dispersion in a passenger car cabin. The numerical tool, validated by PIV analysis, is applied to study three different scenarios during the respiratory activity. The car ventilation system and the position of the passengers affect the mass of inhaled aerosol and consequently the quality of the passenger compartment air.

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Tang, Ai Hua. "Ride Comfort Optimisation of Passenger Car Passive Suspension Systems Using ADAMS/ Insight". Applied Mechanics and Materials 395-396 (wrzesień 2013): 1142–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.395-396.1142.

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The arising health problems of ride comfort of passenger cars point out that a lot of effort still has to be put into the design of passive suspension systems.The comfort problem originates from the vibrations transmitted to the driver and passengers caused by the unevenness of the road. This paper reports on an investigation to determine the spring and damper settings that will ensure optimal ride comfort of a passenger car at different speeds. D-optimal designs are developed via multibody dynamics software (ADAMS/Insight) with a model. Evaluation of the comfort improvement was done using an objective function according to the international organisation for standardisation (ISO)2631(1997). The optimised passive suspensions equipped in a passenger car were tested on a test rig in ADAMS/Car. The results show that the vibration levels can be reduced by 47%, generating a drastic comfort improvement.

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Li, Hongwei, Yunyue Zhou, Sulan Li i Hongwei Zhu. "Passenger car equivalents for urban roads using average time headway of car following conditions". Advances in Mechanical Engineering 11, nr 12 (grudzień 2019): 168781401989751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814019897511.

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Passenger car equivalents are used to calculate capacity and evaluate service level of urban roads. This article uses the average time headway of different car following conditions to replace the total average time headway of road vehicles, and the proportion of large vehicles to improve the headway method. This article analyzes the influence of several factors such as the proportion of large vehicles, road attributes, and traffic flow on passenger car equivalents, and obtains the following conclusions: (1) the behavior of vehicles crossing the opposite lanes has an important influence on the passenger car equivalents of the road; (2) passenger car equivalents of vertical sections at the center of central isolation belt are different from those at the start of the road; (3) the road attributes affect the passenger car equivalents; and (4) the passenger car equivalents of heavy vehicles on roads that allow two-way crossover are less than the specific value, however, the passenger car equivalents of heavy vehicles in the road segment without two-way crossing-line are greater than the specific value.

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Hu, Yong Ju, i Xin Qiu. "Design on Passenger Ground Wheel-Rail Cable Car in Transport System". Applied Mechanics and Materials 97-98 (wrzesień 2011): 813–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.97-98.813.

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Cable cars are usually used to transport passengers in difference elevation between one point to another point. Usually, cable cars are suspended on the cable and moves by the mobile cable. In this paper, a new type of ground wheel-rail cable car was designed and the performance of this mechanism was analyzed. The transport system of a passenger ground wheel-rail cable car sets wheel-rail devices and cable car wheels ride on the rail on the ground, which is driven by the mobile cable. This is a new type of passenger organizational form, and there are many advantages of this transportation system, such as safe, reliable, energy-saving , environmental protection and economical benefits.

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Stadnicki, Jacek, i Ireneusz Wróbel. "Improvement of passenger car rear side door beam stiffness". Mechanik 91, nr 7 (9.07.2018): 561–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17814/mechanik.2018.7.84.

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To protect passengers against consequences of side crash side door beams are assembled to doors of passenger cars. Their stiffness is examined during stand tests. The FE model to simulate such a test is described. After verification the model has been applied to improve of rear door side beam stiffness.

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Martynov, I., A. Trufanova i Y. Kalabukhin. "THE CONCEPT OF THE PASSENGER CAR LIFE CYCLE". Collection of scientific works of the State University of Infrastructure and Technologies series "Transport Systems and Technologies" 1, nr 38 (24.12.2021): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32703/2617-9040-2021-38-150-14.

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The article deals with the issues of a conceptual approach to determining the life cycle of a passenger car. The fleet of passenger car mainly consists of models developed and manufactured in the 70-90s of the last century at car plants in Germany and Russia. They are obsolete both morally and physically. This necessitates the renewal of the passenger car fleet by purchasing cars of both domestic and foreign production. In modern conditions, the user of new technology is interested not only in the purchase price, but also in the after-sales costs. This is reflected in the life cycle cost. It is proposed to use a cascade life cycle model for a passenger car. The stages of the life cycle of a passenger car during operation on the railways of Ukraine have been determined. The components of each stage of the life cycle of a passenger car are considered. For a transport company that intends to operate a passenger car, the costs of the first three stages are directly expressed in the initial cost of the car - the purchase price. The life cycle cost (LCC) of a passenger car will be determined by summing up the individual outflow of funds (expenses) at each specific stage (calculation step) of the service life of the equipment. The life cycle assessment of the technical system of railway transport can work at any stage of the life cycle.

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Aleksandrova, Y. A., i E. I. Krilova. "SPECIFICS OF PASSENGER CAR TRANSPORTATION". System analysis and logistics 25, nr 3 (18.09.2020): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31799/2007-5687-2020-3-60-66.

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Logo, Emma, Ildikó Petruska i Adam Torok. "Passenger Car as Complex Experience". Transport and Telecommunication Journal 13, nr 4 (1.12.2012): 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10244-012-0023-7.

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Passenger cars are complex products that consist of millions of parts. Cars have different shapes and colours giving persons different emotional feelings. Therefore the car as a complex product is suitable for marketing specialist for comparing other products through cars. Authors are describing the mathematical background of the theoretical investigation and the practical results of such examination.

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Polcar, Adam, Vojtěch Kumbár i Jiří Čupera. "Alcohol Fuel in Passenger Car". Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 64, nr 3 (2016): 863–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201664030863.

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The present article studies the effects of combustion of high-percentage mixture of bioethanol and gasoline on the output parameters of a passenger car engine. The car engine has not been structurally modified for the combustion of fuels with higher ethanol content. The mixture used consisted of E85 summer blend and Natural 95 gasoline in a ratio of 50:50. The parameters monitored during the experiment included the air-fuel ratio in exhaust gasses, the power output and torque of the engine and also the specific energy consumption and efficiency of the engine. As is apparent from the results, E85+N95 (50:50) mixture combustion results in lean-burn (λ > 1) due to the presence of oxygen in bioethanol. The lean-burn led to a slight decrease in torque and power output of the engine. However, due to the positive physicochemical properties of bioethanol, the decrease has not been as significant as would normally be expected from the measured air-fuel ratio. These findings are further confirmed by the calculated energy required to produce 1 kWh of energy, and by the higher efficiency of the engine during the combustion of a 50% bioethanol mixture.

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KODAMA, Masayuki, i Mamoru MORINAGA. "Trend of Passenger Car Drivetrain". Journal of the Society of Mechanical Engineers 88, nr 797 (1985): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemag.88.797_425.

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Wade, Joanne, Claire Holman i Malcolm Fergusson. "Passenger car global warming potential". Energy Policy 22, nr 6 (czerwiec 1994): 509–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(94)90070-1.

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Del Duce, Andrea, Marcel Gauch i Hans-Jörg Althaus. "Electric passenger car transport and passenger car life cycle inventories in ecoinvent version 3". International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 21, nr 9 (19.09.2014): 1314–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-014-0792-4.

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Asua, Estibaliz, Jon Gutiérrez-Zaballa, Oscar Mata-Carballeira, Jon Ander Ruiz i Inés del Campo. "Analysis of the Motion Sickness and the Lack of Comfort in Car Passengers". Applied Sciences 12, nr 8 (7.04.2022): 3717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12083717.

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Advanced driving assistance systems (ADAS) are primarily designed to increase driving safety and reduce traffic congestion without paying too much attention to passenger comfort or motion sickness. However, in view of autonomous cars, and taking into account that the lack of comfort and motion sickness increase in passengers, analysis from a comfort perspective is essential in the future car investigation. The aim of this work is to study in detail how passenger’s comfort evaluation parameters vary depending on the driving style, car or road. The database used has been developed by compiling the accelerations suffered by passengers when three drivers cruise two different vehicles on different types of routes. In order to evaluate both comfort and motion sickness, first, the numerical values of the main comfort evaluation variables reported in the literature have been analyzed. Moreover, a complementary statistical analysis of probability density and a power spectral analysis are performed. Finally, quantitative results are compared with passenger qualitative feedback. The results show the high dependence of comfort evaluation variables’ value with the road type. In addition, it has been demonstrated that the driving style and vehicle dynamics amplify or attenuate those values. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that contributions from longitudinal and lateral accelerations have a much greater effect in the lack of comfort than vertical ones. Finally, based on the concrete results obtained, a new experimental campaign is proposed.

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Al Sukkar, Ghazi, Lutfi Al-Sharif, Mahmoud Mansour, Mohammad Gharbieh, Esraa Farraj, Rawan Jarrah, Rasha Milekh i Noor Zaben. "Reconciling the value of the elevator round trip time between calculation and simulation". SIMULATION 93, nr 8 (20.03.2017): 707–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037549717698014.

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This paper attempts to understand the reasons for the difference in the value of the round trip time between calculation and simulation. It is posited the main reason for the difference is the combination of two factors: the restricted car capacity and the randomness in the behavior of the elevator traffic system, thus leading to a reduced effective car loading (effectively based on a smaller number of passengers in the car). There are three sources of randomness in the behavior of the system: the randomness of the passenger destinations (thus making the value of the round trip time a random variable), the randomness of the passenger arrival (driven by a Poisson passenger arrival model), and the effect of elevator bunching (thus making the value of the interval a random variable). Using a MATLAB-based simulator, the value of the round trip time is plotted against the system loading level for the case of a single entrance and incoming traffic only. Different conditions are simulated, including constant and random passenger arrivals, as well as queues-allowed and queues-not-allowed conditions. Varying these conditions provides an essential insight into the variation of the round trip time and the reasons for it. The effect of the number of passengers boarding the elevator on the value of the round trip time (and thus on the value of the system handling capacity) is investigated in more detail.

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Zhang, Bing Chen, Wei Min Guo i Yan Qun Wang. "Research on Harmony of Interior System of Railway Passenger Cars". Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (grudzień 2010): 1554–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.1554.

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The development of interior design is an important aspect of improving the quality of railway transportation services. The interior design system of the railway passenger cars may do better in reflecting the interrelations among the passengers, the facilities and the environment of the compartments with the harmony idea to considerate relationship between the passengers, the facilities and the environment. In this way, we may have the optimized performance of the interior system and improve the interior system design of the railway passenger car effectively.

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Tyrell, David, i A. Benjamin Perlman. "Evaluation of Rail Passenger Equipment Crashworthiness Strategies". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1825, nr 1 (styczeń 2003): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1825-02.

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Comparisons are made of the effectiveness of competing crashworthiness strategies—crash energy management (CEM) and conventional passenger train design. CEM is a strategy for providing rail equipment crashworthiness that uses crush zones at the ends of cars. These zones are designed to collapse in a controlled way during a collision, distributing the crush among the train cars. This technique preserves the occupied spaces in the train and limits the decelerations of the occupant volumes. Two scenarios are used to evaluate the effectiveness of the crashworthiness strategies—( a) a train-to-train collision of a cab-car–led passenger train with a standing locomotive–led passenger train and ( b) a grade-crossing collision of a cab-car-led passenger train with a standing highway vehicle. The maximum speed for which all the occupants are expected to survive and the predicted increase in fatalities and injuries with increasing collision speed are determined for both train designs. Crash energy management is shown to significantly increase the maximum speed at which all the occupants could survive for both grade crossing and train-to-train collisions for cab-car–led trains, at the expense of modestly increasing the speeds at which occupants impact the interior in train-to-train collisions.

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Nikolic, Slobodan, Tatjana Atanasijevic, Vesna Popovic i Dragan Babic. "Forensic expertise of the injury severity in fatally injured car-occupants". Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 135, nr 1-2 (2007): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh0702074n.

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Introduction: There is no specific injury among fatally injured frontal car-occupants in frontal car collisions, used in forensic expertise. We tried to point out the usefulness of the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) and Injury Severity Score (ISS) for the expertise in such cases. Objective Analyzing the severity of body region injuries and total injury severity of deceased car occupants, to point out their importance in forensic expertise. Method Retrospective autopsy study was performed. Autopsy records of all deceased car-occupants in frontal car collisions were analyzed in order to establish the severity of injuries in body regions (AIS) and total severity of injuries (ISS). Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test, t-test, and logistic regression, with significance set at p<0.05. Results A total of 500 cases were analyzed: 282 car-drivers and 218 front car-passengers, average age of 41.48?15.31 and 39.78?16.93. There were 401 males and 99 females. The most injured body region was head with neck: AIS=3.50?2.48, for car-drivers, and AIS=3.54?2.50, for front car-passengers, as well as thorax: AIS=3.63?2.16 car-drivers, and AIS=3.37?2.14, for front car-passengers. More severe injuries of head (AIS?4) suggested that deceased was a front car-passenger (Wald =13.27; p=0.04). More severe injuries of thorax and abdomen (AIS?5) indicated that deceased was a car-driver (Wald=5.72; p=0.02, and Wald=8.23; p=0.01, respectively). The injury severity of the face and limbs were useless in such expertise (Wald=1.72; p=0.19, and Wald=0.89; p=0.34, respectively). An average ISS was 57.31?20.16 for car-drivers, and 54.54?21.01 for front car passengers. The ISS value was useless in expertise (t=1.50; p=0.13, and Wald=2.24; p=0.13). Conclusion As the injury of the head is more severe, the deceased is more likely to be the front car-passenger. Severe thoracic and abdominal injuries are more characteristic for cardrivers. A total injury severity is useless for forensic expertise in cases of fatally injured in car collisions.

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Mi, Chen, i Da Ming Han. "Performance Test Specification for Passenger Car in Low Temperature". Advanced Materials Research 418-420 (grudzień 2011): 2272–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.418-420.2272.

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The study of this article focus on the standards on the working limit of the passenger car. The standards for passenger cars at low temperature were studied and proposed by combination of the technical content in cold regions’ environments and the development trend in the domestic and international situation. The proposed standards can improve the service life of mechanical parts, reduce wear and failure of passenger cars and improve the passenger's power, economy and security. In the industry standardization and the objective requirements of relevant standards, this proposed standards are the basis to ensure fair competition in international trade, maintain the normal order of market and make up a communication bridge among the international economic cooperations. Maintain maximum benifit of the China's auto industry in the internationality. The emphases of the standards is to establish standards for low temperature environment laboratory, draw our own standards on product characteristics and screening standards system in line with China's actual conditions.

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Shinkaruk, Andrey. "CORROSION EFFECT ON THE SUPPORTING MEMEBERS OF A PASSENGER CAR". Transport engineering 2022, nr 4 (18.04.2022): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/2782-5957-2022-4-69-77.

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The study objective is to reduce the corrosive effect on the bearing frame of a passenger car. The problem to which the paper is devoted is to study corrosion processes arising in the supporting members of a passenger car and their reduction during the life cycle of the car. Research methods: statistical analysis, metallographic study, experimental staining of a passenger car. The novelty of the work: to improve the technology of staining and cleaning of supporting members, definition of corrosion wear processes of the passenger car bearing frame that arise during operation. Study results: reduction of the environment impact on the car centre sill, complete cleaning of the centre sill from previous paint coating, slightly different strength characteristics of the metal during shot blast / mechanical cleaning, acceleration of preparing the centre sill for painting, paint coating elasticity. Conclusions: the developed technology is applicable in passenger car depots, as well as at car repair plants during capital repairs without significant investment and operational costs.

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Pavlínek, Petr. "Transformation of the Central and East European Passenger Car Industry: Selective Peripheral Integration through Foreign Direct Investment". Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 34, nr 9 (wrzesień 2002): 1685–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a34263.

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The Central and East European (CEE) passenger car industry underwent major transformations through foreign direct investment (FDI) in the 1990s. The author demonstrates that the effects of FDI on the passenger car industry have been profound, but geographically uneven. To understand the different regional and local strategies of foreign car producers better, the author introduces a classification of FDI in the passenger car industry based on the degree of embeddedness in local economies and relationships to path dependency in the 1990s. The effects of FDI on selective peripheral integration of parts of CEE into the European car production system, as well as the role of Central Europe in the division of labour in the European passenger car industry, are also considered.

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Bansal, Ram, i R. B. Sharma. "Drag Reduction of Passenger Car Using Add-On Devices". Journal of Aerodynamics 2014 (23.03.2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/678518.

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This work proposes an effective numerical model using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to obtain the flow structure around a passenger car with different add-on devices. The computational/numerical model of the passenger car and mesh was constructed using ANSYS Fluent which is the CFD solver and employed in the present work. In this study, numerical iterations are completed, and then aerodynamic data and detailed complicated flow structure are visualized. In the present work, a model of generic passenger car was developed using solidworks, generated the wind tunnel, and applied the boundary conditions in ANSYS workbench platform, and then testing and simulation have been performed for the evaluation of drag coefficient for passenger car. In another case, the aerodynamics of the most suitable design of vortex generator, spoiler, tail plates, and spoiler with VGs are introduced and analysed for the evaluation of drag coefficient for passenger car. The addition of these add-on devices are reduces the drag-coefficient and lift coefficient in head-on wind. Rounding the edges partially reduces drag in head-on wind but does not bring about the significant improvements in the aerodynamic efficiency of the passenger car with add-on devices, and it can be obtained. Hence, the drag force can be reduced by using add-on devices on vehicle and fuel economy, stability of a passenger car can be improved.

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Erkegul, S., I. Yu Tarmaeva i M. F. Savchenkov. "Sanitary evaluation of working environmental physical and chemical factors of passenger car attendants in Mongolia". Kazan medical journal 98, nr 1 (15.02.2017): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17750/kmj2017-111.

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Aim. To perform sanitary assessment of physical and chemical factors of the working environment of passenger car attendants in Mongolia.Methods. The study for evaluation of working conditions was performed at attendants’ workplace in 36 passenger car manufactured in 1982-1999 in Russia and Germany and used for passenger transportation by Mongolian railway. Sanitary studies of physical and chemical factors of the working environment of passenger car attendants were conducted. Total of 1430 studies were performed.Results. The results of sanitary evaluation of working conditions of Mongolian passenger car attendants indicate that air temperature, relative humidity, air flow, illumination, noise and vibration levels, dust content, carbon monoxide concentration, and diesel fuel products in some cases do not meet the sanitary requirements. Prolonged exposure to the combination of these factors can lead to organic disorders.Conclusion. The working environment of Mongolian passenger car attendants is characterized by complex influence of unfavorable factors such as rapid changes of temperature during the shift, high levels of whole body vibration, dust, and presence of harmful chemicals in the air of the working area. Exposure to adverse factors of the working environment and work activities of passenger car attendants of Mongolian railway may cause harm to their health.

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Danko, Ján, Tomáš Milesich i Jozef Bucha. "Nonlinear Model of the Passenger Car Seat Suspension System". Strojnícky casopis – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 67, nr 1 (1.04.2017): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/scjme-2017-0002.

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Abstract The paper deals with the modelling of a passenger car seat suspension system. Currently, vehicle safety and ride comfort are one of the most important factors of vehicle design. This article analyses a mathematical model of the passenger car seat suspension system. Furthermore, experimental measurements of the passenger car seat suspension system are performed. Utilizing the experimental data, model parameters are identified. From the chosen mathematical model a simulation model in constructed in Matlab is designed. In this simulation, the force-velocity and force-displacement characteristics of the passenger car seat suspension system are described. Finally, evaluation of simulated damper characteristics with the characteristics form measured data are performed.

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Perco, Paolo. "Comparison between Powered Two-Wheeler and Passenger Car Free-Flow Speeds in Urban Areas". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2074, nr 1 (styczeń 2008): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2074-10.

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Accident data indicate that motorcyclists are a particularly vulnerable group of road users because they run a higher risk of being injured or killed in an accident than passenger car drivers. One of the countermeasures that can improve traffic safety for motorcyclists is an increase in awareness and knowledge about powered two-wheelers (PTWs) in the planning, construction, operation, and maintenance of new and existing roads. Road design standards and policies that regulate design process and safety evaluations are usually based on passenger car characteristics only. In particular, the passenger car operating speed is used as the critical input for design choices of geometric elements connected with traffic safety and as a performance measure to evaluate road design and consistency. Because the passenger car operating speed might not be representative of the PTW operating speed, this study compared the PTW and passenger car speed distributions in urban areas to establish definitively whether they are similar. The results showed that PTW speeds are always considerably higher than passenger car speeds and that the corresponding operating speeds are correlated. Therefore, a prediction equation to estimate the PTW operating speed starting from passenger car operating speed was developed for urban streets. This equation can help highway engineers to estimate expected PTW speeds that can be effectively used in the safety evaluations of new and existing roads where the significant presence of PTWs in the traffic flow suggests that this vehicle type should be considered.

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Niu, Rong Yi, Xiao Yan Yin i Ming Yu Zhao. "Construction of Battery Swap Station for Electric Passenger Car". Applied Mechanics and Materials 253-255 (grudzień 2012): 2231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.253-255.2231.

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Basing on the status quo of the development of electric vehicle and electric vehicle’s Charging/battery swap infrastructure, Discussion and analysis is made with focus on the battery swap mode and it’s practising method of electric passenger car. According to the body structure of different types of electric passenger car and the Situation that the battery pack is equipped with, Electric passenger car are divided into two types: chassis battery type and battery rear-equipped type. Respectively, analyzed the battery swap mode for the two types of electric passenger cars; And two feasible battery swap projects are advanced , analysed and compared.Then pointed out the difficulties and problems with the construction of the battery swap station for electric passenger car; Finally, suggestions and methods to solve the problems were offered.

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Gładyszewska-Fiedoruk, Katarzyna, i Tomasz Janusz Teleszewski. "Modeling of Humidity in Passenger Cars Equipped with Mechanical Ventilation". Energies 13, nr 11 (10.06.2020): 2987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112987.

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This paper presents research on humidity in a passenger car cabin with the use of supply ventilation without cooling the air. Based on the tests carried out and the humidity balance in the car, a model was developed for changing the humidity in the passenger car cabin as a function of time. The study of thermohumid conditions was carried out in two passenger cars. During the tests, the heating and cooling functions were turned off. The relative humidity and temperature were measured outside the car before and after driving the car and in the supply air duct and inside the passenger car cabin while driving the car. The tests were carried out for an average temperature range from 20 to 42.9 °C. In order to develop a model of humidity changes as a function of time, a humidity balance was prepared. Human-generated humidity in the car cabin depends mainly on the temperature inside the car and the age of the person and can range from 20 to 180 g/(h × person) for an adult in the temperature range of 20–43 °C, while for a child under six years old the humidity ranges from 8 to 19.5 g/(h × person) in the temperature range 22–34 °C. A formula of humidity generated by an adult and a child aged six years old was obtained as a function of temperature inside a passenger car. Based on the experimental research and the model developed, the humidity generated by a single adult and a six-year-old child in the car was determined. The developed model can be used in the automatic airflow adjustment systems in passenger cars.

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Schaefer, Jaclyn S., Miguel A. Figliozzi i Avinash Unnikrishnan. "Evidence from Urban Roads without Bicycle Lanes on the Impact of Bicycle Traffic on Passenger Car Travel Speeds". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, nr 7 (12.06.2020): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120920880.

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A concern raised by some motorists in relation to the presence of bicycles on urban roads without bicycle lanes, discussed in part of the traffic literature, is that cyclists will slow down motorized vehicles and therefore create congestion. This research answers this question: do bicycles reduce passenger car travel speeds on urban roads without bicycle lanes? To answer this question, a detailed comparative analysis of the travel speeds of passenger car (class two vehicles) on lower volume urban roads without bicycle lanes is presented. Speed distributions, the mean, and the 50th and 85th percentile speeds for two scenarios were examined: (i) a passenger car that was preceded by a bicycle and (ii) a passenger car that was preceded by another passenger car. Peak hour traffic and 24-h traffic speeds were analyzed using t-tests and confidence intervals. Although a few statistically significant differences between scenarios (i) and (ii) were found, the actual speed differences were generally in the order of 1 mph or less. Therefore, differences in class two (motorized passenger) vehicle speeds with and without cyclists were found to be negligible from a practical perspective.

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Cai, Han Ming, i Lian Feng Zhao. "Design of the Automatic Sorting and Palletizing Manipulator for Passenger Car Tire after Be Tested". Advanced Materials Research 542-543 (czerwiec 2012): 910–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.542-543.910.

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Semi steel radial tire for passenger car needs to be classified and palletized after dynamic balance and uniformity test, in order to store in the finished product warehouse. In view of the present situation that tire's classification and palletizing remains to manual operation, a kind of automatic classification and palletizing manipulator which is used for passenger car tire after dynamic balance and uniformity test has been researched and designed. This paper introduces the manipulator's composition and the manipulator's three dimensional CAD models have been established in SolidWorks platform.

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Takagi, Michitoshi, i Yuji Ishihara. "UNSTEADYWAKE OF A PASSENGER CAR MOOEL". Wind Engineers, JAWE 1999, nr 78 (1999): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5359/jawe.1999.35.

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Mallig, Nicolai, i Peter Vortisch. "Modeling Car Passenger Trips in mobiTopp". Procedia Computer Science 52 (2015): 938–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.05.169.

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FWA, T. F., i G. K. CHUA. "PASSENGER CAR TRAVEL CHARACTERISTICS IN SINGAPORE". IATSS Research 31, nr 2 (2007): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0386-1112(14)60222-3.

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Lang, C., i Th Heidelauf. "Steels for passenger-car wheel fabrication". Revue de Métallurgie 86, nr 5 (maj 1989): 439–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/198986050439.

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Palubinskas, Gintautas, i Hartmut Runge. "Radar Signatures of a Passenger Car". IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 4, nr 4 (październik 2007): 644–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2007.903074.

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MacKenzie, Donald, Stephen Zoepf i John Heywood. "Determinants of US passenger car weight". International Journal of Vehicle Design 65, nr 1 (2014): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijvd.2014.060066.

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Grube, Thomas, Stefan Kraus, Julian Reul i Detlef Stolten. "Passenger car cost development through 2050". Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 101 (grudzień 2021): 103110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.103110.

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Nikitin, V. V., i B. A. Trifonov. "Improvement of passenger car power supply". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2131, nr 4 (1.12.2021): 042086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2131/4/042086.

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Abstract A significant part of the fleet of passenger cars in operation on Russian railways are equipped with an autonomous power supply system, in which the main source of energy is an undercar generator, which is rotated from the axle of a wheelset. The disadvantage of such a system is the limitation of the speed range in which it is possible to power consumers of electric power of a passenger car from the main source: as a rule, the lower limit of this range is 35 km/h. The article proposes a variant of a technical solution that will expand the speed range of using the undercar generator by lowering the lower limit to 25 km/h: it is proposed to provide self-excitation of the undercar generator through an inverting-type DC voltage pulse converter. The parameters of the elements of the pulse converter circuit and the possibility of expanding the boundaries of the high-speed range of operation of the EGV.08.1U1 undercar generator are estimated.

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