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Bowelo, Motsholathebe, Serai Daniel Rakgoasi i Mpho Keetile. "Partner faithfulness and sexual reproductive health practices in Botswana: does perception of partner infidelity influence sexual risk behaviours of people aged 10–34 years?" Journal of Biosocial Science 52, nr 4 (15.10.2019): 547–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932019000622.
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AbstractThe main aim of this study was to test whether perception of partner infidelity prompts people to adopt behaviour that is meant to compensate for the increased risk of infection posed by their partner’s infidelity; or whether it prompts people to engage in behaviour that magnifies the risk associated with partner infidelity. Data used were derived from the fourth and latest Botswana AIDS Impact Survey (BAIS IV) conducted in 2013. The sample consisted of 6985 people aged 10–34 years. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with perception of partner infidelity and sexual risk behaviours. Perception of partner infidelity with the current and most recent partner was 39.6% while perception of partner infidelity with other previous sexual partners was 79.9%. The main socio-demographic factors associated with perception of partner infidelity were being a man, being single and having secondary education, while sexual risk behaviours associated with perception of partner infidelity were having multiple sexual partners and being involved in multiple concurrent sexual partnerships. These relationships were statistically significant at the 5% level. Botswana’s HIV prevention strategies should seek to improve partner communication within relationships in order to enhance people’s confidence and skills so as to minimize perceptions of infidelity.
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Wanyama, Jane N., Maria S. Nabaggala, Bonnie Wandera, Agnes N. Kiragga, Barbara Castelnuovo, Ivan K. Mambule, Josephine Nakajubi i in. "Significant rates of risky sexual behaviours among HIV-infected patients failing first-line ART: A sub-study of the Europe–Africa Research Network for the Evaluation of Second-line Therapy trial". International Journal of STD & AIDS 29, nr 3 (17.08.2017): 287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462417724707.
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There are limited data on the prevalence of risky sexual behaviours in individuals failing first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) and changes in sexual behaviour after switch to second-line ART. We undertook a sexual behaviour sub-study of Ugandan adults enrolled in the Europe–Africa Research Network for the Evaluation of Second-line Therapy trial. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect sexual behaviour data and, in particular, risky sexual behaviours (defined as additional sexual partners to main sexual partner, inconsistent use of condoms, non-disclosure to sexual partners, and exchange of money for sex). Of the 79 participants enrolled in the sub-study, 62% were female, median age (IQR) was 37 (32–42) years, median CD4 cell count (IQR) was 79 (50–153) cells/µl, and median HIV viral load log was 4.9 copies/ml (IQR: 4.5–5.3) at enrolment. The majority were in long-term stable relationships; 69.6% had a main sexual partner and 87.3% of these had been sexually active in the preceding six months. At enrolment, around 20% reported other sexual partners, but this was higher among men than women (36% versus 6.7 %, p < 0.001). In 50% there was inconsistent condom use with their main sexual partner and a similar proportion with other sexual partners, both at baseline and follow-up. Forty-three per cent of participants had not disclosed their HIV status to their main sexual partner (73% with other sexual partners) at enrolment, which was similar in men and women. Overall, there was no significant change in these sexual behaviours over the 96 weeks following switch to second-line ART, but rate of non-disclosure of HIV status declined significantly (43.6% versus 19.6%, p <0.05). Among persons failing first-line ART, risky sexual behaviours were prevalent, which has implications for potential onward transmission of drug-resistant virus. There is need to intensify sexual risk reduction counselling and promotion of partner testing and disclosure, especially at diagnosis of treatment failure and following switch to second- or third-line ART.
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Bachmann, L. H., D. M. Grimley, H. Chen, I. Aban, J. Hu, S. Zhang, Y. W. Waithaka i E. W. Hook. "Risk behaviours in HIV-positive men who have sex with men participating in an intervention in a primary care setting". International Journal of STD & AIDS 20, nr 9 (wrzesień 2009): 607–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2009.009030.
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Men who have sex with men receiving HIV care reported their sexual behaviours and their intentions, classified according to the Transtheoretical Model of Change, to modify the following behaviours: (1) condom use by partner type and activity type; (2) reduction of partner number; and (3) disclosure of HIV serostatus to partners. Most participants were white (68.8%) or black (29.5%) and were more likely to report unprotected sex with HIV-positive than with serodiscordant partners for most activities. Whites reported more partners than black patients (mean 4.1 versus 2; P < 0.0001) and black participants reported fewer HIV-negative ( P = 0.0084) and -unknown status partners ( P = 0.00095) than whites. Cocaine/crack use was associated with more sexual partners ( P = 0.001) and more frequent unprotected sex with HIV-negative or -unknown status partners ( P = 0.036). Readiness to change risk behaviour varied by partner status and type of sexual activity. Understanding patients' risks and their readiness to change behaviours may help providers to promote sexual health.
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Seth, Puja, Jerris L. Raiford, LaShun S. Robinson, Gina M. Wingood i Ralph J. DiClemente. "Intimate partner violence and other partner-related factors: correlates of sexually transmissible infections and risky sexual behaviours among young adult African American women". Sexual Health 7, nr 1 (2010): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh08075.
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Background: Intimate partner violence and other partner-related factors have been associated with acquiring sexually transmissible infections (STIs) and engaging in risky sexual behaviour. The present study examined partner-related risk factors for STIs and risky sexual behaviours among an urban sample of African American women. Methods: African American women, between 18 and 29 years (n = 848), participated in the study at baseline. Participants completed a 40-min Audio Computer Assisted Survey Interview assessing sociodemographics, partner-related factors and HIV/STI-associated sexual risk behaviours. Subsequently, participants provided two vaginal swab specimens for STIs. Results: The findings indicated that risky sexual behaviours and STIs were prevalent in this sample: 35.6% reported a risky sexual partner, 65.4% reported inconsistent condom use and 17% tested positive for a laboratory-confirmed STI. Women reporting a history of intimate partner violence were more likely to report risky sexual partners (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.00; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.5–2.8), inconsistent condom use (AOR = 1.60; 95% CI = 1.1–2.3) and test positive for an STI (AOR = 1.46; 95% CI = 0.99–2.1). Women reporting high partner-related barriers to condom use were more likely to report risky sexual partners (AOR = 1.69; 95% CI = 1.2–2.3), inconsistent condom use (AOR = 2.13; 95% CI = 1.5–3.0) and test positive for an STI (AOR = 1.98; 95% CI = 1.3–3.0). Finally, women with older partners were more likely to report risky sexual partners (AOR = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.1–2.1) and test positive for an STI (AOR = 1.46; 95% CI = 1.0–2.2). Conclusions: This study examines partner-related risk factors for STIs and risky sexual behaviours among African American women. These findings underscore the need for combined intimate partner violence and HIV/STI prevention programs for this disproportionately affected high-risk group.
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Cobben, Dieudonnee, i Nadine Roijakkers. "The Dynamics of Trust and Control in Innovation Ecosystems". International Journal of Innovation 7, nr 1 (2.01.2019): 01–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/iji.v7i1.341.
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Within the innovation ecosystem literature, scholars have considered governance mechanisms as an important instrument for focal entities to mitigate the risks of opportunistic behaviour. Scholars have not focused yet on how these mechanisms work. In the alliance literature, governance mechanisms have been extensively researched and described. As innovation ecosystems are a subset of alliances, constructs from the alliance literature are used to understand how governance mechanisms are employed by the focal entity within innovation ecosystems. Scholars have also considered the importance of partner alignment for successful innovations. To mitigate the risks of opportunistic behaviour and to align partners, this research has focused on understanding how the focal entity uses governance mechanisms to influence partner alignment. Based on an exploratory multiple case study research, this research has found a list of partner stimulators, like for example leadership and expectation management, that influence the effectiveness of governance mechanisms used by focal entities in aligning partners. When partner alignment stimulators are present, the effectiveness of governance mechanisms is enhanced and partners feel more aligned. We have also developed a model that explains the relation between partner alignment stimulators, governance mechanisms, and partner alignment. In addition, we have found that constructs from the alliance literature can be applied to an innovation ecosystem setting when partner alignment stimulators are considered in addition to governance mechanisms. We contribute to the innovation ecosystem literature by explicitly considering partner alignment stimulators that influence the relation between governance mechanisms and partner alignment. Future research could focus on using quantitative methods to strengthen the findings of this research.
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Zimmer-Gembeck, Melanie J. "Young females’ sexual self-efficacy: associations with personal autonomy and the couple relationship". Sexual Health 10, nr 3 (2013): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh12139.
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Background Theory suggests that young women’s own efficacy for sexual self-protective behaviour is greater when they are more advanced in their cognitive autonomy, and when they have romantic partners who support autonomy rather than engage in coercive behaviours and are warm and accepting rather than rejecting. Methods: A total of 199 women (aged 16 to 25 years) completed questionnaires measuring sexual self-efficacy, autonomy, partner communication and their partners’ behaviours. Hypotheses were tested with structural equation modelling. Results: Correlations showed that young women reported more self-efficacy when they had greater autonomy and reported partners to be more supportive and warmer, and less coercive and rejecting. In structural equation modelling, the association of women’s autonomy with sexual self-efficacy was indirect via their perceived capacity to communicate with their partners. Associations of partner behaviours with sexual self-efficacy were both direct and indirect via the capacity to communicate. Conclusions: Sexual efficacy is enhanced among young women who report a greater general capacity to communicate openly with their partners and have partners who display more warmth and less rejecting behaviours. Young women are also higher in sexual self-efficacy when they report more cognitive autonomy and lower partner coercion, but these associations are completely indirect via females’ greater capacity to communicate openly. The findings provide support for sexual health programs focussing on decision-making skills, personal competence, partners’ behaviours and dyadic communication strategies.
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Tydén, T., i K. Ramstedt. "A Survey of Patients with Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection: Sexual Behaviour and Perceptions about Contact Tracing". International Journal of STD & AIDS 11, nr 2 (luty 2000): 92–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095646240001100205.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate how patients with Chlamydia trachomatis infection perceived the legal enforcement of partner notification and to seek their views on legislation impinging on their own sexual behaviour. The investigation was performed at STD clinics in Stockholm, Sweden in 1997. Consecutive patients ( n=192) answered a questionnaire about sexual behaviour and contact tracing. More men (40%) than women (21%) had had sexual intercourse during the past 6 months with an occasional partner. The mean number (6 months prior to this) was 2.3 partners (1–15) for men and 2.2 partners (1–21) for women. Eighteen per cent admitted to having avoided disclosing the name of their partner(s). Ninety per cent considered it beneficial that chlamydial infection was regulated and that a named partner could be forced to undergo STD testing. Partly based on this report, the government has recommended police enforcement to be removed from the legislation as a tool for contact tracing in chlamydial infections.
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Campbell, Lorne, i Sarah Moroz. "Humour Use Between Spouses and Positive and Negative Interpersonal Behaviours During Conflict". Europe’s Journal of Psychology 10, nr 3 (13.08.2014): 532–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v10i3.763.
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The present research investigated the relation between the use of positive, negative and instrumental humour in the context of romantic relationships and relational well-being as assessed by positive and negative patterns of conflict resolution behaviour. A sample of 116 heterosexual married couples completed scales of relational humour use as well as conflict resolution behaviour. Behaviour of couples while attempting to resolve a relationship based conflict was also coded by independent raters. Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) analyses showed patterns of actor and partner effects for each type of humour use. Specifically, positive humour use of both partners predicted more positive conflict resolution, whereas negative humour use of both partners predicted less positive conflict resolution. Additionally, instrumental humour use of both partners seemed to predict greater apathy during conflict resolution. Implications for considering couple humor use, assessed for both partners of the dyad, for understanding relational well-being are discussed.
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Giesecke, Johan, Gianpaolo Scalia-Tomba, Mari Göthberg i Peet Tüll. "Sexual Behaviour Related to the Spread of Sexually Transmitted Diseases—A Population-Based Survey". International Journal of STD & AIDS 3, nr 4 (lipiec 1992): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095646249200300405.
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Behavioural patterns pertinent to the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) were assessed in a random sample population study in Sweden. From a sample of 1150 individuals aged 16–31 years, 768 (68%) completed a questionnaire on past and present sexual contacts. Response rate was highest in youngest and oldest age groups. Median age at first intercourse was 16.4 years for women and 17.1 years for men; the woman's partner at first intercourse was a median of 2 years older; men chose partners of the same age for first intercourse. The time to second partner was a median of 2 years; number of lifetime partners increased with one new partner for 2.5 years. Condoms were more frequently used in younger age groups. In all age groups, 5–10% of individuals reported a high-risk behaviour for the spread of STDs.
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Macko, Anna, Marcin Malawski i Tadeusz Tyszka. "Belief in others’ trustworthiness and trusting behaviour". Polish Psychological Bulletin 45, nr 1 (1.03.2014): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ppb-2014-0007.
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Abstract Data from surveys indicate that people, in general, do not trust others. On the other hand, in one-shot trust games, where the player decides whether to send money to an anonymous partner, the actual rate of trust is relatively high. In two experiments, we showed that although reciprocity expectations and profit maximization matter, they are not decisive for trusting behaviour. Crucial factors that motivate behaviour in trust games seem to be altruism and a type of moral obligation related to a social norm encouraging cooperative behaviour. Finally, we were able to divide participants into specific profiles based on amount of money transferred to the partner, altruistic motivation, and belief in partners’ trustworthiness. This shows that the trust game is differently perceived and interpreted by different participants
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SA, ZHIHONG, i ULLA LARSEN. "GENDER INEQUALITY INCREASES WOMEN’S RISK OF HIV INFECTION IN MOSHI, TANZANIA". Journal of Biosocial Science 40, nr 4 (lipiec 2008): 505–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002193200700257x.
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SummaryThis study examined the hypothesis that multiple dimensions of gender inequality increase women’s risk for HIV infection using a population-based survey of 1418 women aged 20 to 44 in Moshi, Tanzania. Three forms of HIV exposures were assessed reflecting gender power imbalance: economic exposures (age difference between partners and partner’s contributions to children’s expenses), physical exposures (coerced first sex and intimate partner violence) and social exposures (ever had problems conceiving). Behavioural risk factors included number of sexual partners for women in the last three years, partner had other wives or girlfriends, non-use of condom and alcohol use at least once a week in the last 12 months. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that a woman had a significantly elevated risk for HIV if she had a partner more than 10 years older (OR=2·5), her partner made low financial contributions to children’s expenses (OR=1·7), or she experienced coerced first sex before age 18 years (OR=2·0) even after taking into account the effects of risk behaviour factors. The association between ever had problem conceiving and HIV infection was explained away by risk behaviour factors. The findings lend support to the hypothesis that economic deprivation and experience of sexual violence increase women’s vulnerability to HIV, providing further evidence for extending the behavioural approach to HIV interventions to incorporate women’s economic empowerment, elimination of gender-based violence and promotion of changing attitudes and behaviours among men.
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Foxall, Eric. "Critical behaviour of the partner model". Annals of Applied Probability 26, nr 5 (październik 2016): 2824–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/15-aap1163.
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Hensel, Devon J., Casey L. Bales, Julia F. Taylor i J. Dennis Fortenberry. "Leveraging a relationship-based sexual health framework for sexual risk prevention in adolescent men in the United States". Sexual Health 15, nr 3 (2018): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh17097.
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Background Studies link sexual health to lower sexual risk in adolescent women, yet no empirical literature evaluates these associations in adolescent men. Methods: Data were drawn from a longitudinal cohort study of sexual relationships and sexual behaviour among adolescent men (n = 72; 14–16 years) in the US. Participants contributed quarterly partner-specific interviews, from which sexual health information and partnered sexual behaviours were drawn. A multidimensional measure of sexual health was constructed and linked to partnered outcomes, including oral–genital, vaginal and anal sex, condom use, partner concurrency and intimate partner violence. Random intercept, mixed-effects linear, ordinal logistic or binary logistic regression were for analyses. Models controlled for participant age, race/ethnicity and relationship length. Results: Adolescent men contributed 651 unique partner-specific interviews. A higher sexual health score with partners was significantly associated with more frequent oral–genital and vaginal sex, as well as higher condom use, lower partner concurrency and lower received and perpetuated intimate partner violence. Conclusion: Positive sexually related experiences in adolescent men contribute to a core of sexual wellbeing, which in turn is linked to lower levels of sexual risk with partners. The present study data support both developmental and public health applications of sexual health, with attention on promoting healthy sexuality as well as risk reduction. Higher sexual health among adolescent men from the US is associated with more frequent condom use, lower partner concurrency and less frequent intimate partner violence. Young men’s exercising the skills associated with healthy sexuality may also reinforce the skills needed to both enjoy sexuality with partners and to avoid adverse sexual outcomes.
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Emmelkamp, P. M. G., R. van Dyck, M. Bitter, R. Heins, E. J. Onstein i B. Eisen. "Spouse-Aided Therapy with Agoraphobics". British Journal of Psychiatry 160, nr 1 (styczeń 1992): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.160.1.51.
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Sixty agoraphobics were treated by behavioural therapy (self-exposure in vivo) either with their partner involved in all aspects of treatment or without their partner. The two treatment formats were about equally effective. Behavioural treatment directed at the agoraphobia resulted in improvement irrespective of marital quality and partner involvement in the therapy. The effects of treatment led neither to a deterioration of the marriage nor to adjustment problems in the partner. Avoidance behaviour, intropunitivity and overprotection were found to predict treatment response. The partners of agoraphobics were not found to have psychological problems themselves.
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Ford, Kathleen, i Aphichat Chamratrithirong. "First sexual experience and current sexual behaviour among older Thai men and women". Sexual Health 6, nr 3 (2009): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh08049.
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Background: The focus of most studies of sexual behaviour has been on younger adults and adolescents, because they are perceived as having higher levels of sexual activity than older persons, and a consequently higher risk of HIV infection. Much less attention has been paid to the sexual behaviour of men and women in their forties and fifties. Using a life course framework, the objective of the present study is to examine AIDS knowledge, HIV testing and sexual risk behaviours among Thai men and women aged 40–59 years. The study also examines the influence of initial sexual experiences on later sexual behaviour. Methods: Data for the study are from the 2006 Thai National Survey of Sexual Behaviour, a national probability sample of 6048 individuals. Results: Older Thai men and women were well informed about methods of HIV transmission, but many were unaware of antiretroviral (ARV) medications. Older adults were also less accepting of HIV positive persons than were younger adults. Fewer than half of the older adults had undergone HIV testing, with testing associated with medical checkups or undertaken before operations. Reported condom use was very low with regular partners, moderate with casual partners, and high with sex workers. While the age at first sex has not changed markedly, the type of partner has changed over time. Fewer men have their first sex with a commercial partner. In general, first sex with someone with strong ties to the respondent was related to lower levels of risk behaviour in late adulthood. Conclusions: Areas of concern for AIDS prevention programs include condom use with casual partners and paid partners, knowledge of ARV, and attitudes towards persons living with AIDS.
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Pusch, Sebastian, Felix D. Schönbrodt, Caroline Zygar–Hoffmann i Birk Hagemeyer. "Truth and Wishful Thinking: How Interindividual Differences in Communal Motives Manifest in Momentary Partner Perceptions". European Journal of Personality 34, nr 1 (styczeń 2020): 115–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2227.
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Although rooted in reality, partner perceptions often reflect wishful thinking due to perceivers’ needs. Dispositional needs, or motives, can differ between persons; however, little is known about their differential associations with everyday partner perception. The present study used data from a 4–week experience sampling study ( N = up to 60942 surveys from 510 individuals nested in 259 couples) to examine the effects of perceivers’ partner–related implicit and explicit communal motives on the perception of (i) global communal partner behaviour and (ii) specific communal and uncommunal partner behaviours. The results of truth and bias models of judgement and quasi–signal detection analyses indicate that strong implicit communal approach motives and strong explicit communal motives are associated with the tendency to overestimate the partner's communal behaviour. Additionally, strong implicit communal approach motives were associated with the tendency to avoid perceptions of uncommunal partner behaviour. Neither implicit nor explicit communal motives had an effect on accuracy in the perception of particularly communal partner behaviour. The results highlight the relevance of both implicit and explicit communal motives for momentary partner perceptions and emphasise the benefits of dyadic microlongitudinal designs for a better understanding of the mechanisms through which individual differences manifest in couples’ everyday lives. © 2019 The Authors. European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology
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Tothill, Nicholas F. H., Anthony M. A. Smith i David G. Regan. "Heterosexual partner acquisition rates in the Australian population". Sexual Health 10, nr 4 (2013): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh12169.
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The rate of partner acquisition in a population is an important parameter when constructing epidemiological models of sexually transmissible infections. We have analysed the results of a survey of the sexual behaviour of the Australian population to estimate how many people have acquired no new partner, one, two or at least three new partners in the past year, and hence estimated heterosexual partner acquisition rates for the population by gender and age band. Partner acquisition rates are ~0.5 new partners per year for 16- to 19-year-olds, peak at ~0.7 in the 20- to 24-year-old age band, and then decline steadily with age to ~0.2 per year. In all age bands, there are more male respondents reporting three or more new partners in the last year than what is consistent with the rest of the data, which could be interpreted as evidence of an additional population stratum characterised by higher partner acquisition rates.
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Filipe, E. M. V., S. B. Strauss, E. J. Beck, L. Whitaker, J. Wadsworth, A. M. Renton, D. Goldmeier i D. L. Miller. "Sexual Behaviour among London GUM Clinic Attenders: Implications for HIV Education". International Journal of STD & AIDS 5, nr 5 (wrzesień 1994): 346–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095646249400500512.
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The aim of this study was to describe the sexual behaviour of a sample of genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinic attenders, 5 years after the launch of the UK government HIV media campaigns. A gender-specific and anonymous cross-sectional self-completion questionnaire was modified from the National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyle and completed by 250 men and 250 women. The majority of the respondents were in their twenties, lived in London and were employed or students. Sixty-eight per cent of the men reported that one or more of their last 3 partners was not a regular partner. For those men whose last sexual encounter was with a new partner, 27% of heterosexuals and 33% of homosexuals reported using a condom. Fifty-one per cent of women reported one or more non-regular partners among their last 3 partners. For those women whose last sexual encounter was with a new partner, 43% of heterosexuals and 75% of bisexuals used a condom. Seventy-eight per cent of men and 75% of women had had a previous sexually transmitted disease (STD). These findings highlight the persistence of practices associated with the risk of contracting or transmitting HIV infection and which needs to be addressed in future educational campaigns. The GUM clinic population is an important population to monitor over time, either by longitudinal or serial cross-sectional studies. The results of this study provide a baseline against which to gauge the effects of future educational interventions.
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Hutchinson, John, Stefanie Visser i Heike Reise. "Mating behaviour in the terrestrial slug Deroceras gorgonium: is extreme morphology associated with extreme behaviour?" Animal Biology 57, nr 2 (2007): 197–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157075607780378018.
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AbstractMating in Deroceras consists of an investigation phase (precourtship), then a long courtship involving mutual stroking with the extruded sarcobelum, then sperm exchange (copulation). The penial gland, if present, everts over the partner's skin during copulation: this is hypothesised to apply a secretion manipulating the partner to use received sperm. Deroceras gorgonium has a particularly large penial gland divided into many finger-like branches. We studied D. gorgonium mating behaviour in the hope of further indications of the gland's function. Precourtship and courtship together last longer than in other Deroceras (ca. 6 h to >9 h); precourtship is highly variable, often with many bouts of different behaviours, including seemingly inactive phases. During most of the courtship partners remain apart waving their particularly long, pointed sarcobela; only at a later stage do the tips of these contact the partner. This waving alternates with circling for half a turn. For the first time in Deroceras we observed the sarcobelum transferring a secretion. The copulation is amongst the fastest: genital eversion and sperm exchange occur within 1 s, and slugs separate 18-25 s later. The penial gland is everted immediately after sperm exchange, but, surprisingly, is often spread underneath the partner rather than over its back and, if on top, is not always fully spread over the partner's body. We discuss these observations with respect to penial gland morphology and in the light of possible sexual conflicts. The long courtship and distant sarcobelum waving might reflect attempts to transfer, but not receive, secretion, and the circling might serve for size assessment.
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Hensel, Devon J., Fei He, Jarek Harezlak i J. Dennis Fortenberry. "Daily diary study of adult men’s and women’s event-level sexual motivations and sexual behaviour". Sexual Health 14, nr 2 (2017): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh16109.
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Background Understanding people’s sexual motivations has long been of public health and health promotion interest. We used daily diaries to examine how adult men’s and women’s event-specific affective sexual motivations were linked to the types and combinations of sexual behaviours chosen in a given sexual event. Methods: Adult men (n = 156) and women (n = 192) completed thrice-daily electronic diaries assessing individual- and partner-specific attributes and non-coital or coital sexual behaviours. Sexual motivations were: interest in sex, feeling in love with partner, wanted to have sex and partner wanted to have sex. The outcome variable was: sexual behaviour type (no sex, one vaginal sex event, one vaginal sex event + any other sex types, multiple vaginal sex events, any other sex types). Mixed-effect multinomial logistic regression modelled the influence of each sexual motivation on sexual behaviour type (Stata; all p < 0.05). ‘No sex’ was the referent in all models; all models controlled for gender. Results: Participants contributed 14 856 total partner-associated diary entries. Most (54%; women: 56.5%, men: 51.2%) were associated with no sex; when sex occurred, the most common behaviour type was one vaginal sex event (13.1%) for women and other sex types (16.4%) for men. Wanting to have sex or perceiving a partner wanted to have sex were the strongest predictors of sexual behaviour type, and were associated with a greater number of reported sexual behaviours. Conclusions: Event-specific sexual motivations are associated with the choice to have sex, and with variation in the chosen sexual behaviours.
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Clark, Rebecca A., Patricia Kissinger, Ariane L. Bedimo, Patrice Dunn i Helena Albertin. "Determination of factors associated with condom use among women infected with human immunodeficiency virus". International Journal of STD & AIDS 8, nr 4 (1.04.1997): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0956462971919976.
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Summary: To better understand potential barriers to condom use and the sexual behaviour of women infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), an anonymous self-administered survey was performed on a convenience sample of 83 predominantly single HIV+ women. Most women had only one sexual partner who usually knew of the subject's serostatus. Only a minority of partners (26%) were known to also be HIV infected. Subjects were surprisingly more likely to use condoms with their main partner as opposed to other partners. Factors found to be associated with condom non-use included younger age, low education level, partner HIV+, history of a sexually transmitted disease (STD), and use of drugs or alcohol during sex. Although most subjects indicated the decision was mutual when deciding not to use a condom, 20% stated it a was a partner decision. Future intervention efforts should target these identified high-risk individuals and optimally involve the partners of HIV-infected women.
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King, Ruby. "Digital Domestic Violence: Are Victims of Intimate Partner Cyber Harassment". Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 48, nr 1 (1.05.2017): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v48i1.4770.
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The role of technology in intimate partner violence is becoming increasingly common. Intimate partner cyber harassment is a subset of "digital domestic violence", whereby partners and ex-partners use technology to stalk and harass their victims. This article examines intimate partner cyber harassment, discussing the nature of the behaviour, its prevalence in New Zealand and the damaging impact it has on its victims. The focus, however, is on New Zealand's legislative response. The conclusion reached is that despite the recent introduction of the Harmful Digital Communications Act 2015 and the review of both the Harassment Act 1997 and the Domestic Violence Act 1995, protections for victims of cyber harassment in the context of intimate partner violence remain ineffective. The current legislation fails to fully appreciate the complex issue and protections for victims lie behind procedural barriers. This article recommends that amending existing legislation is the most desirable solution as it enables pre-existing protections to be utilised to more effectively apply to and thus protect victims of intimate partner cyber harassment.
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Chandra, Prabha S., Michael P. Carey, Kate B. Carey, P. S. D. V. Prasada Rao, K. R. Jairam i Tinku Thomas. "HIV risk behaviour among psychiatric inpatients: results from a hospital-wide screening study in southern India". International Journal of STD & AIDS 14, nr 8 (1.08.2003): 532–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095646203767869147.
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The study was carried out to investigate the prevalence and correlates of sexual risk behaviour among psychiatric inpatients in India. Consecutive inpatients ( n = 618) were assessed using a structured interview and standardized measures. Women were more likely to be sexually active (50%) than men (36%), but equally likely (6% vs 5%) to engage in risky behaviour. Common risk behaviours included having a risky partner, having multiple partners, and exchanging money for sex. Being sexually active was associated with younger age, being married, being diagnosed with a disorder other than schizophrenia, and a history of drug use problems. Engaging in risky sexual behaviour was associated with being male, using tobacco and screening positive for either drug use or alcohol problems. Screening psychiatric patients for HIV risk behaviour can identify those who may benefit from risk reduction programmes.
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Eismann, Maria, Kène Henkens i Matthijs Kalmijn. "Origins and Mechanisms of Social Influences in Couples: The Case of Retirement Decisions". European Sociological Review 35, nr 6 (31.07.2019): 790–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcz037.
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Abstract The interdependence between partners raises considerable interest in the sociology of life course, work, and families. Partner influences play a particularly important role in the work domain, because each partner’s work decisions have profound effects on the couple as a whole. In contrast to previous research, this article pays detailed attention to the role a partner plays in workers’ labour market decisions by analysing the case of early retirement decisions. We hypothesized that partners’ preferences for older workers’ retirement originate from altruism and self-interest. Moreover, we expected that partners influence older workers’ early retirement behaviour via persuasion and pressure. To adequately estimate partners’ and workers’ preferences for the worker’s retirement, we used an instrumental variable approach. This was possible because we collected multi-actor longitudinal data from a large representative sample of older workers and their partners in the Netherlands. The results support that spousal preferences originate in altruism and self-interest and that partners influence workers through persuasion and pressure. Gender differences in origins and mechanisms of partner influence are also discussed.
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Daker-White, G., i D. Barlow. "Heterosexual gonorrhoea at St Thomas'- II: sexual behaviour and sources of infection". International Journal of STD & AIDS 8, nr 2 (1.02.1997): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0956462971919642.
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Summary: This paper examines sexual behaviour in heterosexuals presenting to an inner-London genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinic with gonorrhoea. When comparing patients' documented sexual histories, there were notable differences between cases and a control group, especially in men. Male cases were more likely to have had both multiple sexual partners ( =18.5, P< 0.001) and concurrent sexual 2 relationships ( =15.2, P< 0.001) in the 30 days preceding presentation. Unlike cases, male controls were more likely to have used a condom at last intercourse with a 2 'casual' partner ( =17.5, P< 0.001). In an examination of the sources of infection in cases, women were far more likely to have been recipients of gonorrhoea than they were to transmit the infection. The source of their infection was most usually a regular sexual partner. In men, 'casual' and 'regular' partners and 'one night stands' were all important sources of infection. Our hypothesis that case patients would have met the sources of their infection in particular venues was not supported by the results of an original questionnaire survey. 2
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Soudeyns, Camille, Niko Speybroeck, Marc Brisson, Joël Mossong i Ardashel Latsuzbaia. "HPV vaccination and sexual behaviour in healthcare seeking young women in Luxembourg". PeerJ 8 (10.02.2020): e8516. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8516.
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Introduction Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. Despite recommendations for HPV vaccination of young women from health authorities, parental concerns were raised whether vaccination could induce unsafe sexual behaviour in young women. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to investigate if HPV vaccination in healthcare seeking adult women in Luxembourg was associated with unsafe sexual behaviour. Methods Seven hundred twenty-nine women (mean age = 22.5; range 18–43 years) were recruited either at Luxembourg family planning centres or at private gynaecology practices. All participants completed a questionnaire on vaccination status and sexual behaviour. Poisson and logistic regressions were used to study the association between sexual behaviour and vaccination status (N = 538). Both models were restricted to women younger than 26 years, since the first cohort being vaccinated would be 25 years old at the time of sampling. Assortativity of sexual mixing by age was also assessed for further transmission modelling for women <30 years reporting age of last/current sexual partner (N = 649). Women older than 29 years were excluded from the assortativity analysis due to restricted sample size. Results In total, 386/538 (71.8%) of participants reported receiving HPV vaccine. Vaccination uptake significantly varied by nationality and was higher in Portuguese 112/142 (78.9%) and in Luxembourgish 224/313(71.6%) residents, and lower in residents of other nationalities 50/83 (60.2%) (p = 0.011). HPV vaccination was not associated with unsafe sexual behaviour such as shorter relationship duration with current or last sexual partner (odds ratio (OR) = 1.05, 95% CI [0.94–1.16]), younger age of sexual debut (OR = 1.00, 95% CI [0.88–1.14]), increased number of lifetime sexual partners (OR = 0.95, 95% CI [0.87–1.03), higher age difference with sexual partner (OR = 1.01, 95% CI [0.95–1.08]), condom use (OR = 0.97, 95% CI [0.60–1.56]), nor with other factors like smoking (OR = 0.73, 95% CI [0.47–1.15]) and nationality. HPV vaccination was only associated with younger age (OR = 0.84, 95% CI [0.75–0.94]). Relationship duration, age of sexual debut, age difference with sexual partner, smoking, age and non-Portuguese foreign nationality were predictors of number of lifetime sexual partners. Assortativity analysis revealed that young women chose sexual partners who were 2.3 years older on average. Conclusions Our study found no association between unsafe sexual behaviour and HPV vaccination.
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Braun, Hannan M., Eddy R. Segura, Jordan E. Lake, Monica Gandhi, Jessica Rios, Manuel V. Villaran, Jorge Sanchez, Javier R. Lama i Jesse L. Clark. "Individual and partnership factors associated with anticipated versus actual partner notification following STI diagnosis among men who have sex with men and/or with transgender women in Lima, Peru". Sexually Transmitted Infections 94, nr 8 (30.11.2017): 607–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2017-053292.
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ObjectivesA detailed understanding of intentions and practices related to partner notification (PN) following STI diagnosis can improve control strategies. We assessed participant-level and partner-level factors guiding notification behaviour among men who have sex with men and/or with transgender women (MSM-TW) in Lima, Peru, including discordances between anticipated and actual notification.MethodsMen newly diagnosed with gonorrhoea, chlamydia and/or syphilis between 2012 and 2014 reported recent partners’ characteristics, anticipated PN practices, and actual PN outcomes following diagnosis. Generalised estimating equation Poisson regression analyses assessed factors guiding PN outcomes.ResultsParticipants (n=150) predominantly identified as homosexual (70%) and moderno (versatile sexual role, 55%); 55% of partners (n=402) were casual. Among all sexual partners, 35% were notified of the STI diagnosis, though only 51% of predicted PN occurred and 26% of actual notifications were unanticipated. 47% of participants notified no partners, while 24% notified all partners. PN was more common with stable versus casual (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR), 95% CI: 0.53, 0.39 to 0.73) or commercial (aPR, 95% CI: 0.38, 0.12 to 1.21) partners, and among participants who perceived PN as normative among their peers (aPR, 95% CI: 1.96, 1.37 to 2.82). A trend towards greater notification following condom-protected intercourse was observed (aPR, 95% CI: 1.33, 0.98 to 1.81). PN frequency did not differ by type of STI diagnosed.Anticipated notification predicted actual notification (aPR, 95% CI: 1.67, 1.19 to 2.33) only imperfectly: 81 (54%) participants’ PN practices did not match their anticipated behaviour. Successful notification despite anticipated silence (40 participants, 63 partners) was associated with stable partnerships and a normative perception of PN. Non-notification despite intention (43 participants, 73 partners) frequently occurred among participants reporting exclusively oral sex with the partner or with partners identified as activo (insertive role).ConclusionsAnticipated notification imperfectly reflects actual PN behaviour. Future interventions to improve PN among MSM-TW in Peru need to acknowledge partnership contexts.
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Subbotsky, E. V. "The Formation of Independent Behaviour in Preschoolers: An Experimental Analysis of Conformity and Independence". International Journal of Behavioral Development 17, nr 2 (czerwiec 1994): 289–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016502549401700204.
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This research tested the motivational structure of conformity and independent behaviour in children aged from 3 to 7 years of age. The experimental group consisted of the child, an adult confederate, and the experimenter. The child and the partner sat facing each other at a table, with the experimenter to one side. The child and his or her partner were asked to fulfil a certain programme that was known to them, but the confederate partner alternated correct actions with incorrect actions in random order. Variations of the experimental conditions ("screening" vs. "no-screening") of the partner indicated that imitation of the adult's incorrect actions by the child (conformity) was caused by the child's belief in the infallibility of the adult rather than by fear of the adult's disapproval (Experiment 1). Children who did not imitate the adult's incorrect actions (independence) in the presence of the experimenter, continued to behave in the same manner even after the experimenter had been isolated behind a cardboard screen (Experiment 2). Therefore, the child's independent behaviour in this situation is not a "reversed imitation" of the experimenter's signals, but rather is based on the child's self-esteem. Finally, independent behaviour could be substantially increased if during lessons in a preschool class one adult occupied a position of "child" while another behaved in traditional teacher-like ways (Experiment 3). Moreover, the independent behaviour the children exhibited toward the first adult was transferred to the second. The study showed that independent behaviour in preschool children can be enhanced in a classroom if children's traditional submissive position in their interaction with adults is replaced by a position of equal partners.
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Mokgatle, Mathildah Mpata, Sphiwe Madiba i Lindiwe Cele. "A Comparative Analysis of Risky Sexual Behaviors, Self-Reported Sexually Transmitted Infections, Knowledge of Symptoms and Partner Notification Practices among Male and Female University Students in Pretoria, South Africa". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, nr 11 (25.05.2021): 5660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115660.
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The surge of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among young people is of public health importance, and the notification and treatment of sex partners after the diagnosis of an STI is a public health approach to prevent and reduce further transmissions. There are limited studies that investigate partner notification among young people in general, and university students in South Africa in particular. We investigated self-reported STIs and partner notification practice, intentions, and preferences among university students. We also assessed their STI knowledge and risky sexual behaviour in relation to STIs. The study was a descriptive cross-sectional survey that used multistage sampling to select 918 students across the five schools of a health sciences university in South Africa. Descriptive statistics and bivariate logistic analysis were performed using Stata IC version 16. More males (54.1%) than females were currently in a sexual relationship (47.3%), more males reported multiple sexual partners (n = 114, 46%), engaged in transactional sex (n = 13, 5.3%), and had one-night stands (n = 68, 28.1%) in the past 12 months (p = 0.001). Moreover, half (55.9%) had poor knowledge of STIs with an overall mean knowledge score of 2.9 ± 2.0, and the majority (85.8%) perceived themselves to be at low risk of acquiring STIs. The odds of intentions to disclose an STI infection to a sexual partner and delivering a partner notification slip to ex-sexual partners were not statistically significant (p = 0.95; p = 0.10), with the likelihood of disclosure being 1.3 times for female students compared to males. Female students were 1.5 times as likely to prefer a doctor to send an SMS notification to their sexual partners (p = 0.02) compared to their male counterparts, while the preference of an SMS notification was 41% (p = 0.03) among female students. Students engaged in risky behaviours but had a low perception of the risks of acquiring STIs. Although they had preferences of different methods of partner notification, both male and female students preferred SMS partner notifications from a doctor, even though women were in the majority. Health care providers should put in place interventions so that young people can safely inform their partners about STIs.
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Caruana, Nathan, Dean Spirou i Jon Brock. "Human agency beliefs influence behaviour during virtual social interactions". PeerJ 5 (20.09.2017): e3819. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3819.
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In recent years, with the emergence of relatively inexpensive and accessible virtual reality technologies, it is now possible to deliver compelling and realistic simulations of human-to-human interaction. Neuroimaging studies have shown that, when participants believe they are interacting via a virtual interface with another human agent, they show different patterns of brain activity compared to when they know that their virtual partner is computer-controlled. The suggestion is that users adopt an “intentional stance” by attributing mental states to their virtual partner. However, it remains unclear how beliefs in the agency of a virtual partner influence participants’ behaviour and subjective experience of the interaction. We investigated this issue in the context of a cooperative “joint attention” game in which participants interacted via an eye tracker with a virtual onscreen partner, directing each other’s eye gaze to different screen locations. Half of the participants were correctly informed that their partner was controlled by a computer algorithm (“Computer” condition). The other half were misled into believing that the virtual character was controlled by a second participant in another room (“Human” condition). Those in the “Human” condition were slower to make eye contact with their partner and more likely to try and guide their partner before they had established mutual eye contact than participants in the “Computer” condition. They also responded more rapidly when their partner was guiding them, although the same effect was also found for a control condition in which they responded to an arrow cue. Results confirm the influence of human agency beliefs on behaviour in this virtual social interaction context. They further suggest that researchers and developers attempting to simulate social interactions should consider the impact of agency beliefs on user experience in other social contexts, and their effect on the achievement of the application’s goals.
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Shipova, Natal’ya S., i Ul’yana Yu Sevastyanova. "Psychological support for dyads, including a partner with disabilities". Vestnik Kostroma State University. Series: Pedagogy. Psychology. Sociokinetics, nr 4 (2019): 184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/2073-1426-2019-25-4-184-188.
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The article presents the development of recommendations for the psychological support of couples, including a partner with limited health and disabilities. A theoretical and empirical study was conducted, on the basis of which the following "targets" of psychological support were identified: promoting the formation of emotional closeness among partners; work with the emotional states of a person and a couple; creation of conditions for the implementation of effective behaviour in difficult life situations; promoting better recognition of the partner, adaptation to his features; promoting the cohesion of the dyad.
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Ndayala, Phoebe D., Lucy W. Ngige, Alice Ondigi i Humphries Evelia. "Sexual Practices and HIV Seropositivity Disclosure among Adults in Nairobi, Kenya". East African Journal of Health and Science 3, nr 1 (7.01.2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajhs.3.1.265.
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The purpose of the study was to assess the relationship between sexual practices and HIV seropositive status disclosure to sexual partners by People Living with Human Immune-Deficiency Virus (PLWHIV) in Nairobi, Kenya. A survey was conducted among 232 PLWHIV who were registered members of HIV support groups in an informal settlement. Results showed that half (50.5%) of the respondents had disclosed their HIV seropositive status to their sexual partners. Chi-square results revealed statistically significant relationships between HIV seropositive disclosure and the following sexual behaviours: condom use in the last sexual encounter (χ2 = 12.144; df = 1; p = 0.001); regular sexual partner (χ2 = 5.124; df = 1; p = 0.024); agreement on HIV testing with sexual partner (χ2 = 3.873; df = 1; p = 0.039) and knowledge of sexual partners’ HIV serostatus (χ2 = 6.536; df = 1; p = 0.011). The binary logistic regression results established four positive predictors of self-disclosure to sexual partners as regular sexual partner (AOR = 2.506; p = 0.012), knowledge of sexual partners’ HIV serostatus (AOR = 3.949; p = 0.015), condom use during the last sexual encounter (AOR = 3.507; p = 0.035) and agreement on HIV testing with sexual partner (AOR = 2.560; p = 0.020). However, the desire to conceive (AOR = 3.050; p = 0.094) and the method of testing HIV serostatus (AOR = 0.853; p = 0.530) were not significant predictors of HIV seropositivity disclosure. It was concluded that respondents who knew their partners HIV serostatus and also used a condom during their last sexual encounter were four times more likely to disclose than those who were not aware of partners’ serostatus or those who did not use a condom in their last sexual encounter. Furthermore, those who were in regular sexual relationships and also agreed on HIV testing with sexual partners were twice more likely to disclose than those in casual sexual relationships. An analysis of sexual practices of PLWHIV can therefore enhance the formulation of targeted strategies aimed at enhancing HIV prevention and reduction of risky sexual behaviour among PLWHIV.
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Wynter, Karen, Heather Rowe i Jane Fisher. "Interactions between perceptions of relationship quality and postnatal depressive symptoms in Australian, primiparous women and their partners". Australian Journal of Primary Health 20, nr 2 (2014): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py12066.
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The present study aimed to investigate interactions between perceptions of quality of intimate partner relationship and postnatal depressive symptoms in members of heterosexual couples 6 months after the birth of their first infant, while controlling for other relevant risk and protective factors. Secondary analysis was conducted on data from a prospective community cohort study of Australian, primiparous women and their partners. The outcome measure was Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale score. Quality of intimate partner relationship, personality factors and infant behaviour were assessed using the standardised Intimate Bonds Measure, Vulnerable Personality Style Questionnaire and Barr Chart respectively. Complete data were available for 161 couples. Associations between Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale scores and own and partner ratings of the intimate partner relationship were estimated simultaneously using multilevel modelling. When other relevant factors were controlled, relationships in which partners were perceived as critical, coercive or intimidating were associated with significantly more depressive symptoms in individuals (P = 0.004) as well as their partners (P = 0.008). In both women and men, vulnerable personality traits, coincidental adverse life events and more infant crying and fussing were also associated with significantly more depressive symptoms. Thus, the quality of the intimate partner relationship is significantly associated with postnatal mental health in both women and men, especially in the context of coincidental stressful events including infant crying.
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Bangdiwala, S. I., B. B. Taylor i V. Shankar. "Alcohol drinking behaviour patterns and intimate partner violence". Injury Prevention 16, Supplement 1 (1.09.2010): A187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip.2010.029215.668.
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Dugatkin, Lee Alan, i David Sloan Wilson. "Fish behaviour, partner choice experiments and cognitive ethology". Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 3, nr 4 (grudzień 1993): 368–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00043386.
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Muga, Roberto, Josep Roca, Jordi Tor, Carme Pigem, Rosa Rodriguez, Jose Manuel Egea, David Vlahov i Alvaro Munoz. "Syphilis in injecting drug users: clues for high-risk sexual behaviour in female IDUs". International Journal of STD & AIDS 8, nr 4 (1.04.1997): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0956462971919967.
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The objective was to measure the gender-specific differences for syphilis and for the sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in a crosssectional analysis of injecting drug users (IDUs) admitted to detoxification between February 1987 and January 1990. HIV was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and confirmed with Western blot. For syphilis reactive samples to a rapid plasma reagent (RPR) were confirmed with treponemal tests (FTA-ABS or MHA-TP). Of the 386 heterosexual IDUs, 68% were HIV-positive and 4.7% had serologic syphilis (RPR and FTA-ABS or MHA-TP positive). Syphilis was higher in women (12%) than in men (3%), and women reported a significantly (P< 0.001) higher number of sex partners. Men had an IDU as a sex partner more often than women did (P=0.001). Serologic syphilis in women was associated with having had more than one sexual partner in the previous year (P=0.028) but this association was not present in men. HIV infection was not associated with syphilis in male IDUs. However, HIV was present in all women with syphilis that reported more than one partner.
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Roy, Jean-Paul. "IJV Partner Trustworthy Behaviour: The Role of Host Country Governance and Partner Selection Criteria". Journal of Management Studies 49, nr 2 (25.09.2011): 332–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2011.01027.x.
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Bartel, Sandra, i Karin Hohberg. "Experimental investigations on the partner-finding behaviour of Isohypsibius dastychi (Isohypsibiidae: Tardigrada)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188, nr 3 (3.10.2019): 878–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz076.
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Abstract The present study gives the first detailed results on the partner-finding behaviour of tardigrades. We investigated whether the finding of mating partners by Isohypsibius dastychi followed certain criteria that are expected if pheromone signals are involved. For this purpose, tardigrade pairs were positioned in an arena, at a range of distances from each other. Only those females that were ready for mating attracted the male. The smaller the initial distance between them, the more directly the male headed for the female. The route travelled and time taken increased exponentially with increasing initial distance between partners, which means that the male lost orientation with respect to the female the larger the distance between the pair became. The findings indirectly suggest a yet undetermined female pheromone, which produces a concentration gradient in the water and loses strength quickly in terms of distance. Our assumption is supported by rare observations of sperm release without direct contact between partners that nevertheless resulted in fertile offspring. The observation that the female partners in this no-contact mating behaviour then deposited their eggs (a behaviour that was never seen when males were absent) suggests that they, likewise, can sense a fresh ejaculate of spermatozoa in their direct vicinity.
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Bermúdez, María Paz, Inmaculada Teva i Gualberto Buela-Casal. "Type of sexual contact and precoital sexual experience in spanish adolescents". Universitas Psychologica 10, nr 2 (25.06.2010): 411–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.upsy10-2.tscp.
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The aim of this study was to examine characterisctics of precoital sexual behaviors and types of sexual contact in adolescent. A representative sample of 4,456 Spanish high school students participated. These participants were selected by means of a stratified random sampling procedure. They completed a questionnaire about their sexual behaviour. It is a cross-sectional survey study. Differences according to age and gender in characteristics of sexual behaviour before the onset of sexual intercourse were found. Compared to females, males started non penetrative sexual experiences earlier, had a higher number of sexual partners and a higher percentage of males reported having had casual sexual partner. This study not only adds to knowledge about sexual behaviour before the initiation of sexual intercourse among adolescents, it also highlights the importance of developing sexual prevention strategies for young adolescents.
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Kurebwa, Jeffrey. "Violence, Emotionally Abusive and Controlling Behaviour in Intimate Partner Relationships". International Journal of Political Activism and Engagement 6, nr 1 (styczeń 2019): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijpae.2019010103.
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This study focused on intimate partner violence (IPV) in relationships in the Bindura urban of Zimbabwe. IPV exert a long-term influence in relationships. One of the most dangerous forms of violence is performed by an intimate partner. People in relationships experience all forms of IPV such as physical, emotional, economic, and sexual. Violence is often perpetrated against an intimate partner as a way of showing systematic patterns of dominance and control. Qualitative methodology was used in this study. Data was collected through key informant interviews, focus group discussions and documentary sources. The research concludes that intimate partner violence impacts survivors' immediate sexual, physical and psychological health and increases the risks of longer-term health problems and social stigma.
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Ghimire, Madhusudan, Anand Pratap Singh i Moushami Ghimire. "Nepali Migrant Labourers are Highly Exposed to Unsafe Sexual Behaviour". Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences 1, nr 2 (9.08.2013): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jucms.v1i2.8405.
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INTRODUCTION: Unsafe sexual behavior between two partners may lead to incidence of STDs/HIV/ AIDS and can create serious problems in society. Both biological and behavioural variables are playing significant role to determine sexual activities of humans and result may end the probability that infection will occur after unsafe sexual contact between a susceptible and infected partner. OBJECTIVES : To study high risk sexual behaviour among the Nepali migrant labourers in India. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 240 Nepali migrant labourers temporarily residing in India was carried out. A brief interview schedule was used tocollect information. RESULTS : Most of the Nepali migrant workers (below 30 years) were involved in high risk sexual behaviour. 74.58 percent were exposure to unsafe physical relation. CONCLUSION: Migrants labourers below 30 years with no formal education were involved in high risk behaviour and they could be exposed to STDs/HIV/AIDS.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jucms.v1i2.8405 Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences Vol.1(2) 2013: 20-23
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Aboagye, Richard Gyan, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Charles Lwanga Tengan, Iddrisu Salifu, Henry Yaw Acheampong i Abdul-Aziz Seidu. "Partner alcohol consumption and intimate partner violence against women in sexual unions in sub-Saharan Africa". PLOS ONE 17, nr 12 (22.12.2022): e0278196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278196.
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Introduction Intimate partner violence is increasingly gaining attention as the leading form of violence against women globally, particularly sub-Saharan Africa. Given that substance abuse, especially alcohol consumption has long been associated with aggressive behaviour, emotional abuse, and sexual misconduct, it is surprising that studies on the potential association between partner’s alcohol consumption and intimate partner violence are scarce. The current study seeks to fill this gap in the literature by examining the association between partner’s alcohol consumption and intimate partner violence among women in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods Cross-sectional survey data of 89,229 women aged 15 to 49 in sexual unions from 21 sub-Saharan African countries were pooled from the Demographic and Health Surveys. Percentages with their corresponding confidence intervals (CIs) were used to present the results of the prevalence of partner’s alcohol consumption and intimate partner violence. Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between partner’s alcohol consumption and intimate partner violence. The regression analysis results were presented using adjusted odds ratio (aOR) with 95% CI. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results The pooled prevalence of partner alcohol consumption was 36.3% [36.0–36.6]. The highest prevalence of partner alcohol consumption was found in Burundi (67.1%) with Mali (3.9%) recording the lowest prevalence. Similarly, the overall prevalence of physical violence, emotional violence, and sexual violence among the women were 19.7% [19.2–20.2], 25.0% [24.5–25.5], and 9.7% [9.3–10.1], respectively. In the pooled data, women whose partners consumed alcohol were more likely to experience physical violence [aOR = 2.37, 95% CI = 2.24–2.50], emotional violence [aOR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.86–2.07], and sexual violence [aOR = 2.03, 95% CI = 1.89–2.18] compared to those whose partners did not consume alcohol. In all the 21 countries, women whose partners consumed alcohol had higher odds for physical and emotional violence. The odds of sexual violence was higher among women whose partners consumed alcohol compared to their counterparts whose partners did not in 20 countries, except Namibia. Conclusions We found that partner’s alcohol consumption increases women’s likelihood of experiencing physical, emotional, and sexual violence in sub-Saharan Africa. There is the need to implement behavioural change interventions targeted at male partners to reduce alcohol consumption. The findings call for the need to effectively create and organize support networks in addressing intimate partner violence among married and cohabiting women.
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Sylwester, Karolina, i Gilbert Roberts. "Cooperators benefit through reputation-based partner choice in economic games". Biology Letters 6, nr 5 (21.04.2010): 659–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0209.
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Explaining unconditional cooperation, such as donations to charities or contributions to public goods, continues to present a problem. One possibility is that cooperation can pay through developing a reputation that makes one more likely to be chosen for a profitable cooperative partnership, a process termed competitive altruism (CA) or reputation-based partner choice. Here, we show, to our knowledge, for the first time, that investing in a cooperative reputation can bring net benefits through access to more cooperative partners. Participants played a public goods game (PGG) followed by an opportunity to select a partner for a second cooperative game. We found that those who gave more in the PGG were more often selected as desired partners and received more in the paired cooperative game. Reputational competition was even stronger when it was possible for participants to receive a higher payoff from partner choice. The benefits of being selected by a more cooperative partner outweighed the costs of cooperation in the reputation building phase. CA therefore provides an alternative to indirect reciprocity as an explanation for reputation-building behaviour. Furthermore, while indirect reciprocity depends upon individuals giving preference to those of good standing, CA can explain unconditional cooperation.
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Ritchwood, Tiarney D., Dolly C. Penn, Ralph J. DiClemente, Eve S. Rose i Jessica M. Sales. "Influence of sexual sensation-seeking on factors associated with risky sexual behaviour among African-American female adolescents". Sexual Health 11, nr 6 (2014): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh14075.
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Background The identification of antecedents to sexual risk among youth is critical to the development and dissemination of multilevel interventions. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the effect of sexual sensation-seeking on partner age, partner communication, and the sexual attitudes and behaviours of African-American female youth. Methods: This study examined survey data collected by audio computer-assisted self-interviews from 701 young African-American females between 14 and 20 years of age. The survey consisted of items designed to measure adolescents’ sexual risk and preventive behaviours. Results: The results of this study suggest that sexual sensation-seeking is associated with condom use among adolescent African-American females. For adolescents who reported greater sexual sensation-seeking, lower levels of sexual happiness were associated with a decreased likelihood of condom use at last intercourse (β = 1.01, P ≤ 0.05). For those reporting lower levels of sexual sensation-seeking, greater sexual enjoyment was associated with a greater likelihood of condom use at last intercourse (β = 0.93, P ≤ 0.01). Adolescents with younger sexual partners and lower levels of sexual sensation-seeking reported a higher proportion of condom use in the past 6 months (β = 0.70, P = 0.01). Higher partner communication self-efficacy and decreasing levels of sexual sensation-seeking were associated with fewer lifetime sexual partners (β = –0.54, P ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: Future research should address the impact of these variables on adolescent relationship dynamics and sexual decision-making.
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Petrie, Marion, i Fiona M. Hunter. "Intraspecific Variation in Courtship and Copulation Frequency: an Effect of Mismatch in Partner Attractiveness?" Behaviour 127, nr 3-4 (1993): 265–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853993x00056.
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AbstractThe aim of this paper is to present a verbal theoretical model that could account for the among pair variability in courtship and copulation behaviour that occurs both during and after pair formation in socially monogamous species. We assume that copulation acts to prevent mate loss, by reducing the availability of an individual to other potential partners. Variation in copulation and courtship frequency then arises as a result of variation in the risk of mate loss. Because of the constraints on free or ideal choice, pairs will form in which it may be possible for one individual to improve upon the quality of its partner. In a mismatched pair it will pay the poorer quality mate to guard the higher quality individual and prevent it from leaving to pair with a better quality mate. The poor quality individual will therefore solicit copulations at a high frequency while it's partner may not always respond. We predict that high levels of courtship and solicitation will relate to a high risk of mate loss and that a lack of response by a partner will relate to the potential opportunities it has to improve on partner quality. Our thesis is that variation in mating behaviour arises as a result of any deviations from assortative mating that may exist in a population.
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DesRoches, Danika I., S. Hélène Deacon, Lindsey M. Rodriguez, Simon B. Sherry, Raquel Nogueira-Arjona, Mariam M. Elgendi, Sandra Meier, Allan Abbass, Fiona E. King i Sherry H. Stewart. "Homeschooling during COVID-19: Gender Differences in Work–Family Conflict and Alcohol Use Behaviour among Romantic Couples". Social Sciences 10, nr 7 (23.06.2021): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10070240.
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Homeschooling due to COVID-19 school closures is likely to increase conflict between work and family demands, potentially leading to adverse substance-use effects. We conducted a survey with 758 couples focusing on homeschooling, work–family conflict, and alcohol use (April 2020). The 211 homeschooling couples reported more work–family conflict than the 547 non-homeschooling couples; there also were stronger effects on family interference with work in women. Among the homeschooling couples, homeschooling hours were associated with greater partner drinking. In distinguishable dyad analyses by gender, women’s hours homeschooling were associated with greater drinking frequency by both parents. Men’s hours homeschooling were associated with lower drinking frequency in their partners. Increased work–family conflict in homeschooling couples is particularly worrisome given its link to increased stress and poor mental health. Moreover, women’s increased drinking may impede their ability to support their families during the pandemic. Men’s increased drinking could put homeschooling mothers at risk for escalating conflict/domestic violence, given links of male drinking to intimate partner violence. Finally, the protective-partner effects of men’s homeschooling hours on women’s drinking frequency suggests that more egalitarian division of homeschooling labor may have protective cross-over effects.
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Shlyahova, A. V. "Особливості ситуативної поведінки щурів-агресорів у тесті «перегородка»". Visnyk of Dnipropetrovsk University. Biology, medicine 1, nr 1 (5.07.2010): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021019.
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The peculiarities of behaviour reactions of rats-aggressors to the change of a partner in a «partition» test has been investigated under modelling of sensory contact under the conditions of agonistic collisions. Correlations between indices of the orientation to a partner, and between motor and emotional reactions testify to the increasing interest in the unknown partner with the submissive type of behaviour and to activity and nervous excitement, related to a high level of aggressive motivation.
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Mostafa, S. R., i O. H. Roshdy. "Risk profiles for sexually transmitted diseases among patients attending the venereal disease clinic at Alexandria Main University Hospital". Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 5, nr 4 (15.08.1999): 740–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/1999.5.4.740.
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Risk factors for sexually transmitted diseases [STDs] were assessed among 54 male and 36 female patients attending a venereal disease clinic. Sociodemographic data and information on sexual behaviour/STD history were collected. Patients were examined and specimens taken for laboratory diagnosis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the significant predictors of genital infections among the male patients were: being unmarried, having multiple sexual partners, exposure to a symptomatic sexual partner, high frequency of intercourse per week, having repeated episode[s]of STDs and practising coitus interfemoris. In the female patients, exposure to a symptomatic sexual partner and high frequency of intercourse per week were the only significant predictors
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Deuba, Keshab, Verena Kohlbrenner, Sushil Koirala i Anna Mia Ekström. "Condom use behaviour among people living with HIV: a seven-country community-based participatory research in the Asia-Pacific region". Sexually Transmitted Infections 94, nr 3 (8.11.2017): 200–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2017-053263.
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ObjectivesWe examined the prevalence of inconsistent condom use and its correlates among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in the Asia-Pacific region.MethodsBetween 1 October 2012 and 31 May 2013, a total of 7843 PLHIV aged 18–50 years were recruited using targeted and venue-based sampling in Bangladesh, Indonesia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR), Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines and Vietnam. Logistic regression was used to explore the association between condom use behaviour and demographics, social support, stigma and discrimination and various health-related variables.ResultsOverall, 43% of 3827 PLHIV practised inconsistent condom use at sexual intercourse with their regular partner. An even higher proportion, 46% of 2044 PLHIV admitted that they practised unprotected sex with a casual partner. Participants from Lao PDR reported the lowest prevalence of inconsistent condom use for both regular and casual partners, while participants from the Philippines had the highest risk behaviour. Inconsistent condom use was significantly associated with belonging to a key population (drug user, sex worker or refugee subpopulation), not knowing that condoms are still needed if both partners are HIV positive, having a regular partner whose HIV status was either positive or unknown, having experienced physical assault and not receiving antiretroviral treatment.ConclusionsThis large seven-country study highlights a high prevalence of inconsistent condom use among PLHIV in the Asia-Pacific region. In addition to knowledge-imparting interventions, the adoption and expansion of the ‘Test and Treat’ strategy could help to maximise the prevention benefits of antiretroviral treatment.
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Cillessen, Antonius H. N., X. Lu Jiang, Tessa V. West i Dagmara K. Laszkowski. "Predictors of dyadic friendship quality in adolescence". International Journal of Behavioral Development 29, nr 2 (marzec 2005): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650250444000360.
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Five dimensions of friendship quality (conflict, closeness, companionship, helping, and security) were predicted from self-reports and peer reports of physical aggression, relational aggression, and prosocial behaviour, using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (Kenny & Acitelli, 2001). Participants were 224 adolescents aged 15–17 years (142 girls, 82 boys) who formed 112 unique same-sex best friend dyads. Significant actor and partner effects were found for both self-ratings and peer nominations of social behaviour and the five friendship qualities. Aggression was associated with self and partner perceptions of friendship conflict and low positive friendship qualities. Prosocial behaviour was associated with self and partner perceptions of positive friendship qualities and low conflict. The findings of this study were mostly consistent between male and female dyads. The importance of examining dependence due to dyads in peer relations research was discussed.