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Kim, Yeon Ju, Yeon-Dong Kim, Hyungtae Kim, Dong Ji Ahn, Ha-Jung Kim, Won Uk Koh i Young-Jin Ro. "Interaction between Dexamethasone, Ropivacaine, and Contrast Media Used in Interventional Pain Treatment: Considerations in Safety". Medicina 58, nr 12 (19.12.2022): 1871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina58121871.
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Background and Objectives: Although epidural steroid injections are used as an effective treatment, this technique is associated with rare but serious ischemic complications, especially when particulate steroids are used. However, recent studies have reported that even if non-particulate steroids are used, particulates are formed by the interaction with some local anesthetics (LA), causing ischemic complications. This observational study evaluated commonly used combinations of non-particulate steroids and LA with contrast media via microscopic analysis and analyzed the chemical properties of each mixture to identify the correlation of particulate formation. Materials and Methods: Commonly used clinical non-particulate and particulate steroids, contrast media, and LA agent combinations were evaluated macroscopically and microscopically. The pH values were also measured at both room temperature (26 °C) and body temperature (36 °C). Where particulates were observed, the particulate size was measured. Results: Macroscopically, the mixture of non-particulate steroid and ropivacaine had a slightly cloudy appearance at all concentrations, but there was no visible particulate. However, when observed under a microscope, the pH-dependent particulate formation was observed at all concentration combinations tested. (0.1% ropivacaine: from 19 μm to 70 μm, and 0.2% ropivacaine: from 37 μm to 108 μm at room temperature (26 °C)). When contrast media was mixed or the temperature was raised to body temperature (36 °C), the number and size of the particulates decreased or dissolved. Conclusions: The combination of ropivacaine and dexamethasone, a non-particulate steroid, mainly used in epidural injections, forms particulates. However, when mixed with contrast media, particulates are dissolved because of changes in pH and factors affecting particulate formation. In fluoroscopy-guided injections, the use of contrast media could resolve particulate formation.
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Guo, Su Juan, Guo Zheng Kang i Cheng Dong. "Numerical Simulations for Uniaxial Ratcheting of SiCP/6061Al Composites Concerning Particulate Arrangement". Advanced Materials Research 26-28 (październik 2007): 317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.26-28.317.
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Based on three dimensional cubic unit cell models containing several particulates with certain particulate arrangements, the monotonic tensile and uniaxial ratcheting behaviors of particulate reinforced metal matrix composites (i.e., T6-treated SiCP/6061Al composites) were numerically simulated by using elastic-plastic finite element code ABAQUS with help of newly developed user material subroutine (UMAT). In the simulations, the effects of different particulate arrangements inside the unit cell models on the monotonic tensile and ratcheting behaviors of the composites were discussed. It is shown that the effect of particulate arrangement on the ratcheting of the composite depends on the arranged modes and the number of particulates contained in the model, and the interaction between particulates can be represented reasonably by the cubic unit cell model with a suitable distribution of multi-particulates.
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Grimm, Christian, Agnès Feurtet-Mazel, Oleg S. Pokrovsky i Eric H. Oelkers. "Riverine Particulate Matter Enhances the Growth and Viability of the Marine Diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii". Minerals 13, nr 2 (26.01.2023): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13020183.
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Riverine particulates dominate the transport of vital nutrients such as Si, Fe or P to the ocean margins, where they may increase primary production by acting as slow-release fertilizer. Furthermore, the supply of particulate surface area to the ocean is considered to be a major control of organic carbon burial. Taken together, these observations suggest a close link between the supply of riverine particulate material and the organic carbon cycle. To explore this link, we conducted microcosm experiments to measure the growth of the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii in the presence and absence of different types and concentrations of riverine particulate material. Results demonstrate a strong positive effect of riverine particulate material on diatom growth with increased total diatom concentrations and slowed post-exponential death rates with increasing particulate concentration. Moreover, SEM and optical microscope investigations confirm that riverine particulates facilitate organic carbon burial through their role in the aggregation and sedimentation of phytoplankton. The supply of riverine particulate material has been shown to be markedly climate sensitive with their fluxes increasing dramatically with increasing global temperature and runoff. This pronounced climate sensitivity implies that riverine particulates contribute substantially in regulating atmospheric CO2 concentrations through their role in the organic carbon cycle.
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Hunter, C. E., H. A. Cikanek i T. P. Gardner. "Evaluation of Some Factors Controlling DI Diesel Combustion and Exhaust Emissions". Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 111, nr 3 (1.07.1989): 379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240265.
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The combined effects of turbocharging, high fuel injection pressure, and reduced oil consumption on diesel exhaust emissions were investigated using a single-cylinder research engine. The influence of these exhaust emission control concepts on particulate composition was determined using a new particulate analysis method. In addition, the dependence of particulate composition on engine load and air utilization was examined using the microfumigation technique. Simultaneous application of these emissions control concepts reduced exhaust particulates by 70 percent. High injection pressure reduced the insoluble component of particulates, while reducing oil consumption and turbocharging the engine lowered both soluble and insoluble particulates. Reductions in oil-derived particulates with increasing engine load were partially attributed to increases in volumetric air utilization. Ninety percent of the lube oil found in exhaust particulates was unburned; however, similar concentrations of unburned and partially oxidized components were observed in fuel-derived particulates.
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Roman, Monika, Kamil Roman i Michał Roman. "Spatial Variation in Particulate Emission Resulting from Animal Farming in Poland". Agriculture 11, nr 2 (19.02.2021): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11020168.
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The article presents a spatial variation in particulate emission from animal farming in Poland. In addition, this paper estimates the PM2.5 and PM10 particulate emissions. The data on respective emissions sources have been acquired from the Central Statistics Authority (GUS) of 2019 (Local Data Bank). The emissions of PM2.5 and PM10 particulates were estimated from the structure of the emissions sources covered in the “EEA/EMEP Emission Inventory Guidebook” following the Tier 1 method. The research shows that, in Poland, the biggest share in particulate emission is found for poultry and cattle farming, which are the emissions of 5.5 and 3 m kg of particulates annually all across Poland, respectively. The highest pollution with PM2.5 resulting from animal farming was recorded for the Podlaskie (0.19 kg/ha), Wielkopolskie (0.16 kg/ha), and Mazowieckie (0.14 kg/ha) provinces, whereas the highest pollution with PM10 was recorded for the Wielkopolskie province (0.83 kg/ha). The key sources of particulate emission indicated in the study facilitate adapting the adequate method to reduce the particulate emissions in respective provinces. It is essential, especially due to the negative effect of particulates on human health.
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Fang, Guor-Cheng, Yuh-Shen Wu, Wen-Jhy Lee, Te-Yen Chou i I.-Chen Lin. "Seasonal variation in concentration and metallic constituents of atmospheric particulates near the western coast of central Taiwan". Toxicology and Industrial Health 22, nr 5 (czerwiec 2006): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0748233706th262oa.
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In addition to determining the concentration and metallic constituents of particulate matter at Taichung Harbor in central Taiwan, this study attempts to characterize the mass, metallic elements, composition and concentrations of total suspended particulates (TSP), fine particles and coarse particles. Statistical approaches, such as the Spearman tests, were also adopted to determine the seasonal variations of concentrations of these pollutants. Experimental results indicate that the mean TSP, fine particulate and coarse particulate concentrations in spring and winter are higher than in summer and autumn on the western coast of central Taiwan. Spearman statistical analysis of metallic elements Mn and Pb showed high concentration coefficients for fine and coarse particulates on the western coast of central Taiwan. The order of mean metallic concentrations in TSP, coarse particulates and fine particles was Fe-Zn-Mg-Cu-Cr-Mn-Pb in TSP, Fe-Cu-Zn-Mg-Mn-Pb-Cr in coarse particulates and Fe-Cu-Mg-Pb-Zn-Mn-Cr in fine particulates.
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Danciulescu, Valeriu, Luoana Florentina Pascu, Mihaela Petrescu, Andreea Cozea, Raluca Diodiu, Gheorghita Tanase i Maria Pasca. "The influence of emission sources on particulate matter pollution in adjacent areas". SIMI 2019, SIMI 2019 (20.09.2019): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21698/simi.2019.fp33.
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Particulates generated by anthropogenic activities are found in the ambient air in varying amounts, in a wide range of sizes and in a wide variety of chemical composition. The concentration of particulates at one site, as well as their composition, are influenced by their origin and dispersion factors. By chemical and dimensional analysis of particulates in an area, we can draw preliminary conclusions about the origin and level of pollution in that area. This paper presents the results obtained by concomitant monitoring of particulates emissions and the concentration of particulate matter in ambient air in the adjacent area of an industrial plant. The result of the measurements obtained and their correlation with the specific conditions during the monitoring period lead us to the conclusion that the concentration of particulate matter at the emission sources directly influences the concentrations of particulate matter in the neighbouring area.
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Patel, Murlidhar, Sushanta Kumar Sahu i Mukesh Kumar Singh. "Fabrication and Investigation of Mechanical Properties of SiC Particulate Reinforced AA5052 Metal Matrix Composite". Journal of Modern Materials 7, nr 1 (6.07.2020): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/jmm.7.1.26-36.
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In this present research particulate reinforced aluminium metal matrix composites are developed by using sand mould and liquid stir casting processing route in which AA5052 reinforced with 5 wt. % SiC particulates of 63µm particle size. The density, porosity, micro-hardness, and compressive strength of SiC particulate reinforced AA5052 MMC were investigated and compared these properties with similar properties of unreinforced AA5052. The microstructure of the developed composite was also analysed by using optical microscopy, SEM, and XRD. Developed particulate reinforced Al metal matrix composite gives improved hardness and compressive strength as compared to the unreinforced AA5052. The addition of 5 wt. % SiC particulates increases the density of AA5052.
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Yu, Yun Jiang, Qiong Wang, Zhong Ren Nan, Yan Ping Zhang, Hai Peng Lin i Sheng Li Wang. "Distribution Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollutants on Air Particulate Matters in Lanzhou City". Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (maj 2012): 961–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.961.
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In order to learn the present situation of heavy metals on particulate matters and evaluate their health risk, this paper cites the examples of District Xigu which is severely polluted and Town Yuzhong which is slightly polluted in Lanzhou city, the concentration of heavy metals attached on particulate matters in different seasons and different regions is measured, and the distribution proportion of heavy metals in different diameters of particulates is analyzed. Based on the health risk evaluation model recommended by USEPA, this paper evaluates health risks of pollution caused by heavy metals on atmosphere particulates at different sampling places in Lanzhou city. The result shows that heavy metal attached on particulate matter in Lanzhou city is distributed seasonally and regionally. Heavy metals on particulate matters in Lanzhou city are mainly attached on particulates of which the diameters are less than 10μm(PM10). In terms of horizontal gradient, the hazard index of heavy metal in the total suspension particulates in severely-polluted district of Lanzhou city in winter is greater than 1. In terms of vertical gradient, the hazard index of heavy metals on total suspension particulates 15m above ground in winter is greater than 1. These polluted aspects should be treated. The carcinogenic risk of chromium exceeds 10-6~10-4which is acceptable scope stipulated by USEPA and should be well handled.
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Száková, J., J. Sysalová i P. Tlustoš. "Particular aspects of environmental impact of potentially risk elements from airborne particulate matter". Plant, Soil and Environment 51, No. 8 (19.11.2011): 376–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3613-pse.
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Two simple experiments were carried out to demonstrate two possible ways of environmental impact of element contents in airborne particulate matter. In the first part of the experiment, the response of three rural dust samples applied into the soil were assessed in pot experiment to observe uptake of As, Cd, Pb, and Zn by aboveground biomass of oat (Avena sativa L.). Although the element contents in dust samples exceeded significantly total element contents in soil, the element content in plants was not affected by single-rate soil amendment with rural dust sample. Soil sorption capacity and neutral pH of the experimental soil (7.0) was sufficient for immobilization of the elements. However, potentially mobilizable portions (0.005 mol/l DTPA extractable) of elements significantly increased (Cd by 116%, Pb by 39%, Zn by 50%) in the treated soil, which suggests a possible release of these elements in long-term horizon. On the contrary, high percentages of potentially toxic elements (Cd, Zn, Ni) in the most mobile (exchangeable) fractions were determined in the second part of investigation in two urban dust samples collected in Prague Letná automobile tunnel, and Prague subway station Museum. These results suggest possible direct impact of mobile, and thus potentially bio-available, element fractions on human environment. The results of both particular experiments cannot give complete information concerning behavior of harmful pollutants in airborne particulate matter and their influence on human health. They can however indicate two of possible ways of environmental pollution with this material. Yet, it would require a more detailed investigation in future.
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Fan, Long, i Shimin Liu. "Respirable nano-particulate generations and their pathogenesis in mining workplaces: a review". International Journal of Coal Science & Technology 8, nr 2 (11.02.2021): 179–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40789-021-00412-w.
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AbstractThere is a growing concern in mining community about the contribution of nano-particulates to miner’s health. Despite the health influence of respirable dusts and associated lung diseases have been recognized for decades in the mining industry, the nano-scale particulates accompanying with complicated physiochemical properties and their enormous contribution in quantity have been drawing attentions only in recent a few years because of the advancement of nano-science discipline. In this review, we examine the current regulations of dusts exposure and the dominant mass-based monitoring methods to point out the ignorance of nano-particulates in mining industry. The recognized mining-related nano-particulates sources are summarized to identify the mechanically generated finer particulates including particles and aerosols. In addition, the mechanism of adverse health impact on miner with exposure to nano-scale particulates is discussed in a detail to emphasize their substantial detriment as a potential respiratory hazard. Characterization of the complex physiochemical properties of nano-particulates are then summarized and discussed because these properties could be different from regular respirable dusts due to their dramatically increased surface area and particulate counts. The intent of this review is to demonstrate the potential of adverse health effect of nano-particulate on the mine personals throughout the mining cycle and to identify the research gaps of the mine nano-particulate characterization and quantification. We suggest that further understanding of the mining induced nano-particulate properties and their pathogenesis are critical for the future engineering control measure to mitigate the potential health threat for future miners.
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Bevan, David R., i David M. Ruggio. "Bioavailability in Vivo of Benzo[a]Pyrene Adsorbed to Diesel Particulate". Toxicology and Industrial Health 7, nr 3 (maj 1991): 125–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823379100700302.
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To evaluate health risks associated with exposure to particulates in the environment, it is necessary to quantify the bioavailability of carcinogens associated with the particulates. Direct analysis of bioavailability in vivo is most readily accomplished by adsorbing a radiolabeled form of the carcinogen to the particulate. A sam ple of native diesel particulate collected from an Oldsmobile die sel engine that contained 1.03 μ g benzo[ a] pyrene ( BaP)/ g particulate was supplemented with exogenous [ 3 H]- BaP to pro duce a particulate containing 2.62 μ g BaP/g. To insure that elu tion of BaP from native and [3 H] -BaP-supplemented particulate was similar, in vitro analyses were performed. When using phos pholipid vesicles composed of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC), 1.52% of total BaP was eluted from native particulate into the vesicles in 18 hrs; from [ 3 H] -BaP supplemented particu late, 1.68% was eluted. Using toluene as eluent, 2.55% was eluted from native particulate, and 8.25% from supplemented particulate, in 6 hrs. Supplemented particulate was then instilled intratracheally into male Sprague-Dawley rats and distribution of radioactivity was analyzed at selected times over 3 days. About 50% of radioactivity remained in lungs at 3 days following instil lation, with 30% being excreted into feces and the remainder dis tributed throughout the organs of the rats. To estimate the amount of radioactivity that entered feces through swallowing of a portion of the instilled dose, [3 H] -BaP-supplemented particu late was instilled intratracheally into rats that had a cannula sur gically implanted in the bile duct. Rate of elimination of radio activity into bile was monitored; 10.6% of radioactivity was re covered in 6 hr, an amount slightly lower than the 12.8% ex creted in 6 hrs into feces of animals with intact bile ducts. Our studies provide a quantitative description of the distribution of BaP and its metabolites following intratracheal instillation of diesel particulate. Because rates of elution of BaP in vitro are similar for native diesel particulate and particulate with supple mental [ 3H] -BaP, our results provide a reasonable estimate of the bioavailability in vivo of BaP associated with diesel particu late.
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Dong, Rui, Zhiqing Zhang, Yanshuai Ye, Huiqiong Huang i Chao Cao. "Review of Particle Filters for Internal Combustion Engines". Processes 10, nr 5 (17.05.2022): 993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10050993.
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Diesel engines have gradually become one of the main forces in the human transportation industry because of their high efficiency, good durability, and stable operation. However, compared with gasoline vehicles, the high emission of diesel vehicles forces manufacturers to introduce new pollutant control technologies. Although the particulate matter emissions of gasoline vehicles are lower than that of diesel vehicles, with the popularity of gasoline vehicles and the continuous rise of power, the impact of these particles on the environment cannot be ignored. Therefore, diesel particulate filters and gasoline particulate filters have been invented to collect the fine particles in the exhaust gas to protect the environment and meet increasingly stringent emission regulations. This paper summarizes the research progress on diesel particulate filters and gasoline particulate filters at present and comprehensively introduces the diesel particulate filter and gasoline particulate filter from the mechanism, composition, and operation processes. Additionally, the laws and regulations of various countries and the impact of gas waste particulates on the human body are described. In addition, the mechanisms of the diesel particulate filter, gasoline particulate filter, and regeneration were studied. Finally, the prospects and future directions for the development of particle filters for internal combustion engines are presented.
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Ida, Munfarida, Sofyan Asep i Rezagama Arya. "Effect of Organic Particulate Matter on Vegetable Crops and their Control Potentials". E3S Web of Conferences 73 (2018): 05021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187305021.
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Air pollution has an impact, include impact to the plants. The adverse effects of air pollution have been associated with three major sources. They are gaseous pollutant and particulates from fossil fuels, manufacturing plants and vehicles. Many studies reveal that plants absorb particulate pollutants can cause damage or decline in growth. This study analysed the effects of organic particulate matter exposure on vegetable crops that were lettuce (Lactuta sativa L) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L). Thus from the research we can control vegetable crops from particulate matter pollution. Growth parameters include the number of leaves, plant height, fresh weight, dry weight, number of chlorophyll and stomata index. This research was conducted on Padjadjaran University Greenhouse, Jatinangor. Lettuce and cucumber were given three treatment, those were: plant was contaminated with organic particulate matter derived from clay, plant inside and outside the chamber were not contaminated. The results showed that organic particulate matter exposure more affects the growth of lettuce than cucumbers for the following parameters: plant height, dry weight and fresh weight. Control potentials of organic particulate matter include regulation management, reducing field burning of vegetable residue, and implementation of particulate matter control devices in industry and vehicles.
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Molik, Artur, Marzena Trojanowska, Monika Łożyńska i Ryszard Świetlik. "Seasonal variations in chromium concentration in urban atmospheric aerosol in the city of Radom". E3S Web of Conferences 28 (2018): 01024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20182801024.
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This paper presents seasonal variations in the occurrence of chromium in urban particulate matter (PM). Radom is an interesting area for this type of research due to its typical antiquated heating infrastructure. PM samples of two particulate fractions PM2.5 (particulates ≤ 2.5 µm) and PM10 (particulates ≤ 10 µm) were collected using a Copley cascade impactor Hi-Flow MOUDI Model 130. Chromium was determined in the samples using the GF-AAS technique. The concentration of chromium in PM2.5 was in the range of 0.38 to 3.2 ng/m3, whereas in PM10 it ranged from 0.43 to 4.1 ng/m3.
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Zhang, Xin, Yuesheng Fan, Shuxuan Wei, Huan Wang i Jiaxin Zhang. "Fractal approach to concentration distribution of atmospheric fine particle sizes". Thermal Science 25, nr 2 Part B (2021): 1337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci200301031z.
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With the increase of particulate pollution in the atmosphere, it becomes extremely significant to understand the overall distribution characteristics of particulates and their adsorption of toxic gases for the source analysis and precise controlling of atmospheric particulate matters. The fractal theory was adopted to analyze particle sizes distribution characteristics in Xi?an city, China. Results showed the fractal dimension of particulate matters distribution ranged from 4.32-4.83, with an average fractal dimension of 4.54. A higher fractal dimension predicts a higher concentration of fine particles. Additionally the effects of outdoor temperature, humidity, and wind speed on the fractal dimension were also studied experimentally
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Saenz, Natalio, Heather Dillon, Shelley Carlson i Gary Maupin. "Advanced Metallographic Techniques Applied to Diesel Particulate Filters". Microscopy Today 15, nr 5 (wrzesień 2007): 44–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500061253.
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Diesel Particulate Filters (DPFs) are designed to capture exhaust particulates from engines. The filter material collects the particulates deep in the substrate (deep-bed filtration) before transitioning to other filtration methods on the surface. The deep-bed filtration has been characterized by modeling studies but little experimental information about the particulate, or soot, penetration in the filter material is available. Traditional evaluation methods do not provide sufficient contrast between the soot and mounting resins.Due to the difficulty of locating carbon soot in the pores in these filters, ultra-thin section techniques (under 10-micron-thick sections) were used for the characterization of these samples. Under transmitted light, the carbon soot is black because it blocks the light, and the carbon in the resin material is relatively clear.
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Springer, K. J. "Diesel Lube Oils—Fourth Dimension of Diesel Particulate Control". Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 111, nr 3 (1.07.1989): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240261.
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Particulate emission control, for the HD diesel engine, has previously been considered a three-dimensional problem involving: (1) combustion of the fuel by the engine, (2) fuel modification, and (3) exhaust aftertreatment. The lube oil contribution may be considered a fourth dimension of the problem. Historically, the heavy-duty engine manufacturer has met emission standards for smoke (1968 to present), CO, HC, and NOx (1974 to present) and particulates (1988 to present) through changes in engine design. This paper uses the allocation method to estimate the reduction in lube oil consumption needed to meet 1991 and 1994 U.S. particulate emission standards. This analysis places the contribution of lube oil as a source of exhaust particulates into prospective with the contributions from fuel sulfur and fuel combustion. An emissions control strategy to meet future regulations is offered in which reductions from fuel modification, combustion improvement, reduced lube oil consumption, and exhaust particulate trap-catalysts are all involved.
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Suraya, Sulaiman, Shamsuddin Sulaiman, Ali Munira i Abdul Aziz Fazilah. "Effect of TiC Particulates on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Aluminium-Based Metal Matrix Composite". Advanced Materials Research 903 (luty 2014): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.903.145.
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In this research, metal-matrix composites (MMCs) of aluminium-11.8% silicon alloy matrix reinforced with titanium carbides particulates were fabricated by the casting technique. Aluminium-11.8% silicon alloy is selected as the matrix material and titanium carbide as particulates are mixed in different weight percentages, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%wt. The cylinder composite castings are made by pouring the composite mixture in copper permanent-molds. The microstructure and mechanical properties of these composite materials were investigated. The effects of reinforced materials on weight percentages addition of particulate on the particulate distribution in aluminium-11.8% silicon alloy composites and SEM observation of the fracture surfaces of tensile tested specimens were deliberate. Moreover, cylinder castings without particulate addition are made and compared with the result based on the properties and microstructural features. It is found that the microstructure and mechanical properties of composites significantly improved by the use of particle reinforced into aluminium alloy.
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Ramraji, K., K. Rajkumar i P. Sabarinathan. "Tailoring of tensile and dynamic thermomechanical properties of interleaved chemical-treated fine almond shell particulate flax fiber stacked vinyl ester polymeric composites". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 233, nr 11 (9.05.2019): 2311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420719849616.
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Natural fiber and particulates are being exploited to attain eco-friendly products for construction and automotive sectors. These sectors are moving towards the use of high damping characteristic natural biofibers and particulate-reinforced polymer composite as part of the structural components. In this work, woven flax fiber (0° and 90°) and almond shell particulates were used. They were subsequently treated with alkaline and acetylene chemical solution separately. Polymer composite laminates were prepared using a vinyl ester resin as matrix and by stacking flax fibers and almond particulates interleaved in an alternative sequence using the hand layup technique. This was followed by hydraulic pressing. Composite laminates were fabricated by varying the almond shell particulate weight fraction of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%. Mechanical properties such as tensile and flexural strength were experimentally measured. Dynamic thermomechanical analysis was conducted on the alkaline-treated and untreated composites with different frequencies for the assessment of the damping characteristics. The alkaline-treated interleaved almond shell and flax fiber composite showed considerably higher damping characteristics. This could be due to the improved adhesion between the matrix and reinforcements. An addition of almond shell particulate positively increased the strength and stiffness of composites.
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Yu, Hong, Mary Sue Brewer, Karen K. Leonas, James A. Knopp i Patricia A. Annis. "Evaluation of a robotic transfer replicator: machine parameters that affect measurements of transfer of particulates from carpet surfaces to human skin versus human skin-like surfaces". Textile Research Journal 88, nr 19 (22.07.2017): 2234–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517517718191.
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We have designed and built a robotic machine (robotic transfer replicator) to replicate the process by which various particulates are transferred from carpet surfaces to human skin. The particulates tested included bovine serum albumin, dust mites, paint dust, pesticides, and pollen. We have investigated the effect of time of transfer, applied pressure, skin-like receptor materials, particulate size, carpet composition and construction, and motion of the receptors on the percent transfer. The amount transferred was determined to be directly proportional to the amount of particulate applied to the carpet surface. The percent transfer values ranged from 0.05% to 28% for different combinations of particulates, carpet types, and method of transfer. The percent transfer was shown to be independent of receptor size or applied pressure. To explain the variations in the percent transfer, a three-zone model for particulate penetration into carpets is proposed. While the robotic transfer replicator was not capable of reproducing exactly the results from human finger transfer, it does provide a controlled and reproducible approach to the transfer process and the ability to use toxic or pathogenic materials that could not be used with human subjects.
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Darien, B. J., P. Sims, T. Robinson, P. Manley i R. Albrecht. "Characterization of Titanium Alloy Particulates to Study the in Vitro Release of Inflammatory Mediators by Human Peripheral Blood Monocytes." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (lipiec 1998): 940–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760002482x.
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Particulate wear debris found around joint arthroplasties has been linked to the premature failure of artificial joints. Cytokines and eicosanoids released by macrophages are known mediators of inflammation and osteolysis. Previous in vitro studies of wear debris-mediated inflammation have relied upon poorly characterized particulates and peripheral blood cell fractions of mixed cellular composition. The objective of this study was to utilize titanium particulates that closely match wear debris found around joint arthroplasties and to study their effects on the biosynthesis of inflammatory mediators by isolated monocytes.To mimic wear debris that surrounds artificial joints, titanium alloy particulates (1-3 μm in diameter) were obtained. A submicron fraction of these particulates was isolated by differential sedimentation. The morphology, size and concentration of the resulting population was characterized utilizing scanning electron microscopy. Titanium particulate size was estimated from photomicrographs of calibrated latex microspheres mixed with titanium particles (Figure 1). A known volume of titanium particulates in suspension was applied to a carbon planchette and allowed to dry.
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Cao, Yong, Da Di Zhang, Jing Liu i Dan Yu. "The Horizontal and Vertical Distribution of Particulates in a Near-Road Environment". Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (grudzień 2014): 3215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.3215.
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The distribution of particulate matters is now receiving significant attention given their role in human health and respiratory related diseases. The concentrations of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 were measured in different test points near the road. Two sampling campaigns were conducted in this study. The results indicated that a gradual decrease in the concentrations of particulate matters with distance from the edge of the road. The concentrations of these particulates decreased with the increase of height when the sites were under trees or other vegetations, while the concentrations of these particulates increased with the increase of height when the sites were higher than the height of trees or other vegetations.
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Mukherjee, S. R., i A. D. Levine. "Chemical Solubilization of Particulate Organics as a Pretreatment Approach". Water Science and Technology 26, nr 9-11 (1.11.1992): 2289–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0718.
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The first step degradation of particulate organic waste is solubilization. In a bioreactor, solubilization occurs due to enzymatic hydrolysis. As an alternative, the use of chemical solubilization methods may provide a means of more efficiently solubilizing the particulates to a form that can be readily utilized by a biological treatment system. In this study, an industrial waste high in particulate organic content was used as a test substrate. The chemical pretreatment methods tested were alkaline hydrolysis, oxidation, and a mixture of hydrolysis and oxidation. Experimental studies to elucidate the effects of chemical pretreatment on the characteristics of particulate organics are discussed in this paper.
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Li, Ming Di, Zhong Wang, Shu Ai Liu, Rui Na Li i Yang Zhao. "Study on the Particulate Microstructure of Different Oxygenated Fuels". Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (sierpień 2013): 1950–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.1950.
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The microstructures of particulates fueled with ethanol/diesel, DMC/diesel, and biodiesel/diesel blends were studied using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The effects of oxygenated fuels on the microstructures of particulates were studied. The results showed that the particulates presented with chain and group like structures. The particulate size was approximately following the normal distribution. With the increase of oxygenated fuels blends ratios, the extent of agglomeration increased and the structure arrangement became closer.
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Sakai, Mitsuaki, Yukio Sato, Shoko Sato, Satoshi Ihara, Masataka Onizuka, Yuzuru Sakakibara i Hideto Takahashi. "Effect of relocating to areas of reduced atmospheric particulate matter levels on the human circulating leukocyte count". Journal of Applied Physiology 97, nr 5 (listopad 2004): 1774–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00024.2004.
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A high level of atmospheric particulate matter induces an increase in circulating polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) counts and an increase in serum inflammatory cytokine levels. The particulate level in Antarctica is extremely low compared with that in industrial countries. We hypothesized that this low level would reduce circulating leukocyte counts and serum inflammatory cytokine levels in people visiting Antarctica from industrial countries. The number density of particulates with aerodynamic diameters of <10.0 μm was measured in Japan and in Antarctica during the 41st Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition. Circulating leukocyte counts, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-6 levels, and pulmonary function were determined at regular intervals in 39 expedition members. The particulate number density was <1% of that measured in Japan. Total leukocytes, segmented and band-formed PMN, monocyte counts, and serum interleukin-6 levels decreased in Antarctica compared with the initial values measured in Japan. Pulmonary function parameters did not change except for maximal voluntary ventilation. Particulate matter levels had more significant effects on segmented PMN, band-formed PMN, and monocyte counts than cigarette smoking and the type of work. Exposure to reduced atmospheric particulates is considered to be a major factor for decreasing circulating leukocyte counts and serum cytokine levels.
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Orlowski, Gregory, Hiroshi Kataoka i Kenneth Rock. "Validating cathepsins as selective therapeutic targets for the treatment of particulate-mediated sterile inflammatory disease. (P1373)". Journal of Immunology 190, nr 1_Supplement (1.05.2013): 63.41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.63.41.
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Abstract IL-1β mediates a multitude of debilitating, and sometimes fatal, acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. However, existing therapies for these diseases target IL-1β directly, suppressing both its pathologic and protective activities. We propose that cathepsins are therapeutic targets specific to IL-1β-mediated inflammatory diseases caused by sterile particulates. These particulates, such as cholesterol crystals (atherosclerosis), silica (silicosis) and monosodium urate (gout), activate the NLRP3 inflammasome in immune cells, leading to active IL-1β secretion. Rather than conferring protection, this response causes disease. Here, we show that a bioavailable inhibitor of cathepsins B, L & C, called K777, specifically suppresses particulate-mediated IL-1β production by primary macrophages. Using primary and immortalized macrophages deficient in cathepsins B & L, we demonstrate these proteases are critical targets likely responsible for much of K777’s effect. Moreover, we show for the first time that, unlike other NLRP3 stimuli, particulate-mediated inflammatory cell death is inflammasome-independent and cathepsin-dependent. Finally, in a murine model of acute peritonitis, both subcutaneous and intravenous K777 treatment substantially and preferentially reduced IL-1β-dependent neutrophil influx caused by particulate stimuli. Together, these data are the first to translate cathepsin inhibition in vitro into an in vivo model, validating cathepsins as potentially selective therapeutic targets in particulate-mediated inflammatory disease.
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Farzanah, Khatera H. H., Mira O. M. Hassan, Rauda A. S. Al Muhairi, Claus Rebholz, Ibrahim E. Gunduz i Charalabos C. Doumanidis. "Mechanics Science-Enabled Nanoheater Multi-Layer Materials Manufactured by Ball Milling". MRS Advances 2, nr 16 (2017): 897–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.71.
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ABSTRACTThis article reports investigation of the effects of high-rate stochastic micro-mechanics on the produced particulate size distribution during ball milling of reactive bimetallic foils (nanoheaters), by experimental and computational modeling. In particular, Ni-Al foils are ball-milled at various load charges, revolution rates and process durations, and the resulting particulate geometries are characterized by micrograph statistical analysis. Numerical simulation of the evolving particulate structure is based on coalescence and fragmentation of flexible monometallic ellipsoidal primitives, impacted by milling balls and vial walls with kinetic theory-based kinematics. Particulates are constrained by discrete compliant and continuum media and undergo conceptual ideal elastic transformations modeled by strain energy methods, and recast into inelastic frictional and plasticity-driven welding and fracture events. Finally the theoretical model predictions of particulate size distribution are validated against laboratory microscopy observations.
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Huboyo, Haryono S., i Sudarno Sudarno. "Analysis of Particulates and SO2 Removal from Coal Combustion Emissions Using Cyclone and Wet Scrubber With Textile Wastewater Feed". TEKNIK 41, nr 3 (30.11.2020): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/teknik.v41i3.33883.
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Reuse of wastewater in the industry is mostly accomplished for watering plants. In a closed cycle, however, industrial wastewater can be returned through treatment to save water usage. This study aims to analyze textile wastewater's ability to be used as scrubbing liquid in the SO2 gas and particulate removal from coal combustion using a packed wet scrubber. Usually, the textile industry uses boiler fueled by coal and discharging base/alkaline wastewater. The method is carried out experimentally using a prototype device using a combination of cyclone and scrubber, with a source of coal combustion gas emissions. We did experiments using textile wastewater four times and two times using clean water as a control. We monitor the SO2, particulate emission in the gas stream, and pH, sulfate levels, and TSS levels in collected wastewater according to SNI. SO2 gas and particulates from coal combustion will be absorbed by the scrubber's wastewater spray so that SO2 will dissolve into sulfate, particulate matter into TSS. The study results using textile wastewater showed the removal efficiency of particulates on cyclone by 34-78%. The removal efficiency of SO2 on wet scrubber was only 24.7%. There was an increase in TSS levels after passing through the scrubber by 46%. The rise in TSS and sulfate concentrations in the wastewater indicates the absorption of SO2 and particulates into wastewater. Based on this result, we can use textile wastewater for controlling the emission of SO2 and particulate from coal combustion by feeding it for the scrubber. However, the efficiency of this process is not optimal.
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Chen, Dong, Cong Zou, Yi Jie Zhang, Nai Heng Ma i Hao Wei Wang. "Tensile Properties of 15wt. %TiB2/7055 Composite Fabricated by In Situ Method". Advanced Materials Research 842 (listopad 2013): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.842.165.
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7055 aluminum alloy reinforced with 15wt. % TiB2 particulates was synthesized by in situ method, the microstructure and tensile properties were investigated. There are a few particulate clusters in the matrix. The elastic modulus and hardness of the composite are higher than that of the matrix alloy, but the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength decrease. The decrease of strength is attributed to the presence of TiB2 particulate cluster and residual reaction slag.
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Kuldeep, Kuldeep, Sohil Sisodiya i Anil Mathur. "Environmental Risk Assessment Ascribed to Particulate Matter for Kota City, Rajasthan (India)". ECS Transactions 107, nr 1 (24.04.2022): 543–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.0543ecst.
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The present study analyses the current PM10 and PM2.5 pollution scenarios for Kota City (India) to evaluate human health and ecological environment risks associated with particulate matter pollution exposure. Particulate matter concentration revealed a falling trend during the research period, but PM10 and PM2.5 exceeded the Indian NAAQS and WHO standards. The dust ratio (PM10/PM2.5) has been increased over the years from 0.36 to 0.51. and continue to overgrow for Kota City, showing that fine particulates share more than 45% of total particulate matter. Kota exhibits a high exposure of population towards pollution compared to other megacities of the state. The ecological environment and health risk assessment showed the greater vulnerability of the people to potential risks caused by particulate matter as the risk level remained more than one throughout the research period. The exposure presents important conclusions to stakeholders and policymakers for the proper adoption of mitigation measures.
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Fang, Guor-Cheng, Chia-Chium Chu, Yuh-Shen Wu i Peter Pi-Cheng Fu. "Emission characters of particulate concentrations and dry deposition studies for incense burning at a Taiwanese temple". Toxicology and Industrial Health 18, nr 4 (maj 2002): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0748233702th140oa.
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Suspended particulate concentrations were measured at the Tzu Yun Yen temple in the Taichung region of Taiwan. The temple performs traditional incense burning. A universal sampler and a micro-orifice uniform deposited impactor (MOUDI) sampler with a dry deposition plate were used to measure the particulate concentrations. The results show that the average PM2.5/PM10 ratio was 74% during the incense burning period at this temple. In addition, the average suspended particulate (PM10) element concentration of anthropogenic element Zn (495 ng/m3) was higher than the other anthropogenic elements (Pb, Mn, Ni, and Cd). Furthermore, the average mass size distribution was bimodal with major peaks occurring at 0.32-0.56 mm and 5.6-10 mm during the incense burning period. The dry deposition velocities of Cd used fine particulates (PM2.5) and suspended particulate (PM10) mode were 1.86 and 0.99 cm/s in this study, respectively.
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Zheng, Guozhong, Yuzhen Lu, Yajing Wang, Zhengzheng Zhao, Ke Li i Xutao Zhang. "The Effects of Outdoor Source on Pollution Characteristics and Dynamic Changes of Particulate Matter in an Office". Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (28.11.2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4765406.
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The indoor air quality has a direct impact on human health. Particulate matter is one of the important factors affecting the indoor air quality. The paper selects an office as the study object and studies the pollution characteristics and dynamic changes of indoor particulate matter in different outdoor pollution levels. The mass concentration of outdoor PM10 is used as the evaluation basis of the outdoor pollution level. The outdoor PM10 concentration levels are divided into the range of 200–300, 300–400, 400–500, 500–600, 600–700 μg·m−3, individually. Firstly, the change characteristics of the mass concentration and the number concentration of the particulate matter in the five outdoor conditions are analyzed. Secondly, the maximum increase values and the maximum increase rates of the mass concentrations of different particle sizes in the five conditions are compared. Then, the penetration factors of the particulates in different sizes are compared among the five conditions. Finally, the correlation between indoor particulate matter and outdoor particulate matter is studied. The study results show that the effect of outdoor infiltration has a great influence on the indoor PM1 mass concentration, and the penetrating factors of the particulate matter between 0.3 μm and 0.5 μm are higher than 0.6; their permeability is the most obvious.
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Dong, Y. S., C. Guo, Ping Hua Lin, L. H. Yin i Yong Ping Pu. "Preparation of Porous Poly (L-Lactic Acid) (PLLA) Scaffold by Porogen Leaching and Freeze Drying". Key Engineering Materials 288-289 (czerwiec 2005): 381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.288-289.381.
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The poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA) porous scaffolds were prepared by porogen leaching combined freeze drying with the porogen particulates of ice in this paper. The ice particulates are made of distilled water sprayed into liquid nitrogen through a nozzle under a certain pressure. The pore morphology, porosity and residual porogen of the scaffolds was studied. There is no residual porogen when the ice particulate is used and the leaching mechanism of porogen is discussed. The scaffolds are composed of macro and micro pores and with a porosity of 80-90%. The macro pores are formed by ice particulate and the micro pores by thermal induced phase separation of solvent. The pore size can be changed easily by altering the size of ice particulate. The MTT assay was used to estimate cellular activity by L-929 cells culture in vitro. The results demonstrate that the scaffolds have no cytotoxicity. It could confidently be stated that the combined process seems to be a promising technique for the fabrication of porous polymer scaffold.
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Duguid, Paul. "The Ageing of Information: From Particular to Particulate". Journal of the History of Ideas 76, nr 3 (2015): 347–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jhi.2015.0020.
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Grant-Jacob, James A., i Ben Mills. "Deep learning in airborne particulate matter sensing: a review". Journal of Physics Communications 6, nr 12 (1.12.2022): 122001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2399-6528/aca45e.
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Abstract Airborne particulate matter pollution is a global health problem that affects people from all demographics. To reduce the impact of such pollution and enable mitigation and policy planning, quantifying individuals’ exposure to pollution is necessary. To achieve this, effective monitoring of airborne particulates is required, through monitoring of pollution hotspots and sources. Furthermore, since pollution is a global problem, which varies from urban areas to city centres, industrial facilities to inside homes, a variety of sensors might be needed. Current sensing techniques either lack species resolution on a world scale, lack real-time capabilities, or are too expensive or too large for mass deployment. However, recent work using deep learning techniques has expanded the capability of current sensors and allowed the development of new techniques that have the potential for worldwide, species specific, real-time monitoring. Here, it is proposed how deep learning can enable sensor design for the development of small, low-cost sensors for real-time monitoring of particulate matter pollution, whilst unlocking the capability for predicting future particulate events and health inference from particulates, for both individuals and the environment in general.
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Lohr, Virginia I., Georgia K. Goodwin i Caroline H. Pearson-Mims. "512 PB 286 EFFECTS OF INTERIOR PLANTS ON RELATIVE HUMIDITY AND AIR-BORNE PARTICULATE MATTER IN INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS". HortScience 29, nr 5 (maj 1994): 504g—504. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.504g.
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Foliage plants were added to different environments, including an office and a computer lab. Relative humidity and air-borne particulate matter were monitored in the presence and absence of the plants. When the relative humidity was low, the addition of plants increased the relative humidity slightly, but significantly, over that when no plants were present. Particulate matter accumulation was not increased in the presence of plants. Some have hypothesized that the growing medium could be a source of increased particulates when plants are used indoors. Some of our experiments used self-watering containers, irrigated from below, resulting in very dusty conditions in the top of the container. If the growing medium could contribute to increases in particulate matter, we should have detected it in this study.
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Zhong, Li Sheng, Yun Hua Xu, Na Na Wang, Xiao Jie Liu, Fang Xia Ye i Shan Shan Hu. "Infiltration Casting and In Situ Fabrication of NbC Particulates – Reinforced Iron Matrix Composites". Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (lipiec 2011): 269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.269.
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Niobium carbide (NbC) particulates -reinforced iron matrix composites were prepared by in- situ fabrication method combining an infiltration casting with a subsequent heat treatment. The microstructure and wear-resistance of NbC particulate-reinforced iron matrix composites were studied using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and wear testing. The results indicate that at 1172 °C for 3 hours NbC particulate-reinforced iron matrix composites were fabricated, and the size of NbC reinforcement was 0.3–3.5 μm. The relative wear resistance of the composites was 5.4 times higher than that of gray cast iron under a 20 N load. This was achieved at 22 % NbC volume fraction. Wear of the composites manifests as grooves, broken carbide particulates and some micro-cracks.
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Chezganova, E. A., O. S. Efimova, S. A. Sozinov, A. R. Efimova, V. M. Sakharova, A. G. Kutikhin, M. V. Osnova, Z. R. Ismagilov i E. B. Brusina. "Particulate Matter in a Hospital Environment: as Potential Reservoir for Hospital Strains". Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention 18, nr 4 (13.09.2019): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2019-18-4-82-92.
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Relevance. For decades, many aspects of aerosol transmission of hospital pathogens have been and remain the subject of scientific debate. Despite fairly detailed studies of the mechanism of microbial aerosols formation, distribution, the role of particulate matter in the formation of antibiotic resistance and multidrug-resistant hospital clones of microorganisms is still unclear. Aim. To investigate physicochemical properties and microbiological diversity of hospital particulate matter. Materials and Methods. Shape and size of particulates was assessed by means of scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering while elemental analysis was performed using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and high-temperature catalytic oxidation. Microbial profiling was conducted using polymerase chain reaction and Vitek 2 biochemical analyzer. Results. Hospital particulate matter included globular and fibrillary particles consisting of carbon, oxygen, calcium, silicon, aluminium, and sulfur. Intriguingly, microfiber particles had higher oxygen and calcium content along with the lower level of carbon in mineral but not organic component. Differential localisation of silicon and calcium in elemental mapping suggested that hospital particulate matter was composed of aluminosilicate minerals and calcium compounds. Among the microorganisms, we found multidrug-resistant strains Raoultella ornithinolytica, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Pantoea spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecium and additionally Pasteurella canis in hospital particulate matter samples. Conclusions. Particulate matter in the hospital environment might be considered as a potential reservoir for the evolution of antibiotic resistance and multidrug-resistant strains.
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Bebkiewicz, Katarzyna, Zdzisław Chłopek, Hubert Sar, Krystian Szczepański i Magdalena Zimakowska-Laskowska. "Assessment of Environmental Risks of Particulate Matter Emissions from Road Transport Based on the Emission Inventory". Applied Sciences 11, nr 13 (30.06.2021): 6123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11136123.
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The aim of this study is to investigate the environmental hazards posed by solid particles resulting from road transport. To achieve this, a methodology used to inventory pollutant emissions was used in accordance with the recommendations of the EMEP/EEA (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme/European Economic Area). This paper classifies particulates derived from road transport with reference to their properties and sources of origin. The legal status of environmental protection against particulate matter is presented. The emissions of particulate matter with different properties from different road transport sources is examined based on the results of Poland’s inventory of pollutant emissions in the year 2018. This study was performed using areas with characteristic traffic conditions: inside and outside cities, as well as on highways and expressways. The effects of vehicles were classified according to Euro emissions standards into the categories relating to the emissions of different particulate matter types. The results obtained showed that technological progress in the automobile sector has largely contributed to a reduction in particulate matter emissions associated with engine exhaust gases, and that this has had slight effect on particulate matter emissions associated with the tribological processes of vehicles. The conclusion formed is that it is advisable to undertake work towards the control and reduction of road transport particulate matter emissions associated with the sources other than engine exhaust gases.
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Saeed, Rageh S., Abdulelah Alswaiyd, Nader S. Saleh, Shaker Alaqel, Eldwin Djajadiwinata, Abdelrahman El-Leathy, Syed Noman Danish i in. "Characterization of Low-Cost Particulates Used as Energy Storage and Heat-Transfer Medium in Concentrated Solar Power Systems". Materials 15, nr 8 (18.04.2022): 2946. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15082946.
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Utilizing solid particles as a heat-transfer medium in concentrated solar power applications has gained growing attention lately. Unlike molten salts, solid particles offer many benefits, which include: high operating temperatures (greater than 1000 °C), a lack of freezing issues and corrosivity, abundant availability, high thermal energy storage capacity, a low cost, and applicability in direct irradiation. Comprehensive knowledge of thermophysical and optical properties of solid particles is essential to ensure an effective harnessing of solar energy. The most important considerations when selecting solid particles include: thermophysical and optical properties, thermal resistance, crack resistance, satisfactory health and safety risks, availability, and low cost. It is also imperative to consider optical and thermophysical characteristics that might change from what they were “as received” after cyclic heating for a long period. Therefore, the knowledge of thermal performance of particulate materials becomes significant before using them as a heat-transfer medium. In this study, some particulate materials were chosen to study their feasibilities as heat-transfer and storage media for a particle-based central receiver tower system. These particulate materials included white sand, red sand, ilmenite, and Carbobead CP. The candidate particulate materials were heated at high temperatures for 6 h and then cooled to room temperature. After that, cyclic heating was performed on the particulate materials for 500 h at 1200 °C. The optical properties were represented by weighted solar absorptance, and the thermophysical properties of the particulates were measured “as received” and after cyclic heating (aging). EDX and XRD were conducted to quantify the chemical composition and interpret the changes in appearance associated with the particulate materials after cyclic heating. The results showed a considerable agglomeration in all particulates except for white sand in the 6 h heating test, and high agglomeration in the ilmenite. A slight decrease in the optical properties in the white sand and Carbobead CP was found after the aging test. The specific heat was decreased for red and white sand. The EDX and XRD results for white sand and Carbobead CP showed chemical stability, indicating high durability and reliability.
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Zhu, Bingheng, Qi Xu i Pengxiang Li. "Investigation of the Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics and Erosion Law of Particulate in LBE on the Subchannel". Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2022 (22.03.2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2354978.
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A triangle subchannel model was established to study the flow and heat transfer characteristics of lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) alloy and the erosion rate of the core channel by the particulate in LBE. Under different inlet velocities, particle types, particle diameters, and particle concentrations, the erosion law of the channel wall in LEB was investigated by using a discrete phase model (DPM). The results of this study showed that with the increase of inlet velocity, the outlet temperature of the LEB decreases and the heat transfer capacity was strengthened. The increase of inlet velocity will lead to the increase of erosion rate on the wall, and the change is exponential. The erosion rate of particulate in the low concentration is small but cannot be ignored; with increasing concentration of particulates, the erosion of the wall by particulates becomes serious. The effect of particulate density on the wall erosion rate can be ignored. The effect of changing the particle size on the erosion rate is more significant when the particle size is small, and at the same time, the erosion rate of the particles on the wall increases with the increase of the particle size.
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Prasannavenkatesh, Ramachandran, Ramachandran Andimuthu, Palanivelu Kandasamy, Geetha Rajadurai, Divya Subash Kumar, Parthasarathy Radhapriya i Malini Ponnusamy. "Assessment of Population Exposure to Coarse and Fine Particulate Matter in the Urban Areas of Chennai, India". Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/643714.
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Research outcomes from the epidemiological studies have found that the course (PM10) and the fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are mainly responsible for various respiratory health effects for humans. The population-weighted exposure assessment is used as a vital decision-making tool to analyze the vulnerable areas where the population is exposed to critical concentrations of pollutants. Systemic sampling was carried out at strategic locations of Chennai to estimate the various concentration levels of particulate pollution during November 2013–January 2014. The concentration of the pollutants was classified based on the World Health Organization interim target (IT) guidelines. Using geospatial information systems the pollution and the high-resolution population data were interpolated to study the extent of the pollutants at the urban scale. The results show that approximately 28% of the population resides in vulnerable locations where the coarse particulate matter exceeds the prescribed standards. Alarmingly, the results of the analysis of fine particulates show that about 94% of the inhabitants live in critical areas where the concentration of the fine particulates exceeds the IT guidelines. Results based on human exposure analysis show the vulnerability is more towards the zones which are surrounded by prominent sources of pollution.
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Cha, Yingying, Saeed Abbasi i Ulf Olofsson. "Indoor and outdoor measurement of airborne particulates on a commuter train running partly in tunnels". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 232, nr 1 (7.04.2016): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409716642492.
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Wear processes from mechanical braking, rail/wheel contact, the railway electrification system and re-suspended materials due to the turbulence of passing trains in tunnels and stations have been suggested to be the main contributors to particulate matter levels inside trains. In this study, onboard monitoring was performed on a commuter train stopping at underground and aboveground stations. The concentration and size distribution of particulates were monitored for both indoor and outdoor levels. The results show that the levels of PM10 and PM2.5 inside the train were about one-fifth of the outdoor levels. Significant increases in indoor particulate number concentrations were observed in tunnel environments and there was a slight increase when the doors were open. Differences in the size distributions of micro- and nano-sized particulates could be identified for different tunnels.
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Chyc, Marek. "Air purifier – individual protection against indoor particulate matter". Health Promotion & Physical Activity 10, nr 1 (30.03.2020): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0663.
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The research work presents the findings of testing air purified using two commercial air purifiers available on the local market. Tests were carried out in the office and bedroom of a residential building. The results obtained show a high (75–93%) yield of air purification from particulate matter. Particulate matters fractions such as: PM1, PM2.5, PM4.0, PM10 and total suspended particulates (TSP) were analysed by means professional dust meter. A very strong correlation of particulate matter (PM) contents were found in individual particle classes during equipment operation. Obtained results approve high efficiency of equipment operation in the total range of measured values. This study is one of the first in the topic of assessing the effectiveness of PM purification, taking into account various dust fractions. This study should be useful for individual customers and for public utilities during purchase decisions.
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Nor Ruwaida, J., M. Rashid i M. M. Syahirah. "Particulate Emission from Biomass Fuel Combustion". Advanced Materials Research 1125 (październik 2015): 322–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1125.322.
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The remarkable growth of palm oil industry in Malaysia is undeniable. Approximately, one million ton of crude palm oil is produced by the industry in a month, thus put Malaysia as one of the largest producer in the world. Most of the mills are operated on cogeneration system, where the biomass residue of palm fibre and shell are used as fuel in the mill boilers mostly to generate steam and also electricity. This practise however produced considerable amount of particulates in terms of fly ash emitting to the environment. Thus, this study is to evaluate the particulate emission from five palm oil mill boilers with steam capacity ranging from 17-35 tonne/h. The results showed that the average particulate emission concentration exiting the stack was 2.21±1.20 g/Nm3 (corrected to 7% oxygen concentration), ranging from 0.42 to 3.77 g/Nm3. The study suggests that the fuel feed rates of fiber and shell was one of the parameters affecting the emission concentration in the boiler. Particulate morphology were also being presented in this study.
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Fullová, Daša, i Daniela Đurčanská. "Laboratory Measurements of Particulate Matter Concentrations from Asphalt Pavement Abrasion". Civil and Environmental Engineering 12, nr 2 (1.12.2016): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cee-2016-0013.
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Abstract The issue of emissions from road traffic is compounded by the fact that the number of vehicles and driven kilometres increase each year. Road traffic is one of the main sources of particulate matter and traffic volume is still increasing and has unpleasant impact on longevity of the pavements and the environment. Vehicle motions cause mechanical wearing of the asphalt pavement surface - wearing course by vehicle tyres. The contribution deals with abrasion of bituminous wearing courses of pavements. The asphalt mixtures of wearing courses are compared in terms of mechanically separated particulate matter. The samples of asphalt mixtures were rutted in wheel tracking machine. The particulate matter measurements were performed in laboratory conditions. The experimental laboratory measurements make it possible to sample particulates without contamination from exhaust emissions, abraded particles from vehicles, resuspension of road dust and climate affects. The contribution offers partial results of measurements on six trial samples of asphalt mixtures with different composition. It presents particulate matter morphology and the comparison of rutted asphalt samples in terms of PM mass concentrations and chemical composition.
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Chang, Chiawei, Yishun Chen, Litsung Sheng i Shusan Hsiau. "A New Approach of Dedusting for IGCC by a Two-Stage Moving Granular Bed Filter". Energies 14, nr 9 (28.04.2021): 2534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092534.
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We propose a dust removal technology in which a two-stage moving granular bed filter was employed using coarse and fine filtering granules. The pressure drop, collection efficiency, and dust particulate size distributions were investigated using various mass flow rates for coarse and fine granules at room temperature. In addition, the ratio of mass consumption was used to reveal the actual mass flow. The ratio of mass consumption influenced the pressure drop, collection efficiency, and dust particulate size distributions. Particulates larger than 1.775 μm were removed by the filter. Our results showed that a mass flow of 330 g/min for coarse granules and a mass flow of 1100 g/min for fine granules provided optimal collection efficiency and particulate size distribution. The proposed design can aid the development of high-temperature systems in power plants.
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Jordan, J. L., J. E. Spowart, M. J. Kendall, B. Woodworth i C. R. Siviour. "Mechanics of particulate composites with glassy polymer binders in compression". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 372, nr 2015 (13.05.2014): 20130215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2013.0215.
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Whether used as structural components in design or matrix materials for composites, the mechanical properties of polymers are increasingly important. The compressive response of extruded polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) rod with aligned polymer chains and Al–Ni–PMMA particulate composites are investigated across a range of strain rates and temperatures. The particulate composites were prepared using an injection-moulding technique resulting in highly anisotropic microstructures. The mechanics of these materials are discussed in the light of theories of deformation for glassy polymers. The experimental data from this study are compared with PMMA results from the literature as well as epoxy-based composites with identical particulates. The PMMA exhibited the expected strain rate and temperature dependence and brittle failure was observed at the highest strain rates and lowest temperatures. The Al–Ni–PMMA composites were found to have similar stress–strain response to the PMMA with reduced strain softening after yield. Increasing volume fraction of particulates in the composite resulted in decreased strength.
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Shukla, Pravesh Chandra, Tarun Gupta, Nitin Kumar Labhsetwar i Avinash Kumar Agarwal. "Development of low cost mixed metal oxide based diesel oxidation catalysts and their comparative performance evaluation". RSC Advances 6, nr 61 (2016): 55884–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra06021h.
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A four cylinder diesel engine was used to evaluate the performance of two non-noble metal based diesel oxidation catalysts for emission parameters such as particulate mass, elemental/organic carbon (EC/OC), and trace-metal content in particulates.