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1
Lin, Zhihao. "Children's Privacy and the Justification of ICT-based Parental Monitoring". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Centrum för tillämpad etik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-157484.
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As Information and Communication technology (ICT) has rapidly advanced in China, parental monitoring may invasively penetrate into children's privacy, while China is lagging behind on the issue of children privacy protection. Privacy is invaluable to human development, and children do have interests in their privacy. This thesis is going to investigate under which condition it is desirable for parents to apply ICT techniques to monitor children, which does not invade children's privacy. Before reaching the decision of carrying out monitoring, the intent and the necessity of monitoring should be considered. Children should be informed and their consent should be acquired before deploying monitoring. After the decision is made, the proportionality of monitoring practice requires parents to opt for the least invasive and the most necessary approach. Besides parental monitoring, states and schools can offer media literacy education to enable children to protect themselves from privacy infringement.
2
Garthe, Rachel. "Longitudinal Relations between Parental Monitoring, Parental Acceptance, and Externalizing Behaviors among Urban African American Adolescents". VCU Scholars Compass, 2014. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3316.
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The prevalence of aggression and delinquency increase during adolescence and are associated with psychosocial adjustment difficulties. It is important to identify aspects of the parent-adolescent relationship that may protect adolescents from these externalizing behaviors. The current study examined longitudinal relations between parental monitoring behaviors, child disclosure, and externalizing behaviors. Participants included 326 African American adolescents and their primary maternal caregivers, recruited from urban neighborhoods characterized by high rates of violence and low socioeconomic status. Participants provided data annually (three waves across two-year timeframe) through face-to-face interviews. Results of longitudinal path models showed that child disclosure predicted parental knowledge, and parental knowledge was associated with fewer externalizing outcomes. Higher levels of parental control predicted less child disclosure. Finally, parental acceptance predicted fewer child-reported delinquent behaviors through increased levels of child disclosure. Implications suggest that parent-adolescent communication and parental acceptance are protective factors, associated with decreased externalizing outcomes in African American youth.
3
Hayes, Louise, i louisehayes@vtown com au. "Parental monitoring of adolescent free time: a theoretical model of parent-adolescent interactions". RMIT University. School of Health Sciences, 2004. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20060316.154143.
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Parental monitoring is a widely researched hypothetical construct. Patterson and colleagues (Capaldi & Patterson, 1989; Patterson, Reid, & Dishion, 1992) originally developed the construct in their seminal work with the Oregon Youth Study. Adopting a broad theoretical framework, monitoring was defined as parental awareness of adolescent activities, and communication to the child that the parent is concerned about and aware of adolescent free-time (Dishion & McMahon, 1998). Recent research (Kerr & Stattin, 2000; Kerr, Stattin, & Trost, 1999; Stattin & Kerr, 2000) has proposed a narrower definition, where monitoring is perceived to be parental knowledge of adolescent free-time, which is acquired primarily through adolescent disclosure of their activities. Recent debates have been present in the literature proposing either the multi-dimensional view of monitoring, or the latter uni-dimensional view. A model of monitoring interactions was developed that is based on social learning and behavioural principles. The process-monitoring model contends that monitoring is an interactive process between parents, their adolescents, and the ecology of the family. In the model it is proposed that monitoring occurs in discrete episodes that change over the course of adolescent development. To explain monitoring interactions, it is essential to consider the sequence of behaviours that occur within a monitoring interaction at two stages, before the adolescent goes out, and also when they return home. Using the process-monitoring model as a framework, this research examined monitoring across four studies. Study 1 was a qualitative study that explored adolescent perceptions of monitoring interactions. Forty-nine adolescents aged from 12 through to 16 years (M = 13.2) were interviewed about their monitoring interactions with parents. This study found correspondence between the constructs in the process-monitoring model and adolescent perceptions of monitoring interactions. Two new themes that emerged in this study were parental trust and adolescent deceit. For typically developing adolescents there were marked differences in how adolescents perceive parental monitoring across adolescent development. Study 2 involved the analysis of data collected as part of a population based self-report survey of 1285 adolescents aged 14 to 15 years. The hypothesised relationship between monitoring behaviours was examined using structured equation modelling. A model with the constructs of rules, supervision, conflict, and adolescent problem behaviour was found to be an adequate fit of the data, accounting for 40% of the variance in problem behaviour. Specifically, lax rules predicted poor supervision and high conflict. High conflict and low supervision were predictors of the adolescent problem behaviour construct, which encompassed conduct problems, rebelliousness, and sensation seeking. Adequate rules appear to form the foundation for better supervision and less conflict, and hence, lower levels of adolescent problem behaviours. Study 3 involved data collected for the purpose of further testing the process-monitoring model. The associations between parent-adolescent relationship quality, rules, solicitation, disclosure, and tracking were tested using linear path modelling on self-report data from a sample of 210 parents and 202 adolescents aged 11 to 18 years (M = 15.29). Separate statistical models were required for the parent and adolescent data. For the adolescent data the model was an adequate fit, accounting for 27% of the variance in tracking behaviours. In the adolescent model, high rule-setting predicted higher solicitation and tracking, while poor relationship quality predicted lower disclosure and lower tracking. For the parent data, the model was an adequate fit accounting for 34% of the variance in tracking behaviours. In the parent model, high rule-setting predicted higher solicitation, disclosure, and tracking, while poor relationship quality predicted lower disclosure, lower solicitation, and poorer tracking scores. T he tracking construct was found to adequately predict adolescent deviant behaviours including alcohol use, smoking, and deviant peer associations. Study 4 was an exploratory study. In this study the monitoring scale constructed in Study 3 was examined alongside behavioural observations made whilst conducting an intervention with two families who were experiencing parent-adolescent conflict. Some correspondence was found between parent and adolescent measures of monitoring and conflict and the behaviour seen between parent-adolescent dyads; however, the self-report monitoring measures were only able to reveal substantial problems in monitoring. Problem Solving and Communication Training (Robin & Foster, 1989) showed some improvement in parent-adolescent relationships, as measured by the Issues Checklist (Robin & Foster, 1989) and Conflict Behaviour Questionnaire (Prinz, Foster, Kent, & O'Leary, 1979), but there was no impact on monitoring interactions. This series of studies supported the claims that monitoring is a multi-dimensional construct, and that it has bi-directional effects. There was support for the existing research, which has shown that poor parental monitoring is consistently associated with adolescent problem behaviour. The process model was found to provide an adequate framework for examining the temporal sequence in monitoring interactions and the evolution of monitoring across the adolescent developmental cycle. At this stage there is little experimental or intervention research showing how families might improve their monitoring. It is argued that behavioural observations and functional analyses of monitoring episodes are needed to provide an understanding of the action-reaction sequence across monitoring episodes.
4
Hardie, Beth Nicole. "Why monitoring doesn't always matter : the situational role of parental monitoring in adolescent crime". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/269284.
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Parental monitoring of settings is not always relevant for the prevention of adolescent crime because adolescents with strong personal moral rules and the ability to exercise self control are unlikely to offend even when they are unsupervised and know that their parents have little knowledge about their activities. Parental monitoring, commonly operationalised as parental supervision or parental knowledge, is often shown to have a negative relationship with crime involvement. However, research often ignores both the mechanism by which these relationships occur and the conditions under which they might (and might not) be found. This thesis uses specialist Space-Time Budget data (from the Peterborough Adolescent and Young Adult Development Study) to allow the comparison of adolescent crime rates in settings characterised by the of convergence of i) the physical presence or absence of parents and other guardians, ii) the psychological presence or absence of parents (represented by adolescent-perceived generalised parental knowledge of the circumstances of unsupervised activity) and iii) personal crime propensity (moral rules and ability to exercise self control). The conclusion derived from the results is that the physical presence of parents and other guardians in settings reduces the rate of adolescent crime committed in those settings; and the psychological presence of parents reduces the criminogenic impact of unsupervised time. Crucially however, these effects of parental monitoring are almost irrelevant for adolescents with a lower personal crime propensity, who are not likely to offend in settings irrespective of the physical or psychological absence of parents and other guardians. These findings provide support for person-environment interactions inherent in the causal model of Situational Action Theory, and provide a novel addition to evidence that could be used in future to inform policy-relevant recommendations concerning parenting behaviour and adolescent offending. Although this thesis provides new evidence about the relationship between parental monitoring and crime, the bulk of its contribution is relevant to a much wider audience. It contributes to the debate on approaches to the study of crime and crime prevention, adds clarity to key concepts and develops theoretical arguments in the field of parental monitoring and crime, develops a novel application of Situational Action Theory, extends theoretical and methodological discussions surrounding situational analysis, applies novel data and analytical methods to the study of the psychological and physical presence of guardians, generates and situates unique findings about the situational role of aspects of parental monitoring and crime, and makes some policy recommendations and suggestions about the nature and direction of future research.
5
Robinson, Elizabeth M. "The Contribution of Parent Psychosocial Functioning to Parental Monitoring, Youth Adherence, and Glycemic Control during Adolescence". VCU Scholars Compass, 2014. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3908.
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Objective: Type 1 diabetes is one of the most common pediatric chronic illnesses. Adolescents are at risk for poorer adherence and in turn, poorer glycemic control; however, youth whose parents remain involved in diabetes care are in better control. A parent’s level of involvement is dependent in part upon his or her own social and emotional functioning. Much is known about the link between separate aspects of parent psychosocial functioning (e.g., depressive symptoms, parental stress) and parent involvement in diabetes care, adherence, and glycemic control. However, no study to our knowledge has examined these constructs simultaneously as they interrelate to one another and to youth diabetes status. Given the complexity of human behavior, use of multiple indicators of parent psychosocial status should provide a comprehensive portrayal of precursors to parental monitoring. Methods: The current study used structural equation modeling (SEM) in a sample of 257 parent-youth (aged 11-14) dyads (91% mothers) to examine comprehensive parent psychosocial functioning including parental distress, authoritative parenting, and parental self-efficacy for diabetes management as related to parental monitoring, youth adherence and glycemic control. Results: The SEM model fit the data well [χ2 (121) = 209.24, p < .001, CFI = .93, TLI = .91, RMSEA = .06, SRMR = .08]. Overall, the model accounted for 30% of the variance in parental monitoring, 27% of the variance in adherence, and 22% of the variance in glycemic control. Specifically, lower levels of parental distress (i.e., depressive symptoms, parenting stress, and hypoglycemic fear) related to higher parental self-efficacy for diabetes management and more authoritative parenting, each of which in turn related to more parental monitoring. Further, higher parental self-efficacy related directly to better youth adherence. Conclusions: The current study shows interrelated paths of parent psychosocial functioning associated with parental monitoring of youth diabetes care and ultimately, youth adherence and glycemic control. Interventions that target diabetes adherence in adolescents with T1D should consider screening for and treatment of parental distress.
6
Stewart, Kelly E. "Preventing Child Sexual Abuse and Juvenile Offending Through Parental Monitoring". PDXScholar, 2019. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4982.
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In this dissertation, I present three manuscripts to investigate the prevention of a range of crimes committed against, and by, youth, using parental monitoring or guardianship. In the first paper, I tested whether the routine activities of juvenile sexual offenders (JSOs) and their victims' caregivers was associated with the JSO being placed into a supervisory role, and whether subgroup differences existed in the use of modus operandi strategies between JSO supervisors and non-supervisors (Chapter II). Findings indicated that parents' need for childcare assistance predicted JSO supervisor status more strongly than perpetrators efforts to get the child alone or disruptions to parents' lives. Furthermore, JSOs acting as a temporary caregiver to the child they abused was associated with more frequent use of modus operandi strategies overall and more frequent use of bribes and enticements to gain their victims' compliance. There were no differences between JSO supervisors and non-supervisors on the threats and coercion modus operandi (MO) subscale, and moderators between JSO supervisor status and strategic grooming strategies were not found to be significantly related. The second paper used a series of MANCOVAs to investigate whether differences in parental monitoring exist between JSOs, Juvenile Delinquent (JDs) nonsexual offenders, and non-offending Juvenile Controls (JCs; Chapter III). Findings suggest that JSOs report lower parental knowledge, parental solicitation, and parental control, compared to JCs, but for certain items, they report higher levels of all three compared to JDs. They also differed from JDs such that they reported lower levels of perceived parental monitoring. Finally, the third study focused on the development of a quantitative scale measuring technology-based parental monitoring (Chapter IV). The resulting measure will help future researchers determine whether parents' engagement with different forms of technology to communicate with their youth leads to differential outcomes for those youth, such as decreased delinquency and victimization. In sum, the first study investigates how JSOs end up in supervisory roles, and how their MO differs from non-supervisors, the second study looks at differences in parental monitoring between JSOs, juvenile non-sexual offenders, and community controls, and the third study described the development of a measure of technology-based parental monitoring. This dissertation is the first to apply both psychological and criminological perspectives to the prevention of youth offending and victimization through monitoring and other related concepts.
7
Gustavsson, Josephine, i Anna Stångberg. "The role of impulsivity, emotion regulation, parental monitoring and parental warmth on risky drunken behaviors among adolescents". Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-55942.
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Ameyaw, Clement Bright. "Family structure and adolescents’ binge drinking : the role of parental monitoring". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för folkhälsovetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-186957.
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Despite the general decline in alcohol use among adolescents, binge drinking in this age group remains a serious public health problem. The overarching aim of this study was to examine the association between family structure and adolescents' binge drinking and to what extent this association is accounted for by differences in parental monitoring. The study utilised data from the Stockholm School Survey 2014, involving 12,540 students in 9th and 11th grade in the Stockholm Municipality, Sweden. The analytical sample was restricted to 10,279 students. Descriptive statistics, cross tabulations with chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression were applied in the analyses. Controlling for sociodemographic characteristics including gender, grade, and parental education, family structure was significantly associated with adolescents' binge drinking, where binge drinking was higher among students in the non-nuclear family structure compared with those in the nuclear family structure. However, the association between family structure and adolescents' binge drinking was not accounted for by differences in parental monitoring. In conclusion, the non-nuclear family structure is a risk factor, but also high parental monitoring is a protective factor in relation to adolescents' binge drinking. Accordingly, the findings of the study may be used as a basis for preventive work.
9
Hanawahine, George L. "Ethnic identity as a moderator in the relationship between parental monitoring and deviant peer affiliation /". view abstract or download file of text, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3153788.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2004.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-109). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
10
Brown, Pamela. "INCREASING PARENTAL AWARENESS AND MONITORING: THE DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF A WEB-BASED PROGRAM TO EMPOWER PARENTS TO REDUCE". Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3263.
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Parent attitudes about underage alcohol use and parent monitoring of the activities of their adolescent children have been found to be directly related to the likelihood of underage alcohol use. Unfortunately, there are relatively few programs or resources available to parents to assist them to reduce their children s potential for early and problematic alcohol involvement. In an effort to address this need, the present project entailed the development and evaluation of a web-based psychoeducational program entitled, Increasing Parental Awareness and Monitoring (iPAM). This online program begins to fill the gap in effective and convenient programming focused on development of parent skills and awareness. The content of the program is based on parenting factors that have been consistently found to correspond to underage alcohol use. The format includes engaging and interactive components that function to promote increased parent knowledge of the problem of underage drinking. In addition, the program is designed to alter permissive or ambivalent attitudes regarding underage alcohol use, and increase parental behaviors that have shown to be effective in reducing youth alcohol involvement. A randomized controlled trial was conducted (n = 34 control; n = 33 experimental) with parents of adolescents in Central Florida who were asked to complete measures before exposure to the program and again approximately one month later. Findings revealed significant differences between the iPAM group and the control group. Specifically, an increase in parent knowledge about underage alcohol use and increased parental monitoring of their adolescent children was revealed. There was also a main effect for time with regard to increased parent-child communication about alcohol. Additionally, while both groups revealed increased communication, the experimental group revealed greater frequency of communication about alcohol although not significantly.Ph.D.
Department of Psychology
Sciences
Psychology PhD
11
Cooksey, Christy. "Factors Associated with Risky Sexual Behavior Among Homeless Youth". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2011. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc67969/.
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Homeless youth face numerous risks. Data on 602 homeless youth from the Midwest Homeless and Runaway Study and binary logistic regression were used to identify factors associated with their participation in risky sexual behaviors. Specifically, the effects of abuse/neglect and three potential moderating resiliency indicators, namely self-esteem, parental warmth, and parental monitoring, on having sex before adulthood and thinking about trading sex for food or shelter were examined. While none of the three resiliency indicators had the hypothesized moderating effects, controlling for abuse/neglect and various sociodemographic characteristics, parental monitoring had a direct, negative effect on having sex before adulthood, and self-esteem and parental warmth had direct, negative effects on thinking about trading sex for food or shelter. Policy implications of the findings are discussed.
12
Anderson, Ryan J. "Consolidation of parental monitoring variables and scales preliminary evidence for construct validity /". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/10714.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2009.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 128 p. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 92-103).
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Malczyk, Benjamin R. "The effects of parental monitoring and parent-child relationships quality on children's academic engagement in mother-headed, single-parent families". Thesis, State University of New York at Albany, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3739216.
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Using a sample of 110 mother-headed single-parent families, this longitudinal study examined the relationship between pre-adolescent students’ academic engagement and three variables: Parental monitoring, parent-child attachment, and observed child-parent relationship quality. Special interest resided in the extent to which observed relationship quality or attachment moderated the relationship between parental monitoring and academic engagement.
Analyses indicated that observed relationship quality and parental monitoring predicted children’s academic engagement. However, evidence of moderation was found only for mother-headed families with a female child. In these families, both observed relationship quality and attachment moderated the relationship between parental monitoring and academic engagement. For girls, mothers’ parental monitoring and mother-child relationship quality predicted academic engagement. For boys, only parental monitoring was a significant predictor of academic engagement.
Analyses also examined the effect of family income on academic engagement. For low income families, only parental monitoring predicted engagement. For high income families, only observed relationship quality predicted engagement. Beyond these two sets of relationships, no evidence for income-driven mediation or moderation was found.
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Linville, Deanna Christine. "The Analysis of Extracurricular Activities and Parental Monitoring and Their Relationship to Youth Violence". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34410.
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The purpose of this study was to examine how extracurricular activities and parental monitoring relate to rural youth violence. Gender differences were examined across all of the study variables. Self-report data were collected from 235 teenagers from a rural, ethnically diverse, Virginia community.
Correlations revealed a significant inverse relationship between church activity as well as parental monitoring and weapon carrying. Significant mean level differences existed between males and females on the following variables: time spent in aerobic exercise activities, time spent in toning exercise activities, weapon carrying frequency, and level of parental monitoring. In addition, time in non-school clubs was the best predictor of sample youth classification in either the "violent" category or "nonviolent" category. Findings emphasize the importance of parental monitoring for youth as well as the need for more programs and after-school activities to meet the needs of all youth.Master of Science
15
Adekolu, Adekunle Matthew, i Lei Chen. "A Simple Approach to Develop a Parental Control via a Monitoring Home Network". Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för informationsteknologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-38994.
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This thesis explains how a simple parental control can be developed. The system aims to limit kids’ activities rather than entirely restrict those activities. However, current solutions are applying some filtering methods that prevent kids from playing games. In order to overcome this issue, this thesis presents a simple approach to implement a cost-effective parental control using low-cost hardware devices and open source applications.The main advantage of the suggested method is that it can be used without installing any additional software and gives parents general information about their kids' activities on the internet without preventing kids from playing online games.
16
LaFleur, Laura. "Does Parenting Style Moderate the Association Between Parental Monitoring and Adolescent Problem Behavior?" ScholarWorks@UNO, 2014. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1880.
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The purpose of this study was to test whether parenting style as conceptualized through Self-Determination Theory (SDT) moderates the association between parental monitoring and adolescent problem behavior. Self-reported data from adolescents (n = 242; 49.2% male; M age = 15.4 years) and their parents (n = 276; 70% mothers) were used in the study. Results showed that monitoring through questions, but not through rules, was significantly associated with behavior problems. Adolescent-reported monitoring through questions, but not parent-reported, was linked to less problem behavior. Also, parental autonomy support and involvement were linked to less problem behavior. Results showed that two out of 24 interactions between monitoring and style variables were significant. Specifically, the links between higher adolescent-reported monitoring through questions and parent-reported autonomy support, and between parent-reported monitoring through rules and adolescent-reported structure were significant. However, neither pattern was consistent with expectations.
17
Easterbrook, Adam. "A critique of parental monitoring using Bandura's social cognitive learning theory as framework". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31613.
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This study tests competing hypotheses that examine the relationship between adolescents' perception of disclosure of information in the parent-adolescent relationship and adolescents' perception of their friends as prosocial or deviant. The first hypotheses are based on previous research on monitoring. They posit that parental efforts to obtain information about adolescents' activities, whereabouts and friends will influence adolescents' choice of either prosocial or deviant friends. The competing hypotheses are developed using Bandura's (2001) social cognitive learning theory as a framework. These hypotheses argue that adolescents' perception of their friends as either prosocial or deviant may determine how much information adolescents' will give to parents regarding activities, whereabouts and friends. To test the hypotheses, data was used from waves one and two of a three-year longitudinal study that is exploring adolescent life among high school students. Results offer partial support for the monitoring hypotheses. Maternal desire to know about adolescents' activities, whereabouts and friends is positively associated with adolescents' perception of friends as prosocial, but is not associated with adolescents' perception of friends as deviant. In contrast, paternal desire to know about adolescents' activities, whereabouts and friends is negatively associated with adolescents' perception of friends as deviant, but is not associated with adolescents' perception of friends as prosocial. The competing hypotheses developed using Bandura's (2001) social cognitive learning theory as a framework, were supported. Adolescents' perception of friends as prosocial is positively associated with adolescents' willingness to give information regarding activities, whereabouts and friends to parents, whereas adolescents' perception of friends as deviant is negatively associated with adolescents' willingness to give information to parents regarding activities, whereabouts and friends. These findings contribute to a growing body of literature (e.g., Kerr & Stattin, 2000; Stattin & Kerr, 2000) that questions monitoring as a useful and effective strategy for parental peer management. These results also underscore the need to examine adolescents as agentic beings who work to balance parent and peer relationships.Arts, Faculty of
Sociology, Department of
Graduate
18
Dynes, Morgan E. "Adolescent Perceptions of Diverse Parental Influences on Subtypes of Delinquency". Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1363090832.
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Speis, Phoebe-Demeter. "Social norms, alcohol expectancies, parental monitoring, parental perceptions and adolescent patterns of alcohol consumption in Athens and Cardiff : a cross-cultural analysis". Thesis, Cardiff Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10369/9565.
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Alcohol use is widespread in many cultures and alcohol experimentation in adolescence may be construed as a ‘’normal’’ practice. However excessive adolescent alcohol consumption has potentially detrimental effects on adolescents including impaired health, academic failure and adult alcohol-related problems (Hingson et al 2009). Adolescent patterns of alcohol consumption differ across cultures. In some cases, even when similarities in consumption rates are reported, different patterns of alcohol-related problems and consequences are observed across cultures (Hibell et al 2012). These differences may not be attributed solely to biological factors but may be related to specific cultural patterns of beliefs and expectations (Heath 2000). The aim of the present thesis was to investigate the differences between the two samples in the cities of Athens (Greece) and Cardiff (Wales) in drinking patterns as well as in several key factors that have been identified in the literature as predictors of risky adolescent alcohol use and alcohol related negative consequences. Specifically this thesis investigated the differences in descriptive and injunctive norms, alcohol expectancies, parental monitoring and parental factors such as alcohol provision and parental attitudes, by utilizing a mixed- methods approach, including an adolescent self-report questionnaire and parental semi-structured interviews. Risky/hazardous alcohol-related behaviour, injunctive and personal norms, alcohol expectancies and parental monitoring elements such as parental control and child disclosure differed significantly in respect of city (Cardiff vs. Athens) (p < 0.005). A stepwise logistic regression analysis indicated that age-group, Cardiff residency, Fast Alcohol score, Parental control, Alcohol expectancies regarding Risk and Aggression/Liquid Courage/Sociability and Child disclosure were all statistically significant independent predictive factors for high Saturday alcohol consumption significantly in respect of city (Cardiff vs. Athens, p=0,012). From the thematic analysis of the semi-structured parental interviews, certain differences were highlighted in relation to parental perceptions and practises; including context-specific parental provision of alcohol at home in Cardiff and an emphasis on the perceived influence of others in relation to adolescent drinking in Athens. Several implications for policy formation and intervention strategies arise from the results. Interventions attempting to address problematic drinking in adolescence should be adapted to reflect cultural realities and targeted towards specific components such as perceived parental permissiveness and personal norms of alcohol-related behaviour.
20
Perchec, Cyrille. "Sources de la connaissance parentale des activités de temps libre de l’adolescent et ajustement psychosocial de l’adolescent : approches nomothétique et idiographique de dynamiques complexes". Thesis, Rennes 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN20020/document.
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La connaissance parentale des activités de temps libre de l’adolescent est amplement reconnue comme un prédicteur important de l’ajustement psychosocial du jeune. Néanmoins, la question de ses sources demeure au coeur des débats. Selon certains auteurs, elle résulte des efforts parentaux de contrôle et de supervision ; pour d’autres, elle est le seul fruit de la bonne volonté de l’adolescent en matière de partage d’informations. Cette thèse se donne pour objectif d’identifier lessources de la connaissance parentale et les déterminants de l’ajustement psychosocial de l’adolescent, ainsi que d’examiner les influences bidirectionnelles qui s’exercent au sein du système dynamique mèreadolescent. Vingt-et-un participants (âgés en moyenne de 16.6 ans au début du suivi longitudinal) ont répondu, chaque semaine pendant 30semaines, à un court questionnaire en ligne qui évaluait leur perception du changement concernant la connaissance maternelle, le monitoring maternel (sollicitation d’informations, contrôle, liberté), leur gestion de l’information (libre divulgation et secret), la qualité de la relation mère-adolescent et leur ajustement psychosocial (internalisé et externalisé). Les données issues de ce protocole de mesures intensives ont été analysées à la fois à un niveau nomothétique(modélisations linéaires mixtes à l’échelle du groupe de sujets) et à un niveau idiographique (modélisationsautorégressives vectorielles à l’échelle de chaque système), dans les deux cas en se focalisant sur l’étude des effets dynamiques (influence de l’état du système au temps t-1 sur l’état du système au temps t ).Nos résultats montrent que la connaissance parentale dépend à la fois de la libre divulgation par le jeune et de la sollicitation maternelle. La qualité de la relation joue également un rôle essentiel, notamment en tant que variable modératrice des sources de la connaissance parentale. Sur le plan de l’ajustement psychosocial de l’adolescent, nos résultats indiquent que les pratiques parentales de monitoring ne peuvent pas être considérées comme étant favorables ou délétères en soi. Au contraire, les pratiques parentales et la gestion de l’information par l’adolescent ont des effetsdifférenciés selon le contexte dans lequel elles prennent place. Enfin, dans une approche idiographique, nous mettons en évidence que les influences réciproques au sein du système dynamique mère-adolescent s’opèrent sous la forme de processus de feedback positifParental knowledge of adolescent leisure activities is widely recognized as a strong predictor of adolescent psychosocial adjustment. However, the issue of its sources remains at the heart of debates. According to some authors, parental knowledge is the result of parental monitoring efforts; for others, it is the only fruit of the adolescent willingness in information management. This thesis aims to identify the sources of parental knowledge of adolescent leisure activities and the determinants of adolescent psychosocial adjustment, and to examine the bidirectional influences betweenmother and adolescent conceived as a dynamic system. During 30 weeks on a weekly basis, 21 participants (mean age 16.6 years at the beginning of our longitudinal follow-up study) were invited to fill a short online questionnaire that assessed their perception of change regarding maternal knowledge, maternal monitoring practices (i.e., solicitation, control andfreedom), adolescent management of information (i.e., self-disclosure and secrecy), quality of the mother-adolescent relationship and adolescent psychosocial adjustment (i.e., internalized and externalized). Data from this intensive measurement design were analyzed both at a nomothetic (i.e., linear mixed models across the group of subjects) and anidiographic level (i.e., vector autoregressive models across each motheradolescent system), in both cases by focusing on the study of dynamic effects (influence of the state of the system at time t- 1 on the state of the system at time t ).Our results show that parental knowledge depends on both the self-disclosure of adolescent and maternal solicitation. The quality of the relationship also plays a key role, including as a moderator variable of the sources of parental knowledge. In terms of psychosocial adjustment of adolescents, our results indicate that parental monitoring practices can not be considered as favorable or deleterious in itself. Instead, parenting practices and information management by adolescenthave different effects depending on the context in which they take place. Finally, in an idiographic approach, we show that the reciprocal influences within the motheradolescent dynamic system are positive feedback processes
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Rand, Joseph S. "Parental Experience-Based Change: Positive and Negative Changes in Monitoring, Expectations, Nurturing, and Discipline". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6118.
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This study sought to create a measure of parent's perceptions of parental experience-based change (PEBC), or parents' perceptions of the changes they make to their parenting of secondborn children as a result of experiences with firstborn children. The measure assessed PEBC in the domains of monitoring, expectations, nurturing and discipline. Participants were 401 mothers or fathers of 2 or 3 adolescent children. Factor analyses revealed an 8 factor solution that assessed increasing and decreasing in each of the 4 domains. Criterion validity was evaluated using regression analyses to examine the relationships between each factor and parenting outcomes thought to be related to PEBC, namely efficacy, relationship positivity and negativity, demandingness, responsiveness and granting of autonomy. Reliability of the measure was also evaluated. Overall, results supported the validity and reliability of the measure of PEBC and future research can implement the measure in study of parenting and sibling influence.
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Daniloski, Kimberly M. "Adolescent Food Choice: Developing and Evaluating a Model of Parental Influence". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26783.
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The following research integrated the Theory of Planned Behavior with variables from the consumer socialization and parenting literatures to explore parental impact on adolescent food decision-making. Three specific types of parenting practices (expectation, monitoring, and inducement/enforcement behaviors), parenting style, and family communication style were investigated. A multi-method approach was taken to develop and test the integrated model. Study 1 used interviews to identify food-related parental expectation, monitoring, and inducement/enforcement behaviors reported by both normal and overweight parents and adolescents. Study 2 evaluated a structural model of adolescent food choice, including predictors from the Theory of Planned Behavior, the food-related parenting practices identified in the interviews, parenting style, and family communication style. The findings suggest that specific parenting practices have an impact on adolescent food choices beyond predictors from the TPB.Ph. D.
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Mays, Sally Ann. "The Influence of Parental Monitoring and Peer Deviance on Substance Use Among Middle School Students". VCU Scholars Compass, 2007. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/936.
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Substance use is a significant problem among middle school students in the United States. Research indicates that the early use of substances increases the likelihood of negative outcomes including long-term use and abuse. Both parenting and peer variables exert strong influences on children's decisions to use or abstain from substances. As children age, peers begin to exert a stronger influence, but parenting practices can significantly reduce peers' harmful influences. In this study, three waves of data (collected at the end of 6th grade, and the beginning and end of 7th grade) from a large multi-site study were used to examine the role of peer deviance as a mediator of the influence of parental monitoring on substance use among an ethnically diverse sample of over 2,500 middle school students. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the longitudinal interrelations among parental monitoring, peer deviance, and substance use among middle school students, and to investigate potential group differences by gender and family structure. The hypotheses that peer deviance and substance use would influence one another over time were upheld. The two variables were interrelated such that peer deviance produced increases in substance use over time, but so too did substance use produce peer deviance over time. The prospective relation between substance use and peer deviance was stronger than the converse relation, suggesting that substance using peers seek one another out. Parental monitoring was associated with decreases in substance use over time, but its influence was small. Parental monitoring was more strongly associated with decreases in peer deviance. However, parental monitoring's effect on substance use was not mediated by peer deviance over these 3 waves in that parental monitoring at Wave 1 did not predict substance use 1 year later. Contrary to hypothesis, substance use was not associated with changes in parental monitoring over time, although peer deviance was associated with less monitoring. In general, parental monitoring was more closely linked to peer deviance than it was to substance use. This study found no convincing evidence to suggest group differences in the overall pattern of findings according to gender or family structure.
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Miller, Alana K. "The Effect of Parental Congruence on Preadolescent Problem Behavior in African American Families". Digital Archive @ GSU, 2005. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/psych_theses/7.
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The current study examined the effects of parenting congruence on child outcome behaviors. Participants were 144 African American families with a child between 9 and 12 years old. Mothers and fathers provided self report on their behavior regarding monitoring, positive parenting, and parental beliefs. Children provided self report regarding child problem behavior, and sexual intentions. Results revealed the more congruent parents were on positive parenting behaviors the more boys thought about sex; however, results for girls were not significant. Additionally, moderation trends suggested when both parents are high on monitoring behaviors girls have thought about sex less, whereas boys think about sex less when both parents are low on monitoring behaviors. Another trend suggested the more conservative both parents are regarding attitudes about dating, the less likely boys are to have thought about sex. Thus, the combined behavior of both parents on specific parenting factors can affect boys and girls differently.
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Perozzi, Maria Elena. "Examining Adolescent Drinking and Adolescents' Perceptions of Parental Monitoring, Communication, and Parenting Style in a Rural Setting". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34701.
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Research has found that adolescent substance use is highly prevalent in both urban and rural populations and that parenting processes can affect adolescent substance use. The majority of the research pertains to adolescents in urban populations, however. This study explores how adolescents' perceptions of parental monitoring, parent-adolescent communication, and parenting style are related to adolescent frequency of alcohol consumption and binge-drinking in a rural population in Virginia. A sample (n = 3,472) of 7th-12th grade males and females from six counties were examined via secondary data analysis.
Bivariate correlations revealed significant correlations between parental monitoring and communication with both types of drinking in that those reporting higher levels of perceived monitoring and communication reported lower levels of alcohol consumption and binge-drinking. Authoritative parenting was only significantly correlated with frequency of alcohol consumption. Linear regression analyses revealed that parental monitoring accounted for most of the variance with both drinking variables. Effects of gender and grade are discussed.Master of Science
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Topper, Christin. "Parental Perception of Mobile Device Usage in Children and Social Competency". ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3961.
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Parents in the 21st century are concerned with the ubiquity of mobile devices and their effects on the progression of social development. A review of the literature indicated that although digital interaction has become more prominent, limited empirical data existed on whether children who spend more time interacting in the digital realm would develop the necessary competency to handle social situations in real-life settings. Using social constructivist theory and the Schramm model of communication as the theoretical foundations, the present study examined the relationship between mobile device usage and the level of social competency in young children as perceived by their parents, in relation to parental monitoring. A total of 401 parents of children age 5 to 12 years who have their own personal mobile devices completed the online questionnaires. Pearson correlation and linear regression showed that parental report of children's social competency was positively correlated to parental perception of mobile device usage and parental monitoring. Parental monitoring was also found to be a statistically significant moderator of the relationship between parental perception of mobile device usage and parental report of children's social competency. Positive social change of this study may include alleviating the misconception that digital interaction impeded social development, promoting parental role in raising socially competent children in the digital age, and advocating for a more collaborative parental monitoring strategy.
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Farley, Julee P. "Family Socioeconomic Hardship and Adolescent Academic and Substance Use Outcomes: The Mediating Roles of Parental Monitoring and Self-Regulation". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32195.
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As supported by ecological systems theory and the family stress model of economic hardship, socioeconomic status can directly be related to adolescent adjustment outcomes including self-regulation, academic performance, and substance use as well as be indirectly related to these outcomes through the mediator of parental monitoring. Data obtained from 220 adolescent (male = 55%, female = 45%, mean age = 15.12 years) and primary caregiver dyads participated in the study to examine the relationship between these variables. Analyses were conducted using Structural Equation Modeling, and the results of the study demonstrate that economic hardship is directly related to adolescent academic performance and also indirectly related to this outcome through maternal monitoring. Parental monitoring was also positively related to adolescent self-regulation. Therefore, this study highlights the importance of high levels of parental monitoring for beneficial adolescent self-regulation, academic, and substance use outcomes.Master of Science
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Ramzy, Laura, i Laura Ramzy. "Immigrant Refugee Adolescents: The Relationships Between Peer Connectedness, Academic Self-Efficacy, Educational Barriers, Parental Monitoring, and School Engagement". Thesis, University of Oregon, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12502.
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Adolescence can be a difficult time for youth, and several additional factors intensify the stress and risk associated with adolescence for refugee youth. Refugee adolescents, for example, often have to learn and speak different languages in different contexts, establish new peer relationships, and adjust to new cultural norms. It is important to understand how such cultural negotiations influence refugee youth's educational experiences because improved educational outcomes for youth are associated with improved health outcomes. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to explore the relationships between peer connectedness, parental monitoring, academic self-efficacy, educational barriers, and school engagement with a sample of refugee adolescents. Research hypotheses were tested using exploratory factor analysis and bivariate correlational, multiple regression, and MANOVA analyses. Data were collected from a sample of 120 refugee adolescent participants who were between 13-18 years old and arrived in the United States from Bhutan, Burma, Somalia, Congo, Ethiopia, Sudan, or Iraq. Refugee adolescent participants and their families were recruited from Ecumenical Refugee and Immigrant Services (ERIS) and the African Community Center (ACC), which are refugee resettlement agencies located in Denver, Colorado. Language interpreters were recruited to assist with communication during data collection. Study findings showed that (a) a significant amount of variance in academic self-efficacy was uniquely accounted for by participants' educational barriers, school engagement, and parental monitoring, (b) a significant amount of variance in educational barriers was uniquely accounted for by ethnically similar peer connectedness, ethnically dissimilar peer connectedness, academic self-efficacy, and school engagement, (c) peer connectedness and educational barriers were positively, rather than inversely, correlated, (d) a significant amount of variance in school engagement was accounted for by educational barriers and academic self-efficacy, and (e) group differences in the level of relationships between variables were found as a function of current geographic location. Research implications include re-evaluating the use of negatively-worded and confusing items within the measures and collaborating with community partners when working with vulnerable populations. Practice implications include involving parents to decrease educational barriers through collaboration and providing educational support to foster success within the school and community.
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Khalifeh, Lara. "Disentangling the Links from Parental Monitoring and Delinquent Peer Exposure to Youth Delinquency: A Longitudinal, Sibling Comparison Analysis". University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1619627960239952.
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Björnsdotter, Annika. "Evaluation of Family Check-Up and iComet : Effectiveness as well as Psychometrics and Norms for Parent Rating Scales". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-235012.
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This thesis compromise four studies, three regarding psychometrics and norms of parent rating scales, and one study regarding effectiveness of two different interventions. A normative sample consisting of 1443 parents with children aged 10 to 13 years old, was used in the Study I, II and III. In Study IV, 231 self-referred parents with children aged 10-13 years old with externalizing behavior problem (EBP) were randomized to either Family Check-Up (FCU) or iComet. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) used in Study I proved to be a reliable and valid instrument with high internal consistency, clear factor structure and high correlation with other similar instruments. In addition, the results support the online use of SDQ as well as using norms obtained through traditional administration even when the SDQ has been administrated online. The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) investigated in Study II was shown to have adequate reliability and construct validity. The specific use of expressive suppression or cognitive reappraisal as a parental emotion regulation strategy was correlated as expected to the couple’s satisfaction, family warmth, and the employment of adequate discipline strategies. Swedish norms for self-rated ERQs are also presented. Study III investigated the Parental Knowledge and Monitoring Scale (PKMS), which was shown to be a useful instrument for assessing parental knowledge and its sources. Family climate appears to moderate important relationships between parental knowledge and conduct problems with implications for such things as family interventions. Finally, a person-oriented analysis was used in Study IV to subtype the children according to combinations of prosocial behavior and EBP, such as different levels of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and/or oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) behaviors. Despite being a heterogeneous group of children with EBP, they were meaningfully grouped into significantly different profiles. Both FCU and iComet resulted in post-treatment measurement within non-clinical range for three of the five profiles. The two profiles that included high levels of ADHD behaviors at baseline assessment continued to have residual symptoms post intervention.
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Sori, Maria I. "Effects of perceived parenting during adolescence on college alcohol use". Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1499.
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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.Bachelors
Sciences
Psychology
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Horibata, Jarrett M. "Asian American and Pacific Islander adolescents : the role of parental monitoring, association with deviant peers and ethnic identity on problem behavior /". view abstract or download file of text, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=1126788221&SrchMode=1&sid=1&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1167245956&clientId=11238.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2006.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-113). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Hodge, Camilla J. "The Relationship between Media in the Home and Family Functioning in Context of Leisure". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3028.
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The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between media as family leisure and family functioning among families with at least one adolescent child. Specifically, this study examined the relationship between family functioning and media use, media connection, and media monitoring over time. Furthermore, because the data were nested in families, and because most family leisure research has been limited to individual-level analyses, this study incorporated mixed modeling into its analysis which accounted for family-level and individual-level variance. The sample consisted of 500 families participating in the Flourishing Families (FFP) Project, a longitudinal study of inner-family life involving families with a child between the ages of 11 and 16. Multiple regression analysis indicated there was a significant negative relationship between media use and family functioning. Mixed model analysis further indicated there was a significant positive relationship between media connection, parental media monitoring, and family functioning, and this relationship was stable over time. These relationships were significant even when accounting for the variance explained by depression, anxiety, conflict, and other demographic variables. Findings support existing media effects and family leisure research. This research, however, goes beyond existing research in its mixed level analysis that accounted for family-level variance and in its analysis of time in the stability of the relationship between media variables and family functioning. Findings further suggest the importance in parental involvement in adolescent media use when explaining variance in family functioning.
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Ansah, Frank. "The influence of adolescent's perceptions of parental behaviors on academic achievement orientation in Kenya". Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1249500832.
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Nickerson, Terrill L. "Parents' Perceptions of Academic Progress Information Access and Dual Enrollment Student Success". Thesis, Walden University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3742228.
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To comply with The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) regulations, parents of high school students taking college classes as part of a dual enrollment program have to employ alternative monitoring practices to remain informed about their students’ academic progress. This quantitative research study explored how parents’ perceptions of access to student academic progress information correlated with their students’ academic performance based on cumulative grade point average (GPA) in college classes. Credit-based transition programs (CBTP) and parent monitoring theory provided the framework. All 867 parents of students under age 18 enrolled in the dual enrollment program at an urban community college in a western state during the winter quarter 2015 were asked to respond a 10 question survey instrument, modified from Stattin and Kerr (2000) and six demographic indicators. The results of 59 returned questionnaires were linked to GPAs of students using descriptive and correlational statistics. A small response (6.8%) limited the ability to correlate parental perceptions and dual enrollment success in college courses. No significance was demonstrated; however, when cumulative GPAs and parent responses on the survey instrument were correlated using split-cases with demographic indictors, six significant correlations appeared. These indicated that parents do appear to play some significant role in supporting their dual enrollment student’s success in college courses. As a result, colleges may want to find mechanisms for parents of dual enrollment students to stay engaged without compromising the FERPA regulations.
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Collier, Kevin Matthew. "Does Parental Mediation of Media Influence Child Outcomes? A Meta-Analysis on Media Time, Content, Aggression, Substance Use, Sexual Behavior, and Health Outcomes". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5831.
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As the world evolves into a media saturated environment, the focus of many studies have been the negative effects of media on children and adolescents. For at least the past two decades, researchers have explored how parental involvement in their child's media consumption can influence child outcomes. Parental mediation of media includes restrictive mediation, active mediation, and co-viewing. Three meta-analyses, one for each type of mediation, reviewed a total of 69 studies. Each analysis assessed the effectiveness of parental mediation of media on five pertinent child outcomes: media use, aggression, substance use, sexual behavior, and negative health outcomes. The overall results indicated small, but significant relationships between child outcomes and restrictive mediation (r+ = .07), active mediation (r+ = .01), and co-viewing (r+ = .09). Effects on certain child outcomes were stronger than others. Parents have the ability to mitigate some of the adverse effects through parental mediation of media by creating rules for media use: discussing character's choices and central themes and consuming media together. Finally, several gaps in the existing literature were identified and discussed.
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Ranganathan, Chitra. "Causes and consequences of parent monitoring among Asian Indian parents and their teenagers". Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1148654525.
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Chutter, Christopher Michael. "Behavioral Observation and Paternal Investment of Eastern Kingbirds at Malheur National Wildlife Refuge". PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1945.
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We have been studying the population of Eastern Kingbirds breeding in riparian habitats in Malheur National Wildlife Refuge (eastern Oregon) since 2002. These efforts have created an ideal research environment wherein most adults in the population have been color banded and DNA sampled and, as part of other research projects, nearly all broods since 2003 have been paternity tested. I decided to use behavioral video recordings of parental nest behavior undertaken between 2003 and 2010 for two unrelated projects. First, I tested the effectiveness of video sampling nesting behavior (see below and chapter 2). Second, I tested whether male kingbirds were able to affect their level of paternal investment in accordance with their level or realized paternity (see below and chapter 3).
Chapter 2 was split into three distinct questions: 1) are parental nesting behaviors repeatable, 2) is a one hour sample sufficient to capture variability in these behaviors, and 3) is the first hour of recording sufficient to capture variability in these behaviors. I found overwhelming evidence that the behaviors I measured were repeatable. This is truly important, for if repeatability was disproven, it would call into question the use of sampling throughout the field of animal behavior. I similarly found strong evidence that a one hour sample was sufficient to capture variability in parental behaviors. From this I was able to suggest that further sampling effort would be better spent increasing sample size rather than observation length. Testing whether the first hour of recording was sufficient to capture variability in parental behavior found more muddled results. While there generally was correlation between behavioral values in the first hour and those over a longer observation period, most behaviors were found to have significantly lower values in the first hour. I tested whether this was the result of a lingering observer effect or a natural effect of time of day and concluded that an observer effect was the more likely explanation.
In chapter 3, I ran one of the more in depth and complicated tests for a relationship between paternal investment and realized paternity that I was able to find in the literature. I used the standard male feeding rate as a measure of male investment as well as a far more nuanced measure derived from the first Eigenvector of an analysis of six different paternal behaviors. These were both tested using Akaike's Information Criterion against a number of variables likely to affect parental behavior, including realized paternity. Ultimately, I found no evidence that kingbirds were able to affect paternal investment in response to lost paternity, and conclude that they likely had no means to assess realized paternity within the nest of their social mate. However, from the other parameters tested I was able to find that males increased their investment as brood size increased and as the female spent more time attending, but not feeding, the nestlings. Also, male investment decreased as territory density increased and flight feather length increased. Theory surrounding the variability of extrapair paternity in birds can be used to account for these results. In a denser population males are predicted to reduce paternal effort for one of two reasons: increased likelihood of paternity loss in his own nest and an increased investment in pursuing extrapair copulations of his own. Longer flight feathers are a sign of age and quality in kingbirds, so males with this trait are expected to spend more time pursuing extrapair copulations as they are more likely to be successful in this endeavor.
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Couvray, Sylvain. "Étude de la dynamique de populations d’oursins comestibles Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) en zone pêchée et anthropisée. : Évaluation de l'efficacité et de l'impact d’opérations de lâchers de juvéniles pour le repeuplement". Thesis, Toulon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUL0022/document.
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L’érosion des stocks naturels de Paracentrotus lividus, oursins comestibles de Méditerranée, malgré les mesures actuelles réglementant les captures, soulève des inquiétudes sur la pérennité de son exploitation et sur l'équilibre des écosystèmes. En 2009, à la demande des pêcheurs professionnels, des gestionnaires de la ressource et de la communauté d’agglomération Toulon Provence Méditerranée (TPM), l'Institut Océanographique Paul Ricard et l'Équipe de Biologie Moléculaire Marine du laboratoire PROTEE (Université de Toulon), ont engagé un travail de recherche visant à mieux comprendre l'influence des processus naturels et anthropiques qui façonnent les populations naturelles, dans le but d'améliorer les stratégies de soutien aux populations, notamment par le réensemencement de juvéniles d'oursins.L'objectif du travail de thèse a été de (i) caractériser l'état des stocks sauvages de l'aire toulonnaise et de leurs dynamiques par la mise en place du suivi démographique bisannuel à long terme de huit stations références, (ii) de développer les méthodes de production de juvéniles en écloserie et (iii) d'évaluer l'efficacité du repeuplement et son impact sur les populations naturelles. Compte-tenu du cycle de vie bentho-pélagique de P. lividus, nous avons inscrit cette problématique dans une échelle régionale.Les résultats obtenus permettent de dresser un premier état des lieux de la structuration et des fluctuations d'abondances des peuplements de P. lividus sur l'aire toulonnaise et démontrent la fragilité des stocks naturels vis à vis des captures. La maîtrise complète du cycle de vie en aquaculture a été obtenue, notamment en optimisant les conditions d’élevage au stade critique de la métamorphose. Enfin, les repeuplements expérimentaux, réalisés à l'échelle pilote, ont présenté un succès variable selon les sites mais potentiellement important, sans aucun effet sur la structuration et la diversité génétique des stocks naturels. Le travail engagé et les premiers résultats sont discutés dans le contexte de la conservation et de l'exploitation durable de cette ressource naturelle. Ils constituent en outre un préalable indispensable aux réflexions sur l’ajustement ou la mise en place de nouvelles actions de gestion des populations et de la ressourceDespite current measures regulating captures, the erosion of natural stocks of the edible Paracentrotus lividus sea urchin of Mediterranean Sea, raises concerns about the sustainability of its exploitation and the stability of the associated ecosystem. In 2009, upon request of professional fishermen, resource managers and the urban district of Toulon Provence Méditerranée, we have initiated a program of research to better understand the influence of natural and anthropogenic processes that shape natural populations. The objectives of the thesis were (1) to monitor the demographic evolution of P. lividus communities on eight sites of the Toulon area between 2011 and 2013 before and after the legal harvesting period, (2) to develop a reliable method of production of P. lividus juveniles in hatchery and (3) to evaluate the effectiveness of restocking at a pilot scale and assess its potential impact over natural populations. Given the long larval phase in the bentho-pelagic cycle of this species, we monitored the genetic diversity of P. lividus populations at a regional scale.The data and results acquired during this work first provide an initial evaluation of the structure, abundance and fluctuation of followed P. lividus populations along the Toulon coast and demonstrate the vulnerability of natural stocks towards harvesting. In addition, complete control over the whole life cycle in batch was achieved through optimization of cultural and food parameters, especially at the critical stage of settlement and metamorphosis. Finally, experimental restocking trials demonstrated varying success depending on the site, but potentially significant, without apparent effect on the genetic diversity of wild stocks. Results obtained in this thesis are discussed in the context of conservation and sustainable exploitation of this natural resource. They are also a prerequisite to discussion on the adjustment or implementation of new management guidelines
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Spivey, Charles L. "Student, parent, and teacher attitudes toward video surveillance monitoring". Diss., This resource online, 1997. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10022007-144809/.
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Abdulla, Zurina. "Parents' experiences of monitoring their adolescents' compliance with diversion orders". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020090.
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The increased incidence of children committing crime and the realisation that the existing legislature dealing with offenders failed to cater for the rights and needs of child offenders gave rise to the introduction of the Child Justice Act 75 of 2008. This Act enables the South African criminal justice system to deal with children in a manner appropriate to their developmental stage. One of the initiatives introduced by the Act is termed ‘diversion’, where children are diverted from the criminal justice system into restorative developmental programmes, offered by organisations such as NICRO (National Institute for Crime Prevention and the Reintegration of Offenders). Their parents or guardians are tasked with the responsibility of monitoring their compliance with the diversion order in terms of Section 24(5) of the aforementioned Act. The monitoring responsibility assigned to the parents of diverted adolescents prompted the research question and aim of this study, namely to explore parents’ experiences in monitoring their adolescents’ compliance with diversion orders and to identify service needs in supporting parents in fulfilling their role as stipulated in the Act. This was a qualitative study that was exploratory-descriptive and contextual in nature. A non-probability purposive sampling technique was employed to identify the parents or guardians of adolescents aged 14 to 17 years that had been diverted to NICRO between June 2011 and June 2012. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with the selected parents, and the data collected was analysed using thematic data analysis. The trustworthiness of the research process and the findings was enhanced by employing a variety of data verification strategies. This research contributes to a greater understanding of parents’ monitoring experiences of their adolescents’ compliance with diversion orders. The study revealed that most parents experienced their role as an additional responsibility; they needed access to counseling and information on the child justice process.
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Hill, Crystal Renee. "Effects of family routines and family stress on child competencies". Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4142.
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The current study had two purposes. The first purpose was to examine the
association between family rules and routines and first grade children's teacher-rated and
peer-rated behavioral competencies (e.g., emotional symptoms, conduct problems, peer
problems, hyperactivity, and prosocial behavior) after controlling for both family
stressors (i.e., single parent home, mobility, socioeconomic status, property ownership)
and child ethnicity (African American, Caucasian, Hispanic). The second purpose was to
determine if child regulatory control abilities mediates the effects of family rules and
routines and children's behavioral competencies.
The parents of 215 ethnically diverse children (38%, Caucasian, 22% African
American, 33% Hispanic, 7% Other) were interviewed in their homes with a modified
and shortened version of Family Routines Inventory (FRI; Jensen, James, Boyce, &
Hartnett, 1983). Teachers completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ;
Goodman, 1997), and peers completed a modified version of the Class Play (Masten,
Morison & Pelligrini, 1985). Scores from the SDQ were standardized and combined
with the standardized scores obtained from the peer nominations to create composites of the behavioral competencies. Additionally, teachers completed a modified version of the
California Child Q-set (CCQ) (Block & Block, 1980) as a measure of these children's
regulatory control abilities.
African American parents' ratings of their family's rules and routines were
higher than those of Hispanic and Caucasian parents' ratings. Additionally, family
stressors were positively associated with higher teacher and peer ratings of conduct
problems and lower ratings of prosocial behavior. Neither ethnicity nor family rules and
routines predicted child competencies. A statistically significant curvilinear relationship
was found between family rules and routines and conduct problems such that children of
parents reporting the highest and lowest levels of family rules and routines have more
conduct problems. No associations were found between family rules and routines and
child competencies or children's regulatory control abilities. Limitations of the study are
discussed in terms of inadequate measurement of family rules and routines, a defensive
response set, self-selection on the part of the parents to participate in the interview, and a
sample that is not representative of the community of parents and children in the
participating schools.
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Mascarenhas, Mylenne Borges JÃcome. "MonitorizaÃÃo das etapas envolvidas na terapia na terapia de nutriÃÃo parenteral neonatal em uma Maternidade publica de Fortaleza". Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2009. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4593.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorRecÃm-nascidos (RN) que nÃo podem obter uma nutriÃÃo adequada atravÃs do trato gastrintestinal requerem nutriÃÃo parenteral total (NPT) como terapia exclusiva ou de apoio. A NPT fornece ao paciente debilitado os eletrÃlitos necessÃrios, uma reserva protÃica adequada, e energia para os processos metabÃlicos. As fases da terapia nutricional sÃo: indicaÃÃo de suporte nutricional; prescriÃÃo mÃdica; avaliaÃÃo farmacÃutica; manipulaÃÃo das soluÃÃes, transporte, conservaÃÃo, administraÃÃo, controle clinico, laboratorial e avaliaÃÃo final. Em virtude da complexidade das etapas envolvidas, à importante a integraÃÃo da equipe multidisciplinar, de modo que a terapia seja usada racionalmente, resultando em benefÃcios ao RN quanto à seguranÃa, efetividade e qualidade. O presente trabalho objetivou monitorar a terapia nutricional em RN, observando a indicaÃÃo, a prescriÃÃo, a manipulaÃÃo e a administraÃÃo da nutriÃÃo parenteral em uma maternidade pÃblica do municÃpio de Fortaleza â CE. Foi realizado um estudo observacional, descritivo e prospectivo, envolvendo as etapas da terapia de nutriÃÃo parenteral. Os dados foram coletados a partir de um formulÃrio estruturado de acordo com o roteiro de inspeÃÃo (Portaria 272/98, ANVISA). A anÃlise estatÃstica foi executada utilizando-se o programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences versÃo 16.0 e foi considerada significÃncia de 5%. Entre os 73 RN avaliados, 97,3% apresentaram a prematuridade como diagnÃstico principal. Com relaÃÃo Ãs prescriÃÃes mÃdicas, 2,3% nÃo foram entregues ao serviÃo de farmÃcia, 16,7% e 9% foram enviadas fora do horÃrio de entrega estabelecido e com problemas na prescriÃÃo, respectivamente. Durante a manipulaÃÃo, 0,6 e 6,15% de erros ocorreram na aspiraÃÃo e na adiÃÃo das substÃncias, respectivamente. No momento da administraÃÃo, 99% dos RN nÃo possuÃam acesso exclusivo para a NPT; assim como, 98,7% das bolsas nem 99% dos rÃtulos foram adequadamente checados. Em 36% da inserÃÃo do cateter, nenhum procedimento de limpeza foi realizado. Dessa forma, conclui-se que um melhor controle do processo envolvido na terapia nutricional e uma equipe multidisciplinar mais atuante contribuirÃo para a correÃÃo dos desvios e erros, uma vez que a prescriÃÃo, a manipulaÃÃo e a administraÃÃo representam os passos crÃticos para uma terapia bem-sucedida.
Many newborns (NB) require total parenteral nutrition (TPN) as main or adjuvant therapy, once they can not obtain an adequate nutrition through gastrointestinal system. The TPN offers to the debilitated patient the necessary electrolytes, the required protein source and the energy for metabolic processes. The nutritional therapy phases are: indication for nutritional support; medical prescription; pharmaceutical evaluation; manipulation of the solutions; delivery; conservation; administration; clinical and laboratorial controlling; and, final evaluation. Due to the complexity of the steps involved, it is important the integration of the multidisciplinary team, so that the therapy is used rationally, resulting in benefits to the NB in terms of safety, effectiveness and quality. The present work aimed to monitor the nutritional therapy in NB, observing the indication, prescription, manipulation and administration of the parenteral nutrition in a public maternity in Fortaleza â CE. It was performed an observational, descriptive and prospective study involving all phases. The data were collected from a structured formulary according to the inspection rule (Portaria 272/98, ANVISA). The statistical analysis was executed using the program Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 16.0, and it was considered a significance level of 5%. Among the 73 NB evaluated, 97,3% presented as main diagnostic pre-term newborn. Related to the medical prescriptions, 2,3% were not delivered to the pharmacy, 16,7 and 9% were delivered out of the established time and with problems in the prescriptions, respectively. During the manipulation, 0,6 and 6,15% of errors occurred, respectively in the aspiration or in the addition of the substances. At the moment of the administration, 99% of the NB did not have exclusive access for the TPN; neither 98,7% of the bags nor 99% of the labels were adequately checked. In 36% of catheter placement, no cleaning procedure was performed. In conclusion, the controlling of process involved in nutritional therapy and a more active multidisciplinary team will assess the correction of deviations and errors, once the prescription, manipulation and administration represent the critic steps for a successful therapy.
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Glidden, Rosina Forteski. "Práticas coercitivas docentes : relações com envolvimento, monitoria parental e comunicação entre pais e filhos". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/38339.
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Orientadora: Profª Drª Lidia Natalia Dobrianskyj WeberDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Educação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação. Defesa: Curitiba, 30/03/2015
Inclui referências : fls. 181-193
Resumo: A qualidade do desenvolvimento da criança está diretamente relacionada com a educação que lhe é fornecida. Família e escola são os principais núcleos formativos das crianças, ambientes nos quais diferentes práticas educativas são utilizadas por pais e professores. Dentre as possíveis divergências entre as práticas educativas utilizadas nesses núcleos por pais e professores, figuram as baseadas em coerção. O uso de práticas coercitivas aumenta os conflitos familiares e torna difícil a relação professor-aluno (Regra, 2004). Adicionalmente, ao utilizar práticas coercitivas o professor está, inadvertidamente, contribuindo para o fracasso escolar. Diante do exposto, estabeleceu-se como objetivo geral deste trabalho caracterizar a percepção de pais e filhos sobre o uso de práticas coercitivas pelo professor de alunos dos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental e analisar os níveis de monitoria parental sobre tais práticas, de envolvimento parental e de qualidade da comunicação entre pais e filhos de escolas públicas e privadas. Esta pesquisa foi realizada em quatro escolas, sendo duas da rede do ensino público e duas da rede privada, de duas diferentes cidades: São Bento do Sul, interior do estado de SC, e Pinhais, cidade da Região Metropolitana de Curitiba, PR. Participaram da pesquisa 69 pais e/ou responsáveis e 69 alunos, filhos dos pais participantes cuja média de idade constatada foi de 9,14 anos. Foi utilizado como instrumento de pesquisa o questionário construído para este estudo denominado "Questionário de Percepção e Monitoria sobre Coerção", o qual tem duas versões, uma para pais e outra para crianças. Foram também utilizados o "Inventário de Envolvimento Parental" de Watkins (1997) e as "Escalas de Comunicação entre Pais e Filhos" de Weber, Prado, Salvador e Brandenburg (2008). Para a análise dos dados, além da estatística descritiva, utilizou-se o teste t de Student, o teste de correlação r de Pearson, o teste Qui-quadrado e a análise de Cluster. Os testes estatísticos foram calculados com o software IBM SPSS Statistics versão 20.0. Os resultados mostraram que pais de escolas públicas são mais complacentes com a coerção docente do que pais de escolas privadas. Os totais de percepção sobre a coerção do professor no relato de pais e dos filhos apresentaram diferença significativa, sendo que os filhos apresentaram maiores níveis de aprovação dessas práticas. O tipo de comportamento coercitivo com maior nível de aprovação foi gritar na percepção de pais e filhos. Com relação à monitoria, obteve-se divergência quanto à frequência no relato de pais e filhos sobre o uso de coerção pelo professor em todas as categorias. Os filhos relataram maior uso de coerção pelo professor do que os pais. Foram também obtidas inúmeras correlações entre itens de comunicação com itens de envolvimento parental, sugerindo que essas práticas caminham numa mesma direção. Conclui-se que práticas coercitivas são realidade tanto em escolas públicas, quanto privadas e que manter uma comunicação positiva com os filhos e bons níveis de envolvimento na sua educação é uma importante via para operacionalizar uma monitoria parental efetiva sobre a relação direta professor/aluno. Palavras-chave: práticas coercitivas, monitoria parental, envolvimento parental, comunicação pais e filhos, relação família e escola.
Abstract: The quality of children development is directly related to the education that is provided to them. Family and school are the main training centers for children, environments in which different educational practices are used by parents and teachers. Among the possible discrepancies between the educational practices used in these centers by parents and teachers, are those based on coercion. The use of coercive practices increases family conflicts and makes it difficult for teacher-student relationship (Regra, 2004). Additionally, by using coercive practices the teacher is inadvertently contributing to school failure. Given this context, it was established as a general objective of this study to characterize the perception of parents and children about the use of coercive practices by the teacher of students in the early years of elementary school parental monitoring, and analyze the levels of such practices, parental involvement and quality of communication between parents and their children from public and private schools. This research was conducted in four schools, two public and two private, in two different cities: São Bento do Sul, inside the SC state, and Pinhais, in the metropolitan region of Curitiba, state of PR. The participants were 69 parents and/or guardians and 69 students, children of the participating parents, whose average age was found to be 9.14 years. The questionnaire constructed for this study called "Perception Questionnaire and monitoring of coercion", which was used as research tool, has two versions, one for parents and one for children. They have also used the "Parental Involvement Inventory" Watkins (1997) and "Scales Communication between Parents and Children" Weber Meadow Salvador and Brandenburg (2008). To analyze the data, and descriptive statistics, we used the Student t test, the r correlation test of Pearson, the chi-square test and the Cluster. The statistical tests were calculated with the IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0 software version. The research instruments used were two questionnaires constructed for this study called "Questionnaire of Perception and Monitoring about Coercion", one version for parents and one child version, a "Parental Involvement Inventory" of Watkins (1997) and the "Scales of Communication between Parents and Children" of Weber, Prado, Salvador e Brandenburg (2008). The results showed that parents of public schools are more compliant with the teaching coercion than parents of private schools. The total score of Perception about teacher's coercion of parents and children showed significant differences, the children had higher levels of approval of these practices. The type of coercive behavior with higher level of approval was yelling in the perception of parents and their children. Regarding monitoring, a divergence was found between parents and children reported on the use of coercive behavior by the teacher in all categories in terms of frequency. The children reported greater use of coercion by the teacher than parents did. Numerous correlations between communication items and parental involvement items were also obtained, suggesting that these practices go in the same direction. In conclusion, coercive practices are still a reality in both public and private schools and also, to maintain a positive communication with children and good levels of involvement in their education are important ways to operationalize an effective parental monitoring in the direct relationship between student/teacher. Keywords: coercive practices, parental monitoring, parental involvement, parents and children communication, family and school relationship.
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Clarke, Bryan David. "Parents' Perceptions and Awareness of Cyberbullying of Children and Adolescents". Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1387451867.
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Kilb, Joanne Riley. "DESENSITIZATION: A PROCESS OF PARENTS' ADJUSTMENT TO THE HOME APNEA MONITORING OF THEIR INFANT". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/292058.
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Read, Anna. "Parent-Professional Partnerships in the Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD) monitoring and support process : how do parents and professionals perceive the working relationships that they form within the context of a service providing monitoring and support for children with ASD and their families?" Thesis, University of Bristol, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/9834abef-e6ad-4238-b771-1531c4798e88.
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Haverkos, Nellie L. "Family Predictors of the Severity of Parent-Adolescent Conflict in Appalachian Families". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1343927281.
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Stenson, Kevin. "Social work discourses and the social work interview". Thesis, Brunel University, 1989. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/5011.
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It will be argued that, in order to understand particular exchanges between social workers and clients, it is essential to go beyond the view that sees them simply in terms of interaction between unique persons, and locate them within the wider discursive settings within which they occur. Most of the talk which takes place in these interviews concerns problematic issues within family life, particularly in terms of the relationships between parents and children. Behind these apparently mundane conversations lie agendas of social work issues which have been constructed historically with the rise of the caring professions. The early part of the thesis is concerned with uncovering the historically constructed norms of acceptable motherhood which underpin social work strategies with families and which help set the agendas of interviews. Then the analysis focuses on how general norms and objectives are translated into operational, professional techniques. This theme is carried forward through a focus on the social settings in which interviews take place, the building up of subject positions within interviews, for social worker and client, and the implications of translating from a predominantly oral to a literate based, professional mode of discourse. Finally, the analysis is concerned with the tentative attempts, marked by ambiguity and resistance, to go beyond the mere monitoring of the life of the client, and draw her/him into a form of discourse which is openly committed to social work aims, where the client seems to want to present his or her life problems in terms which are intelligible to, and manageable within, the strategies open to the social worker.
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Smart, Larene K. "Parenting Self-Efficacy in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5842.
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Parenting self-efficacy is one factor identified as relevant to parent distress and child therapy outcomes. Theories for parenting self-efficacy suggest parents of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) may be at risk for lower parenting self-efficacy than other parents. Parents who have low parenting self-efficacy may then have higher risk for poor treatment outcomes. Previous researchers found inconsistent results related to parenting self-efficacy rates for parents of children with ASD. They suggested the results were due to sample sizes, measurement insensitivitiy, comparison groups, and the limited range of children's ages (Fields, 2006; Meirsschaut, Roeyers, and Warreyn, 2010; Palafox, 2004; and Rutgers et al., 2007). In the current study, the researchers invited 598 parents to complete a series of questionnaires. Participants included the parents of children with ASD (n = 57), Down syndrome (n = 24), ASD and Down syndrome (n = 41), emotional and behavioral disorders (n = 287), and no identified diagnoses (n = 189). The parents who participated were 90.2% female and 84.9% Caucasian. Participants from the ASD, ASD with Down syndrome, and Down syndrome groups lived in higher income households (75.2% above $30,000 annually) than those in the emotional and behavioral disorder group (94.1% below $30,000 annually). The questionnaires asked parents to rate themselves regarding parenting self-efficacy, parent distress, parenting skills, social support, and answered demographic questions. Parents from the diagnostic groups also rated their child's behavior and symptom severity. Parents from the ASD, Down syndrome, and ASD with Down syndrome groups answered additional questions found to be relevant in Fields, 2007 (e.g. age of symptom onset, number of siblings, and parent's age). Parents of children with ASD were found to have the lowest rates of parenting self-efficacy across the five groups. ANOVA rejected the null hypothesis that the groups would be the same (F = 8.24, df = 4, 595, p < .01, adjusted R² = .05). The effect size for the relationship between diagnosis and parenting self-efficacy was small to moderate, accounting for 5% of the variance of parenting self-efficacy scores. Pairwise comparisons between groups found parents of children with ASD to have significantly lower parenting self-efficacy than the Down syndrome (mean difference = -3.32, se = .81, 95% CI = -5.86, -.78), and community groups (mean difference = -2.89, se = .58, 95% CI = -4.47 to -1.31). Parents from the community group were also found to have higher parenting self-efficacy than the parents of children with emotional and behavioral disorders (mean difference = 1.43, se = .37, 95% CI = 1.31, 4.47). Parenting self-efficacy was also related to parent distress, social support, parenting skills, and child's age. Parenting self-efficacy may warrant monitoring in the treatment of ASD and may be an important point of intervention in therapy.