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1
Klomp, Matthijs. "Passenger car all-wheel drive systems analysis". Thesis, University West, Department of Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-742.
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2
Cinkraut, Jakub. "Transfer Path Analysis of a Passenger Car". Thesis, KTH, MWL Marcus Wallenberg Laboratoriet, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-180435.
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Even though there are no regulations on the interior noise level of passenger cars, it is a significant quality aspect both for customers and for car manufacturers. The reduction of many other car noise sources pushed tyre road noise to the forefront.What is more, well known phenomenon of the tyre acoustic cavity resonance (TCR), appearing around 225 Hz, makes the interior noise noticeably worse. Some techniques to mitigate this phenomenon right at the source are discussed in this thesis, however, these has not been adopted by the tyre nor car manufacturers yet.Therefore, there is a desire to minimise at least the transmission of the acoustic or vibration energy from the tyre to the compartment. This is where methods like TPA (Transfer Path Analysis) come into play.In this thesis, two different approaches to TPA are used to investigate transmission of the TCR energy.First, the coherence based road decomposition method is used to determine whether the TCR energy is transmitted by a structure-borne or an air-borne mechanism. The same method serves to identify if the TCR noise comes mainly from the front or the rear suspension.Second, the impedance matrix method was used to determine critical structure-borne transfer paths yielding clear results indicating two critical mounts at the rear suspension which dominate the transfer of vibro-acoustic energy. Subsequent physical modification of the critical mount was tested to verify the results of the transmission study.Moreover, deflection shape analysis of the tyre, rim, front and rear suspension was performed to identify possible amplification effects of the TCR phenomenon.
3
Fratila, Dan. "Lateral stability of passenger car/caravan combinations". Thesis, University of Bath, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239943.
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4
Lyu, Zhipeng. "Aerodynamic Wind Tunnel in Passenger Car Application". Thesis, KTH, Mekanik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-203971.
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The thesis aims to provide an evaluation on the Volvo 1/5th scaled wind tunnel regarding its potentials and capabilities in aerodynamic study. The flow quality in the test section was evaluated. The experiments were performed included measurements of airspeed stability, tunnel-wall boundary layer profile and horizontal buoyancy. A numerical model was developed to predict the boundary layer thickness on the test floor. Repeatability tests were also conducted to establish the appropriate operating regime.A correlation study between the 1/5th scaled wind tunnel (MWT) and full scale wind tunnel (PVT) was performed using steady force and unsteady pressure measurements. The Volvo Aero 2020 concept car was selected to be the test model.The Reynolds effect and the tunnel-wall boundary layer interference were identified in the steady force measurements. Unsteady near-wake phenomena such as wake pumping and wake flapping were discussed in the unsteady base pressure measurements.
5
Yang, Ling. "The U.S. passenger car industry in the 1980's". Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/22665.
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Ingle, Anthony. "Development of Passenger Car Equivalents for Basic Freeway Segments". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33951.
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Passenger car equivalents (PCEs) are used in highway capacity analysis to convert a mixed vehicle flow into an equivalent passenger car flow. This calculation is relevant to capacity and level of service determination, lane requirements, and determining the effect of traffic on highway operations. The most recent Highway Capacity Manual 2000 reports PCEs for basic freeway segments according to percent and length of grade and proportion of heavy vehicles. Heavy vehicles are considered to be either of two categories: trucks and buses or RVs. For trucks and buses, PCEs are reported for a typical truck with a weight to power ratio between 76.1 and 90.4 kg/kW (125 and 150 lb/hp). The weight to power ratio is an indicator of vehicle performance. Recent development of vehicle dynamics models make it possible to define PCEs for trucks with a wider variety of weight to power ratios. PCEs were calculated from the relative impact of trucks on traffic density using the simulation model INTEGRATION. The scope of this research was to evaluate PCEs for basic freeway segments for trucks with a broader range of weight to power ratios. Such results should make freeway capacity analysis more accurate for mixed vehicle flow with a non-typical truck population. In addition, the effect of high proportion of trucks, pavement type and condition, truck aerodynamic treatment, number of freeway lanes, truck speed limit, and level of congestion was considered. The calculation of PCEs for multiple truck weight to power ratio populations was not found to be different from single truck weight to power ratio populations. The PCE values were tabulated in a compatible format to that used in the Highway Capacity Manual 2000.Master of Science
7
Eltony, Mohamed Nagy. "A model for passenger car gasoline demand in Canada". Thesis, University of Surrey, 1990. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/842813/.
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A model for motor gasoline demand in Canada is developed by household. The model identifies and separates effects of several responses by the household to a change in gasoline prices such as driving fewer miles, purchasing fewer cars, and buying more fuel efficient cars. It also estimates the manufacturers' response of improving the technology of new automobiles. The size and the composition of the fleet according to the interior volume of four classes of automobiles rather than their natural weight is used. Furthermore, two components of the average fuel efficiency of new cars were identified and estimated. The first is the technical fuel efficiency set by the car manufacturers and the second is the sales ratio of four classes of new automobiles. The use of household expenditure survey data make it possible to experiment with some socio-economic variables such as the percentage of households living in urban areas, number of cars per household and the number of persons in the household who can drive. The relatively new technique of cointegration is also utilized. The results indicate that there are certain advantages associated with the elaborate treatment of the stock adjustment and the fuel economy of the fleet. In general, the estimated coefficients suggest that most of the adjustment after a gasoline price increase comes from miles driven in the short run and from miles per gallon, hence fuel efficiency improvements in the long run. The model gave the total short run (one year) price elasticity of gasoline consumption between 0.312 - 0.313 for the different provinces which is relatively small range. One of the more interesting results is that approximately 10 percent of the household response to a price change in the first year was due to a change in the composition of the fleet to a more fuel efficient vehicle. Approximately 75 percent was due to driving fewer miles while the remaining 15 percent was attributed to a change in the size of the fleet. The intermediate run (five year) price elasticities range from 0.689 to 0.7 09 and the long run price elasticities (ten year) range from 0.97 5 to 1.059. The long run price elasticities exceed unity which does not lend support to the belief that long run gasoline price elasticities are also inelastic. The short term household income elasticities range from 0.301 to 0.306, the intermediate term range from 0.655 to 0.679, and the long term range from 0.868 - 0.949.
8
Harnett, Philip. "Objective methods for the assessment of passenger car steering quality". Thesis, Cranfield University, 2002. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/8571.
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Steering feel and quality are terms commonly used in the automotive industry when
describing passenger car steering systems. However, a procedure for the quantification
of these terms does not exist, let alone a concise definition of what they constitute.
This thesis puts forward a hypothesis by which steering quality and feel are described
by the input/output relationships of the steering system and how they are perceived
by the driver. Good control properties are postulated for these relationships and an
experiment is conducted, where they are altered in a manner proposed to affect quality.
A methodology for the objective assessment of the control properties is developed,
employing vehicle dynamic testing and representation by a mathematical model. This
is put into practice to evaluate the outcome of the experiment.
It was found that the methodology was successful in detecting and quantifying the
alteration in the vehicle control properties. A subjective evaluation was performed to
assess the experiment in terms of the quality and feel perceived by the driver. The
subjective judgement delivered a result, where the deviation in quality agreed with
the objective quantities hypothesised to describe quality.
The thesis provides a significant step in the understanding of what is termed steering
feel and quality. The methodology, successful in quantifying the experimental results
with respect to quality, constitutes a scientific advancement in the current procedures
for the assessment of steering quality.
9
Huawei, Ren. "Transfer Path Analysis of Wind Noise on a Passenger Car". Thesis, KTH, Farkost och flyg, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-261091.
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Over the last years, due to the development of quieter engines and drivetrains, the importance of addressing the vehicle wind noise problem has significantly increased.In this thesis work, several existing Transfer Path Analysis methods have been applied on an experimental database acquired during a wind tunnel test on a passenger car with the objective of analyzing the distribution of the wind noise sources and their contribution to the target microphones located inside the vehicle. A major challenge for the Transfer Path Analysis (TPA) consists of the high complexity of the aerodynamic sources exciting the structure. Moreover, the existence of multiple incoherent source phenomena, and the presence of distributed coherent source regions of different correlation scales make the analysis very complex.The thesis work provides a solid and comprehensive analysis of the results obtained by different methods. The outcomes can be potentially useful for optimizing the vehicle NVH performance in future practical cases.Under de senaste åren har vikten av att arbeta med vägfordons problem med aerodynamisk ljudgenerering ökat avsevärt på grund av utvecklingen av tystare motorer och drivlinor. I det här projektet har flera existerande metoder för Transfer Path Analysis (TPA) tillämpats på en databas med experimentella data som samlats in vid vindtunneltest på en personbil, med målet att analysera fördelningen av källorna orsakade av vindbruset och deras påverkan på ljudnivån vid de uppsatta målmikrofonerna inuti fordonet. En stor utmaning för TPA är den höga komplexiteten hos de aerodynamiska källorna som exciterar strukturen. Vidare gör förekomsten av flera okorrelerade källor, och närvaron av distribuerade koherenta källregioner med olika korrelationsskalor, analysen mycket komplex. Arbetet presenterar en solid och omfattande analys av resultat som erhållits med olika metoder. Resultaten är potentiellt användbara för att optimera fordonets NVH-prestanda i praktiktiken i framtiden.
10
Yoshida, Phyllis Genther. "A history of Japan's government-business relationship the passenger car industry /". Ann Arbor : Center for Japanese Studies, University of Michigan, 1990. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/20825489.html.
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11
Maleska, Markus [Verfasser]. "Hydroplaning Performance of Non-Free-Rolling Passenger Car Tires / Markus Maleska". Düren : Shaker, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1213472784/34.
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12
Bhatt, Kandarp. "Potential for meeting the EU new passenger car CO₂ emissions targets". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70793.
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Thesis (S.M. in Engineering and Management)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, System Design and Management Program, February 2011.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 84-87).
In 2009, the European Parliament agreed to limit the CO2 emissions from new passenger cars sold in the European Union to an average of 130g/km by 2015. Further, a probable longer-term CO2 emissions target of 95g/km is specified for 2020. This thesis attempts to assess the feasibility of meeting these targets in a representative European Union by developing and evaluating Optimistic and Realistic scenarios of varied powertrain sales mix, vehicle weight reduction levels, and Emphasis on Reduction of Fuel Consumption (ERFC) using a European New Passenger Cars CO2 Emissions Model. Further, this thesis develops custom fleet models for select member states to understand the impact of the developed scenarios on reduction of fuel use and on the diesel to gasoline fuel use ratio. The thesis finds that while the European Union is poised to meet the 2015 target in an Optimistic scenario, it will find it difficult to do so in a Realistic scenario. Moreover, the 2020 target would not be achieved in either of the two scenarios. Further, the diesel to gasoline fuel use ratio will continue to rise through year 2020 for the studied countries, potentially reaching as high as 3 in the case of France and at least as high as 0.71 in the case of Germany. Finally, an increase in ERFC and introduction of PHEVs would most help reduce fuel use in all studied countries. In France and Italy, a reduction of Diesel car sales would additionally be significantly useful in reducing the fuel use. Whereas, in Germany and UK, a higher number of Turbocharged Gasoline cars would be another significant option to reduce fuel use.
by Kandarp Bhatt.
S.M.in Engineering and Management
13
Hong, S. G. "Analysis and optimisation of passenger car front structures in frontal barrier impact". Thesis, Cranfield University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334670.
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Day, Andrew J., Hon Ping Ho, Khalid Hussain i A. Johnstone. "Brake system simulation to predict brake pedal feel in a passenger car". SAE International, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/3737.
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NoBraking system characteristics, brake system performance and brake system component design parameters that influence brake pedal `feel¿ in a passenger car have been studied using the simulation modelling package AMESim, in particular to model the linear and nonlinear characteristics of internal components. A passenger car hydraulic brake system simulation model incorporating the brake pedal, booster, master cylinder, brake lines and calipers has been developed to predict brake system response to assist in the design of braking systems with the desired brake pedal force / travel characteristic characteristics to create good brake pedal `feel¿. This has highlighted the importance of system components, in particular the master cylinder and caliper seal deformation, and the operating characteristics of the booster in determining the brake pedal force / travel characteristic. The potential contribution of these 3 components to brake pedal `feel¿ improvement has been investigated, and the results of the AMESim model have been verified using experimental measurement data. The model can be used in the future to provide an accurate prediction of brake system response at the design stage thereby saving time and cost.
15
Tawfig, Mohammed Elmustafa. "An investigation of air motion and heat transfer in a motored indirect injection diesel engine". Thesis, University of Bath, 1991. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.280348.
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Kruithof, Aernout. "Emotional Effects Of Car Passenger Activities On Physiology And Comfort: An Empirical Study". Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615166/index.pdf.
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There are lots of elements involved in the design of a car. This study, which is inspired by the brief of BMW group, explores the seating unit of cars with regard to prototypical activities, such as, listening to music, working, looking outside etc. The current study proposes that these external stimuli have an effect on comfort experience and felt emotions. So, this study explores the relationship between types of music and activities typically performed by car passengers and emotion and comfort perception, through performing a within subject design empirical study. A car seat provided by BMW group was used to test the above mentioned relationships. Data was collected through a self-report questionnaire, heart rate equipment, a pressure mat and analyzed separately for each condition. Results of the study show that there is a successful emotion induction by task and music individually, and partly on task*music interaction. A comparison of congruent and non-congruent situations, i.e. high arousal music and high arousal task or low arousal music and low arousal task, showed that differences occur in subjects&rsquoreported level of arousal. Furthermore, the results of the study indicated that comfort is related to valance factors, independent of arousal levels. Lastly, physiological measurements showed that only task has a significant effect on heart rate, implicating for the complexity of linking physiological data to emotion and comfort.
17
Whear, Frank R. "An investigation of the structurally induced acoustic field in a car passenger compartment". Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1994. https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/items/128fcc46-56e5-4728-b73b-6bb3c3bd15f3/1/.
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The causes and characteristics of structurally induced interior noise in cars in relation to the boom problem is discussed and the relevant theory developed. The work is concerned with structural excitation of the air within the passenger compartment associated with the second order component of the engine crankshaft out of balance forces. This limits the frequency range of interest to below 200 Hz. Firstly, the acoustic modes of a Rover Metro passenger compartment are predicted using the finite element method. A new method for the experimental acoustic modal analysis of cavities is introduced and verified for a rectangular rigid walled room. The method is then applied to the untrimmed passenger compartment of a Rover Metro to determine its acoustic modes and to study the interaction of the structural modes of the vehicle body and acoustic response of the cavity. The acoustics of a Rover Metro passenger compartment are modelled using the finite element method with experimental structural FRF data from the car body as a forcing function. This model is used to predict the noise spectra associated with the second order component of engine excitation experienced by occupants for the bare body. The acoustic effects of various items of trim are added to the model as acoustic absorption coefficients to show the Significance of trim in reducing low frequency boom in car passenger compcompartments. The necessary absorption coefficients were measured with an impedance tube.
18
Deacon, Michael. "Optimising the control of a passenger car diesel engine and continuously variable transmission". Thesis, University of Bath, 1996. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362258.
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Bari, Md Mahabubul. "Quantification of the effects of non-motorised transport and roadside activities". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343877.
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Halman, Stephen Ira. "School-age children and adult automobile restraints, an analysis of the passenger car study". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0004/MQ40711.pdf.
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Rashidy, M. "Design and analysis of a cost and weight efficient load bearing composite passenger car door". Thesis, Cranfield University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.380624.
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Tsirakos, Sebastiaan. "Gasoline‐Ethanol‐Methanol (GEM) Ternary Fuel Blend as an Alternative Passenger Car Fuel in Sweden". Thesis, KTH, Energi och klimatstudier, ECS, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-220404.
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Peters, Björn. "Evaluation of Adapted Passenger Cars for Drivers with Physical Disabilities". Doctoral thesis, Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-7838.
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Driving can provide independent and efficient mobility. However, according to the driving license directive (91/439/EEC) are persons with locomotor impairments are only allowed drive if their disabilities can be compensated. Compensation can be realised by vehicle adaptations. The directive provides meagre guidance on how vehicles should be adapted or how to verify that the compensatory requirements are fulfilled. This is a gap in the current process for licensing drivers with physical disabilities. Furthermore, the Swedish process from driver assessment to driver licensing and adaptation approval is complex, fragmented, and suffer from lack of communication between involved authorities. The objective of this thesis was to contribute to the development of a method to evaluate vehicle adaptations for driver with physical disabilities. The focus was on the evaluation of adaptations for steering, accelerating and braking. Three driving simulator experiments and one manoeuvre test with adapted vehicles were conducted. A group of drivers with tetraplegia driving with hand controls were compared to able-bodied drivers in the first experiment. Even if the drivers with tetraplegia had a longer brake reaction time they performed comparable to the able-bodied drivers. However, they spent more effort and were more tired in order to perform as well as the able-bodied drivers. It was concluded that the adaptation was not sufficient. An Adaptive Cruise Controller (ACC) was tested in the second experiment in order to find out if it could alleviate the load on drivers using hand controls. It was found that the ACC decreased the workload on the drivers. However, ACC systems need to be adjustable and better integrated. The results from the first two experiments were used to provide some guidelines for ACCsystems to be used by drivers with disabilities. The third experiment was preceded by a manoeuvre test with joystick controlled cars. The test revealed some problems, which were attributed to time lags, control interference, and lack of feedback. Four joystick designs were tested with a group of drivers with tetraplegia in the third experiment. It was concluded that time lags should be made similar to what is found in standard cars. Lateral and longitudinal control should be separated. Active feedback can improve vehicle control but should be individually adjusted. The experiments revealed that drivers with the same diagnose can be functionally very diverse. Thus, an adaptation evaluation should be made individually. Furthermore, the evaluation should include a manoeuvre test. Finally, it was concluded that the evaluation approach applied in the experiments was relevant but needs to be further developed.
24
Hidayati, Nurul. "The impact of the school safety zone on passenger car equivalent values in Indonesian urban roads". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.634446.
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In heterogeneous traffic analysis, traffic flow is measured by converting the values of different vehicle types using Passenger Car Equivalents (PCE) values. School Safety lone (ZOSS) facilities were provided by Indonesian Government to improve the safety of pedestrian by controlling the speed of vehicles near primary schools located around the main road. The effect of school locations around the main street is the presence of roadside activities such as pedestrians, private vehicles stopped, and bus stops. This condition will affect the traffic flow. The objectives of this research were to develop the model of PCE values for Indonesian urban roads equipped with ZOSS, and to determine how much the lOSS changes the PCE values. The surveys were conducted in 9 roads, in Surakarta, Sragen, and Y ogyakarta. Each road was divided into 4 loci corresponding to the locations of camcorder, i.e. Locus B (before), Locus l (at zebra crossing), Locus A (after) and Locus 0 (outsideZOSS area). Road segment was used to see the changes that might occur in 9 different locations, while locus was used on the same road but at certain point were equipped with a relevant facility of lOSS. This research has used the speed ratio method which expressed the ratio between the average speed of a vehicle type and the average speed of cars. This variable was combined with the percentage and a dimension ratio of each vehicle type, as well as with a measure of side friction. The recommended model was modified based on the Speed-Based Method referring to the Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual.
25
Dechipre, Hervé [Verfasser], i Jan [Akademischer Betreuer] Delfs. "Numerical simulation of external and internal flow noise at passenger car components / Hervé Dechipre ; Betreuer: Jan Delfs". Braunschweig : Technische Universität Braunschweig, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1175824674/34.
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Deutsch, Paul. "Development of Passenger Car Equivalency Values for Heavy Vehicles for Protected Left-Turn Movements at Signalized Intersections". Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28236.
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The Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) provides methods to account for the impact of heavy vehicles in the operational assessment and design of signalized intersections. However, the overall impact of heavy vehicles on the saturation flow rate, an important parameter used to calculate capacity, is not fully understood, particularly in exclusive left-turn lanes, where little research has been conducted. This research explores the limitations of the HCM default values, procedures, and recommendations regarding heavy vehicles in protected exclusive left-turn movements at signalized intersections, and makes improvements for use by the traffic engineering professional community. Passenger car equivalency (PCE) values of 1.66, 1.93, and 3.01 were developed for small, medium, and large trucks, respectively, for protected exclusive left-turn movements at signalized intersections. These PCE values, based solely on field data collected in Fargo, North Dakota, are incorporated into a revised equation used to determine the heavy vehicle adjustment factor, fHV.UGPTI and DOTSC
27
Calverley, Dan. "Cumulative emissions reduction in the UK passenger car sector through near-term interventions in technology and use". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/cumulative-emissions-reduction-in-the-uk-passenger-car-sector-through-nearterm-interventions-in-technology-and-use(686e7c51-432b-4a0b-83f1-a1b127e1e5c3).html.
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Responsible for one in eight tonnes of national CO₂ emissions, the passenger car sector is pivotal to delivering on UK climate change commitments to avoiding warming of more than 2°C. This thesis provides a clear and quantitative framing of emissions reduction at the sectoral level, by disaggregating global cumulative emissions budgets and pathways associated with a range of probabilities of exceeding 2°C. The relatively low level of abatement currently planned for the UK car sector, it is argued, needs to be significantly increased for the following reasons: (i) a scientific basis in cumulative emissions for sectoral mitigation makes carbon budgets, rather than end point targets (e.g. 2050), of the first importance; (ii) the currently high probability (63%) of exceeding 2°C underpinning the current UK carbon budgets is inconsistent with the UK government’s commitment to avoiding ‘dangerous climate change’; (iii) short-term emissions growth in industrialising countries considerably reduces remaining emissions space for industrialised countries; (iv) very limited scope exists for any large sector to cut emissions by less than the national mean rate of decarbonisation at higher rates of mitigation (around 10% p.a. by the 2020s). The consequences for emissions space in other sectors if international aviation and shipping mitigate less than the mean are quantified. For UK car sector emissions to remain consistent with a low probability of exceeding 2°C while observing these limitations, this analysis finds that planned sectoral mitigation over the coming decade needs to be increased fourfold. Means to address this expected abatement shortfall using readily available technology are investigated using a fleet emissions model to compare the effect on cumulative emissions of changes in a range of fleet parameters (including mean new car bulk emissions factors, vehicle age-proportionate annual distance travelled, and rates of fleet growth and turnover). Pushing existing car technology to the limit of expected short term efficiency gains is found to be insufficient to deliver a pathway with better than 56% probability of exceeding 2°C. Without reduction in aggregate demand for vehicle kilometres in the short term, lower probabilities of 2°C are placed beyond reach. The possibility of rapid step changes in levels of per capita car use is explored in qualitative interviews using narrative storyline scenarios. A range of coercive and voluntary interventions is considered in relation to their potential to overcome the structural and behavioural constraints to rapid transformation of personal travel.
28
Löwis, of Menar Sibylle. "Measurements within the exhaust plume of a passenger car under real-atmospheric dilution and on-road driving conditions". Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:15-20070830-110206-3.
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Es wurde ein flexibles Messsystem zur Messung von Anzahlgrößenverteilungen von Partikeln, den Spurengasen NOx und CO2 sowie einiger thermodynamischer Parameter im Abgasstrom eines Diesel-Pkw und eines Benzin-Pkw unter realistischen Fahrbedingungen entwickelt. Das Messsystem besteht aus einem SMPS (Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer) System, einem Multigas-Emissionsanalysator, Thermoelementen, Vaisala-Sensoren, einem Prandtl-Pitot-Rohr und einem Lyman-α-Hygrometer. Es wurde ein spezielles Einlasssystem entwickelt, das variabel im Abgasstrom platziert werden kann. Die Messfahrten wurden zwischen Oktober 2004 und April 2005, sowohl auf der Autobahn als auch im Stadtverkehr, durchgeführt. Die Probenahme erfolgte dabei in einem Abstand von bis zu 95 cm zum Auspuffrohr. Die Ergebnisse werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit dargestellt und diskutiert. Darüber hinaus werden Emissionsfaktoren für die Partikelanzahl individuell für beide Pkws bestimmt und mit Literaturdaten verglichen. Emissionsfaktoren werden zum Beispiel für die Festlegung von Grenzwerten benötigt.
29
Nickmehr, Neda. "Ride Quality and Drivability of a Typical Passenger Car subject to Engine/Driveline and Road Non-uniformities Excitations". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fordonssystem, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-69499.
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The aim of this work is to evaluate ride quality of a typical passenger car. This requires both identifying the excitation resources, which result to undesired noise inside the vehicle, and studying human reaction t applied vibration. Driveline linear torsional vibration will be modelled by a 14-degress of freedom system while engine cylinder pressure torques are considered as an input force for the structure. The results show good agreement with the corresponding reference output responses which proves the accuracy of the numerical approach fourth order Runge-kutta. An eighteen-degree of freedom model is then used to investigate coupled motion of driveline and the tire/suspension assembly in order to attain vehicle body longitudinal acceleration subject to engine excitations. Road surface irregularities is simulated as a stationary random process and further vertical acceleration of the vehicle body will be obtained by considering the well-known quarter-car model including suspension/tire mechanisms and road input force. Finally, ISO diagrams are utilized to compare RMS vertical and lateral accelerations of the car body with the fatigue-decreased proficiency boundaries and to determine harmful frequency regions. According to the results, passive suspension system is not functional enough since its behaviour depends on frequency content of the input and it provides good isolation only when the car is subjected to a high frequency excitation. Although longitudinal RMS acceleration of the vehicle body due to engine force is not too significant, driveline torsional vibration itself has to be studied in order to avoid any dangerous damages for each component by recognizing resonance frequencies of the system. The report will come to an end by explaining different issues which are not investigated in this thesis and may be considered as future works.
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Vezzosi, Riccardo. "State of the art and critical review of pre-chamber ignition systems for passenger car spark ignition engines". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/22702/.
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Pre-chamber ignition systems are currently one of the most
attractive developments for SI engines. The objective of this thesis is to present the technology at it's current state, focusing on passenger vehicles application, to analyse what issues need to be addressed for it to widely come to the market and what the potential of this techology is for the SI engine future.
Replacing the spark plug with a new system capable of igniting a much leaner mixture, to reduce the likelyhood of knock, was the initial goal of the pre-chamber ignition system. What the system achieves is also a much faster combustion speed, which can deliver greater effciency, power, and reduce knock occurrence even with stoichiometric AFR.
The implementation of the system presents signifcant challenges, which led many researchers to propose and patent a multitude of solutions which spawned from the original idea. Although for long time the diffculties with respect to a common spark plug ignition system have far outweighted the pros of the pre-chamber ignition, with time and the advancements in electronic controls, injectors and other systems, the research on this system gains a renewed interest.
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Chae, Sun Hee. "The transfer of Korean passenger car production to East Central Europe : the case of direct investment by Daewoo Motor". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298290.
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De, Lima Moradell Daniela Andreina. "Analysis of combustion concepts in a poppet valve two-stroke downsized compression ignition engine designed for passenger car applications". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/68502.
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[EN] The research work presented on this thesis has been performed in the framework of the development and optimization of the combustion system of a novel two-stroke CI engine, with a scavenging configuration through poppet-valves, which has been specifically designed for a light-duty vehicle application. The main objective of this investigation is to improve the existing understanding about two-stroke poppet-valves engines, and assess the main relationships between the gas exchange and combustion processes in this type of architecture, with the aim of evaluating their impact on the exhaust emissions formation processes and on final engine efficiency. Then, the performance of this two-stroke engine is going to be optimized while operating in conventional diesel mixing-controlled controlled combustion; and in a second step, two advanced premixed combustion concepts will be evaluated to identify their potential for decreasing NOx and soot emissions compared to CDC as well as its main technological limitations.
The methodology proposed on this thesis combines both a theoretical and experimental approach, that allows maximizing the available information about the basic phenomena involved in the various processes under study, while also keeping an efficient optimization approach to reduce as much as possible the number of necessary experimental tests. Additionally, to analyze in detail the physical relationships between the local cylinder gas conditions (such as the oxygen concentration, the combustion temperature and the equivalence ratio) and the formation of exhaust emissions, particularly NOx and soot, it was necessary to develop and setup different theoretical tools to complement and support the experimentally measured trends.
To achieve these objectives, the research work has been divided in two sequential stages: first, the conventional diesel combustion is studied and optimized, based on a proper combination of engine settings that have a strong influence over the characteristics of the mixing-controlled combustion; and in a second step, two advanced combustion concepts are implemented and analyzed, the highly-premixed combustion (HPC) of diesel and the partially premixed combustion (PPC) using a fuel with higher resistance to autoignition (in this case it has been used a RON95 gasoline). In this phase of the research, special emphasis has been made to the gasoline PPC concept, since this combustion mode showed the highest potential and most promising results during the initial implementation studies. Accordingly, the last stage of the research was mainly focused on the detailed study of the effect of different injection settings over the characteristics of the gasoline PPC concept. Finally, the main results obtained with the gasoline PPC concept have been compared against the optimized points found in CDC, in regards to the final exhaust emissions levels, specific fuel consumption and indicated efficiency.[ES] El trabajo de investigación presentado en esta tesis doctoral está enmarcado en el desarrollo y optimización del sistema de combustión de un novedoso motor de dos tiempos de encendido por compresión, que presenta una arquitectura de barrido por válvulas en culata, y que ha sido diseñado para aplicaciones de automoción dentro de la gama de coches compactos. El objetivo principal de esta investigación ha consistido en mejorar el conocimiento existente sobre los motores dos tiempos con arquitectura de barrido por válvulas, y a la vez identificar los principales vínculos entre los procesos de renovación de la carga y de combustión, con el fin de cuantificar su impacto sobre la formación de emisiones contaminantes y el rendimiento térmico del motor. Adicionalmente, se desea optimizar las prestaciones de este motor de dos tiempos operando con el proceso de combustión diésel convencional controlada por mezcla, así como evaluar el potencial de distintos conceptos avanzados de combustión de baja temperatura con fase de premezcla extendida, con el fin de reducir los niveles de emisiones contaminantes y mejorar el consumo específico de combustible del motor. La metodología utilizada en esta tesis ha sido concebida combinando un enfoque teórico-experimental, que permite maximizar la información que se puede obtener acerca de los fenómenos físicos involucrados en los diferentes procesos objeto de estudio, y a la vez conservar un enfoque de optimización eficiente reduciendo en la medida de lo posible el número de ensayos experimentales requeridos. Con la finalidad de analizar en detalle la relación que existe entre las condiciones en el cilindro (como lo es la concentración de oxígeno, la temperatura de combustión y el dosado local) y el proceso de formación de emisiones contaminantes, especialmente de NOx y hollín, se desarrollaron y utilizaron distintas herramientas teóricas para complementar y sustentar los comportamientos y tendencias observadas mediante los ensayos experimentales, tanto para el modo de combustión diésel convencional como para los conceptos avanzados de combustión. Para la consecución de dichos objetivos se ha seguido una estructura secuencial en la cual el trabajo de investigación ha sido desarrollado en dos grandes bloques: primero, se analizó y optimizó el proceso de combustión diésel convencional, mediante la combinación adecuada de parámetros de operación del motor que modifican apreciablemente las características del proceso de combustión controlada por mezcla; y segundo, se logró implementar y evaluar el desempeño de dos conceptos avanzados de combustión, específicamente el modo combustión altamente premezclado de tipo HPC utilizando diésel como combustible (acrónimo de "Highly-Premixed Combustion") y el modo de combustión parcialmente premezclada de tipo PPC ("Partially Premixed Combustion") utilizando un combustible con mayor resistencia a la auto-ignición (en este caso se utilizó gasolina de octanaje 95). En esta segunda fase, se hizo énfasis en el análisis del concepto de combustión PPC con gasolina, ya que este arrojó los resultados más prometedores durante la fase inicial de implementación. Consecuentemente, la última etapa de la investigación se centró en el estudio detallado del efecto de distintos parámetros de inyección sobre las características del proceso de combustión de tipo PPC. Finalmente, se ha comparado críticamente dicha operación en modo PPC con los resultados obtenidos operando con el modo de combustión diésel convencional, en cuanto al nivel final de emisiones contaminantes, al consumo de combustible y rendimiento indicado y al desempeño general del motor.
[CAT] El treball d'investigació presentat en esta tesi està emmarcat en el desenvolupament i optimització del sistema de combustió d'un nou motor dos temps d'encesa per compressió, amb configuració d'escombratge per vàlvules, i que ha estat dissenyat per a aplicacions d'automoció dins de la gamma de cotxes compactes. L'objectiu principal d'esta investigació ha consistit a millorar el coneixement existent sobre els motors dos temps amb configuració d'escombratge per vàlvules, així com també identificar els principals vincles entre els processos de renovació de la càrrega i de combustió, a fi de quantificar el seu impacte sobre la formació d'emissions contaminants i el rendiment tèrmic del motor. Addicionalment, es desitja optimitzar les prestacions d'este nou motor operant amb el mode convencional de combustió dièsel per difusió, així com avaluar el potencial de noves maneres de combustió de baixa temperatura amb fase de premescla extesa, per a controlar el nivell d'emissions i el consum de combustible. La metodologia utilitzada en esta tesi s'ha plantejat des d'un punt de vista teóric experimental, que permet maximitzar la informació que es pot obtindre sobre els fenòmens basics involucrats en els diferents processos objecte d'estudi, i al mateix temps conservar un enfocament d'optimització eficient reduïnt en la mesura del possible el nombre d'proves experimentals requerit. Amb la finalitat d'analitzar en detall la relació que existeix entre les condicions en el cilindre (com ho és la concentració d'oxigen, la temperatura de combustió i el dosatge local) i el procés de formació d'emissions contaminants, especialment de NOx i sutge, es van desenvolupar i van utilitzar distintes eines teòriques per a complementar i sustentar els comportaments i tendències observades per mitjà dels assajos experimentals, tant per al mode de combustió dièsel convencional com per als conceptes avançats de combustió. Per a abordar eixe objectiu, s'ha seguit una estructura seqüencial, en la qual el treball d'investigació s'ha desenvolupat en en dos grans blocs: en primer lloc, es va analitzar i va optimitzar el procés de combustió dièsel convencional, per mitjà de la combinació adequada de paràmetres d'operació del motor que modifiquen apreciablement les característiques del procés de combustió controlada per difusió; i en segon lloc, es va aconseguir implementar i avaluar les prestacions de dos conceptes avançats de combustió de baixa temperatura premesclats, específicament el mode combustió altament premesclat HPC (acrònim de "Highly-Premixed Combustion") utilitzant dièsel com a combustible i el mode de combustió parcialment premesclat PPC ("Partially Premixed Combustion") utilitzant un combustible amb major resistència a l'autoignició (en aquest cas s'ha utilitzat gasolina d'octanatge 95). En esta segona etapa, es va fer èmfasi en l'anàlisi del concepte de combustió PPC amb gasolina, ja que aquest va presentar els resultats més prometedors durant la fase inicial d'implementació. Conseqüentment, l'última etapa de la investigació es va centrar en l'estudi detallat de l'efecte de distints paràmetres d'injecció sobre les característiques del mode de combustió PPC. Finalment, s'ha comparat críticament la dita operació en mode PPC amb els resultats obtinguts operant amb el mode de combustió dièsel convencional, quant al nivell final d'emissions contaminants, al consum de combustible i rendiment indicat, i a les prestacions generals del motor.
De Lima Moradell, DA. (2016). Analysis of combustion concepts in a poppet valve two-stroke downsized compression ignition engine designed for passenger car applications [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/68502
TESIS
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Soušek, Vít. "Design městského elektromobilu". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-254293.
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This work deals with design of urban electric car. Its analytic part describes the evolution of design of the vehicle and then compares technical options and visual appearance of current production. The main goal of the work is to create an exterior design of compact four-seated electric car intended mainly for urban and suburban passenger transport. This part of the work describes own design solution connecting the aesthetics, functionality, ergonomics and modern technology together.
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Makrushin, Andrey [Verfasser], i Jana [Akademischer Betreuer] Dittmann. "Visual recognition systems in a car passenger compartment with the focus on facial driver identification / Andrey Makrushin. Betreuer: Jana Dittmann". Magdeburg : Universitätsbibliothek, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1054638888/34.
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Huang, Sikai. "Statistical analysis of passenger car use to model the impact of electric vehicle take-up on the power distribution network". Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2014. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=24249.
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The market for plug-in electric vehicles is expected to grow significantly over the next few years as a number of automobile manufacturers have released electric vehicle models onto the market. The charging demand of wide-scale use of EVs may have a significant impact on domestic electricity loads and could risk overloading the power distribution system unless appropriate charging strategies are applied to prevent this. In order to quantify the future electric vehicle charging demand, it is necessary to gain a good understanding of current privately owned car use. In this thesis, domestic car use patterns have been studied in detail by analysing the United Kingdom Time of Use Survey 2000 data. The key findings show that weekday car use patterns are rather different than weekend ones. The majority of domestic cars are used for commuting to work during week days. Car activities, such as depart from home and arrive home are highly correlated and dependent on time of the day. Cumulative driving times are significantly dependent on the car arrival time. In most research, the relationship among these types of events are often ignored, which leads to errors in the calculation of charging demand. Three high resolution Monte Carlo simulation models are structured based on these domestic car use statistics in order to represent the weekday car use patterns; they represent three different approaches to trying to capture the complex dependencies associated with car use. The return time dependent Monte Carlo model utilise car returning home probabilities and the cumulative driving period dependent on arrival home time statistics. The single time increment Monte Carlo model uses two-state probability distributions of car departure and arrival to reproduce the weekday car location status. Although the correlation between car departure and arrival home events are not explicitly captured in this model, the multiple time increments Monte Carlo model captures this relationship by sampling from car away and parking period time dependent probability distributions. xviii Validation of the simulation results shows that all three models generate acceptably accurate car use patterns with home as the primary parking location. In the later part of the thesis, assessments the impact of electric vehicle home charging on the distribution network have been performed for two case studies; one focuses on the peak load impact on substation transformers, and the other one examines individual household voltages (at 230V low voltage level). For the specific network considered, it is shown that distribution substation transformers (i.e. primary and secondary) will face increasing peak load due to electric vehicle charging in the case that householders start charging as soon as they arrive home. It is recognised for the first time that domestic car use behaviour has effects on the household electricity consumption model and to reflect this the household electricity model has been modified to account for the changes in occupancy associated with car movements. In the low voltage case study, the household voltage issue has been investigated for this specific network by performing power flow calculations, and shows that a household, located at the end of a long service cable, suffers under voltage before the substation feeder reaches its thermal limit. In the last part of the thesis, several vehicle charging strategies have been developed to mitigate the problem of overloading the substation transformer. It is shown that a simple time delay to charging strategy creates an additional peak load on the substation loading profile; however, with a random time delay, overloading of the substation can be avoided. The potential role of EVs as responsive demand has been explored with the aim of utilising vehicle charging to support local power system operation with surplus wind generation. An algorithm is proposed that can effectively shift vehicle charging by implementing a linear cost function to track the surplus wind generation.
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Belcastro, Elizabeth Lynn. "Life Cycle Analysis of a Ceramic Three-Way Catalytic Converter". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32342.
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The life cycle analysis compares the environmental impacts of catalytic converters and the effects of not using these devices. To environmentally evaluate the catalytic converter, the emissions during extraction, processing, use of the product are considered. All relevant materials and energy supplies are evaluated for the catalytic converter. The goal of this life cycle is to compare the pollutants of a car with and without a catalytic converter. Pollutants examined are carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbons (HC), and nitrogen oxides (NOx). The main finding is that even considering materials and processing, a catalytic converter decreases the CO, HC and NOx pollutant emissions. The CO2 emissions are increased with a catalytic converter, but this increase is small relative to the overall CO2 emissions. The majority of catalytic converter pollutants are caused by the use phase, not extraction or processing. The life cycle analysis indicates that a catalytic converter decreases damage to human health by almost half, and the ecosystem quality damage is decreased by more than half. There is no damage to resources without a converter, as there are no materials or energy required; the damages with a converter are so small that they are not a significant factor. Overall, catalytic converters can be seen as worthwhile environmental products when considering short term effects like human health effects of smog, which are their design intent. If broader environmental perspectives that include climate change are considered, then the benefits depend on the weighting of these different environmental impacts.Master of Science
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Ierardi, James A. "A computer model of fire spread from engine to passenger compartments in post-collision vehicles". Link to electronic version, 1999. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-052499-135914/unrestricted/thesis.pdf.
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Tilvikas, Kęstutis. "Automobilių gendamumo garantiniu laikotarpiu tyrimas". Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20100618_134724-26099.
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Lengvųjų automobilių negendamumo užtikrinimas garantiniu laikotarpiu viena iš priemonių didinančių konkurencingumą. Nepaisant sukuriamų naujų gamybos technologijų, garantiniu laikotarpiu atsiranda lengvųjų automobilių gedimų. Siekiant įgyvendinti visavertį vartotojų aptarnavimą būtina užtikrinti, kad garantiniu laikotarpiu gedimai būtų šalinami kaip įmanoma greičiau. Tam pasiekti būtina, kad pardavėjai savo sandėliuose turėtų optimalų kiekį atsarginių detalių bei žinodami gedimų tikimybės priklausomybę nuo ridos galėtų atlikti prevencinius darbus gedimams išvengti. Tikimąsi, kad nustačius lengvųjų automobilių gendamumą garantiniu laikotarpiu būtų lengviau optimizuoti garantinio aptarnavimo procesą. Eksperimentinių tyrimų tikslas yra nustatyti lengvųjų automobilių gendamumą garantiniu laikotarpiu. UAB „Sostena“ atliktų tyrimų duomenimis „Renault“ markės lengvųjų automobilių gedimų įvyksta per visą garantinį laikotarpį. Nepatikimiausia garantiniu laikotarpiu yra automobilių važiuoklė. Didžiausia tikimybė, kad automobilio važiuoklės sistemoje bus pastebėta gedimų, yra automobiliui nuvažiavus 40–50 tūkst. kilometrų. Automobilį eksploatuojant iki 10 tūkst. kilometrų tikimybė, kad atsiras gedimų, yra mažiausia. Tyrimais nustatyta, kad beveik penkis kartus rečiau nei važiuoklė yra pažeidžiami automobilių varikliai, elektros bei aušinimo sistemos.Assurance of reliability in passenger cars during the warranty period is one of the means increasing competitiveness. Although novel manufacturing technologies have been designed recently, there are some possible flaws in passenger cars that can be encountered during the warranty period. Seeking to implement a complete customer attendance it has to be made sure that during the warranty period all the faults should be mended as soon as possible. To attain this objective, first of all, it is necessary that all dealers have an optimum stock of spare parts in their warehouses and secondly, actions designed to prevent faults and failures have to be implemented based on the statistical likelihood for the most common failures to occur. It is hoped that it would be easier to optimize a process of after-sales service if a failure of passenger cars during the warranty period is established. The purpose of the experimental study is to determine a fault/flaw of passenger cars during the warranty period. The findings of research done by Ltd. “Sostena” suggest that failures of “Renault“ passenger cars occur during the whole period of warranty. Chassis was found to be the most unreliable part during the warranty period. The research evidence also indicates that the highest likelihood for the flaws to be noticed in a chassis is after a car has done from 40 to 50 thousand kilometres. The least probability for the flaws to manifest themselves was determined before a passenger car had done 10... [to full text]
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Westerlund, Lovisa. "Barriers to large-scale electrification of passenger cars for a fossil independent Sweden by 2030". Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298423.
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Passenger cars account for a large share of Sweden’s total greenhouse gas emissions and contribute to increased climate impact. In a climate policy framework previously adopted by the government, it was determined that Sweden will have no net emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere by 2045. An important area of action to achieve the environmental quality objectives is the transition from internal combustion engine cars to electric cars as these have very low emissions or no emissions at all. Despite the electric car’s many advantages, there are several barriers to enabling the transition to a fossil independent passenger car fleet. This thesis aims to describe barriers to a national largescale electrification of passenger cars from an industrial and governmental point of view. Through semistructured expert interviews from the public and private sector followed by thematic analysis, several themes were generated from the interview data. The results from the qualitative study indicate that there are a total of six barriers to achieve one million electric cars by 2030: lack of charging infrastructure, unbalanced political instruments, uncertain technological development, high purchase price, dissemination of incorrect information and electric car export, which can be complied as three main barriers: lack of charging infrastructure, unbalanced political instruments and dissemination of incorrect information.Personbilar står för en stor del av Sveriges totala växthusgasutsläpp och bidrar till ökad klimatpåverkan. I ett klimatpolitiskt ramverk som tidigare antogs av regeringen så fastställdes det att Sverige inte ska ha några nettoutsläpp av växthusgaser i atmosfären år 2045. Ett viktigt åtgärdsområde för att uppnå de miljökvalitativa målen är omställningen från förbränningsmotorbilar till eldrivna bilar då dessa har mycket låga utsläpp eller inga utsläpp alls. Trots elbilens många fördelar så finns det flertalet hinder för att möjliggöra omställningen till en fossiloberoende personbilsflotta. Den här rapporten syftar till att beskriva hinder för en nationell storskalig elektrifiering av personbilar från ett industriellt och statligt perspektiv. Genom semistrukturerade expertintervjuer från offentlig och privat sektor följt av tematisk analys så har flera teman genererats från intervjudatan. Resultatet från den kvalitativa studien indikerar att det sammantaget finns sex hinder för att uppnå en miljon elbilar år 2030: brist på laddinfrastruktur, obalanserade politiska styrmedel, osäker teknisk utveckling, högt inköpspris, spridning av inkorrekt information och elbilsexport, som kan sammanställas som tre huvudsakliga barriärer: brist på laddinfrastruktur, obalanserade politiska styrmedel och spridning av inkorrekt information.
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Lövgren, Johan, i Måns Ulmgren. "Laddning av framtiden : Hinder och drivkrafter för adoptionen av elbilar". Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-280138.
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Personbilsflottan står för en stor andel av de globala CO2-utsläppen och genom vidare implementering av alternativa drivmedel kan transportsektorn i framtiden bli mer hållbar. Tekniken kring elbilar vad gäller bland annat batteriets kapacitet och bilens prestanda har under de senaste decenniet gjort stora framsteg där elbilen idag är direkt konkurrerande med en bil driven på fossila bränslen i många avseenden. Denna rapport kartlägger de drivande faktorer och hinder som elektrifieringen av personbilsflottan står inför utifrån tre perspektiv; elbilens batteri, laddningsinfrastrukturen och politiska styrmedel. Metoden för arbetet har varit en litteraturstudie samt en enkätstudie där resultatsammanställningen av varje perspektiv underströk vilka de kritiska faktorerna är. Vad gäller elbilsbatteriet visar resultaten att prisutvecklingen tillsammans med den tekniska utvecklingen av batterierna är en stor drivande kraft. Däremot är den begränsade körsträckan och batteriets känslighet vad gäller degradering av batterihälsa ett hinder. Fortsättningsvis visar resultaten att laddning som till stor andel kommer ske i hemmet är en stor drivande kraft som minimerar vikten av de hinder som består i höga investeringskostnader och påfrestningar på elnätet. Enkätstudiens resultat visar att individer ej uppfattar elbilens kortare körsträcka eller laddning som ett problem i lika stor utsträckning som litteraturstudien föreslog. Det framgick att en stor drivande kraft är politiska styrmedel då resultatet stödjer att en klar majoritet av enkätdeltagarna skulle köpt en elbil om köpkostnaden hade varit densamma som för en bensin-/dieseldriven bil. En diskussion om omställningen till el i utsläppstunga industrier inklusive transportsektorn visar att störst förändring kan ske i länder så som Sverige, Finland och Island där ländernas elmix till stor andel utgörs av renproducerad el. Avslutningsvis konstateras det att synergieffekter av utvecklingen bör tas till vara på och applicerar i andra industrier där en utökad elektrifiering är möjlig.The passenger car fleet accounts for a large proportion of global CO2 emissions and through further implementation of alternative fuels, the transport sector can become more sustainable in the future. The technology of electric cars in terms of performance and battery capacity has, in the last decade, made great progress where the electric car today is directly competing with a car driven on fossil fuels in many respects. This report identifies the driving factors and obstacles that the electrification of the passenger car fleet faces from three perspectives; electric car battery, charging infrastructure and political instruments. The method for the work has been a literature study as well as a survey study where the results compilation of each perspective emphasized what the critical factors are. With regard to the electric car battery, the results show that the price trend together with the technical development of the batteries is a major driving force. However, the limited mileage and the sensitivity of the battery to degradation of battery health is an obstacle. Continuing, the results show that charging, which to a large extent will take place in the home, is a major driving force that minimizes the weight of the obstacles that consist in high investment costs and stress on the electricity grid. The results of the survey show that individuals do not perceive the shorter driving distance or charge of the electric car as a problem to the same extent as the literature study suggested. It turned out that a major driving force is political instruments as the result supports that a clear majority of the survey participants would have bought an electric car if the purchase cost had been the same as for a gasoline / diesel driven car. A discussion of the transition to electricity in emission-heavy industries, including the transport sector, shows that the greatest change can take place in countries such as Sweden, Finland and Iceland, where the countries' electricity mix is largely made up of clean electricity. Finally, it is stated that synergy effects of the development should be exploited and applied in other industries where increased electrification is possible.
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Khalfan, Ahmad M. M. "Analysis of tailpipe emissions, thermal efficiency and fuel consumption for urban real world driving using a SI passenger car as a probe vehicle". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/17061/.
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Air quality issues in urban areas are always a big concern. Air pollution especially NO2 and PM exceedances in cities are common. This is particularly true with congested traffic and the monitoring station is at the roadside. It is well known that road transport in the urban area is a major source of air pollution. Though all the vehicles have to comply the EU emission standards, the emissions were tested using the legislated standard driving cycles, which could not represent real world driving emissions. This is because compared to the legislated driving cycle, the real world driving uses different powers, different average speeds, different traffic congestion, different road gradients, different maximum acceleration rates, different cold start conditions, different numbers of stop/start events and occurs at different ambient temperatures and pressures and will inevitably have different emissions. In recognition of importance of real driving emissions, the EU plans to introduce RDE (Real driving emission) test procedure in 2017. This work investigated real world emissions on a congested road by a roadside air quality monitoring station that exceeds European air quality standards for NOx and PM using a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS) and a Euro 4 SI passenger car. The PEMS used was the Temet FTIR with Horiba OBS pitot tube exhaust mass flow sensor and gas sampler. Twenty nine hot start repeat journeys were conducted at different times of the day (morning and evening rush hours, lunch time, night) so that a range of traffic conditions were included and eight cold start tests for the same journeys were conducted and compared with the hot start results and shown to give significantly higher emissions. The vehicle was equipped with thermocouple, lambda sensor and GPS for travel parameter analysis. The GHG including CO2, CH4 and N2O, nitrogen species in the exhaust gases including NO, NO2, N2O, NH3 and HCN and other emissions were analysed. The results were compared to the NEDC and WLTC. One of the suggestions from this work is that the proposal for the EU RDE test procedure do not include congested traffic driving and cold start which will compromise its expected purpose and effect.
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Ramsay, Euan Douglas. "Assessment and reduction of the impacts of large freight vehicles on urban traffic corridor performance". Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16424/.
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Increasing demand for road freight has lead to a widespread adoption of more-productive large freight vehicles (LFVs), such as B-Doubles, by Australia's road freight industry. Individual LFVs have a greater potential to impact traffic efficiency through their greater length and poorer longitudinal performance. However, this is offset to an extent as fewer vehicles are required to perform a given freight task on a tonne-km basis. This research has developed a means of characterising the effects that large freight vehicles have on the performance of an urban arterial corridor managed by signalised intersections. A corridor-level microsimulation model was developed from first principles, which modelled the longitudinal performance of individual vehicles to a greater accuracy than most existing traffic simulation software does. The model was calibrated from traffic counts and GPS-equipped chase car surveys conducted on an urban arterial corridor in Brisbane's southern suburbs. The model was applied to various freight policy and traffic management scenarios, including freight vehicle mode choice, lane utilisation and traffic signal settings; as well as the effectiveness of green time extension for approaching heavy vehicles. Benefits were able to be quantified in terms of reduced travel times and stop rates for both heavy and light vehicles in urban arterial corridors.
43
Burjeta, Josef. "Styling karoserie osobního automobilu Proton Prevé". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-382415.
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The thesis is focused on styling a real passenger car Proton Prevé with regard to the quality of surface modelling using computer software Autodesk Alias. The stylistic adjustments were made on basis of the background research and poll focused on the target group. Selected body parts have been modified according to the desired sport character of the car and the current vehicle’s appearance. The result of the work is a surface model, which was created using A-Class modelling methods under the direction of Evektor company. The benefit of the thesis is facelift of an existing car with consideration of the current market situation and customer requirements.
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Benc, Tomáš. "Asijský automobilový průmysl: vliv na evropský trh". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-199780.
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The aim of my thesis is to describe the automotive industries of the most significant countries in the Asian region. The whole thesis is focused on passenger cars. The thesis is focused on the following countries: Japan, South Korea, China and India. Another aim is to analyze the impact of selected auto makers from these countries to the European market. One of the aims is also introduction of the future trends in the Asian automotive industry, related to Europe. The last aim is to determinate when the Chinese automaker will belong to the world's car manufacturers.
45
Chan, Chi-him, i 陳志謙. "The use of dynamic marketing strategies and passenger-oriented interchange arrangements in support of a distressed cable car system: the case of the Ngong Ping 360, HongKong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46541317.
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46
Brožová, Dominika. "Vyvíjí se prodeje nových osobních automobilů procyklicky? Analýza determinant korporátní a retailové poptávky v ČR a SR". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-201856.
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The thesis is focused on verifying the pro-cyclical relationship of sales of new passenger cars in the Czech Republic and Slovakia and the subsequent evaluation of the impact of macroeconomic variables in the period from the first quarter of 2005 to the third quarter of 2015. In total, there are four different models estimated of multiple linear regressions of car sales, where for the Czech R. the estimation of different sectors of households and firms is available as well. By comparing the Czech R. and Slovakia regarding aggregate sales, fuel prices and gross domestic products are especially crucial and the pro-cyclical relationship is successfully verified. The economic crisis at the turn of 2008-2009 hit especially Slovakia, while the effect in the Czech R. was offset by a positive shock to fuel prices. For the model of households the procyclical relationship is denied unlike from the model of firms, shock to GDP therefore only deviate sales to firms. For Czech R. is also confirmed a significant relationship of the sales with interest rate or population growth.
47
Cunha, André Luiz Barbosa Nunes da. "Avaliação do impacto da medida de desempenho no equivalente veicular de caminhões". Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18144/tde-27112007-094400/.
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Esta pesquisa avaliou o efeito do uso de uma medida de desempenho alternativa à densidade no cálculo dos fatores de equivalência para caminhões típicos em rodovias de pista dupla do estado de São Paulo. A medida de desempenho investigada foi a velocidade dos automóveis e os fatores de equivalência foram calculados pelo método do equivalente médio, que considera mais de um tipo de caminhão na corrente de tráfego, representa melhor a interação entre caminhões e permite o uso de simulação de tráfego para determinação dos equivalentes. Como este método de cálculo considera uma composição fixa de caminhões, o tráfego de caminhões em rodovias paulistas de pista dupla foi caracterizado em função de dois aspectos: (1) o fluxo veicular em dias úteis típicos e (2) o desempenho das configurações de caminhões, a partir da relação massa/potência. O modelo de simulação utilizado nesta pesquisa foi o CORSIM, o mesmo modelo usado no HCM-2000. Para tanto, o CORSIM foi calibrado para as condições observadas em rodovias paulistas de pista dupla. A calibração foi realizada em duas etapas, ambas baseadas em algoritmos genéticos: a primeira etapa focou no modelo de locomoção dos caminhões, resultando erros médios da ordem de 5%; a segunda visou à lógica de car-following, que define o comportamento dos motoristas. A versão calibrada do CORSIM para as condições paulistas apresentou erros médios de 6,32% na calibração e de 6,58% na validação. Os equivalentes veiculares foram calculados para diferentes magnitudes de greides, comprimentos de rampas, porcentagens de caminhões, velocidade de fluxo livre e níveis de serviço, tanto para a velocidade dos automóveis como para a densidade. Como resultado final, observou-se que o uso da velocidade dos automóveis como medida de desempenho implica em equivalentes veiculares muito elevados. Desta forma, a capacidade de tráfego e o nível de serviço estimado utilizando estes equivalentes foram piores do que utilizando os equivalentes veiculares obtidos com a densidade como medida de desempenho.The objective of this research was to evaluate the use of a measure of impedance alternative to density to obtain passenger-car equivalence factors for typical trucks on multilane highways in the state of São Paulo. The impedance investigated was the passenger-car speed, and the equivalence factors were obtained through the average equivalent method since it considers different types of trucks within the traffic flow, is capable to represent interactions among trucks adequately, and allow the use of traffic simulation. Since the estimation method employed is based on a fixed truck population, the truck flow on multilane highways in the state of São Paulo was characterized based on two aspects: (1) a typical traffic flow, considering the traffic flow on typical weekdays, (2) the truck performance based on mass/power ratio. The simulation model employed was CORSIM, the same model used in the HCM-2000, and it was calibrated for the conditions observed in multilane highways in the state of São Paulo. The calibration was carried out using genetic algorithms and involved two steps. The first one focused on the truck motion model and produced average errors around 5%. The second one focused on the car-following logic that defines the drivers\' behavior. The CORSIM calibrated for the state of São Paulo highways produced average errors of 6.32% at the calibration stage and average errors of 6.58% at the validation stage. Passenger-car equivalents were calculated for different grade levels, grade lengths, trucks percentages, free-flow speeds and leves of service using passenger-car speed and density as the impedance measure. It was observed that, when compared to density, the use of passenger-car speed as a measure of impedance results in higher values for the equivalence factors. It means smaller capacities and worse estimates for level of service.
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Violano, Giuseppina Mendillo. "Determinants of Usage of Age-Appropriate Child Safety Seats in Connecticut". ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/770.
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In the United States, motor vehicle crashes are one of the leading causes of unintentional injury death and disability for children ages 1'15 years. Despite local, state, and federal legislative and educational efforts, children continue to be restrained improperly and thus face harm. Identifying behaviors and barriers that place child occupants at risk is crucial for implementing focused, injury-prevention programs and policies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Connecticut's child passenger safety law that was strengthened in 2005. This study involved a multifactorial approach to predicting child seat use, guided by Roger's diffusion of innovations as the theoretical framework. The analysis determined if there was a difference in the prevalence of car seat use before as compared to after law implementation and identified variables that best predicted the use of car seats and premature transition to a seat belt. Using Connecticut's Crash Data Repository, a logistic regression analysis indicated that car seat use was 1.3 times more likely post law (OR 0.75; 95% CI: 0.65-0.86) and that in particular, children ages 4, 5, and 6 (combined) were most positively affected by the law (OR 0.67; 95% CI 0.54-0.82). Driver sex, crash time of day, child age, and child seating position were all determined to be significant predictors of whether or not a child was in a child safety seat. Additionally, these variables were also determined to be predictors of early transition to use of a lap/shoulder belt (versus child seat). The social change implication of this study is that identifying predictors of car seat use and early transition helps to formulate and implement injury prevention measures that could in turn help to decrease medical costs, save lives, and prevent injuries.
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Chen, Chi-Pin, i 陳啟斌. "A study of Front-Seat Passenger Counting in Passenger Car". Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/48431487232357217281.
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碩士淡江大學
運輸管理學系
88
High-Occupancy-Vehicle is a new regulative strategy. The focal point of regulation is to control the quantity of passengers in passenger car. We use image processing techniques to find the positions of vehicle and adopt Neural Network to identify the quantity of front-seat passenger. The paper is dividing into three. Firstly, in order to get the best height and angle of detector, we discuss the relation between vehicle and background in image. And we get the best height is 3 meters and the best angle is 60。. Secondly, we develop a Vehicle-Windshield-Found algorithm （VWFA） to get exact position of vehicle's windshield. Thirdly, according to the exact position of windshield, we can use Neural Network as identify tool to count front-seat passengers in vehicle. We use 400 images as training samples and 100 images as test samples to build the Neural Network Model and to estimate the correct rates of VWFA. The research get some physical results including the windshield recognize rate is 84﹪and the quantity of front-seat passenger recognize rate is 94﹪,and the whole recognize rate is 80﹪.
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HAN, HAO-CHENG, i 韓豪程. "Environmental Footprint Assessment of Passenger Car Tires". Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/bvwq8u.
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碩士明新科技大學
工業工程與管理系碩士在職專班
107
In the study, the Product Environmental Footprint Methodology developed by European Commission was applied to investigate the required principles and methods for assessing the environmental footprint (EF) of passenger car tires. The EF of passenger car tire was obtained based on the above methodology. Then the scenario analysis was conducted to seek the potentials of environmental performance improvement. A real rubber tire factory located in Xinfeng, Hsinchu County was examined as a case study and the passenger car tire was used as the target product to assess the EF. The system boundary was “cradle to grave,” denoting that EF quantification must include the life cycle of the product from raw material acquisition through production, use, and end-of-life treatment. The unit of analysis (i.e., functional unit) is “a passenger car tire” with the inside diameter of 14 inch and the weight of 10.159 kg. The results of the study indicate that the impact categories that their normalized EF of passenger car tires were ranked the top three were Resource Depletion – water (RDW), Human Toxicity - cancer effects (HTCE), and Human Toxicity - non-cancer effects (HTNCE). Overall, for the three impact categories (i.e., RDW, ,HTCE, and HTNCE), the ratio of the EF of passenger car tires in the raw material acquisition stage was bigger than those in the other stages, and natural emulsion, artificial glue, and carbon black had the most impact in the raw material acquisition stage. Based on the results of the EF of passenger car tires (called base scenario), this study proposed an improvement scenario which assumed that the ratio of artificial glue to natural emulsion was increased in the raw material acquisition stage. The results indicate that the EF of passenger car tires in the improvement scenario was reduced by 5.26% when compared with the EF in the base scenario with respective to Resource Depletion – water (RDW).