Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Particulate emissions”
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Roman, Monika, Kamil Roman i Michał Roman. "Spatial Variation in Particulate Emission Resulting from Animal Farming in Poland". Agriculture 11, nr 2 (19.02.2021): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11020168.
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The article presents a spatial variation in particulate emission from animal farming in Poland. In addition, this paper estimates the PM2.5 and PM10 particulate emissions. The data on respective emissions sources have been acquired from the Central Statistics Authority (GUS) of 2019 (Local Data Bank). The emissions of PM2.5 and PM10 particulates were estimated from the structure of the emissions sources covered in the “EEA/EMEP Emission Inventory Guidebook” following the Tier 1 method. The research shows that, in Poland, the biggest share in particulate emission is found for poultry and cattle farming, which are the emissions of 5.5 and 3 m kg of particulates annually all across Poland, respectively. The highest pollution with PM2.5 resulting from animal farming was recorded for the Podlaskie (0.19 kg/ha), Wielkopolskie (0.16 kg/ha), and Mazowieckie (0.14 kg/ha) provinces, whereas the highest pollution with PM10 was recorded for the Wielkopolskie province (0.83 kg/ha). The key sources of particulate emission indicated in the study facilitate adapting the adequate method to reduce the particulate emissions in respective provinces. It is essential, especially due to the negative effect of particulates on human health.
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Hunter, C. E., H. A. Cikanek i T. P. Gardner. "Evaluation of Some Factors Controlling DI Diesel Combustion and Exhaust Emissions". Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 111, nr 3 (1.07.1989): 379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240265.
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The combined effects of turbocharging, high fuel injection pressure, and reduced oil consumption on diesel exhaust emissions were investigated using a single-cylinder research engine. The influence of these exhaust emission control concepts on particulate composition was determined using a new particulate analysis method. In addition, the dependence of particulate composition on engine load and air utilization was examined using the microfumigation technique. Simultaneous application of these emissions control concepts reduced exhaust particulates by 70 percent. High injection pressure reduced the insoluble component of particulates, while reducing oil consumption and turbocharging the engine lowered both soluble and insoluble particulates. Reductions in oil-derived particulates with increasing engine load were partially attributed to increases in volumetric air utilization. Ninety percent of the lube oil found in exhaust particulates was unburned; however, similar concentrations of unburned and partially oxidized components were observed in fuel-derived particulates.
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Guo, Dongdong, Hongyuan Wei, Yong Guo, Chuanqi Wang i Zenghui Yin. "Non-exhaust particulate matter emission from vehicles: A review". E3S Web of Conferences 268 (2021): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126801015.
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According to the source, particulate matter produced during vehicle driving can be divided into exhaust emission and non-exhaust emission. Exhaust emission includes exhaust pipe emission and crankcase emission, while non-exhaust emission includes brake wear, tire wear, road wear and road dust. For a long time, it has been considered that the particulate matter pollution of motor vehicles mainly comes from exhaust emissions, and the control of particulate matter pollution in various countries is mainly concentrated in the tail gas. However, with the continuous tightening of emission standards, the emission of particulate matter has been reduced, but also makes the environmental pollution of non-exhaust particulate matter increasingly prominent. This paper summarizes the research on vehicle non-exhaust particulate matter emissions, aiming to emphasize the importance of non-exhaust particulate matter emissions and the necessity of legislation, so as to reduce their contribution to environmental particulate matter concentration.
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Bebkiewicz, Katarzyna, Zdzisław Chłopek, Hubert Sar, Krystian Szczepański i Magdalena Zimakowska-Laskowska. "Assessment of Environmental Risks of Particulate Matter Emissions from Road Transport Based on the Emission Inventory". Applied Sciences 11, nr 13 (30.06.2021): 6123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11136123.
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The aim of this study is to investigate the environmental hazards posed by solid particles resulting from road transport. To achieve this, a methodology used to inventory pollutant emissions was used in accordance with the recommendations of the EMEP/EEA (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme/European Economic Area). This paper classifies particulates derived from road transport with reference to their properties and sources of origin. The legal status of environmental protection against particulate matter is presented. The emissions of particulate matter with different properties from different road transport sources is examined based on the results of Poland’s inventory of pollutant emissions in the year 2018. This study was performed using areas with characteristic traffic conditions: inside and outside cities, as well as on highways and expressways. The effects of vehicles were classified according to Euro emissions standards into the categories relating to the emissions of different particulate matter types. The results obtained showed that technological progress in the automobile sector has largely contributed to a reduction in particulate matter emissions associated with engine exhaust gases, and that this has had slight effect on particulate matter emissions associated with the tribological processes of vehicles. The conclusion formed is that it is advisable to undertake work towards the control and reduction of road transport particulate matter emissions associated with the sources other than engine exhaust gases.
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Štěrba, Jaroslav, i Jakub Hospodka. "Airport Emissions of Particulate Matter". MAD - Magazine of Aviation Development 1, nr 3 (15.05.2013): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/mad.2013.03.02.
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This article presents an overview and results of research of Airport Emissions of Particulate Matter (AEoPM). The AEoPM thesis creates an environment for summarizing local airport particulate matter emissions, for evaluating their contribution to overall local air pollution and for comparing the relative contributions to overall particulate matter emissions from each individual source of emission. The study researches the situation at Hradec Králové regional airport and then applies this gathered data to the airport‘s surrounding area. Next it poses the question: Is it appropriate to restrict Hradec Králové Airport’s operations when emission limits are breached? The answer is then found and presented in this article. Last but not least, the study deals with other local industry sources of particulate matter emissions in the monitored area and also compares the typical flight activity to the road activity one commonly used in the area.
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Kannapin, Olaf, Thomas Guske, Michael Preisner i Matthias Kratzsch(Germany). "Reducing particulate emissions". MTZ worldwide 71, nr 11 (listopad 2010): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03227996.
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Springer, K. J. "Diesel Lube Oils—Fourth Dimension of Diesel Particulate Control". Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 111, nr 3 (1.07.1989): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240261.
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Particulate emission control, for the HD diesel engine, has previously been considered a three-dimensional problem involving: (1) combustion of the fuel by the engine, (2) fuel modification, and (3) exhaust aftertreatment. The lube oil contribution may be considered a fourth dimension of the problem. Historically, the heavy-duty engine manufacturer has met emission standards for smoke (1968 to present), CO, HC, and NOx (1974 to present) and particulates (1988 to present) through changes in engine design. This paper uses the allocation method to estimate the reduction in lube oil consumption needed to meet 1991 and 1994 U.S. particulate emission standards. This analysis places the contribution of lube oil as a source of exhaust particulates into prospective with the contributions from fuel sulfur and fuel combustion. An emissions control strategy to meet future regulations is offered in which reductions from fuel modification, combustion improvement, reduced lube oil consumption, and exhaust particulate trap-catalysts are all involved.
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Danciulescu, Valeriu, Luoana Florentina Pascu, Mihaela Petrescu, Andreea Cozea, Raluca Diodiu, Gheorghita Tanase i Maria Pasca. "The influence of emission sources on particulate matter pollution in adjacent areas". SIMI 2019, SIMI 2019 (20.09.2019): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21698/simi.2019.fp33.
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Particulates generated by anthropogenic activities are found in the ambient air in varying amounts, in a wide range of sizes and in a wide variety of chemical composition. The concentration of particulates at one site, as well as their composition, are influenced by their origin and dispersion factors. By chemical and dimensional analysis of particulates in an area, we can draw preliminary conclusions about the origin and level of pollution in that area. This paper presents the results obtained by concomitant monitoring of particulates emissions and the concentration of particulate matter in ambient air in the adjacent area of an industrial plant. The result of the measurements obtained and their correlation with the specific conditions during the monitoring period lead us to the conclusion that the concentration of particulate matter at the emission sources directly influences the concentrations of particulate matter in the neighbouring area.
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Pandhare, Amar P., K. C. Zende, A. S. Joglekar, S. C. Bhave i A. S. Padalkar. "Effect of EGR on the Exhaust Gas Temperature and Exhaust Opacity in Compression Ignition Engines Using Jatropha Oil as Fuel". Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (październik 2011): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.431.
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Diesel engines are widely used as power sources for medium and heavy-duty applications because of their lower fuel consumption and lower emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbons (HC) compared with gasoline engines. Efficient use of natural resources is one of the fundamental requirements for any country to become self-sustainable. Both in organized and unorganized sectors internal combustion engine has become an indispensable prime mover. With the increasing demand on the use of fossil fuels, a stronger threat to clean environment is being posed as the burning of fossil fuels is associated with emissions like CO2, CO, SOx, NOx and particulate matter, which are currently the dominant global source of emissions. In diesel engines, NOx formation is a highly temperature-dependent phenomenon. Therefore, in order to reduce NOx emissions in the exhaust, it is necessary to keep peak combustion temperatures under control. Exhaust gas recirculation is the most important technique for reducing NOx emissions. Re-circulating part of the exhaust gas helps in reducing NOx, but appreciable particulate emissions are observed at high loads, hence there is a trade-off between NOx and smoke emission. To get maximum benefit from this trade-off, a particulate trap may be used to reduce the amount of unburnt particulates in EGR, which in turn reduce the particulate emission also. An experimental investigation was conducted to observe the effect of exhaust gas re-circulation on the exhaust gas temperatures and exhaust opacity. The experimental setup for the proposed experiments was developed on a single-cylinder, direct injection, air-cooled, compression ignition engine. A matrix of experiments was conducted for observing the effect of different quantities of EGR on exhaust gas temperatures and opacity.
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Lenz, Martin, Moritz Cremer, Daniel Guse, Henning Röhrich i Stefan Pischinger. "A case study on particulate emissions from a gasoline plug-in hybrid electric vehicle during engine warm-up, taking into account start–stop operation". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, nr 13 (4.07.2020): 2907–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407020931227.
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Concerning the discussions about emissions caused by individual mobility, it is foreseeable that future vehicle concepts will increasingly be based on hybrid powertrains. These systems lead to more complex operating scenarios, which have a significant influence on the resulting emissions of the engine. This work shows a case study and the results in the operation and emission behavior of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle with a direct injection gasoline engine when operated in an internationally recognized driving cycle. The vehicle’s exhaust aftertreatment system consists of a three-way catalytic converter; a particulate filter is not installed. The emissions are analyzed with a focus on particulate number emissions (from soot), especially during the warm-up phase and the frequent start–stop events (in total, there are 12 internal combustion engine operating phases), which are typical for hybrid vehicles. The results show that approximately 50% of the emitted particulates have a smaller size, 23 nm (a very high number of particulates with a mean size of 10 to 15 nm are present), which are currently not regulated, but are expected to have a high risk of adverse health effects.
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Liang, Peng, Qian Yang Chen i Hai Bo Long. "Research on Perovskite Catalysis for Diesel Engine Exhaust Removal". Advanced Materials Research 937 (maj 2014): 363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.937.363.
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Diesel engine emissions of nitrogen oxides and particulates are the major source of air pollution that is a serious threat to human health. Diesel emissions treatment technology meet the increasingly stringent emission standards through the current difficulty and develop a new diesel engine exhausted treatment technology to further reduce the nitrogen oxide and particulate emissions are from diesel engines. In this paper, La1-xAxCo1-yByO3 complex perovskite catalysts for diesel engine exhaust emission purification carry out the relevant research, this article firstly study the perovskite oxide catalyst preparation methods, as the catalyst preparation process are described .Then the activity of the catalyst samples obtain some useful results.
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Dragičević, Viktor, Marina Levak, Anton Turk i Ivan Lorencin. "Ship production processes air emissions analysis". Pomorstvo 36, nr 1 (30.06.2022): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31217/p.36.1.19.
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Compliance with modern environmental norms and regulations is an increasingly important requirement in the shipbuilding process of ship design and construction. Related to the ship production process, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitric oxides and particulate matter are the main emissions of harmful gases in the shipyard. This paper analyzes air emissions from the ship production process in a shipyard. Air emissions are quantified from either in-situ measurements from emission sources, or by materials that are used in the shipbuilding process, and the acquired data from those measurements is calculated as yearly emissions. Emission quantities of VOCs, nitric oxides, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and particulates are analyzed regarding possible reduction techniques considering efficiency and investment costs for using these methods. In conclusion, the best available and feasible emission reduction methods are suggested, and a suggestion for achieving the goal of a net zero emission shipyard.
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Shimazu, Haruki. "Airborne Particulate Matter from Sparkling Fireworks". Environment and Pollution 6, nr 1 (31.03.2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ep.v6n1p19.
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The present study examines the emission levels of particulate matters (PM) from sparkling fireworks and to know the emission characteristics of PM. Particulate matter <2.5 microns (PM2.5) and suspended particulate matter (SPM) were determined while burning six brands of sparkling fireworks. The average PM concentrations before burning were levels of 10 μg/m3, but the average concentrations after burning were 741 μg/m3 for PM2.5 and 810 μg/m3 for SPM. The mean ratio of the concentrations of PM2.5 and SPM after burning in all of the sparkling fireworks was 0.890. The emissions per firework ranged from 6.5 mg to 151 mg for PM2.5, and from 7.1 mg to 160 mg for SPM. The means of the emissions per combustible amount of the firework ranged from 0.017 to 0.066 mg/mg for PM2.5, and from 0.018 to 0.071 mg/mg for SPM. The influences of the burning time, burning rate and combustible amount of the fireworks on the PM emissions were investigated. As a result, PM2.5 and SPM emissions tend to increase with the burning rates. This suggests that the burning rate of firework have an influence on the PM emissions.
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Lou, Di Ming, Chen Chen Zhang, Zhi Yuan Hu, Pi Qiang Tan i Jian Jun Lin. "Influence of Post Injection on Emission Characteristics of a High-Pressure Common-Rail Diesel Engine Fueled with Biodiesel Blends". Advanced Materials Research 852 (styczeń 2014): 808–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.852.808.
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An experimental study was conducted in a high-pressure common-rail diesel engine fueled with biodiesel-diesel blends (the volume ratio of biodiesel is 20%). Influences of post-injection parameters on gaseous and particulate emissions are studied. The results show that post injection timing has greater influence on particulate emissions of biodiesel engine in comparison with post injection quantity. With the delay of post injection timing, NOX emissions firstly reduce and then increase and again slightly reduce, while particulate emissions initially increase and then decrease and again soar, indicating a trade-off relationship. With the increase of post injection quantity, NOX emissions hardly change except at the low engine load, while particulate emissions increase in general. In order to improve the emission performance comprehensively, the injection parameters have to be recalibrated and split injection strategy has to be reformulated when the diesel engine is fueled with biodiesel blends.
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Wade, W. R., C. E. Hunter, F. H. Trinker i H. A. Cikanek. "Reduction of NOx and Particulate Emissions in the Diesel Combustion Process". Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 109, nr 4 (1.10.1987): 426–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240058.
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A model of the combustion and emission formation processes was formulated to identify modifications to combustion process parameters with potential for reducing NOx and particulate emissions in a diesel engine. The model was calibrated using data from an experimental, single-cylinder, direct injection diesel engine. Several combustion system modifications were made to the engine that reduced NOx and particulate emissions. The model was used to estimate the changes in the combustion process parameters responsible for the reductions observed. After calibration, the model was used to evaluate the effects of a wide range of modifications to the combustion process parameters on NOx and particulate emissions. These results were used to estimate changes in the combustion process parameters required to approach the objectives assumed for the 1991 Federal emission regulations for heavy-duty diesel engines. A reduction in the lubricating oil contribution to the particulate emissions was also projected to be required to approach the 1991 objectives.
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Dong, Rui, Zhiqing Zhang, Yanshuai Ye, Huiqiong Huang i Chao Cao. "Review of Particle Filters for Internal Combustion Engines". Processes 10, nr 5 (17.05.2022): 993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10050993.
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Diesel engines have gradually become one of the main forces in the human transportation industry because of their high efficiency, good durability, and stable operation. However, compared with gasoline vehicles, the high emission of diesel vehicles forces manufacturers to introduce new pollutant control technologies. Although the particulate matter emissions of gasoline vehicles are lower than that of diesel vehicles, with the popularity of gasoline vehicles and the continuous rise of power, the impact of these particles on the environment cannot be ignored. Therefore, diesel particulate filters and gasoline particulate filters have been invented to collect the fine particles in the exhaust gas to protect the environment and meet increasingly stringent emission regulations. This paper summarizes the research progress on diesel particulate filters and gasoline particulate filters at present and comprehensively introduces the diesel particulate filter and gasoline particulate filter from the mechanism, composition, and operation processes. Additionally, the laws and regulations of various countries and the impact of gas waste particulates on the human body are described. In addition, the mechanisms of the diesel particulate filter, gasoline particulate filter, and regeneration were studied. Finally, the prospects and future directions for the development of particle filters for internal combustion engines are presented.
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Slisane, Dzintra, i Dagnija Blumberga. "Assessment of Roadside Particulate Emission Mitigation Possibil". Scientific Journal of Riga Technical University. Environmental and Climate Technologies 12, nr 1 (1.12.2013): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2013-0009.
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Abstract The improvement of air quality is now an issue for all developed countries. In the European Union transportation is the main source of NOx pollution and the second most significant PM10 and PM2, 5 emission sources. The focus of the research is transportation PM10 emissions. The paper introduces a model of system dynamics for analysis of road transportation PM10 emissions. The developed model is then used to compare PM10 emissions in 4 cases, one of which is the baseline, while in the other 3 a variety of road transport emission reduction methods are implemented. The simulation results have shown that the highest daily PM10 emission reductions can be achieved by combining technological and administrative methods. Administrative methods (rush-hour driving tax and heavy vehicle traffic restrictions) turned out to be the most effective.
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Owen, Bethan, Julien G. Anet, Nicolas Bertier, Simon Christie, Michele Cremaschi, Stijn Dellaert, Jacinta Edebeli i in. "Review: Particulate Matter Emissions from Aircraft". Atmosphere 13, nr 8 (3.08.2022): 1230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13081230.
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The contribution of aircraft operations to ambient ultrafine particle (UFP) concentration at and around airports can be significant. This review article considers the volatile and non-volatile elements of particulate matter emissions from aircraft engines, their characteristics and quantification and identifies gaps in knowledge. The current state of the art emission inventory methods and dispersion modelling approaches are reviewed and areas for improvement and research needs are identified. Quantification of engine non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) is improving as measured certification data for the landing and take-off cycle are becoming available. Further work is needed: to better estimate nvPM emissions during the full-flight; to estimate non-regulated (smaller) engines; and to better estimate the emissions and evolution of volatile particles (vPM) in the aircraft exhaust plume. Dispersion modelling improvements are also needed to better address vPM. As the emissions inventory data for both vPM and nvPM from aircraft sources improve, better estimates of the contribution of aircraft engine emissions to ambient particulate concentrations will be possible.
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Huang, Junfeng, Jianbing Gao, Yufeng Wang, Ce Yang i Chaochen Ma. "Real-World Pipe-Out Emissions from Gasoline Direct Injection Passenger Cars". Processes 11, nr 1 (27.12.2022): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11010066.
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The analysis of real-world emissions is necessary to reduce the emissions of vehicles during on-road driving. In this paper, the matrix of gasoline direct injection passenger cars is applied to analyze the real-world emissions. The results show that high acceleration and high speed conditions are major conditions for the particulate number emissions, and the particulate number emissions are positively correlated with torque and throttle opening. The catalyst temperature and saturation are important factors that affect nitrogen oxide emission. The nitrogen oxide emissions of low speed and low torque conditions cannot be ignored in real-world driving. The carbon dioxide emissions are positively correlated with acceleration, torque and throttle opening. Once the vehicles are in the acceleration condition, the carbon dioxide emissions increase rapidly. The vehicles with higher average emission factors are more susceptible to driving behaviors, and the differences in the emission factors are more obvious, leading to an increase in the difficulty of emission control.
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Li, Mengying, Shaocai Yu, Xue Chen, Zhen Li, Yibo Zhang, Zhe Song, Weiping Liu i in. "Impacts of condensable particulate matter on atmospheric organic aerosols and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in China". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, nr 17 (13.09.2022): 11845–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11845-2022.
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Abstract. Condensable particulate matter (CPM) emitted from stationary combustion and mobile sources exhibits high emissions and a large proportion of organic components. However, CPM is not generally measured when conducting emission surveys of PM in most countries, including China. Consequently, previous emission inventories have not included emission rates for CPM. Here, we construct an emission inventory of CPM in China with a focus on organic aerosols (OAs) based on collected CPM emission information. Results show that OA emissions are enhanced twofold after the inclusion of CPM in a new inventory for China for the years 2014 and 2017. Considering organic CPM emissions and model representations of secondary OA (SOA) formation from CPM, a series of sensitivity cases have been simulated here using the three-dimensional Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model to estimate the contributions of CPM emissions to atmospheric OA and fine PM (PM2.5, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter not exceeding 2.5 µm) concentrations in China. Compared with observations at a Beijing site during a haze episode from 14 October to 14 November 2014, estimates of the temporal average primary OA (POA) and SOA concentrations were greatly improved after including the CPM effects. These scenarios demonstrated the significant contributions of CPM emissions from stationary combustion and mobile sources to the POA (51 %–85 %), SOA (42 %–58 %), and total OA concentrations (45 %–75 %). Furthermore, the contributions of CPM emissions to total OA concentrations were demonstrated over the 2 major cities and 26 other cities of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region (hereafter referred to as the “BTH2 + 26 cities”) in December 2018, with average contributions of up to 49 %, 53 %, 54 %, and 50 % for Handan, Shijiazhuang, Xingtai, and Dezhou, respectively. Correspondingly, the inclusion of CPM emissions also narrowed the gap between simulated and observed PM2.5 concentrations over the BTH2 + 26 cities. These results improve the simulation performance of atmospheric OA and PM2.5 and may also provide important implications for the sources of OA.
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Xia, Haibin, Hui Wang i Guangxing Ji. "Regional Inequality and Influencing Factors of Primary PM Emissions in the Yangtze River Delta, China". Sustainability 11, nr 8 (15.04.2019): 2269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082269.
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In recent years, haze pollution has become more and more serious in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD). However, the impact mechanism of socio-economic factors on primary particulate matter (PM) emissions remains unclear. Based on the provincial primary PM emission data in the YRD from 1995 to 2014, this paper used Slope, Theil index, and Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology (STIAPAT) models to quantitatively identify the regional differences of primary PM emissions and explore the key influencing factors. The results showed that primary fine particulate matter (PM2.5), inhalable particulate (PM10), and total suspended particulate (TSP) emissions all featured an upward trend of fluctuation over the study period. The regional differences in primary TSP emissions in the YRD region was gradually shrinking and the regional differences of primary PM2.5 and PM10 emissions presented a rising trend of fluctuation. The estimated coefficient of population size, energy structure, and fixed assets investment (FAI) were all significantly positive at the level of 1%. The negative effect of economic growth on energy PM emissions was significant under the level of 1%. The increase of foreign direct investment (FDI) had different effects on primary PM2.5, PM10, and TSP emissions. In addition, the influence of energy intensity on primary PM emission from energy consumption are mainly negative but not significant even under the level of 10%. These conclusions have guiding significance for the formulation of PM emission reduction policy without affecting YRD’s economic development.
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Reddington, Carly L., Dominick V. Spracklen, Paulo Artaxo, David A. Ridley, Luciana V. Rizzo i Andrea Arana. "Analysis of particulate emissions from tropical biomass burning using a global aerosol model and long-term surface observations". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, nr 17 (7.09.2016): 11083–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11083-2016.
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Abstract. We use the GLOMAP global aerosol model evaluated against observations of surface particulate matter (PM2.5) and aerosol optical depth (AOD) to better understand the impacts of biomass burning on tropical aerosol over the period 2003 to 2011. Previous studies report a large underestimation of AOD over regions impacted by tropical biomass burning, scaling particulate emissions from fire by up to a factor of 6 to enable the models to simulate observed AOD. To explore the uncertainty in emissions we use three satellite-derived fire emission datasets (GFED3, GFAS1 and FINN1). In these datasets the tropics account for 66–84 % of global particulate emissions from fire. With all emission datasets GLOMAP underestimates dry season PM2.5 concentrations in regions of high fire activity in South America and underestimates AOD over South America, Africa and Southeast Asia. When we assume an upper estimate of aerosol hygroscopicity, underestimation of AOD over tropical regions impacted by biomass burning is reduced relative to previous studies. Where coincident observations of surface PM2.5 and AOD are available we find a greater model underestimation of AOD than PM2.5, even when we assume an upper estimate of aerosol hygroscopicity. Increasing particulate emissions to improve simulation of AOD can therefore lead to overestimation of surface PM2.5 concentrations. We find that scaling FINN1 emissions by a factor of 1.5 prevents underestimation of AOD and surface PM2.5 in most tropical locations except Africa. GFAS1 requires emission scaling factor of 3.4 in most locations with the exception of equatorial Asia where a scaling factor of 1.5 is adequate. Scaling GFED3 emissions by a factor of 1.5 is sufficient in active deforestation regions of South America and equatorial Asia, but a larger scaling factor is required elsewhere. The model with GFED3 emissions poorly simulates observed seasonal variability in surface PM2.5 and AOD in regions where small fires dominate, providing independent evidence that GFED3 underestimates particulate emissions from small fires. Seasonal variability in both PM2.5 and AOD is better simulated by the model using FINN1 emissions. Detailed observations of aerosol properties over biomass burning regions are required to better constrain particulate emissions from fires.
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Huboyo, Haryono S., i Sudarno Sudarno. "Analysis of Particulates and SO2 Removal from Coal Combustion Emissions Using Cyclone and Wet Scrubber With Textile Wastewater Feed". TEKNIK 41, nr 3 (30.11.2020): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/teknik.v41i3.33883.
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Reuse of wastewater in the industry is mostly accomplished for watering plants. In a closed cycle, however, industrial wastewater can be returned through treatment to save water usage. This study aims to analyze textile wastewater's ability to be used as scrubbing liquid in the SO2 gas and particulate removal from coal combustion using a packed wet scrubber. Usually, the textile industry uses boiler fueled by coal and discharging base/alkaline wastewater. The method is carried out experimentally using a prototype device using a combination of cyclone and scrubber, with a source of coal combustion gas emissions. We did experiments using textile wastewater four times and two times using clean water as a control. We monitor the SO2, particulate emission in the gas stream, and pH, sulfate levels, and TSS levels in collected wastewater according to SNI. SO2 gas and particulates from coal combustion will be absorbed by the scrubber's wastewater spray so that SO2 will dissolve into sulfate, particulate matter into TSS. The study results using textile wastewater showed the removal efficiency of particulates on cyclone by 34-78%. The removal efficiency of SO2 on wet scrubber was only 24.7%. There was an increase in TSS levels after passing through the scrubber by 46%. The rise in TSS and sulfate concentrations in the wastewater indicates the absorption of SO2 and particulates into wastewater. Based on this result, we can use textile wastewater for controlling the emission of SO2 and particulate from coal combustion by feeding it for the scrubber. However, the efficiency of this process is not optimal.
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Karjalainen, Panu, Hilkka Timonen, Erkka Saukko, Heino Kuuluvainen, Sanna Saarikoski, Päivi Aakko-Saksa, Timo Murtonen i in. "Time-resolved characterization of primary particle emissions and secondary particle formation from a modern gasoline passenger car". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, nr 13 (14.07.2016): 8559–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8559-2016.
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Abstract. Changes in vehicle emission reduction technologies significantly affect traffic-related emissions in urban areas. In many densely populated areas the amount of traffic is increasing, keeping the emission level high or even increasing. To understand the health effects of traffic-related emissions, both primary (direct) particulate emission and secondary particle formation (from gaseous precursors in the exhaust emissions) need to be characterized. In this study, we used a comprehensive set of measurements to characterize both primary and secondary particulate emissions of a Euro 5 level gasoline passenger car. Our aerosol particle study covers the whole process chain in emission formation, from the tailpipe to the atmosphere, and also takes into account differences in driving patterns. We observed that, in mass terms, the amount of secondary particles was 13 times higher than the amount of primary particles. The formation, composition, number and mass of secondary particles was significantly affected by driving patterns and engine conditions. The highest gaseous and particulate emissions were observed at the beginning of the test cycle when the performance of the engine and the catalyst was below optimal. The key parameter for secondary particle formation was the amount of gaseous hydrocarbons in primary emissions; however, also the primary particle population had an influence.
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Joseph, Ron. "Particulate emissions from spraybooths". Metal Finishing 97, nr 6 (czerwiec 1999): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0576(00)83894-5.
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Weise, DR, DE Ward, TE Paysen i AL Koonce. "Burning California Chaparral - an Exploratory Study of Some Common Shrubs and Their Combustion Characteristics." International Journal of Wildland Fire 1, nr 3 (1991): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf9910153.
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Prescribed fire is a tool used to manage vegetation in southern California. The nature and quan tity of gaseous and particulate emissions have not been described for California chaparral. A study examining carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and par ticulate matter emissions from fuel beds constructed from common chaparral shrubs was initiated. Chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum), ceanothus (Ceanothus crassifolius), manzanita (Arctostaphylos glandulosa), and scrub oak (Quercus dumosa) fuel beds were burned in December 1989, and March, May, and August, 1990. Gas and particulate matter samples were collected from 45 fires. Emission factors for CO2 and particulate matter were affected by species and month individually; month and species interacted and affected CO emission factors. Pearson's correlation coefficient and Kendall's tau indi cated that emission factors for CO and particulate matter were inversely related to combustion efficiency.
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Hendricks, Robert C., i Dennis Bushnell. "Particulate Emissions Hazards Associated with Fueling Heat Engines". International Journal of Rotating Machinery 2011 (2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/415296.
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All hydrocarbon- (HC-) fueled heat engine exhaust (tailpipe) emissions (<10 to 140 nm) contribute as health hazards, including emissions from transportation vehicles (e.g., aircraft) and other HC-fueled power systems. CO2emissions are tracked and, when mapped, show outlines of major transportation routes and cities. Particulate pollution affects living tissue and is found to be detrimental to cardiovascular and respiratory systems where ultrafine particulates directly translocate to promote vascular system diseases potentially detectable as organic vapors. This paper discusses aviation emissions, fueling, and certification issues, including heat engine emissions hazards, detection at low levels and tracking of emissions, and alternate energy sources for general aviation.
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Lin, Y. C., C. J. Tsai, Y. C. Wu, R. Zhang, K. H. Chi, Y. T. Huang, S. H. Lin i S. C. Hsu. "Characteristics of trace metals in traffic-derived particles in Hsuehshan Tunnel, Taiwan: size distribution, fingerprinting metal ratio, and emission factor". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, nr 9 (28.05.2014): 13963–4004. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-13963-2014.
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Abstract. Traffic emissions are a significant source of airborne particulate matter (PM) in ambient environments. These emissions contain high abundance of toxic metals and thus pose adverse effects on human health. Size-fractionated aerosol samples were collected from May to September 2013 by using micro-orifice uniform deposited impactor (MOUDI). Sample collection was conducted simultaneously at the inlet and outlet sites of Hsuehshan Tunnel in northern Taiwan, which is the second longest freeway tunnel (12.9 km) in Asia. Such endeavor aims to characterize the chemical constituents, size distributions, and fingerprinting ratios, as well as the emission factors of particulate metals emitted by vehicle fleets. A total of 36 metals in size-resolved aerosols were determined through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Three major groups, namely, tailpipe emissions (Zn, Pb, and V), wear debris (Cu, Cd, Fe, Ga, Mn, Mo, Sb, and Sn), and resuspended dust (Ca, Mg, K, and Rb), of airborne PM metals were categorized on the basis of the results of enrichment factor, correlation matrix, and principal component analysis. Size distributions of wear-originated metals resembled the pattern of crustal elements, which were predominated by super-micron particulates (PM1–10). By contrast, tailpipe exhaust elements such as Zn, Pb, and V were distributed mainly in submicron particles. By employing Cu as a tracer of wear abrasion, several inter-metal ratios, including Fe/Cu (14), Ba/Cu (1.05), Sb/Cu (0.16), Sn/Cu (0.10), and Ga/Cu (0.03), served as fingerprints for wear debris. Emission factor of PM10 mass was estimated to be 7.7 mg vkm−1. The metal emissions were mostly predominated in super-micron particles (PM1–10). Finally, factors that possibly affect particulate metal emissions inside Hsuehshan Tunnel are discussed.
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Litzinger, T. A., i T. G. Buzza. "Performance and Emissions of a Diesel Engine Using a Coal-Derived Fuel". Journal of Energy Resources Technology 112, nr 1 (1.03.1990): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905709.
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A coal-derived synthetic fuel was blended with a control diesel fuel and then tested in a single-cylinder, direct-injected, diesel engine. Comparisons of the blended fuel to the control Diesel fuel were made on the basis of performance, combustion characteristics, gas-phase emissions, including aldehydes, and particulate emissions. In addition, the mutagenic activity of the soluble organic compounds from the particulates were analyzed using the Ames test. The objective of these experiments was to determine how well the fuel blend would perform as a direct replacement for diesel fuel. Use of the blended fuel decreased performance and increased gas phase emissions, but particulate emissions were unchanged. However, a significant increase in the mutagenic effect of the soluble organic compounds was observed with the blended fuel.
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Gibe, Hezron P., i Mylene G. Cayetano. "Spatial estimation of air PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions using activity data, local emission factors and land cover derived from satellite imagery". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 10, nr 9 (11.09.2017): 3313–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-3313-2017.
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Abstract. Exposure to particulate matter (PM) is a serious environmental problem in many urban areas on Earth. In the Philippines, most existing studies and emission inventories have mainly focused on point and mobile sources, while research involving human exposures to particulate pollutants is rare. This paper presents a method for estimating the amount of fine particulate (PM2.5) emissions in a test study site in the city of Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija, in the Philippines, by utilizing local emission factors, regionally procured data, and land cover/land use (activity data) interpreted from satellite imagery. Geographic information system (GIS) software was used to map the estimated emissions in the study area. The present results suggest that vehicular emissions from motorcycles and tricycles, as well as fuels used by households (charcoal) and burning of agricultural waste, largely contribute to PM2.5 emissions in Cabanatuan. Overall, the method used in this study can be applied in other small urbanizing cities, as long as on-site specific activity, emission factor, and satellite-imaged land cover data are available.
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Liu, Guang Yang, Yu Liu, Jian Xi Pang i Yan Qin. "The Research Progress of Particulate Emissions from Vehicles with Gasoline Direct Injection Engines". Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (sierpień 2013): 2351–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.2351.
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The objective of this research is to introduce the main gasoline direct injection vehicle particulate emissions characteristics researches in the world. Many investigations of particulate sizing and number count from gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicles at different driving cycles were performed. Lots of particulate emissions are measured for FTP-75, NEDC, HWTET, SC03, and US06 cycles and these cycles can reflect different aspects of the particulate emissions. In some papers, both engine-out and tailpipe emissions were measured. Some investigation showed high sensitivity of the particulate number or size distribution to changes with the engine control parameters including A/F, ignition timing, EOI and so on.On the whole, the particulate number during different Driving Cycle is shown along with further analysis of the transient particulate emissions. The cold start process obviously affects particulate formation. Even beyond cold start, the particulate number emissions decrease as the test progresses. The results coming from the particulate measurement system sampling directly from the exhaust showed very rapid increases in particulate emissions during engine transients.
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Saraswati Rudianto, Ines. "Characteristics of Particulate Emissions from Co-Firing in An Industrial Boiler". Jurnal Ecolab 15, nr 1 (1.05.2021): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/jklh.15.1.23-29.
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Characteristics of Particulate Emissions from Co-Firing in An Industrial Boiler. PT. X is a textile industry that consumes a massive amount of coal for its boiler operation. It requires substantial costs to obtain coal from Sumatra and Kalimantan. An alternative solid biofuel (briquette) was developed to combine bottom ash and biomass made from municipal solid waste called Biomass Coal Fuel (BCF) briquette. The purpose of this study is to measure the total concentration of particulate matter and emission factor (PM) emitted from two burning experiments: only coal (100%) and mixed coal fuel with 10% of BCF (co-firing). Mixed coal and BCF burning are carried out in the fire-tube boiler where the PM emission is released through the stack. The Center for Pulp and Paper measured particulate emission with methodology referring to SNI 7117.17-2009. Particulate matter concentration emitted from only coal-burning was 12,1 mg/Nm3,but when mixed BCF and coal were used, the higher concentration was emitted 70,9 mg/Nm3. The addition of BCF briquettes affects the particulate matter emission, even though the emission does not exceed the regulated quality standard. The increase of particulate concentration is due to the BCF briquette characteristics, which have a low heating value and high ash content. The boiler has already been equipped with cyclone and wet scrubber; therefore, PM emissions presented here are treated emissions. The controlled PM emission factor of BCF was 4,46 g/kg, which is higher than only coal which was 0,51 g/kg. BCF briquette can still be used as co-fuel for the boiler, but further effort is still required to reduce the ash content of the BCF and increase the calorific value of the BCF.
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Kim, Hyunsik, i Sungho Tae. "Evaluation Model for Particulate Matter Emissions in Korean Construction Sites". Sustainability 13, nr 20 (15.10.2021): 11428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132011428.
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Particulate matter (PM) has caused serious environmental issues in Asia, and various policies for systematic management of PM based on evaluation of the characteristics of emissions are being discussed. In Korea, where the damage of PM from construction sites is severe, only regulatory policies according to the concentration are being implemented; however, there is no policy for the quantitative management of PM. Therefore, this study aimed to derive and propose an emission evaluation model to be used for the establishment of management policies for construction site PM emissions in South Korea by assuming structures as manufactured products. Therefore, this study derived a method of calculating the PM10, PM2.5, NOx, SOx, and VOCs emission factors for each type of equipment in construction sites and then estimated annual total emissions. In addition, this paper put forth a method for offsetting emission permission standards as the criteria for evaluating the adequacy of the estimated emissions. Finally, a model algorithm was proposed for evaluating emissions in advance during the construction planning phase by comparing the PM10, PM2.5, NOx, SOx, and VOCs emissions in construction sites with established standards; the supplementary point of the algorithm is discussed for further studies.
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Gong, Jing, Yingjia Zhang, Chenglong Tang i Zuohua Huang. "Emission characteristics of iso-propanol/gasoline blends in a spark-ignition engine combined with exhaust gas re-circulation". Thermal Science 18, nr 1 (2014): 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci130131086g.
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Experiments were carried out in a spark-ignition engine fueled with iso-propanol/gasoline blends. Emission characteristics of this engine were investigated experimentally, including gaseous emissions (HC, CO, NOx) and particulate matter emission in term of number and size distributions. The effects of different iso-propanol percentages, loads and exhaust gas recirculation rates on emissions were analyzed. Results show that the introduction of exhaust gas recirculation reduces the NOx emission and NOx emission gives the highest value at full load condition. HC and CO emissions present inconspicuous variations at all the loads except the load of 10%. Additionally, HC emission shows a sharp increase for pure propanol when the exhaust gas recirculation rate is up to 5%, while little variation is observed at lager exhaust gas recirculation rates. Moreover, the particulate matter number concentration increases monotonically with the increase of load and the decrease of exhaust gas recirculation rate. There exists a critical spark timing that produces the highest particulate matter number concentration at all the blending ratios.
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Xu, Zhenying, Mingxu Liu, Minsi Zhang, Yu Song, Shuxiao Wang, Lin Zhang, Tingting Xu i in. "High efficiency of livestock ammonia emission controls in alleviating particulate nitrate during a severe winter haze episode in northern China". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, nr 8 (30.04.2019): 5605–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5605-2019.
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Abstract. Although nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission controls have been implemented for several years, northern China is still facing high particulate nitrate (NO3-) pollution during severe haze events in winter. In this study, the thermodynamic equilibrium model (ISORROPIA-II) and the Weather Research and Forecast model coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem) were used to study the efficiency of NH3 emission controls on alleviating particulate NO3- during a severe winter haze episode. We found that particulate-NO3- formation is almost NH3-limited in extremely high pollution but HNO3-limited on the other days. The improvements in manure management of livestock husbandry could reduce 40 % of total NH3 emissions (currently 100 kt month−1) in northern China in winter. Consequently, particulate NO3- was reduced by approximately 40 % (on average from 40.8 to 25.7 µg m−3). Our results indicate that reducing livestock NH3 emissions would be highly effective in reducing particulate NO3- during severe winter haze events.
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Wang, Junjun, Fuwu Yan, Na Fang, Dong Yan, Guoqing Zhang, Yu Wang i Wulin Yang. "An Experimental Investigation of the Impact of Washcoat Composition on Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF) Performance". Energies 13, nr 3 (5.02.2020): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030693.
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The forthcoming implementation of the China VI emission regulations, which are currently the most stringent around the world targeted at light-duty gasoline engine vehicles, will not only further restrict the emissions of gaseous pollutants, but also put forward, for the first time, the requirements of particulate number (PN) emissions with a limit set at 6 × 1011#/km. To achieve the stringent emission targets, the ceramic wall-flow gasoline particulate filter (GPF) will be effective to achieve the reduction of the particulate number tailpipe emissions in a way similar to the widely applied diesel particulate filter (DPF) in diesel engines. This paper investigated the effect of a coated gasoline particulate filter (GPF) on the PN emission and engine performance. The effects of two factors, including the washcoat powder material bulk density and type of coating, were studied with regard to three primary performances of GPF, including high three-way catalytic performance, low pressure drop, and high PN filtration efficiency, according to the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) requirements. The outcomes show that the use of high bulk density materials resulted in a low washcoat volume and hence a decrease of flow resistance and backpressure, in addition to high PN filtration efficiency. The type of coating had notable influence on the backpressure and PN filtration efficiency. The coating length and coating amount both had notable influence on the backpressure and PN filtration efficiency.
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Kiely, Laura, Dominick V. Spracklen, Christine Wiedinmyer, Luke Conibear, Carly L. Reddington, Scott Archer-Nicholls, Douglas Lowe i in. "New estimate of particulate emissions from Indonesian peat fires in 2015". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, nr 17 (3.09.2019): 11105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11105-2019.
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Abstract. Indonesia contains large areas of peatland that have been drained and cleared of natural vegetation, making them susceptible to burning. Peat fires emit considerable amounts of carbon dioxide, particulate matter (PM) and other trace gases, contributing to climate change and causing regional air pollution. However, emissions from peat fires are uncertain, due to uncertainties in emission factors and fuel consumption. We used the Weather Research and Forecasting model with chemistry and measurements of PM concentrations to constrain PM emissions from Indonesian fires during 2015, one of the largest fire seasons in recent decades. We estimate primary PM2.5 (particles with diameters less than 2.5 µm) emissions from fires across Sumatra and Borneo during September–October 2015 were 7.33 Tg, a factor 3.5 greater than those in the Fire Inventory from NCAR (FINNv1.5), which does not include peat burning. We estimate similar dry fuel consumption and CO2 emissions to those in the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED4s, including small fires) but PM2.5 emissions that are a factor of 1.8 greater, due to updated PM2.5 emission factors for Indonesian peat. Fires were responsible for an additional 3.12 Tg of secondary organic aerosol formation. Through comparing simulated and measured PM concentrations, our work provides independent support of these updated emission factors. We estimate peat burning contributed 71 % of total primary PM2.5 emissions from fires in Indonesia during September–October 2015. We show that using satellite-retrieved soil moisture to modify the assumed depth of peat burn improves the simulation of PM, increasing the correlation between simulated and observed PM from 0.48 to 0.56. Overall, our work suggests that peat fires in Indonesia produce substantially greater PM emissions than estimated in current emission inventories, with implications for the predicted air quality impacts of peat burning.
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Dadkhah-Nikoo, A., i D. J. Bushnell. "An Experimental Investigation of Wood Combustion". Journal of Energy Resources Technology 116, nr 3 (1.09.1994): 186–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906442.
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This paper presents the results from an experimental investigation of wood combustion. Variables chosen for investigation are fuel moisture content, fuel particle size, excess air, fraction and temperature of under-fire air. Influence of the off-design (part load) operation of the combustion unit on combustion efficiency and particulate emission is also investigated. Data recorded during the experiments include the composition and temperature of the combustion products, particulate emissions, and combustible fraction of the particulate. Based on the experimental data, a linear regression model was developed to investigate the variables affecting the combustion process. A computer model was used to calculate the temperature and composition of the combustion products under adiabatic conditions. Results of the adiabatic model and the experimental regression analysis are compared and discussed. According to the results presented, it is concluded that the combustion efficiency and particulate emissions are most influenced by the factors that increase the volume of the combustion products in the combustion chamber. These variables include excess air, moisture content of the fuel, and the combustion air temperature. Fuel particle size and the fraction of under-fire air did not significantly affect the combustion efficiency and particulate emissions. It is also concluded that the off-design (part-load) operation of the combustion unit, results in higher particulate emissions and lower combustion efficiency.
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Kim, Hyunsik, Sungho Tae i Jihwan Yang. "Calculation Methods of Emission Factors and Emissions of Fugitive Particulate Matter in South Korean Construction Sites". Sustainability 12, nr 23 (24.11.2020): 9802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12239802.
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Recently, efforts to effectively reduce particulate matter by identifying its sources and trends have become necessary due to the sustained damage it has caused in East Asia. In the case of South Korea, damage due to fugitive dust generated at construction sites in densely populated downtown areas is significant, and particulate matter in such fugitive dust directly influences the health of nearby residents and construction workers. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study was to develop a method for calculating emission factors for PM10 and PM2.5 emission amounts in the fugitive dust generated in construction sites and to derive emission amount trends for major variables to predict the amounts of generated particulate matter. To this end, South Korean emission factors for PM10 and PM2.5 for different construction equipment and activities that generate fugitive dust were derived and a method for calculating the amount of particulate matter using the derived emission factors was proposed. In addition, the calculated total emissions using these factors were compared to those calculated using construction site fugitive dust equations developed for the United States, Europe, and South Korea, and the trend analysis of total emissions according to the major emission factor variables was conducted.
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Matuszewska, Anna, Małgorzata Odziemkowska i Joanna Czarnocka. "Emisja zanieczyszczeń przy zasilaniu silnika ZS olejem napędowym z domieszką bioetanolu". Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae 11, nr 2 (30.06.2013): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/seb.2013.11.2.08.
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Bioethanol is an oxygen compound added to gasoline. Research into the possibility of applying it to diesel oil is conducted. It is assumed that such fuel could help reduce the emission of gaseous and particulate matter in comparison with conventional fuels. This paper presents the results of the authors’ chassis dynamometer test for biofuel containing 15% bioethanol. Emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons (THC), and particulate matters (PM) were related to diesel oil emissions.
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Yang, Huan, Xuan Song, Liping Du, Qi Zhang, Jian Cui i Shasha Yin. "Estimating Particulate Matter Emission from Dust Sources Using ZY-3 Data and GIS Technology—A Case Study in Zhengzhou City, China". Atmosphere 12, nr 6 (21.05.2021): 660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12060660.
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With the rapid development of the social economy in China, numerous Chinese cities are facing high levels of particulate matter (PM) pollution problems. In this study, high-resolution ZY-3 images and GIS techniques were used to establish the emission inventory of total suspended particle (TSP), particulate matter 10 (PM10) and particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) from fugitive dust sources in May 2016, and a spatial grid of 3 km × 3 km resolution was established to demonstrate the spatial distribution of PM emission. Results showed that the total emissions of TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 in Zhengzhou city were 237.5 kt·a−1, 103.7 kt·a−1 and 22.4 kt·a−1, respectively. Construction dust source was the main fugitive dust emission source in Zhengzhou city—the TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 emission of which account for 76.42%, 89.68% and 88.39%, respectively, of the total emission, followed by road dust source and soil dust source. PM emission was higher in Zhongyuan, Huiji, Jinshui and Zhengdong New District, while Zhongmou, Xingyang, Dengfeng and other remote areas had low PM emissions. Compared to other Chinese cities or regions, the PM emission from the construction dust source was at a high level in Zhengzhou city, while the PM emissions from the soil dust source and road dust source were at moderate levels.
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Fingas, Mervin F., Zhendi Wang Pat Lambert, Francine Ackerman, Ken Li, Mike Goldthorp, Ben Fieldhouse, Steve Whiticar i in. "EMISSIONS FROM MESOSCALE IN SITU OIL (DIESEL) FIRES: EMISSIONS FROM THE MOBILE 1998 EXPERIMENTS". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, nr 2 (1.03.2001): 1471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-2-1471.
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ABSTRACT A series of mesoscale burns were conducted in 1998 to assess fire-resistant booms, twelve of these were used to study emissions from diesel oil burns. Extensive sampling and monitoring were conducted to determine the emissions at nine downwind ground stations, one upwind ground station, and at six side stations. Particulates were measured using high-volume samplers and real-time particulate analyzers. Particulate samples in air were taken and analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Water under the burns was analyzed; small amounts of PAHs were found. The burn residue was analyzed for PAHs as well. PAHs were at about the same concentration in the residue than in the starting oil, however, there is a slight differential concentration increase in some higher molecular weight species in the residue. Combustion gases including carbon dioxide, sulphuric acid aerosols, and sulphur dioxide were very low and in some cases undetectable. Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions were measured in Summa canisters. Over 100 compounds were identified and quantified; most concentrations were too low to be considered a health risk. It was concluded that small burns of this size (burn area about 25 m2) are too small to pose a health hazard.
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Klimont, Zbigniew, Kaarle Kupiainen, Chris Heyes, Pallav Purohit, Janusz Cofala, Peter Rafaj, Jens Borken-Kleefeld i Wolfgang Schöpp. "Global anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter including black carbon". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, nr 14 (17.07.2017): 8681–723. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8681-2017.
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Abstract. This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of historical (1990–2010) global anthropogenic particulate matter (PM) emissions including the consistent and harmonized calculation of mass-based size distribution (PM1, PM2. 5, PM10), as well as primary carbonaceous aerosols including black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC). The estimates were developed with the integrated assessment model GAINS, where source- and region-specific technology characteristics are explicitly included. This assessment includes a number of previously unaccounted or often misallocated emission sources, i.e. kerosene lamps, gas flaring, diesel generators, refuse burning; some of them were reported in the past for selected regions or in the context of a particular pollutant or sector but not included as part of a total estimate. Spatially, emissions were calculated for 172 source regions (as well as international shipping), presented for 25 global regions, and allocated to 0.5° × 0.5° longitude–latitude grids. No independent estimates of emissions from forest fires and savannah burning are provided and neither windblown dust nor unpaved roads emissions are included. We estimate that global emissions of PM have not changed significantly between 1990 and 2010, showing a strong decoupling from the global increase in energy consumption and, consequently, CO2 emissions, but there are significantly different regional trends, with a particularly strong increase in East Asia and Africa and a strong decline in Europe, North America, and the Pacific region. This in turn resulted in important changes in the spatial pattern of PM burden, e.g. European, North American, and Pacific contributions to global emissions dropped from nearly 30 % in 1990 to well below 15 % in 2010, while Asia's contribution grew from just over 50 % to nearly two-thirds of the global total in 2010. For all PM species considered, Asian sources represented over 60 % of the global anthropogenic total, and residential combustion was the most important sector, contributing about 60 % for BC and OC, 45 % for PM2. 5, and less than 40 % for PM10, where large combustion sources and industrial processes are equally important. Global anthropogenic emissions of BC were estimated at about 6.6 and 7.2 Tg in 2000 and 2010, respectively, and represent about 15 % of PM2. 5 but for some sources reach nearly 50 %, i.e. for the transport sector. Our global BC numbers are higher than previously published owing primarily to the inclusion of new sources. This PM estimate fills the gap in emission data and emission source characterization required in air quality and climate modelling studies and health impact assessments at a regional and global level, as it includes both carbonaceous and non-carbonaceous constituents of primary particulate matter emissions. The developed emission dataset has been used in several regional and global atmospheric transport and climate model simulations within the ECLIPSE (Evaluating the Climate and Air Quality Impacts of Short-Lived Pollutants) project and beyond, serves better parameterization of the global integrated assessment models with respect to representation of black carbon and organic carbon emissions, and built a basis for recently published global particulate number estimates.
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Muleski, Gregory E., Chatten Cowherd i John S. Kinsey. "Particulate Emissions from Construction Activities". Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 55, nr 6 (czerwiec 2005): 772–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2005.10464669.
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Yong Yan. "Continuous measurement of particulate emissions". IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 8, nr 4 (październik 2005): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mim.2005.1518620.
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Maurice, Lourdes Q. "Understanding Aviation Particulate Matter Emissions". Journal of Propulsion and Power 23, nr 5 (wrzesień 2007): 897. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.30672.
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Garg, Bhagwan D., Steven H. Cadle, Patricia A. Mulawa, Peter J. Groblicki, Chris Laroo i Graham A. Parr. "Brake Wear Particulate Matter Emissions". Environmental Science & Technology 34, nr 21 (listopad 2000): 4463–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es001108h.
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Maziak, Wasim, Samer Rastam, Iman Ibrahim, Kenneth Ward i Thomas Eissenberg. "Waterpipe-associated particulate matter emissions". Nicotine & Tobacco Research 10, nr 3 (marzec 2008): 519–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14622200801901989.
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Shao, Huifang, Joseph Roos i Joseph Remias. "Evaluation of the Role of Lubricant Additives in Emission Control". Lubricants 10, nr 12 (14.12.2022): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10120362.
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In the last several decades, emission regulations have become a significant driving force for vehicle technologies, from powertrain design to emission control. These technologies will experience continuous improvement and may require a paradigm shift to address more stringent emission regulations. As essential components of powertrain systems, fuel and lubricant additives have uniquely enabled powertrain performance and durability. This review focuses on the complex interactions between the fluids and the emissions control system. Investigations into the impact of fuel aromatic content on both primary and secondary emissions are discussed. This work provides the methodologies and context to evaluate the studies into the interactions between fluids and the emission system components. Research on lubricants interactions with particulate filters shows that the lubricant, when formulated appropriately, does not substantively degrade particulate filter performance. In fact, it was found that the lubricant additives can have positive impact on carbonaceous accumulation in the filter and improve particulate emissions. This work provides an overview and context for assessing the role of lubricant additives in the performance of the complete emission system. Understanding the full impact of the fluids, lubricant and fuel, and the powertrain hardware provides the foundation to design additives to deliver optimized performance for the vehicle with advanced emission control systems.
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Panainte Lehadus, Mirela, Valentin Nedeff, Narcis Barsan, Andrei Victor Sandu, Emilian Mosnegutu, Claudia Tomozei, Oana Irimia, Gabriela Andrioai i Ion Sandu. "Monitoring the Particulate Matter (PM10) Emissions from Bacau City Termo-Energetic Industry". Revista de Chimie 70, nr 8 (15.09.2019): 2869–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.8.7446.
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Air pollution is one of the major environmental problems with short, medium and long-term effects. Substances emitted into the atmosphere (CO2, SO2, NOx, PM10) contribute to the amplification of the effects of climate change, acidification, air quality deterioration. The most important sources of PM10 emissions come from commercial, institutional and household sectors, industrial processes, road transport and agriculture. In order to protect the atmosphere and improve air quality, are needed measures of control at pollutant emissions. Early pollution reduction actions have led to a significant decrease of PM10 emissions especially from the production and distribution of energy, combustion processes and road transport has significantly diminished. Improving air quality requires continuous monitoring of emissions and, in particular emissions of particulate matter/ PM10. The paper presents the results of the monitoring activity of particulate matter/ PM10 from the thermo-energetic industry. The results of the monitoring include the particulate matter/ PM10 values in the range (68.083 mg/Nm3 - 93.166 mg/Nm3), values that do not exceed the emission limit values.