Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Parks – finance

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Parks – finance”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 26 lipca 2024
Data aktualizacji: 27 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Parks – finance"

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Mandziuk, Agnieszka, Dagmara Stangierska, Beata Fornal-Pieniak, Jerzy Gębski, Barbara Żarska i Marta Kiraga. "Preferences of Young Adults concerning the Pocket Parks with Water Reservoirs in the Aspect of Willingness to Pay (WTP) in Warsaw City, Poland". Sustainability 14, nr 9 (22.04.2022): 5043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095043.

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The paper presents the results of a survey questionnaire conducted in order to determine the social preferences of young adults regarding their willingness to finance pocket parks in Warsaw (Poland). The preferences concerned the impact of the appearance and attractiveness of pocket parks for the inhabitants of the capital, the impact on the microclimate, the materials used to build water reservoirs, and the effect of the respondent’s income on their willingness to finance them. The data were analyzed statistically (Kruskal–Wallis test, Mann–Whitney U logistic regression). The results show that young respondents prefer parks with natural water reservoirs. Willingness to pay was the highest in the case of natural parks and parks containing the most anthropogenically modified water reservoirs. It has been shown that the willingness to finance increased with the need for more greenery of this type and greater awareness of their positive impact on the improvement of the microclimate in the city. The higher the attractiveness of pocket parks for leisure and the higher the level of respondents’ incomes, the greater the willingness to finance them. The level of financing also depended on the materials used to build water reservoirs in parks—the more elements made of hydrotechnical concrete, the higher the level of financing. This type of relationship was not found for natural materials, which is surprising given the already well-known threat of climate change and the decrease of biodiversity.
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Marques, Felipe Tumenas, i Renata Alvarez Rossi. "Green Finance or Daltonic Finance?" International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development 14, nr 1 (23.05.2023): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsesd.323658.

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Clean energy is currently a top priority on the global agenda, and green bonds have emerged as a key response from financial markets. However, while these bonds aim to reduce carbon emissions, they may create perverse incentives. Brazil has made significant investments in eolic parks in recent years, with players issuing green bonds to finance these activities. One region that has seen high levels of investment is the interior of Bahia state, which has historically had low levels of economic and social development. Unfortunately, the production of wind energy in this region has been marked by several social conflicts. Despite this, these conflicts have largely gone unnoticed, as the appeal of clean energy has overshadowed them. Social issues such as land disputes are critical but often overlooked in green finance mechanisms. In some cases, these financial incentives may incentivize land grabbing from vulnerable populations in the name of clean energy production.
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Eagles, Paul F. J. "Fiscal implications of moving to tourism finance for parks: Ontario Provincial Parks". Managing Leisure 19, nr 1 (17.12.2013): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13606719.2013.849503.

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Iqbal, Asifa, i Mats Wilhelmsson. "Park proximity, crime and apartment prices". International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 11, nr 4 (6.08.2018): 669–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-04-2017-0035.

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Purpose There is a lack of understanding in the literature on the relation between parks and house price in relation to crime in Scandinavian context. This paper aims to investigate the effect of the amenity value of accessibility to parks on apartment prices with reference to crime rates in parks in Stockholm. Design/methodology/approach This paper analyses the effects of park proximity and crime in parks on apartment prices by using geographic information systems and hedonic modelling. Findings Findings show that the proximity of parks as an environmental amenity has an effect on apartment prices. The results also demonstrate that the impact of parks on apartment prices is different in the different segments of the apartment market in Stockholm. Moreover, various types of parks may differ in their impact, for instance, grass parks and park blocks are more desirable in Stockholm than landscape parks and neighbourhood parks. The effects of crimes in parks influence apartment prices negatively. Originality/value This paper provides a new methodology by using the shortest distance to a park as a main variable. The shortest distance to a park variable is considered a better choice than using park as an aggregate measure. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first study that investigates the effect of specific park types, for instance, grass parks, neighbourhood parks, landscape parks and park blocks, in Stockholm housing market.
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Vernihorova, Nataliia V. "Analysis of Organisational and Economic Support of Urban Parks in Ukraine". Scientific Bulletin of Mukachevo State University. Series «Economics» 8, nr 2 (24.06.2021): 90–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.52566/msu-econ.8(2).2021.90-100.

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The requirements of modern society for urban parks represent them as multifunctional territories. Global trends suggest that parks have a social essence and are focused on creating a healthy and aesthetic environment. But in Ukraine, parks are considered only as landscape and architectural complexes. Therefore, they are financed under urban planning programmes and at the expense of budget funds. Attracting funds from organisations in the field of landscaping requires greater integration of parks into the socio-economic system. At the same time, it is necessary to develop mechanisms for economic incentives for organisations to participate in the improvement of park areas. The purpose of this study is an economic analysis of modern financing of the green economy in Ukraine and the development of proposals for additional sources of financial support for parks. In this paper, using the analytical method, the accounting of the financial state of the green economy in the regions of Ukraine is carried out. Typical problems of modern financing, the main shortcomings of budget financing, and problems of commercial organisations in the field of urban greening are highlighted. Using the economic and mathematical modeling (index method), the analysis of changes in indicators of providing green spaces and, accordingly, indicators of their financial condition is carried out. The practical significance of the study lies in the development of recommendations on additional ways to finance park management based on the introduction of the practice of public-private partnerships, trust agreements, and easement. Requirements have been formed for legal entities that have the right to conclude such transactions. An economic mechanism for stimulating the establishment of publicprivate partnerships and concluding agreements in the field of landscaping is proposed
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Vidová, Jarmila. "Industrial Parks - History, Present and its Influence to the Employment". Review of Economic Perspectives 10, nr 1 (1.01.2010): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10135-009-0008-1.

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Industrial Parks - History, Present and its Influence to the Employment The term industrial park is currently a very frequently used. One of the conditions of their development is a positive trend of capital movement and correct allocation of capital in new conditions of Slovak and world economy. In current post-industrial stage of development, industrial parks grow in quality in comparison of parks built in the past when all the activities of product building were allocated were concentrated into one single place. The new generation of industrial parks is characteristic by producing just one product or completion of final goods from components. The present day development in Slovakia confirms that it is necessary to support creation of industrial parks because it has a positive influence to activities supporting research and development and increasing of employment.
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Massey, Dorren, i David Wield. "Evaluating Science parks". Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 7, nr 1 (maj 1992): 10–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02690949208726126.

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Postryhan, Tetiana. "Legal regulation of UK science parks". Theory and Practice of Intellectual Property, nr 1 (11.06.2021): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33731/12021.234194.

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Key words: science park, science, legal regulation, high technologies, innovation,benefits, taxes The article reveals important legal aspects of the UK science parks, the creation and operation of scienceand technology parks in Great Britain. The author considers the legislation of GreatBritain on the activities of science and technology parks, technological innovations,tax and other benefits. The author traces the development of legislation governing theactivities of science parks in Great Britain. Innovative structures, their features areconsidered. An analysis of research by scientists on state and legal regulation of highereducation, research institutions, science parks. The author examines the Government'spolicy on the development of the scientific and technical sector of the economyby supporting and encouraging innovation in the scientific and technical sector andthe Question of the Great Britain Science Parks. The UK provides significant governmentsupport to science parks, fosters cooperation and dialogue between industry andacademia in the field of innovation and high technology. In this matter, the state directlyfunds research partnerships between industry and basic science. The statestrategy includes, in particular, the application of direct tax benefits for companiesthat interact with universities to implement high technology, research and development,tax benefits in the field of depreciation, as well as through financial and technicalsupport of leading universities and public laboratories, grants and grants.The author notes the important role in the development of innovation policy in theUK plays the creation of information support for innovation.The author has analyzed the legislation in the field of providing tax-compliant pilgrimsfor education and distribution. Legislation in the field of supply of taxable pilgrimsfor additional and retail outlets is stored alongside a number of regulatory legalacts, the main ones being:• Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988;• Finance Act 2000;• Finance Act 2002.The author examines the executive authorities that implement state policy tostimulate the development of research and development. The author identifies thatthe UK is creating numerous innovation centers. The article emphasizes that of particularinterest are the model contracts proposed by the Ministry, aimed at the transferor use of ownership of the results of intellectual activity in the field of innovation.The author states that the British model of state support for innovation can be usefulin shaping public policy and creating a legal framework for regulating legal relationsin the field of innovation and the interaction of universities with business to implementresearch and development and high technology.
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Li, Jie, i Yang Li. "Study of Application in Network Intrusion Prevention". Applied Mechanics and Materials 738-739 (marzec 2015): 1209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.738-739.1209.

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Network intrusion prevention application are studied, analyzed vibration optical fiber, cable radiation, infrared radiation, tension fences, high-voltage pulse and other key technologies, proposed safe city, government investment, government rent, lease operator platform, operating mode, and applications in key areas of finance, police, parks and other surveillance industry.
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Szabó, Andrea, i Gergely Ujhelyi. "National parks and economic development". Journal of Public Economics 232 (kwiecień 2024): 105073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2024.105073.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Parks – finance"

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Mollatt, David G. R. "Examining the feasibility of introducing environmental surcharges to finance local coastal management initiatives in South Africa : a case study in Plettenberg Bay". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002734.

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The management of coastal resources in South Africa has come under review as a result of the degradation of environmental resources along the coast. The challenge being faced by resource managers is to achieve economic growth while sustaining South Africa’s coastal resource base (Nobel, 2000). The South African government (RSA, 2000) has developed a coastal management strategy to meet this challenge: The strategy involves the inclusion of all stakeholders in the formation of policy regarding the management of coastal resources, in a more integrated approach to coastal management. To effectively achieve this stakeholder inclusion, it has become necessary to decentralize the political, administrative and fiscal authority to conduct coastal management functions. With regard to the need for fiscal decentralisation this thesis considers the possibility of implementing localised environmental surcharges to finance coastal management initiatives. The ability of the White Paper for Sustainable Coastal Development (RSA, 2000) to provide theformal institutional structure necessary for the introduction of environmental surcharges is firstconsidered. It is shown that the decentralised management strategy has the potential to create a management style that is transparent and accountability orientated. In addition to this the style is capable of adapting to dynamic local coastal conditions and is therefore an appropriate direction in which to steer coastal management in South Africa. The effectiveness of coastal co-management as an informal institutional arrangement is then examined. Provided that local Coastal Management Fora are created to include all relevant stakeholders and that a source of long term financing is secured co-management has the potential to create the conditions necessary for effective coastal management. With regard to a source of long term financing, local environmental surcharges to finance coastal management initiatives are considered. The public’s willingness to contribute to such a surcharge is analysed in the context of Plettenberg Bay by probing their willingness to pay (WTP) for a Bay Management Plan. A survey instrument is developed to measure the public’s WTP. The design of the instrument is based on the Contingent Valuation (CV) method that is used to analyse the nonmarket benefits that environmental resources (such as Plettenberg Bay) provide the public. It is found that the resident population is willing to pay R15 per month toward a Bay Management Plan whilst domestic and foreign tourists respectively are willing to pay R6 and R22 daily. The aggregation of these WTP estimates yields a total passive use value of between R15 397 900 – R20330 500 annually. This nuclear value of the Bay should be included in the formation of local coastal management policy and provides guidance for the introduction of a local environmental surcharge. A budget for a Bay Management Plan is proposed and a progressive surcharge based on municipal property value is set. To finance the local residents’ share of the budget, a monthly surcharge of R1 would be required of the average valued property. To calculate the domestic and foreign tourist contribution to the budget a schedule of accommodation offering property will be required. However, to finance the entire budget a residential surcharge of approximately R10 would be required of the average valued property. This figure is well below the average resident population WTP of R15, highlighting the fact that an environmental surcharge in Plettenberg Bay is indeed feasible. The difference in reported WTP and the contribution required to finance the Bay Management Plan also highlights that there is scope for experimentation in the introduction of such a surcharge.
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Bonhoure, Emilie. "Paris-Listed Firms at the Turn of the 20th Century : Did Modern Corporate Finance Theories Already Work?" Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU10002.

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Dans cette thèse, nous nous proposons d’examiner plusieurs théories modernes de financed’entreprise. L’objectif est d’étudier les résultats suggérés par les études récentes sur des sujets tels que les politiques de dividendes, les problèmes d’agence, ou encore le financement des entreprises, et testés sur des organisations modernes. Dans cette optique, nous étudions plus particulièrement les firmes qui étaient cotées à Paris au début du XXème siècle.Tout d’abord, nous avons concentré cette étude sur le contexte général de la théorie d’agence, et tenté d’examiner si ce modèle pouvait être appliqué aux firmes de la période précédant la première guerre mondiale. Nous montrons ainsi que c’était le cas. Certains éléments mis en lumière par des études récentes sur ces firmes montrent que ce qui est aujourd’hui appelé « problèmes d’agence » constituait déjà un risque majeur pour elles. De surcroît, les écrits contemporains de ces entreprises du début du XXème siècle ou avant avaient parfaitement identifié ces problèmes comme étant majeurs pour elles mais aussi pour les investisseurs potentiels prêts à participer à leur financement. Dans ce contexte général d’asymétrie d’information et des « problèmes d’agence » potentiellement sévères en résultant, nous nous interrogeons également sur le financement de l’innovation et donc sur la contribution des marchés financiers à leur croissance. Nous montrons que les firmes innovantes de l’époque (soit les firmes de la 2nde Révolution Industrielle) bénéficiaient d’un soutien mitigé de la part des marchés-actions parisiens. Si l’on mesure ce soutien potentiel par le Q de Tobin, ces entreprises de la 2nde RI bénéficiaient de conditions avantageuses quant à leur financement. Au contraire, s’il est mesuré par le taux de dividende, ce soutien est beaucoup moins clair.Les entreprises ayant déjà trouvé un financement devaient ensuite rémunérer leurs actionnaires : elles devaient en particulier leur distribuer des dividendes. Les dernières parties de cette thèse étudient ainsi les politiques de dividendes mises en place par les firmes de la place de Paris au début du XXème siècle. Nous étudions d’abord les politiques de dividendes effectivement mises en place et montrons que ces dividendes étaient payés dans le but de diminuer les coûts d’agence, et en particulier dans le but de réduire les coûts de speculative monitoring. Dans un deuxième temps, nous comparons ces politiques réelles à celles fixées dans le cadre d’une règle statutaire de distribution des profits, qui déterminait l’allocation d’un certain montant de ces profits aux actionnaires. Cette comparaison pourrait permettre d’estimer si et à quel point ceux qui « contrôlaient » la firme suivaient strictement cette règle, et s’ils n’utilisaient pas les exceptions possibles à celle-ci pour en extraire des bénéfices privés au détriment des actionnaires extérieurs et minoritaires. Nous montrons qu’ils allouaient une part des profits cohérente avec celle qui était attendue en moyenne par tous les actionnaires. Si plusieurs interprétations de ce phénomène sont possibles, une explication pourrait résider dans le fait que la règle statutaire constituait un bon moyen de limiter les conflits entre ceux des actionnaires qui contrôlaient la firme et les autres
This thesis offers to explore several modern corporate finance theories in a historical context. The rationale behind is to assess whether the findings recently suggested about topics like corporate dividend policies, agency issues, or firm financing, and tested on very modern corporations could be applicable to an earlier and different context. To do so, we examine the companies listed on Paris stock markets at the turn of the 20th century.First focusing on the general agency framework, we examine whether this model could be atplay within pre-WWI companies. We do find that this was the case. Specific features highlighted by recent studies about earlier corporations indeed provide support for the fact that the today-called “agency” issues were already critical to them. Further, contemporary authors did identify these issues as particularly salient for companies but also for the investors potentially willing to participate in their emergence. In this general context of high asymmetry of information and of resulting critical “agency” conflicts, the financing of innovation and thus the contribution of financial markets to growth are questioned. In particular, we show that the innovative firms of the time (the ones operating in 2nd-IR sectors) benefitted from a mixed support from Paris stock markets. Measuring potential favourable financing conditions by a higher Tobin’s Q, we find that 2nd-IR companies did benefit from a sort of help from these markets in financing their growth. On the contrary, measuring it by the dividend yield provides a less clear result.The firms already financed had to compensate their shareholders for the risk they took. They thus had to pay dividends out. The last parts of this thesis examine the dividend policies implemented by Paris-listed firms at the turn of the 20th century. Focusing first on the ones actually implemented, we provide further support for the agency explanation of dividends, notably showing that these dividends were mostly paid to decrease one specific type of agency costs, speculative monitoring ones. Second, we compare these actual payout policies with the ones fixed in a statutory rule of profit allocation, which committed to the distribution of a certain percentage of profits to shareholders. Doing so could help to assess whether firm controllers strictly followed this statutory rule and did not take advantage of the potential and allowed deviations from it to extract as many benefits as they could at the expense of outsiders and minority shareholders. We show that they did allocate a percentage of profits consistent with the one expected in average by all shareholders. Although several interpretations could be made of this result, it could be explained by the fact the statutory rule was a good way to mitigate conflicts between firm controllers and outsiders
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Silva, Flávia de Souza Teixeira da. "Mecanismos da Lei do Bem para a inovação tecnológica: um estudo do incentivo à P&D nas grandes empresas do Parque Tecnológico do Rio de Janeiro". Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2014. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8918.

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O objetivo fundamental deste trabalho é identificar os impactos dos incentivos fiscais federais concedidos pelo Governo brasileiro com a publicação da Lei do Bem, sobre os investimentos privados em P&D. A partir de estudo de campo realizado emgrandes empresas estabelecidas em habitats de inovação, especialmente em PqTgerido por universidade, foi analisado como a Lei do Bem auxilia a disseminação da cultura de inovação e aumenta a competitividade empresarial. Especificamente, o estudo tem o intuito de mostrar a importância da inclusão de forma mais abrangente dos gastos com infraestrutura de P&D, no rol das atividades passíveis de recebimento de incentivos fiscais por empresas localizadas em países notadamente carentes neste aspecto, tal qual o Brasil. Ademais, analisar comparativamente os mecanismos de incentivos fiscais utilizados por outros países com a intenção de propor adequações na estrutura da Lei do Bem que minimizem a sua não utilização em virtude da falta de clareza na sua aplicação e consequente adoção de postura conservadora pelas empresas. A metodologia consistiu de um estudo exploratório e qualitativo e revisão bibliográfica onde foram analisados os conceitos teóricos relacionados à inovação, sistemas nacionais, regionais e setoriais de inovação, hélice tríplice, habitats de inovação e políticas públicas, além da coleta de dados realizada por meio de consulta aos relatórios elaborados por entes governamentais, bem como por entrevistas realizadas junto às empresas que instalaram seus centros de P&D no PqT UFRJ, Consultorias especializadas e à ANPEI. Os resultados doestudoforam obtidos a partir da compilação dos dados destas entrevistas e relatórios. Além de outras conclusões, as informações permitiram afirmar que os incentivos fiscais, especialmente aqueles relacionados à redução do Imposto de Renda da Pessoa Jurídica, são importantes na medida em que permitem às grandes empresas, que já realizam atividades de P,D&I, a destinação de um montante maior a essas atividades. Apesar disso, essa política pública carece de aperfeiçoamento em função de haverrestado claro que a mesma não estimula todas as atividades de inovação, mas apenas aquelas relacionadas à P&D, além de não haver incentivos adequados ao crescimento de infraestrutura para inovação.
The primary goal of this paper is to identify the impacts of the federal tax incentives granted by the Brazilian government with the publication of the Goodwill Law, on private investment in R&D. Beginning withthe field study, conducted in large firms in innovation habitats, especially in a technology park managed by a university, it was analyzed how the GoodwillLaw helps spreading the innovation culture and increases business competitiveness. Specifically, the paper aims to show the importance of including in a more comprehensive way theR&D infrastructure expenses in the list ofeligible activities to receive tax incentives by companies particularly located in countries that lack these incentives, such as Brazil. Furthermore, compare the mechanisms of tax incentives used by other countries intending to propose adjustments in the Goodwill Lawstructure in order to minimize its non-use due tonon-understanding in its implementation and consequent adoption of a conservative posture by companies. The methodology consisted of an exploratory qualitative study and literature review which analyzed the theoretical concepts related toinnovation, national, regional and sectorial innovation systems, triple helix, innovation habitats and public policy concepts, in addition to data collected from government agencies reports, as well as interviews with the companies that set up their R&D centers in Rio de Janeiro Technology Park, specialized consulting firms and ANPEI. The study results were obtained from the compilation of these interviews and reports data. Among other conclusions, the information allowed to assert that tax incentives, especially those related to the reduction of Corporate Income Tax, are important insofar as they allow large companies that already carry out R,D&I activities, to allocate a greater amount on these activities. Nevertheless, this policy needs to be improved since it does not stimulate all innovation activities, but only those related to R&D, besides there are no appropriate incentives to promote the growth of innovationinfrastructure.
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Glavas, Dejan. "Why do firms issue green bonds?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01E041.

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Cette thèse porte sur le marché des obligations vertes et les motivations qui poussent les entreprises à émettre cette nouvelle forme d’instruments financiers. Trois grandes hypothèses ont été émises pour expliquer les motivations des émetteurs d’obligations vertes. Selon la première hypothèse appelée « création de valeur à long-terme », les émetteurs d’obligations vertes cherchent à créer de la valeur actionnariale en investissant dans des technologies vertes. Selon la seconde hypothèse appelée « délégation de philanthropie », une entreprise émet une obligation verte pour répondre à la pression de ses parties prenantes. Selon la dernière hypothèse appelée « problèmes d’agence », un manager d’entreprise émettrice d’obligations vertes chercherait à servir ses intérêts propres plutôt que ceux de l’entreprise. Cette thèse vise à tester ces hypothèses par le biais de trois articles empiriques et d’un article de synthèse situé en annexe
This thesis topic is the green bond market and the incentives pushing firms into issuing this new type of security. Three key hypotheses were stated to explain the motive for a firm to issue a green bond. The first hypothesis (“long-term value creation”) asserts green bond issuers invest in green technologies to generate long-term value. The second hypothesis (“delegated philanthropy”), professes stakeholder pressure engenders the fundamental reason for a firm to issue green bonds. The third hypothesis (“agency view”) contends that managers of green bond issuing firms serve their own objectives. This thesis aims at testing these hypotheses through three empirical articles and a synthesis article added in the appendix
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Viaene, Alex. "L'efficience de la Bourse de Paris au XIXe siècle : une confrontation théorique face aux données empiriques des marchés à terme et à prime /". Paris : Connaissances et savoirs, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40041168f.

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Bédard, Richard. "Les finances de Paris sous la Restauration : une analyse quantitative". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20988.

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Louhichi, Wael. "Le rôle informationnel des annonces : une étude intrajournalière sur Euronext Paris". Perpignan, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PERP0534.

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Cette these s'inscrit dans le cadre des travaux sur la microstructure des marches financiers. Elle est composee de quatre chapitres. Le premier chapitre s'interesse a l'etude de la vitesse d'ajustement des prix a la nouvelle information. Le second chapitre propose d'etudier l'evolution de l'asymetrie informationnelle autour des annonces de benefices. L'objectif du troisieme chapitre consiste a comparer le comportement des investisseurs de grande taille et les investisseurs de petite taille face a differents types d'information (bonne nouvelle, mauvaise nouvelle et annonce neutre). Le dernier chapitre est consacree a l'etude de la relation intrajournaliere entre le flux informationnel et l'activite du marche
This study is included in the field of market microstructure. The goal of this work is to examine market behavior around the times of public information made in the paris bourse. In the first chapter, we propose to study intraday speed of adjustement of stock prices to new information. The aim of the second chapter is to examine asymmetric information around earnings announcements. In the third chapter, we study investors' bahavior around public information. The last chapter deals with intraday relation between information flow and market activity
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Cheynet, de Beaupré Marc. "Joseph Pâris-Duverney : financier d'État (1684-1770)". Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010622.

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Joseph Pâris-Duverney, fils d'aubergiste, devint fournisseur aux armées dans les dernières années du règne de Louis XIV, s'insinuant auprès des favorites. Dès 1716, ses frères et lui furent les principaux réformateurs de la collecte fiscale, contrôlant les Fermes générales et celle des tabacs. S'étant opposés à Law, les Pâris furent exilés. Rappelés, ils mirent en place le Visa de 1721, imposant la comptabilité publique en partie double ainsi qu'un Etat général des fonds et dépenses. En 1724, Duverney, syndic général de la Compagnie des Indes, fut le véritable instigateur de la politique économique. En 1726, les Pâris furent à nouveau chassés. Rappelé, Duverney reprit son activité de munitionnaire. Les guerres de succession d' Autriche puis de Sept ans consacrèrent une influence qui ne connut plus d'éclipse jusqu'à son départ volontaire, à l'automne 1758. Dès 1750, Duverney avait fait approuver par le roi le projet de création d'une Ecole militaire, dont il fut le premier intendant.
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Drysdale, John Duncan. "Louis Véron and the finances of the Académie Royale de Musique /". Frankfurt am Main : P. Lang, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39021473k.

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Hoang, Thi hong Van. "Le marché parisien de l'or de 1941 à 2009 : histoire et finance". Thesis, Orléans, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ORLE0503/document.

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La loi monétaire de septembre 1939 interdit la détention, le commerce, l’importation et l’exportation de l’or enFrance. Un marché clandestin s’est alors créé en 1941 et fonctionne jusqu’en janvier 1948. La loi du 2 février1948 a rendu la liberté au commerce de l’or en France. Ainsi, un marché officiel de ce métal précieux est-ilouvert à la Bourse de Paris. Après 56 ans d’existence, il est fermé en juillet 2004. Depuis cette date, le marché del’or en France est un marché de gré à gré où le prix d’équilibre est déterminé par la Compagnie Parisienne deRéescompte. Malgré cette riche histoire, le marché de l’or à Paris depuis 1941 n’a jamais été étudiéscientifiquement jusqu’à maintenant. Afin de l’explorer, cette thèse est divisée en deux parties distinctes. Lapremière l’étudie sous l’angle historique. Nous analysons son évolution en le rattachant aux événements del’histoire le qualifiant de plusieurs statuts différents : un marché clandestin de 1941 à 1948 (chapitre 1), unmarché réglementé de 1948 à 2004 (chapitres 2 et 3) et un marché de gré à gré de 2004 à 2009 (chapitre 4). Ladeuxième partie de la thèse étudie le marché de l’or à Paris sous l’angle financier. Les résultats du chapitre 5montrent que l’hypothèse de l’efficience informationnelle du marché parisien de l’or ne semble pas être validée.Dans le chapitre 6, nous trouvons que l’or coté à Paris (le lingot et la pièce napoléon) est moins rentable à longtermeque les actions. Cependant, il est aussi risqué que ces dernières et quatre fois plus risqué que lesobligations. Contrairement à la littérature anglo-saxonne, nous trouvons, dans le chapitre 7, que l’or n’est pas unbon moyen de protection contre l’inflation en France. De même, l’or coté à Paris n’est favorable dans ladiversification des portefeuilles français que durant les périodes où son prix a une tendance haussière
The monetary law of September 1939 forbids possession, trade, import and export of gold in France. Aclandestine market was then created in 1941 and operates until January 1948. The law of February 2nd, 1948turned back the liberty to the gold trade in France. Thus, an official market was opened at the Paris StockExchange. After 56 years of existence, it was closed in July 2004. Since then, the gold market in France is anover the counter market where price is fixed by the Compagnie Parisienne de Réescompte. In spite of this veryrich history, the Paris Gold Market from 1941 has never been studied scientifically before. In order to explorethis market, our thesis is divided in two distinct parts. The first one concerns the historical analysis. We presentthe evolution of the market in parallel with the historical events which describe it by different natures: aclandestine market from 1941 to 1948 (chapter 1), an official market from 1948 to 2004 (chapters 2 and 3) andan over the counter market from 2004 until now (chapter 4). The second part of the thesis analyzes the financialaspects of the Paris gold market. The results of the chapter 5 show that the efficient market hypothesis seems notto be validated. In the chapter 6, we find that gold quoted at Paris (ingot and napoleon coin) are less profitablethan stocks in the long-term. Nevertheless, they have the same level of risk than these latters and are four timesmore risky than bonds. Contrarily to the Anglo-Saxon literature, we find, in the chapter 7, that gold is not a goodhedge against inflation in France. At the same time, gold quoted at Paris is favorable in the diversification ofFrench portfolios only in the periods when its price has an upward trend
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Książki na temat "Parks – finance"

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California. Legislature. Senate. Committee on Budget and Fiscal Review. Hearing on the economic benefits of parks and open space: December 10, 1996, Brea, California. Sacramento, CA: The Committee, 1996.

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), San Francisco (Calif, red. 2008 Clean & Safe Neighborhood Parks bond. San Francisco: City & County of San Francisco, 2007.

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Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission., red. Restructuring Washington State parks and recreation. [Olympia, Wash: Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission, 1994.

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Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission. Washington State parks operational funding needs: 1997-99 operating budget proviso, part II : a report to the Legislature. [Olympia, WA] (7150 Clearwater Lane, PO Box 42650, Olympia 98504-2650): Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission, 1999.

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Enterprises, Marketdata. The U.S. amusement & theme parks industry: A marketing, operational & competitive analysis. Tampa, Fla. (2807 W. Busch Blvd., Tampa 33618): Marketdata Enterprises, Inc., 1999.

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Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission., red. The current condition and prospective content of the Washington State parks system in 2013: A report to the Legislature as mandated by the 2003-2005 capital budget. Olympia, WA: Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission, 2003.

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Myers, Phyllis. State parks in a new era. Washington, D.C: Conservation Foundation, 1989.

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Myers, Phyllis. State parks in a new era: A survey of issues and innovations. (Washinton, D.C.): Conservation Foundation, 1986.

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Kelsey, Craig. The budget process in parks and recreation: A case study manual. Reston, Va: American Association for Leisure and Recreation, an association of the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance, 1986.

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Kelsey, Craig. The budget process in parks and recreation: A case study manual. Wyd. 3. Reston, VA: American Association for Leisure and Recreation, American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 2001.

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Części książek na temat "Parks – finance"

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Mallamaci, Valentina, i Massimiliano Ferrara. "Business Intelligence Modelling for Studying Science Parks Externalities". W Mathematical and Statistical Methods for Actuarial Sciences and Finance, 333–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99638-3_54.

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Smith, Andrew, Guy Osborn i Goran Vodicka. "Private Events in a Public Park: Contested Music Festivals and Environmental Justice in Finsbury Park, London". W Whose Green City?, 83–102. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04636-0_5.

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AbstractCity parks have long been understood as contested spaces. But creeping privatisation and commercialisation in an era of neoliberal austerity have heightened tensions between different user groups, and between local communities and park authorities. This chapter provides an in-depth case study of a contested green space in a global city. Finsbury Park in London opened in 1869 as the people’s park with the aim of improving the living conditions for the working classes. However, it is now a highly commercialised park, regularly hosting private events which are justified by the local authority as necessary to finance the maintenance of the park. The chapter focuses on the dispute between the local Friends group and Haringey Borough Council over music festivals staged in Finsbury Park. The Friends of Finsbury Park have challenged the legality of these events in the UK courts as they affect the accessibility of public space. Wireless—billed as the UK’s biggest and most famous urban music festival—is particularly controversial. This is an expensive and disruptive event, but one that celebrates urban and youth cultures, suggesting it may have positive as well as negative effects on park accessibility. Based on field work conducted from 2017 to 2020, and the analysis of documents covering the dispute, this case study assesses the ways that music festivals affect the status of Finsbury Park as a people’s park. The chapter highlights the wider implications of this local dispute and outlines the socio-spatial impacts of the shift in London towards parks financed by commercial income.
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Yu, Hang. "Research on Visitor Experience of Movie and Television Theme Parks Based on Data Mining—Taking China Tangcheng as an Example". W Proceedings of the 2nd International Academic Conference on Blockchain, Information Technology and Smart Finance (ICBIS 2023), 1353–61. Dordrecht: Atlantis Press International BV, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-198-2_141.

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Crépey, Stéphane. "About the Pricing Equations in Finance". W Paris-Princeton Lectures on Mathematical Finance 2010, 63–203. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14660-2_2.

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Xuan, Nicole Ng Ning. "COP26: Ambition, Coal, Finance, and the Paris Rulebook". W Climate and Energy Governance for a Sustainable Future, 15–28. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8346-7_2.

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Salmen, Walter. "Finale zu Johann von Paris". W Goethe Handbuch, 502–3. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-476-00032-3_42.

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Plößl, Franziska, i Tobias Just. "Lessons from the Cholera in Paris and Hamburg". W Future of Business and Finance, 49–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89788-8_4.

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Pham, Huyên. "Some Applications and Methods of Large Deviations in Finance and Insurance". W Paris-Princeton Lectures on Mathematical Finance 2004, 191–244. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73327-0_5.

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Carmona, René A. "HJM: A Unified Approach to Dynamic Models for Fixed Income, Credit and Equity Markets". W Paris-Princeton Lectures on Mathematical Finance 2004, 1–50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73327-0_1.

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Ekeland, Ivar, i Erik Taflin. "Optimal Bond Portfolios". W Paris-Princeton Lectures on Mathematical Finance 2004, 51–102. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73327-0_2.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Parks – finance"

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Malkina, Marina. "INTER-REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN THE BUDGET REVENUES PER CAPITA AND THEIR DETERMINANTS: RUSSIAN CASE STUDY". W 6th Economics & Finance Conference, OECD Headquarters, Paris. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/efc.2016.006.015.

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Jang, Youngsoo. "INCOME INEQUALITY, MEDICAL CONDITIONS, AND HOUSEHOLD BANKRUPTCY". W 6th Economics & Finance Conference, OECD Headquarters, Paris. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/efc.2016.006.011.

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Jeong, Minju. "EFFECTS OF GOVERNMENT CONSUMPTION SHOCKS IN CHINA, JAPAN, AND KOREA". W 6th Economics & Finance Conference, OECD Headquarters, Paris. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/efc.2016.006.012.

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Liu, John. "BITCOIN LITERATURE: A CO-WORD ANALYSIS". W 6th Economics & Finance Conference, OECD Headquarters, Paris. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/efc.2016.006.013.

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Liwinski, Jacek. "DOES IT PAY TO STUDY ABROAD? EVIDENCE FROM POLAND". W 6th Economics & Finance Conference, OECD Headquarters, Paris. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/efc.2016.006.014.

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Abubakar, Modibbo. "EFFECT OF AUDIT QUALITY AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ON REAL ACTIVITIES MANIPULATION IN NIGERIAN BANKS". W 6th Economics & Finance Conference, OECD Headquarters, Paris. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/efc.2016.006.001.

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Adair, Philippe, i Oksana Nezhyvenko. "SEX WORK VS. SEXUAL EXPLOITATION: ASSESSING GUESSTIMATES FOR PROSTITUTION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION". W 6th Economics & Finance Conference, OECD Headquarters, Paris. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/efc.2016.006.002.

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Ahmed Jibril, Maryam, i Modibbo Abubakar. "EFFECT OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARDS (IFRS) ON CORPORATE FINANCING IN NIGERIAN BANKING INDUSTRY". W 6th Economics & Finance Conference, OECD Headquarters, Paris. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/efc.2016.006.003.

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Boateng, Sarah. "INFORMATION DISCLOSURE AND BANK STABILITY; EVIDENCE FROM SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA". W 6th Economics & Finance Conference, OECD Headquarters, Paris. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/efc.2016.006.004.

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Choi, Soohyun. "HEALTH PERCEPTION IMPACT ON HAPPINESS : IN GENDER RELATIVE PERSPECTIVE". W 6th Economics & Finance Conference, OECD Headquarters, Paris. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/efc.2016.006.005.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Parks – finance"

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Fatih, Yilmaz, Fahad Alswaina, Fateh Belaid, Mohammad Hejazi, Mari Luomi i Salaheddine Soummane. Closing the Investment Gap to Achieve Paris Agreement Goals. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, październik 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2023-dp19.

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This study aims to assess the alignment of global sustainable financial flows with transition investment priorities. First, we identify investment gaps based on the difference between the required annual investment to meet global net-zero emissions (NZE) targets and current investment flows. Our assessment reveals that nearly all countries must significantly accelerate their efforts, as their current investment levels fall short of what is required. Second, and perhaps more importantly, investment gaps are particularly large for non-Annex I (developing) countries. Financing these large-scale investments continues to be a major global challenge. The size of global environmental, social and governance (ESG) finance remains low. Specifically, despite their large investment gaps, developing countries receive only a minor share of global ESG funds, where access to conventional finance is already limited.
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Lunsgaarde, Erik, Kevin Adams, Kendra Dupuy, Adis Dzebo, Mikkel Funder, Adam Fejerskov, Zoha Shawoo i Jakob Skovgaard. The politics of climate finance coordination. Stockholm Environment Institute, październik 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2021.022.

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As COP26 approaches, governments are facing calls to increase the ambition of their climate commitments under the Paris Agreement. The mobilization of climate finance will be key to meeting these goals, prompting the need for renewed attention on how to enhance the coordination of existing funds and thus increase their effectiveness, efficiency and equity. The climate finance landscape is fragmented due to the variety of actors involved at different levels. Coordination difficulties emerge in multiple arenas and reflect the diversity of funding sources, implementation channels, and sectors relevant for climate action (Lundsgaarde, Dupuy and Persson, 2018). The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development has identified over 90 climate-specific funds. Most of them are multilateral. While bilateral climate finance remains significant, growth in multilateral funding has been the main driver of recent funding increases and remains a focus of international negotiations. Practitioners often highlight organizational resource constraints – such as staffing levels, the continuity of personnel, or the availability of adequate information management systems – as factors limiting coordination. In this brief, we argue that improving climate finance coordination requires considering coordination challenges in a political context where both fund secretariats and external stakeholders play an important role in shaping collaboration prospects. To illustrate this point, we highlight the political nature of global-level coordination challenges between the multilateral Climate Investment Funds (CIF) and Green Climate Fund (GCF), as well as national-level challenges in Kenya and Zambia. Key challenges influencing coordination relate to the governance of climate funds, domestic bureaucratic politics in recipient countries, and the existence of multiple coordination frameworks at the country level.
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Carty, Tracy, Jan Kowalzig i Bertram Zagema. Climate Finance Shadow Report 2020: Assessing progress towards the $100 billion commitment. Oxfam, październik 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2020.6621.

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International climate finance is vital to global cooperation on climate change. As many developing countries reel from the effects of coronavirus, the prospect of climate-induced extreme weather risks compounding crises and poverty. Climate change could undo decades of progress in development and dramatically increase global inequalities. There is an urgent need for climate finance to help countries cope and adapt. Over a decade ago, developed countries committed to mobilize $100bn per year by 2020 to support developing countries to adapt and reduce their emissions. The goal is a critical part of the Paris Agreement. As 2020 draws to a close, Oxfam’s Climate Finance Shadow Report 2020 offers an assessment of progress towards the $100bn goal. The third in a series, this report looks at the latest donor figures for 2017–18, with a strong focus on public finance. It considers how climate finance is being counted and spent; where it is going; how close we are to the $100bn goal; and what lessons need to be learned for climate finance post-2020.
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Viguri, Sofía, Sandra López Tovar, Mariel Juárez Olvera i Gloria Visconti. Analysis of External Climate Finance Access and Implementation: CIF, FCPF, GCF and GEF Projects and Programs by the Inter-American Development Bank. Inter-American Development Bank, styczeń 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003008.

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In response to the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the IDB Group Board of Governors endorsed the target of increasing climate-related financing in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) from 15% in 2015 to 30% of the IDB Groups combined total approvals by 2020. Currently, the IDB Group is on track to meet this commitment, as in 2018, it financed nearly US$5 billion in climate-change-related activities benefiting LAC, which accounted for 27% of total IDB Groups annual approvals. In 2019, the overall volume and proportion of climate finance in new IDBG approvals have increased to 29%. As the IDB continues to strive towards this goal by using its funds to ramp-up climate action, it also acknowledges that tackling climate change is an objective shared with the rest of the international community. For the past ten years, strategic partnerships have been forged with external sources of finance that are also looking to invest in low-carbon and climate-resilient development. Doing this has contributed to the Banks objective of mobilizing additional resources for climate action while also strengthening its position as a leading partner to accelerate climate innovation in many fields. From climate-smart technologies and resilient infrastructure to institutional reform and financial mechanisms, IDB's use of external sources of finance is helping countries in LAC advance toward meeting their international climate change commitments. This report collects a series of insights and lessons learned by the IDB in the preparation and implementation of projects with climate finance from four external sources: the Climate Investment Funds (CIF), the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF), the Green Climate Fund (GCF) and the Global Environment Facility (GEF). It includes a systematic revision of their design and their progress on delivery, an assessment of broader impacts (scale-up, replication, and contributions to transformational change/paradigm shift), and a set of recommendations to optimize the access and use of these funds in future rounds of climate investment. The insights and lessons learned collected in this publication can inform the design of short and medium-term actions that support “green recovery” through the mobilization of investments that promote decarbonization.
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Redwood, John. Managing the Environmental and Social Impacts of a Major IDB Financed Road Improvement Project in Panama: The Case of Darién. Inter-American Development Bank, listopad 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009051.

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The Environment and Safeguards Group (ESG) of the IDB has examined how potential environmental and social risks of major Bank-supported road improvement investments in natural resource rich and socio-culturally diverse "frontier" regions have been identified and addressed in various parts of South and Central America. The present paper presents the findings and recommendations for selected ongoing and/or completed IDB-financed road and road related projects in Panama. To the extent possible, the experience and lessons learned from all major parts of the project cycle - design/preparation, up-front environmental assessment, implementation/supervision, and monitoring and evaluation - are considered, as are the analysis and management of direct, indirect and cumulative environmental and social impacts.
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Fisac, Ramón, César Buenadicha Sánchez, Laura Torà Carod, Fabio De Almeida Pinto, Michael Hofmann, Aminta Pérez-Gold, Arantza Loza, Diego Pérez i Carlos Guiza. Sustainable Energy Distribution in Latin America: Study on Inclusive Distribution Networks. Inter-American Development Bank, wrzesień 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006520.

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The study provides details on distribution networks, access to finance, type of technologies and incidence on policies for the development and scaling up of models led by private entrepreneurs committed to providing electricity to the last mile population in Latin America. This ideal scenario is strengthened by the recent Paris climate change agreement which seeks to increase international aid to support the transfer of sustainable technologies and the generation of resilience tools for climate change.
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Redwood, John. The Environmental and Social Impacts of Major IDB-Financed Road Improvement Projects: The Interoceanica IIRSA Sur and IIRSA Norte Highways in Peru. Inter-American Development Bank, listopad 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009055.

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The Environment and Safeguards Group (ESG) of the IDB has examined how potential environmental and social risks of major Bank-supported road improvement investments in natural resource rich and socio-culturally diverse "frontier" regions have been identified and addressed in various parts of South and Central America. The present paper presents the findings and recommendations for selected ongoing and/or completed IDB-financed road and road related projects in Peru. To the extent possible, the experience and lessons learned from all major parts of the project cycle - design/preparation, up-front environmental assessment, implementation/supervision, and monitoring and evaluation - are considered, as are the analysis and management of direct, indirect and cumulative environmental and social impacts.
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Ahairwe, Pamella, i San Bilal. Boosting EU climate finance: Mitigate more without neglecting adaptation in poorer countries. European Centre for Development Policy Management, grudzień 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/casc001.

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The 25th session of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC in Madrid called for the full operationalisation of the Paris Agreement. Europe is committing to green its policies both within and beyond the European Union (EU). Boosting green finance will be critical. European top financial institutions such as the European Central Bank (ECB), the European Investment Bank (EIB) and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), which are in a position to advance the European agenda, are joining the battle to curb climate change. This decision follows calls for a Climate Bank at the European level and the recommendation by the High-Level Group of Wise Persons that the EU should adopt a common approach to its external financial architecture and establish a single entity, the so-called European Climate and Sustainable Development Bank. Although global climate financing has increased by 60% over the period 2013-2018, this is not enough. Besides, more resources should be dedicated to climate adaptation, which has been neglected, in particular by European finance institutions. Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs), including EIB and EBRD, allocated only 30% of their 2018 climate financing to adaptation. EBRD and EIB allocated as low as 11.8% and 7.6% respectively to adaptation in developing countries. The consequences of climate change, including droughts, floods, plummeting biodiversity and the loss of human lives, are undermining low-income and fragile countries’ development prospects. EU efforts to boost its climate action and finance should encompass not only the vital mitigation endeavour, but also greater attention to climate adaptation, as a means to foster climate justice and to achieve the SDGs also in low-income countries, and in Africa in particular. The new European Green Deal will have to live up to this challenge.
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Redwood, John. Managing the Environmental and Social Impacts of a Major IDB-Financed Road Improvement Project in Colombia: The Case of the Pasto-Mocoa Highway. Inter-American Development Bank, listopad 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009053.

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The Environment and Safeguards Group (ESG) of the IDB has examined how potential environmental and social risks of major Bank-supported road improvement investments in natural resource rich and socio-culturally diverse "frontier" regions have been identified and addressed in various parts of South and Central America. The present paper presents the findings and recommendations for selected ongoing and/or completed IDB-financed road and road related projects in Colombia. To the extent possible, the experience and lessons learned from all major parts of the project cycle -- design/preparation, up-front environmental assessment, implementation/supervision, and monitoring and evaluation -- are considered, as are the analysis and management of direct, indirect and cumulative environmental and social impacts.
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Redwood, John. Managing the Environmental and Social Impacts of Major IDB-Financed Road Improvement Projects in the Brazilian Amazon: The Case of BR-364 in Acre. Inter-American Development Bank, listopad 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009054.

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The Environment and Safeguards Group (ESG) of the IDB has examined how potential environmental and social risks of major Bank-supported road improvement investments in natural resource rich and socio-culturally diverse "frontier" regions have been identified and addressed in various parts of South and Central America. The present paper presents the findings and recommendations for selected ongoing and/or completed IDB-financed road and road related projects in Brazil. To the extent possible, the experience and lessons learned from all major parts of the project cycle -- design/preparation, up-front environmental assessment, implementation/supervision, and monitoring and evaluation -- are considered, as are the analysis and management of direct, indirect and cumulative environmental and social impacts.
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