Artykuły w czasopismach: „Parasitoid”

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G, Thanavendan, i Jeyarani S. "Parasitic Potential of some Braconid Parasitoids against Okra Fruit Borers". Madras Agricultural Journal 99, December (2012): 854–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.100211.

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In surveys conducted in Coimbatore district during 2009-10, Okra fruit borers, Earias vittella Fabricius, Earias insulana Boisdual and Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) were the serious pests causing 50 per cent loss. During the survey, three hymenopteran parasitiods viz., Bassus spp., Brachymeria lasus Walker, Goryphus spp., of the families Braconidae, Chalcididae and Ichneumonidae against Earias spp. and the dipteran parasitoid, Carcelia illota (Tachinidae ) against H. armigera were recorded with 0.00 to 10.00 per cent parasitization. All the parasitoids recorded were not amenable for mass culturing, and hence, other braconid parasitoids viz., Bracon brevicornis Wesmael, Bracon hebetor Say and Chelonus blackburni Cameron were studied for their parasitic potential against fruit borer complex. Cent per cent parasitization was observed with B. brevicornis against all instars of E. vittella and H. armigera, higher parasitizaion of 100 and 97.50 per cent was observed by B. hebetor at a parasitoid-host ratio of 5:10 on second instar larvae of H. armigera and fourth instar larvae of E. vittella respectively. The egg - larval parasitoid, C. blackburni recorded the highest parasitization of 70.54 per cent and 64.58 per cent against E. vittella and H. armigera at a parasitoid host ratio of 5:100. For B. brevicornis and B. hebetor, highest cocoon formation and parasitoid emergence was recorded at 4:10 ratio against third and fourth instars. In C. blackburni, the parasitoid host ratio of 3:100 yielded the highest number of adult parasitoids. B. brevicornis was found to be more effective against fruit borers.

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Cavigliasso, Fanny, Jean-Luc Gatti, Dominique Colinet i Marylène Poirié. "Impact of Temperature on the Immune Interaction between a Parasitoid Wasp and Drosophila Host Species". Insects 12, nr 7 (15.07.2021): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12070647.

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Temperature is particularly important for ectotherms, including endoparasitoid wasps that develop inside another ectotherm host. In this study, we tested the impact of three temperatures (20 °C, 25 °C and 30 °C) on the host–parasitoid immune interaction using two Drosophila host species (Drosophila melanogaster and D. yakuba) and two parasitoid lines of Leptopilina boulardi. Drosophila’s immune defense against parasitoids consists of the formation of a melanized capsule surrounding the parasitoid egg. To counteract this response, Leptopilina parasitoids rely on the injection of venom during oviposition. Here, we tested the effect of temperature on parasitic success and host encapsulation capacity in response to a parasitoid egg or other foreign body. Increased temperature either promoted or did not affect the parasitic success, depending on the parasitoid–host pairs considered. The mechanisms behind the higher success seemed to vary depending on whether the temperature primarily affected the host immune response or also affected the parasitoid counter-immune response. Next, we tested the effect of parasitoid rearing temperature on its success and venom composition. Venom composition varied strongly with temperature for both parasitoid lines, partially consistent with a change in their parasitic success. Overall, temperature may have a significant impact on the host–parasitoid immune interaction.

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De Souza, Moisés Santos, Alexandre Almeida e. Silva, César Augusto Domingues Teixeira i José Nilton Medeiros Costa. "Parasitismo na população da broca-do-café Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), pelo parasitoide Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betrem (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae)". EntomoBrasilis 7, nr 3 (5.12.2014): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v7i3.402.

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A broca-do-café, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) é responsável por grandes prejuízos em plantios de café, causando perdas de produtividade aos cafeicultores e danos quantitativos e qualitativos aos grãos. O controle biológico da praga tem sido principalmente à base de fungos entomopatogênicos. Em Rondônia, Brasil, as informações acerca dos parasitoides de H. hampei são escassas. O parasitoide Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betrem é um inimigo natural da broca do café e já é utilizado como agente de controle biológico em países da África e da América Latina. Constatou-se a presença desse parasitoide em cafezais de Rondônia. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar os níveis de ocorrência e parasitismo do parasitóide em uma plantação de café no município de Ouro Preto D’Oeste, Estado de Rondônia. Foram analisados semanalmente frutos de café coletados diretamente das plantas e caídos sobre o solo, de janeiro a dezembro de 2004. Observou-se a ocorrência do parasitoide durante os meses de maior infestação da praga. Durante o período estudado, a taxa de parasitismo nos diferentes microambientes variou de 2 a 24%. Parasitism in the Population of the Coffee Berry Borer Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) by the Parasitoid Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betrem (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) Abstract. The coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) attacks coffee plantations, greatly decreasing the production of coffee plants, causing quantitative and qualitative damage to the grains. Biological control of this pest has focused mostly on entomopathogenic fungi. In the state of Rondonia, studies on parasitism levels of the parasitoids of H. hampei are scarce. The parasitoid Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betrem is a natural enemy of the coffee berry borer and is already used as an agent of biological control in countries of Africa and Latin America. The objective of the present study was to investigate the occurrence and parasitism levels of the parasitoid in a coffee plantation in the municipality of Ouro Preto D’Oeste, State of Rondonia. Coffee beans collected directly from the plants and on the ground were analyzed weekly from January to December 2004. Parasitoid occurred in months of the highest pest infestation. During the studied period, parasitism rate in different microenvironments ranged from 2 to 24%.

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Pramudi, M. Indar, i Lyswiana Aphrodyanti. "Parasitoid fruit flies Bactrocera mcgregori (Diptera: Tephritidae) from Tanah Laut Regency and Banjarbaru South Kalimantan". TROPICAL WETLAND JOURNAL 5, nr 1 (21.11.2019): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/twj.v5i1.71.

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This study aims to identify and determine the parasitic level of Bactrocera mcgregori parasitoid from melinjo fruit (Gnetum gnemon) from Tanah Laut district and Banjarbaru Kalimatan Selatan City. The identification results of the three parasitoids showed the characteristics of the Hymenoptera order, the family Braconidae. The three parasitoids are Psytallia flecheri habitus (Silvestri) parasitoid, Psytallia lounsburyi (Silvestri) and Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Cameron).

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Irsan, Chandra. "Studi keberadaan hiperparasitoid dalam mempengaruhi perilaku imago parasitoid pada kutudaun, Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae)". Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia 5, nr 1 (23.02.2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5994/jei.5.1.17.

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Study Hyperparasitoid Existing Affected to Adul Parasitoid Behavior on Aphid, Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae). In general, hyperparasitoid is needed for establishing food and chain webs, but in contrary, it could become a limiting factor in existing biological control program. An observation to aim positive impact of hyperparasitoid existence has been carried out. Chili plant, Capsicum annuum, Aphis gossypii, Trioxys sinensis parasitoid and Aphidencyrtus sp. were used in this observation. Results showed that hyperparasitoid existence assisted parasitoid distribution. Parasitoids were placed with hyperparasitoids enhanced parasitoid distribution or dispersion two times farther compare to without hyperparasitoids. It was concluded that dispersal behaviour of hyperparasitoid adult was a parasitoid adult’s response to avoid its suppression by the hyperparasitoid and also increase parasitoid’s searching ability.

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Hubballi, Aravinda, A. N. Shylesha, T. M. Shivalingaswamy i B. Shivanna. "The Parasitic Potential of Bracon brevicornis Wesmael and Chelonus blackburni (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on the Age of Earias vittella (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Nolidae) and Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Laboratory Conditions". International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, nr 6 (17.04.2023): 297–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i61827.

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Aims: The current study was carried out to investigate the parasitic potential of density of two important parasitoids against the age of two important bhendi fruit borer pests. Study Design: Completely Random Design (CRD). Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted during 2019-20 and 2020-21 at bio control laboratory of National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources (ICAR) Hebbal, Bengaluru (Latitude: 13.097221 Longitude: 77.568291) by adopting standard methodology and materials. Methodology: An experiment was designed to examine the effects of parasitoid densities of Bracon brevicornis and Chelonus blackburni on the host age (different instars) larvae of fruit borers two important fruit borers by checking the the percent parasitization. The second, third, and fourth instar larvae of E. vittella were introduced separately at different ratios of Bracon brevicornis parasitoids and host viz., 1:10, 2:10, 3:10, 4:10, and 5:10. Mated female parasitoids were utilised in all cases, and the experiment was carried out in a glass jar of 18 x 12 cm, using the sandwich approach. [1] with four replications. After 24 h, the larvae were observedand the percent parasitization was calculated. The same parasitoids were used for thesecond, third, fourth, and fifth instars larvae of H. armigera. To examine the parasitic potential of C. blackburni, another experiment was conducted with various ratios of its adults and eggs of E. vittella and H. armigera by adopting the procedure of Swamiappan and Balasubramanian [2]. The parasitoid and host eggs were maintained at a ratio of 1:100, 2:100, 3:100, 4:100, and 5:100 with four replications. The observation of percent parasitization was recorded after the egg incubation period. Results: The parasitic potential studies showed that the parasitoid host ratio of 5:10 (100%) was the best for E. vittella (II, III and IV instar larvae) with the highest parasitization followed by 4:10 (96.83 %), 3:10 (85.08 %), 2:10 (61.71 %) and least parasitization was observed in 1:10 parasitoid host ratio (52.71 %). Similarly, for H. armigera (II, III, IV and V instar larvae) parasitoid host ratio of 5:10 was recorded the highest parasitization (96.75 %), followed by 4:10 (93.69 %), 3:10 (84.11 %), 2:10 (64.75 %) and least parasitization was observed in 1:10 parasitoid host ratio (45.07 %) The parasitic potential of C. blackburni revealed that the 5:100 parasitoid host ratio resulted in the maximum parasitization of 64.75% against E. vittella, followed by 4:100 (60.50%), 3:100 (52.55%), 2:100 (38.27%), and 1:100 (25.60%). Similarly, for H. armigera, parasitization was highest at a parasitoid host ratio of 5:100, followed by 4:100 (64.50%), 3:100 (58.25%), 2:100 (43.45%), and 1:100 (28.50%). Conclusion: The parasitoids: host ratio of 5:10 for B. brevicornis and 5:100 for C. blackburni is optimal for managing the bhendi fruit borer complex at the IV instar level.

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Mohamad, Fater, Mohammed Mansour i Ali Ramadan. "Effects of biological and environmental factors on sex ratio in Ascogaster quadridentata Wesmael (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of Cydia pomonella L. (Torticidae)". Journal of Plant Protection Research 55, nr 2 (1.04.2015): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jppr-2015-0019.

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Abstract The sex ratio in the natural population of most Hymenopteran parasitoids is 1 : 1. Females of these parasitoids, however, can regulate the sex of their offspring in response to environmental and biological factors. Under certain circumstances, this may lead to an overproduction of males, which can result in a very negative impact on any control program using these parasitoids. For these reasons, understanding the effect of these factors is very important. In this study, five biological and environmental factors known to affect sex ratio in parasitic Hymenoptera were investigated for Ascogaster quadridentata Wesmael, a parasitoid of Cydia pomonella L. Results showed that food, ambient temperature, and parasitoid age had significant effects on the sex ratio of the offspring of Hymenopteran parasitoids. The percentage of females decreased with lack of food, parasitoid age (when it became 10-days-old or older), and at low (15°C) and high (35°C) temperatures. The effect of host age and density, however, was not significant.

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Zhou, Jincheng, Ling Meng i Baoping Li. "Defensive behaviors of the Oriental armywormMythimna separatain response to different parasitoid species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)". PeerJ 5 (23.08.2017): e3690. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3690.

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This study examined defensive behaviors ofMythimna separata(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae varying in body size in response to two parasitoids varying in oviposition behavior;Microplitis mediatorfemales sting the host with the ovipositor after climbing onto it whileMeteorus pulchricornisfemales make the sting by standing at a close distance from the host.Mythimna separatalarvae exhibited evasive (escaping and dropping) and aggressive (thrashing) behaviors to defend themselves against parasitoidsM. mediatorandM. pulchricornis. Escaping and dropping did not change in probability with host body size or parasitoid species. Thrashing did not vary in frequency with host body size, yet performed more frequently in response toM. mediatorthan toM. pulchricornis. Parasitoid handling time and stinging likelihood varied depending not only on host body size but also on parasitoid species. Parasitoid handling time increased with host thrashing frequency, similar in slope for both parasitoids yet on a higher intercept forM. mediatorthan forM. pulchricornis. Handling time decreased with host size forM. pulchricornisbut not forM. mediator. The likelihood of realizing an ovipositor sting decreased with thrashing frequency of both small and large hosts forM. pulchricornis, while this was true only for large hosts forM. mediator. Our results suggest that the thrashing behavior ofM. separatalarvae has a defensive effect on parasitism, depending on host body size and parasitoid species with different oviposition behaviors.

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Karindah, Sri, Sutanto Sutanto, E. Siswanto i L. Sulistyowati. "Parasitoid larva-pupa Tetrastichus howardi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) pada Pluttella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) di pertanaman kubis kecamatan batu dan poncokusumo, kabupaten malang". Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia 2, nr 1 (23.02.2017): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5994/jei.2.1.61.

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The surveys of larval parasitiod Plutella xylostella, which have been done in cabbage plantations area in Batu and Poncokusumo, Malang east Java, found other larval parasitoid biside the commonly larval parasitiod Diagdema semiclausum. The parasitoid was Teratichus howardi (Hyminoptera: Eulophidae). The percentage of parasitism was dependent of the altitude of cabbage plantation and developmental stage of crop. The percent of parasitism could reach 82% when parasitized larvae sampled in cabbage plant and the crop stage. Parasitism was also higher at the medium lowland rather than it was that the upland. T. howardi is a gregrarious larval-pupa endoparasitoid. The life cycle of T. howardi was 14-16 days. The longevity of male and female was influenced by the availability of hosts or the change of mating. The longevity of mated female which was offered some host is 14-21 days, but the longevity of mated female without hosts was 38-56 days. The mated male parasitoid lived from 1 to 4 days, but they lived 12-16 days when they were not mated. One female could lay some cluster of egg varied from 35-60 eggs cluster or from 142 to 235 eggs during the lifespan. One eggs cluster consist of ±4 eggs. The parasitoid laid one or two clusters of egg per host. Parasitoid laid eggs soon after mating at day one from eclosion until day 19th. Four to 28 Parasitoids could emerge from one host. One parasitoid was able to parasitize 17-30 larvae of P. xylostella.

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Basheer, Abdel Nabi, Ghassan Ibraheem, Nesrine Diab, Rasheed Sayyed Omar, Firas Al Ghamaz, Hadi Nasrallah i Younis Idriss. "The Secondary Parasitoid Perilampus tristis Mayr, 1905 and its Effect on the Primary Parasitoids on the Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella L." Arab Journal for Plant Protection 41, nr 2 (2023): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-41.2.146151.

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Basheer, A., G. Ibrahim, N. Diab, K. Al-Assas, R. Alsaied Omar, F. Al-Ghammaz, H. Nasrallah and Y. Idris. 2023. The Secondary Parasitoid Perilampus tristis Mayr, 1905 and its Effect on the Primary Parasitoids on the Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella L. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 41(2): 146-151. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-41.2.146151 The study was carried out in some apple orchards infested with the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Khan Arnabah (Quneitra governorate) and Al-Hariseh (Sweida governorate). The study aimed to study the secondary parasitoid Perilampus tristis Mayr, 1905 (Hymenoptera: Perilampidae) and to identify its hosts of the primary parasitoids that parasitize the codling moth in the two study areas. Two methods were used to identify the insect parasitoids on the codling moth, (i) collecting infested fruits, and (ii) cardboard traps. The study revealed the presence of many insect parasitoids that parasitize the apple fruit worm, but the secondary parasitoid P. tristis parasitizes as a secondary parasitoid on the pupae of two types of primary parasitoids, the egg-larval parasitoid Ascogaster quadridentata Wesmael (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and the young larval parasitoid Pristomerus vulnerator, Pzeran1799) (Hymenoptera: Ichneuomonidae) in the two study areas. The numbers of secondary parasitoids P. tristis increased in the cardboard traps, whereas the number of primary parasitoids A. quadridentata and P. vulnerator decreased in the two study areas. The secondary parasitoid P. tristis reduced the effectiveness of the primary parasitoids A. quadridentata and Pristomerus vulnerator in the two study areas. Keywords: apples, Khan Arnabah, Al Harisa, primary parasitoid, secondary parasitoid

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Siagian, Sulastri, Ameilia Zuliyanti Siregar i Maryani C. Tobing. "Inventory And Potential Of Yellow Rice Stem Borer (Scirpophaga incertulas Walker) Parasitoid In Rice Plantation (Oryza sativa L) In Three Villages, Lima Puluh Regency, Batubara District, Northern Sumatra". Akta Agrosia 23, nr 2 (30.12.2020): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/aa.23.2.55-62.

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Yellow rice stem borer (YRSB), Scirpophaga incertulas Walker, often causes decreased of rice production. One of the pest controlling of YRSB used based on the concept of IPC (integrated Pest Control) was biological control using egg parasitoids. The purpose of this research was to find out the inventory and potential of parasitoids of eggs in yellow rice stem borer (S. incertulas) on rice cultivation at 3 locations (Kuala Gunung Village, Cahaya Pardomuan Village, and Air Hitam Village) in Lima Puluh Sub-District, Batubara Regency, Northern Sumatra. The study used a survey method by taking samples of groups of eggs by purposive sampling on rice cultivation. Egg clusters are kept for several days until the parasitoids appear. Parasitoid that appeared was preserved in a bottle containing 70% alcohol, then identification was carried out at the Pest Laboratory of Departmemt of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sumatera Utara. This research was conducted from March to September 2019. The results obtained by 3 Parasitoid families were identified, such as Eulophidae, Scelionidae, and Trichogrammatidae. Parasitoid level and parasitoid dominance index were higher in the non-insecticide treatment compared to the insecticide treatment. The highest parasitic rate (41.78%) of the Eulophidae family and the lowest (0.00%) of the Trichogrammatidae family. The highest parasitoid dominance index (0.67) was found in the Eulophidae family and lowest (0) in the Trichogrammatidae family. The distribution pattern of the Eulophidae family was grouped, the Trichogrammatidae family was regular while the Scelionidae family was different for each village. Our prediction, the research will be useful for future.Keywords: Rice, Scirpophaga incertulas, parasitoid, parasitation Level, dominance, distribution pattern.

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Klug, T., R. Meyhöfer, M. Kreye i M. Hommes. "Native parasitoids and their potential to control the invasive leafminer,Cameraria ohridellaDESCH. & DIM. (Lep.: Gracillariidae)". Bulletin of Entomological Research 98, nr 4 (25.02.2008): 379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485308005695.

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AbstractIn spite of the fact that since the end of the eighties, the horse chestnut leafminer,Cameraria ohridella, has established itself throughout Europe, native predators such as ants and birds are not attuned to this neozoic species. In contrast, several parasitic wasp species already started to exploit the invasive horse chestnut leafminer, but until now parasitation rates are quite low, mainly because of asynchrony in the lifecycles of parasitoids and host. Only the removal of leaf litter, in which pupae hibernate, is at the moment a strategy to reduce the infestation level in the next year. Unfortunately, not only hibernating horse chestnut leafminers but also parasitoids are removed, and important resources for biocontrol are unused. In the current study, we investigated the potential efficiency of the horse chestnut leafminer parasitoid complex extracted from leaf litter in defined environments. Parasitoids were released at different densities to investigate density dependence in parasitation rates.Although seven different species were released in our experiments, onlyPnigalio agraulesturned out to be responsible for biocontrol ofC. ohridella. We recorded parasitation rates of up to 35%. Overall, parasitation rates were independent of the leafminer density but increased fourfold if ten times more parasitoid individuals were released. Unfortunately, none of the parasitoid species could be established in the experimental units in the long run. Results are compared to other parasitoid-leafminer systems, and promotion of horse chestnut leafminer parasitoids to support natural selection and biological control of the horse chestnut leafminer is discussed.

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van Nouhuys, Saskya, David C. Harris i Ann E. Hajek. "Population level interactions between an invasive woodwasp, an invasive nematode and a community of native parasitoids". NeoBiota 82 (9.02.2023): 67–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.82.96599.

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Parasitic nematodes and hymenopteran parasitoids have been introduced and used extensively to control invasive Eurasian Sirex noctilio woodwasps in pine plantations in the Southern Hemisphere where no members of this community are native. Sirex noctilio has more recently invaded North America where Sirex-associated communities are native. Sirex noctilio and its parasitic nematode, Deladenus siricidicola, plus six native hymenopteran woodwasp parasitoids in New York and Pennsylvania, were sampled from 204 pines in 2011–2019. Sirex noctilio had become the most common woodwasp in this region and the native parasitoids associated with the native woodwasps had expanded their host ranges to use this invader. We investigated the distributions of these species among occupied trees and the interactions between S. noctilio and natural enemies as well as among the natural enemies. Sirex noctilio were strongly aggregated, with a few of the occupied trees hosting hundreds of woodwasps. Nematode parasitism was positively associated with S. noctilio density, and negatively associated with the density of rhyssine parasitoids. Parasitism by the parasitoid Ibalia leucospoides was positively associated with host (S. noctilio) density, while parasitism by the rhyssine parasitoids was negatively associated with density of S. noctilio. Thus, most S. noctilio come from a few attacked trees in a forest, and S. noctilio from those high-density trees experienced high parasitism by both the invasive nematode and the most abundant native parasitoid, I. l. ensiger. There is little evidence for direct competition between the nematodes and parasitoids. The negative association occurring between rhyssine parasitoids and I. l. ensiger suggests rhyssines may suffer from competition with I. l. ensiger which parasitize the host at an earlier life stage. In addition to direct competition with the native woodwasp Sirex nigricornis for suitable larval habitat within weakened trees, the large S. noctilio population increases the parasitoid and nematode populations, which may increase parasitism of S. nigricornis.

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Sudarmo, Sudarmo, Djoko Prijono, Syafrida Manuwoto i Damayanti Buchori. "PENGARUH EKSTRAK RANTING AGLAIA ODORATA LOUR. TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN PARASITOID ERIBORUS ARGENTEOPILOSUS (CAMERON) PADA INANG CROCIDOLOMIA BINOTALIS ZELLER". Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 1, nr 2 (22.09.2001): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.2163-70.

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The effect of Aglaia odorata Lour. twig extract on development of a parasitic wasp Eriborus argenteopilosus (Cameron) in its host Crocidolomia binotalis Zeller. This laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the effect of ethyl acetate soluble fraction of methanolic twig extract of Aglaia odorata Lour. (Meliaceae) on the development of a parasitic wasp Eriborus argenteopilosus (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in its host larvae Crocidolomia binotalis Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Extract treatment was given through the host. C. binotalis larvae were fed broccoli leaves treated with A. odorata extract at LC25, LC50, and LC70, then were exposed to the female adults E. argenteopilosus. Mortality of the parasitized host larvae, survival of immature stages of the parasitoid in the host larvae, and longevity and fecundity of the emerging female parasitoids were recorded. The results showed that combinations of extract treatments (at LC25, LC50, and LC70) and parasitization increased the mortality of the parasitized host larvae (38,4 - 42,7%) more than twice that of the parasitized control larvae. Those extract treatments, however, did not exert any negative effects on developmental time of the parasitoid immature stages nor on some morphological characters, longevity and fecundity of the emerging female parasitoids. Thus, A. odorata extract showed promise to be integrated with the parasitoid for the control of C. binotalis.

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Liu, Shouzong, Mingzhan Huang, Xinyu Song, Shuai Li i Huidong Cheng. "Modeling impulsive resource inputs in host–parasitoid interactions with time delays". International Journal of Biomathematics 11, nr 05 (lipiec 2018): 1850064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s179352451850064x.

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For the interaction of parasitoids and their insect hosts in the laboratory environment, a novel mathematical model with impulsive resource inputs, stage-structure, maturation delays and negative binomial distribution is proposed. Based on the adaptability of the insect host to the environment, we study the permanence of the system in two cases and gain conditions under which the host and parasitoid species can coexist with impulsive resource inputs. We also discuss the existence of the positive periodic solution when the system is permanent by applying a fixed point theory. Besides, we perform numerical simulations which not only confirm but also further enhance our theoretical results. The simulations show that when total input of resource is fixed, smaller input amounts with shorter periods of impulsive delivery produce smaller oscillation amplitudes for both the host and parasitoid populations at the juvenile stage. However, both the densities of adult host and adult parasitoid are not affected by the resource management strategy. Furthermore, we also reconfirm that larger maturation delays, either the host or the parasitoid’s delay, lead to any more individuals staying at the inmature stage of the species, while the adult populations decline dramatically at the same time. On the other hand, larger host maturation delays promote the parasitoid’s population growth at both stages, and the impact of parasitoid maturation delay on the host population is almost the same but not as dramatic. These findings give us a deeper understanding about the host–parasitoid interaction in laboratory environment.

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Roitberg, Bernard D. "From parasitoid behavior to biological control: applied behavioral ecology". Canadian Entomologist 136, nr 2 (kwiecień 2004): 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n03-072.

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AbstractA hypothetical parasitoid mass rearing facility is used to unite principles from behavioral ecology and biological control. The key to the problem is variation in the tendency of solitary parasitoids to superparasitize. Superparasitism affects individual and population parasitoid productivity, though not necessarily to the same degree. Herein, the interest is in determining conditions that will maximize parasitoid population productivity when superparasitism varies. To accomplish this, a combination of graphical marginal analysis (to provide an economic context), dynamic optimization models (to determine individual parasitoid superparasitism tendency), and functional response models (to determine parasitoid population productivity) has been used. Marginal analysis shows that marginal returns decrease with an increase in the number of parasitoids released but that the slope of the marginal returns curve depends upon the sensitivity of superparasitism to environmental conditions. In addition, results show that parasitoid responses can be highly nonlinear and, as such, can greatly affect optimal numbers of parasitoids released in a nonintuitive manner. This behavioral ecology approach greatly increases efficiency and predictability of parasitoid production.

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Ortis, Giacomo, Serguei V. Triapitsyn i Luca Mazzon. "Two new host records for Centrodora italica Ferrière (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae) from eggs of Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera, Ensifera) in northeastern Italy". ZooKeys 1156 (24.03.2023): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1156.97364.

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The egg parasitoid Centrodora italica Ferrière is reported for the first time from sentinel eggs of two species of Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera), Pachytrachis gracilis (Brunner von Wattenwyl) and Eupholidoptera schmidti (Fieber). In Italy, only two hosts of this parasitic wasp are known, one of which is a tettigoniid species. Exposure of sentinel eggs represented a useful method to detect new host associations of this parasitoid species that can search for their host’s eggs in the ground. The parasitoids were identified by comparing our specimens with those of the type series, and the original description of C. italica.

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Coco, Angela M., Margaret T. Lewis, Shelby J. Fleischer i John F. Tooker. "Parasitoids, Nematodes, and Protists in Populations of Striped Cucumber Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)". Environmental Entomology 49, nr 6 (29.09.2020): 1316–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvaa116.

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Abstract The striped cucumber beetle, Acalymma vittatum (Fabricius), is an important pest of cucurbit production in the eastern United States, where most commercial producers rely on insecticides to control this pest species. Biological control provides an alternative to insecticide use, but for A. vittatum, top-down control has not been well developed. In the northeastern United States, two parasitoid species, Celatoria setosa (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tachinidae) and Centistes diabroticae (Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) have been reported from A. vittatum, but their distribution is poorly known. To determine whether these parasitoid species are attacking A. vittatum in Pennsylvania and the amount of mortality they provide, we characterized the parasitoid dynamics in two distinct efforts. First, we reared parasitoids from beetles captured at two research farms. Second, we focused on one of these farms and dissected beetles to quantify both parasitoid and parasite species attacking A. vittatum. Both efforts confirmed Cl. setosa and Cn. diabroticae, and parasitism rates varied widely between locations and among years (4–60%). Unexpectedly, our dissections revealed that a potentially undescribed nematode species (Howardula sp.) as the most common parasite in the community. We also discovered gregarine protists. Despite being smaller than females, males were more commonly attacked by parasitic species, but we detected no relationship between the size of beetles and abundance of parasitic species in A. vittatum. This work provides a baseline understanding of the parasitoid and parasite community attacking A. vittatum and advances opportunities for conservation biological control using these natural-enemy species.

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Stenberg, J. A., i P. A. Hambäck. "Host species critical for offspring fitness and sex ratio for an oligophagous parasitoid: implications for host coexistence". Bulletin of Entomological Research 100, nr 6 (14.07.2010): 735–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485310000143.

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AbstractIn theory, inferior apparent competitors sharing a natural enemy with superior apparent competitors should be excluded in the absence of stabilising factors. Nevertheless, plentiful examples of coexisting apparent competitors exist. In this paper, we show that parasitoid resource competition within hosts affects both parasitoid sex ratio and female body size, with implication for population growth and apparent competition between the two closely related hosts experiencing a strong asymmetry in their interaction. While the superior competitor delivers parasitoids with higher fitness to the shared parasitoid pool, the inferior competitor delivers a higher proportion of female parasitoids. Hence, the inferior host experience an inflow of fit parasitoids from the superior competitor, which should increase the risk of exclusion, but also an outflow of parasitoid females, which should reduce the risk of exclusion and increase stability. We conclude that differential outcomes of parasitoid resource competition in different host species may have profound effects on shared parasitoid populations and should be included in future studies of apparent competition between hosts.

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Ronquim, Júlio Cesar, Josué Marques Pacheco i Carlos Cesar Ronquim. "Occurrence and parasitism of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on cultivars of irrigated oat (Avena spp.) in São Carlos, Brazil". Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 47, nr 2 (czerwiec 2004): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132004000200001.

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The interactions between aphids and their Hymenopteran parasitoids on irrigated oats as well as the response of different cultivars of cereals regarding the resistance to these aphids and the influence on the host/parasitoid relationships were studied during two years in São Carlos, Brazil. Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) was the predominant aphid observed throughout the study, while the other species were rarely found. Five species of parasitic Hymenoptera were found: three primary parasitoids, Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson), Aphidius colemani (Viereck) and Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh) and two hyperparasitoids, Syrphophagus aphidivorus (Myer) and Alloxysta brassicae (Ashmead). The UPF 86081 cultivar presented significant results regarding lower Rhopalosiphum padi contamination and higher aphid parasitism rates than those observed on some other cultivars. No significant effect on the percentage variation of parasitoid emergence on the mummified aphids was observed throughout this study.

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Käse, Laura, Katja Metfies, Stefan Neuhaus, Maarten Boersma, Karen Helen Wiltshire i Alexandra Claudia Kraberg. "Host-parasitoid associations in marine planktonic time series: Can metabarcoding help reveal them?" PLOS ONE 16, nr 1 (7.01.2021): e0244817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244817.

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In this study, we created a dataset of a continuous three-year 18S metabarcoding survey to identify eukaryotic parasitoids, and potential connections to hosts at the Long-Term Ecological Research station Helgoland Roads. The importance of parasites and parasitoids for food web dynamics has previously been recognized mostly in terrestrial and freshwater systems, while marine planktonic parasitoids have been understudied in comparison to those. Therefore, the occurrence and role of parasites and parasitoids remains mostly unconsidered in the marine environment. We observed high abundances and diversity of parasitoid operational taxonomic units in our dataset all year round. While some parasitoid groups were present throughout the year and merely fluctuated in abundances, we also detected a succession of parasitoid groups with peaks of individual species only during certain seasons. Using co-occurrence and patterns of seasonal occurrence, we were able to identify known host-parasitoid dynamics, however identification of new potential host-parasitoid interactions was not possible due to their high dynamics and variability in the dataset.

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Wang, Xingeng, Ellen M. Aparicio, Jian J. Duan, Juli Gould i Kim A. Hoelmer. "Optimizing Parasitoid and Host Densities for Efficient Rearing of Ontsira mellipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on Asian Longhorned Beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)". Environmental Entomology 49, nr 5 (14.08.2020): 1041–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvaa086.

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Abstract Ontsira mellipes Ashmead is a gregarious larval ectoparasitoid of woodboring cerambycids. It is native to North America but can readily attack the exotic Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky). This study aimed to develop an efficient rearing system for this parasitoid, as a potential novel association biocontrol agent for the beetle, by investigating the effects of different densities of host (two, three, or four larvae) and parasitoid (one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, and eight female wasps) on Ontsira’s parasitization efficiency and reproductive outcomes. Results showed that overall parasitism and total numbers of parasitized hosts or progeny produced increased with host and/or parasitoid densities, but the number of parasitized hosts or progeny produced per female parasitoid decreased with parasitoid density at each given host density. Nonlinear regression indicated a consistent pattern of mutual interference as parasitoid density increased. Additional experiments showed that superparasitism (indirect interference) did not occur probably because the parasitoid detects hosts through vibration cues from host feeding and attacked (thus paralyzed) hosts are no longer detectable. Thus, the interference probably results from direct or exploitative competition. Interestingly, female parasitoids responded to increased parasitoid density with a significant increase in clutch size. Overall, per capita parasitization efficiency or reproductive outcomes were optimized at a low parasitoid–host ratio but with large group size of hosts and parasitoids. Therefore, an optimal combination of exposing three or four parasitoids to four hosts is proposed for efficient mass-rearing of this parasitoid.

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Yan, Zhichao, Qi Fang, Jiqiang Song, Lei Yang, Shan Xiao, Jiale Wang i Gongyin Ye. "A serpin gene from a parasitoid wasp disrupts host immunity and exhibits adaptive alternative splicing". PLOS Pathogens 19, nr 9 (11.09.2023): e1011649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011649.

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Alternative splicing (AS) is a major source of protein diversity in eukaryotes, but less is known about its evolution compared to gene duplication (GD). How AS and GD interact is also largely understudied. By constructing the evolutionary trajectory of the serpin gene PpSerpin-1 (Pteromalus puparum serpin 1) in parasitoids and other insects, we found that both AS and GD jointly contribute to serpin protein diversity. These two processes are negatively correlated and show divergent features in both protein and regulatory sequences. Parasitoid wasps exhibit higher numbers of serpin protein/domains than nonparasitoids, resulting from more GD but less AS in parasitoids. The potential roles of AS and GD in the evolution of parasitoid host-effector genes are discussed. Furthermore, we find that PpSerpin-1 shows an exon expansion of AS compared to other parasitoids, and that several isoforms are involved in the wasp immune response, have been recruited to both wasp venom and larval saliva, and suppress host immunity. Overall, our study provides an example of how a parasitoid serpin gene adapts to parasitism through AS, and sheds light on the differential features of AS and GD in the evolution of insect serpins and their associations with the parasitic life strategy.

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Laws, A. N., i A. Joern. "Variable effects of dipteran parasitoids and management treatment on grasshopper fecundity in a tallgrass prairie". Bulletin of Entomological Research 102, nr 2 (27.09.2011): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485311000472.

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AbstractGrasshoppers host a number of parasitoids, but little is known about their impact on grasshopper life history attributes or how those impacts may vary with land use. Here, we report on a three-year survey of nine grasshopper species in a tallgrass prairie managed with fire and bison grazing treatments. We measured parasitoid prevalence and the impact of parasitoid infection on grasshopper fecundity to determine if grasshopper-parasitoid interactions varied with management treatment. Adult female grasshoppers were collected every three weeks from eight watersheds managed with different prescribed burning and grazing treatments. Grasshopper fecundity with and without parasitoids was estimated through dissections of reproductive tracts. Dipteran parasitoids from two families (Nemestrinidae and Tachinidae) were observed infecting grasshoppers. We found significant effects of grazing treatment, but not burn interval, on grasshopper-parasitoid interactions. Parasitoids were three times more abundant in watersheds with bison grazing than in ungrazed watersheds, and the relative abundance of nemestrinid and tachinid flies varied with grazing treatment. Parasitoid prevalence varied among grasshopper species from <0.01% infected (Mermiria bivittata) to 17% infected (Hypochlora alba). Parasitoid infection reduced individual grasshopper fecundity, with stronger effects on current reproduction than on past reproduction. Furthermore, current fecundity in parasitized grasshoppers was lower in grazed watersheds compared to ungrazed watersheds. Nemestrinid parasitoids generally had stronger impacts on grasshopper fecundity than tachinid parasitoids, the effects of which were more variable.

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Ueno, Takatoshi, i Dang Hoa Tran. "Neochrysocharis okazakii(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) as a Major Parasitoid Wasp of Stone Leek Leaf MinerLiriomyza chinensis(Diptera: Agromyzidae) in Central Vietnam". Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/179560.

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Liriomyza chinensisis a major pest of Welsh onionAllium fistulosumin Asia but little is known about the abundance of its natural enemies. A field survey was made to explore the major parasitoids ofL. chinensisleaf miner in central Vietnam. An eulophid parasitoid,Neochrysocharis okazakii,comprised more than 95% of parasitoids reared from leaf miner larvae collected in the onion field and 98.3% of leaf miner parasitoids found during searches of onion plants. The mean number of femaleN. okazakiion plants was greater in onion fields with a higher density ofL. chinensis, and, during searches, a greater proportion ofN. okazakiiwas found on onion with moreL. chinensismines, suggesting density-dependent parasitoid aggregation. Melanized dead larvae ofL. chinensiswere more frequently found in onion fields with more parasitoids, demonstrating that melanized leaf miners are a good indicator of parasitoid activity. Mean instant rate of host encounter byN. okazakiiin the field was estimated at 0.077, and the likelihood of a parasitoid finding a host increased with host density. Taken together, these results show thatN. okazakiiis the major parasitoid ofL. chinensis. Usefulness of this parasitoid in stone leek leaf miner management is discussed.

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Karundeng, Aknes, Julliet Merry Eva Mamahit i Daisy Sandra Kandowangko. "Predators And Parasitoids Species Of Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith On Corn Plant In North Minahasa Regency". Jurnal Agroekoteknologi Terapan 5, nr 1 (16.01.2024): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35791/jat.v5i1.46261.

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This study aims to determine the types of predators and parasitoids of S. frugiperda in North Minahasa Regency. This study used descriptive explorative method with 2 stages, namely the sampling stage in the field, 27 samples of S. frugiperda egg groups were taken from corn plantations that were 1-2 weeks old and then maintained in the laboratory until they hatched and samples of predators and parasitoids of S. frugiperda larvae were taken from corn plantations that were 4 weeks old and had not been sprayed with pesticides. The next stage is observation in the laboratory, samples of predators and parasitoids of S. frugiperda are observed by looking at their morphological characteristics then the results of this study are presented in the form of descriptive tables and figures. The results of this study found 5 types of predators on S. frugiperda, namely Tetraqnatha sp. (Aranae: Tetragnathidae), Paederus sp. (Coleoptera: Staphilinidae), Cheilomenes sp. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Neurothemis sp. (Odonata: Libellulidae), and Family Forficulidae Order Dermaptera, for parasitoid species found 2 types of egg parasitoids and 1 type of larval parasitoid, the type of egg parasitoid S. frugiperda is Trichogramma sp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), Telenomus sp. (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) and the type of larval parasitoid Apanteles sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Keywords: Predators, Parasitoids, Spodoptera frugiperda, Corn Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis predator dan parasitoid S. frugiperda di Kabupetan Minahasa Utara. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif exploratif dengan 2 tahap yaitu tahap pengambilan sampel di lapangan, 27 sampel kelompok telur S. frugiperda diambil dari areal pertanaman jagung yang berumur 1-2 minggu kemudian dipelihara di laboratorium sampai menetas dan sampel predator dan parasitoid larva S. frugiperda diambil dari areal pertanaman jagung yang berumur 4 minggu dan belum dilakukan penyemprotan pestisida. Tahap selanjutnya yaitu pengamatan di laboratorium, sampel predator dan parasitoid S. frugiperda di amati dengan melihat karakteristik morfologinya kemudian hasil penelitian ini disajikan dalam bentuk deskriptif tabel dan gambar. Hasil penelitian ini ditemukan 5 jenis predator pada S. frugiperda yaitu Tetraqnatha sp. (Aranae : Tetragnathidae), Paederus sp. (Coleoptera : Staphilinidae), Cheilomenes sp. (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae), Neurothemis sp. (Odonata : Libellulidae), dan Famili Forficulidae Ordo Dermaptera, untuk jenis parasitoid ditemukan 2 jenis parasitoid telur dan 1 jenis parasitoid larva, jenis parasitoid telur S. frugiperda yaitu Trichogramma sp. (Hymenoptera : Trichogrammatidae), Telenomus sp. (Hymenoptera : Scelionidae) dan jenis parasitoid larva Apanteles sp. (Hymenoptera : Braconidae). Kata kunci : Predator, Parasitoid, Spodoptera frugiperda, Jagung

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Sagarra, L. A., C. Vincent i R. K. Stewart. "Body size as an indicator of parasitoid quality in male and female Anagyrus kamali (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)". Bulletin of Entomological Research 91, nr 5 (październik 2001): 363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2001121.

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AbstractThe parasitoid Anagyrus kamali Moursi was recently introduced into the Caribbean as a biological control agent against the hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green. In the laboratory, parasitoid size, as measured by left hind tibia length, was positively correlated several indicators of the parasitoid‘s fitness: longevity, mating preference, fecundity, reproductive longevity, progeny emergence and sex-ratio. When fed ad libidum with honey drops, large male parasitoids lived significantly longer (29.1 ± 6.5 days) than small ones ± 5.7 days). Large females also lived significantly longer (35.4 ± 10 days) than small females (27.9 ± 9.6 days). Females showed no significant mating preference between large and small males. Lifetime fecundity was positively correlated with the size of adult females ranged from 37 ± 21 eggs for small females to 96 ± 43 eggs for large ones. The reproductive longevity, daily oviposition rate, and number of progeny were also higher among large parasitoids. The sex ratio of progeny from small female parasitoids was higher (0.76 ± than that of large individuals (0.47 ± 0.18).

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VanLaerhoven, Sherah L., i Fred M. Stephen. "Host species influences body size and egg load of the bark beetle parasitoid Roptrocerus xylophagorum (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)". Canadian Entomologist 135, nr 5 (październik 2003): 737–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n03-011.

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As early as 1844, it was stated that the size of the host may influence the size of parasitoid adults (Ratzeburg 1844) and that parasitoid size may affect fecundity (Salt 1941). Although positive relationships between host and parasitoid body size have been supported in the literature (Tillman and Cate 1993; Heimpel and Rosenheim 1995), this relationship is not universal to all host–parasitoid systems (King 1991; Morse 1994). Although the relationship between host size and body size of parasitoid adults has been observed for some bark beetle parasitoids (Bushing 1967; Samson 1984), the relationship between body size and fecundity has not been studied for bark beetle parasitoids. Roptrocerus xylophagorum Ratzeburg (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) is a bark beetle parasitoid with a wide host range that includes beetles in the genera Dendroctonus, Ips, and Scolytus (Bushing 1967).

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Segoli, Michal, Miriam Kishinevsky, Tamir Rozenberg i Ishai Hoffmann. "Parasitoid Abundance and Community Composition in Desert Vineyards and Their Adjacent Natural Habitats". Insects 11, nr 9 (1.09.2020): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11090580.

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Parasitoids are important natural enemies of many agricultural pests. Preserving natural habitats around agricultural fields may support parasitoid populations. However, the success of such an approach depends on the ability of parasitoids to utilize both crop and natural habitats. While these aspects have been studied extensively in temperate regions, very little is known about parasitoid communities in desert agroecosystems. We took one step in this direction by sampling parasitoids in six vineyards and their surrounding natural desert habitat in a hyper-arid region of the Negev Desert Highlands, Israel. We predicted that due to the high contrast in environmental conditions, parasitoid abundance and community composition would differ greatly between the crop and the natural desert habitats. We found that parasitoid abundance differed between the habitats; however, the exact distribution pattern depended on the time of year—with higher numbers of parasitoids in the natural habitat at the beginning of the vine growth season and higher numbers in the vineyard at the middle and end of the season. Although parasitoid community composition significantly differed between the vineyard and desert habitats, this only accounted for ~4% of the total variation. Overall, our results do not strongly support the notion of distinct parasitoid communities in the crop vs. the desert environment, suggesting that despite environmental contrasts, parasitoids may move between and utilize resources in both habitats.

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Sasakawa, Kôji, Hiroshi Ikeda, Mitsuaki Sutou, Shigeto Dobata i Motomi Itô. "Parasitism of adult Poecilus versicolor (Coleoptera: Carabidae) by hymenopteran larvae". Canadian Entomologist 143, nr 3 (czerwiec 2011): 211–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n11-007.

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AbstractWe report the presence and effects of parasitoid larvae (Hymenoptera) in the carabid beetle Poecilus versicolor (Sturm). Dissection of one female and one male live host found 33 and 25 hymenopteran larvae, respectively. Although eggs were absent in the female host, likely because of consumption by parasitoids, distinct corpora lutea (present in parous females) were observed. In the male host, reproductive organs were undamaged. These observations suggest incomplete “parasitic castration” of the host beetle by the parasitoids. Parasitism rates in specimens from three localities were markedly low (0%–3.2%). At one locality, only one male and three female beetles containing parasitoids were found; those individuals each contained 9–27 larvae (mean 19.3). These results suggest that hymenopterous parasitoids in adult P. versicolor have little effect on the population dynamics of this beetle. The parasitoid larvae included two morphological types belonging to at least two taxa. Mitochondrial DNA analyses suggested that one of the types represented two species of Microctonus Wesmael (Braconidae: Euphorinae). The result of the genus-level identification, however, requires confirmation because the analyzed data set did not cover all braconid genera.

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Schmidt, Jason M., Tyler S. Whitehouse, Subin Neupane, Sarah Miranda Rezende, Ashfaq Sial i Tara D. Gariepy. "Parasitoid Communities in the Variable Agricultural Environments of Blueberry Production in the Southeastern United States". Journal of Economic Entomology 114, nr 4 (14.07.2021): 1480–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab134.

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Abstract In blueberry crops, there are multiple pest species, and some of those can be suppressed by natural enemies including parasitoid wasps and predators. Parasitoid wasps occur within the environment often tracking pest species for food resources to complete their lifecycle. These small wasps are also sensitive to agricultural environments including agrichemicals, habitat availability, and climate. We investigated how the structure of parasitoid communities varied between organic and conventional blueberry systems, and how the communities of these parasitoids varied within field spatial scales (forested border vs edge vs interior). With the lower intensity of agricultural interventions occurring in organic systems and forested borders, we predicted more stable parasitoid numbers that would be insulated from predicted climate variability. In our study, parasitoids were observed in low abundance in each cropping system, with community structure dependent on both management practice and field position. Unmanaged blueberry fields and forested field borders contained more parasitoid families, and in conventional systems, we saw fewer families present in the field interior as compared to field borders. In this first study to characterize Southern parasitoid communities in blueberry production systems, we observed over 50 genera of parasitoids, with a few dominant families (Braconidae and Ichneumonidae) that would contribute to biological control in blueberry systems. Overall, we captured few parasitoids, which indicates a potential vulnerability in biological control, and the need for further research using other sampling techniques to better understand these parasitoid communities.

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Gwokyalya, Rehemah, Christopher W. Weldon, Jeremy Keith Herren, Joseph Gichuhi, Edward Edmond Makhulu, Shepard Ndlela i Samira Abuelgasim Mohamed. "Friend or Foe: Symbiotic Bacteria in Bactrocera dorsalis–Parasitoid Associations". Biology 12, nr 2 (9.02.2023): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12020274.

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Parasitoids are promising biocontrol agents of the devastating fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis. However, parasitoid performance is a function of several factors, including host-associated symbiotic bacteria. Providencia alcalifaciens, Citrobacter freundii, and Lactococcus lactis are among the symbiotic bacteria commonly associated with B. dorsalis, and they influence the eco-physiological functioning of this pest. However, whether these bacteria influence the interaction between this pest and its parasitoids is unknown. This study sought to elucidate the nature of the interaction of the parasitoids, Fopius arisanus, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata, and Psyttlia cosyrae with B. dorsalis as mediated by symbiotic bacteria. Three types of fly lines were used: axenic, symbiotic, and bacteria-mono-associated (Lactococcus lactis, Providencia alcalifaciens, and Citrobacter freundii). The suitable stages of each fly line were exposed to the respective parasitoid species and reared until the emergence of adult flies/parasitoids. Thereafter, data on the emergence and parasitoid fitness traits were recorded. No wasps emerged from the fly lines exposed to P. cosyrae. The highest emergence of F. arisanus and D. longicaudata was recorded in the L. lactis fly lines. The parasitoid progeny from the L. lactis and P. alcalifaciens fly lines had the longest developmental time and the largest body size. Conversely, parasitoid fecundity was significantly lower in the L. lactis lines, whereas the P. alcalifaciens lines significantly improved fecundity. These results elucidate some effects of bacterial symbionts on host–parasitoid interactions and their potential in enhancing parasitoid-oriented management strategies against B. dorsalis.

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Wardani, Nila, i Amrizal Nazar. "EVALUASI TINGKAT PARASITISASI PARASITOID TELUR DAN LARVA TERHADAP PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA L. (LEPIDOPTERA: YPONOMEUTIDAE) PADA TANAMAN KUBIS-KUBISAN". Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 2, nr 2 (22.03.2002): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.2255-59.

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Evaluation of parasitization of egg and larvae parasitoids to Putella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) on crucifers. Diamond back moth Plutella xylostella is an important pest of cabbage in Indonesia. Trichogramma (egg parasitoid) and Diadegma (larvae parasitoid) are the main parasitoid of diamond back moth. This study was conducted as survey methods in several region in West Java. The results indicated that level of parasitism by egg parasitoid (40.45%) was higher than larvae parasitoid (15.98%).

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Matti, Mrutyunjay V., i Channabasappa P. Mallapur. "Status of Natural Enemies and Entomopathogens on New Invasive Pest Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under Maize Ecosystem in Indian Subcontinent". Environment and Ecology 41, nr 4D (grudzień 2023): 3029–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.60151/envec/grwb9739.

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The pests’ natural enemies were explored by collecting FAW eggs and larvae from maize fields. The survey also revealed natural parasitism by egg parasitoids viz., Telenomus sp. (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) and Trichogramma sp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), gregarious larval parasitoid Glyptapanteles creatonoti (Viereck) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) solitary larval parasitoid Campoletis chlorideae Uchida (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), and a solitary indeterminate larval-pupal (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ichneumoninae) parasitoid. Spodoptera frugiperda is the first host record for G. creatonoti across the globe. The parasitiods were raised in the laboratory for emergence, recognition and effectiveness as natural enemies. Cotesia or Apanteles spp. were concluded to occur since emerged. Besides these, other commonly found bioagents viz., Forficula sp. (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) and entomopathogenic fungus Nomuraea rileyi (Farl.) Samson was also collected in large numbers. Therefore, the occurrence of Spodoptera frugiperda natural enemies in India represents for advocacy campaign to include their use into IPM strategies that enhance and permit bio agents to boom for control of fall armyworm.

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Wharton, R. A., M. K. Trostle, R. H. Messing, R. S. Copeland, S. W. Kimani-Njogu, S. Lux, W. A. Overholt, S. Mohamed i J. Sivinski. "Parasitoids of medfly, Ceratitis capitata, and related tephritids in Kenyan coffee: a predominantly koinobiont assemblage". Bulletin of Entomological Research 90, nr 6 (grudzień 2000): 517–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300000638.

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AbstractArabica coffee was sampled from two sites in the central highlands of Kenya (Rurima, Ruiru) and one site on the western side of the Rift Valley (Koru). Three species of ceratitidine Tephritidae, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), C. rosaKarsch and Trirhithrum coffeae Bezzi, were reared from sites in the central highlands, and an additional species, C. anonae Graham, was recovered from the western-most site. Ten species of parasitic Hymenoptera were reared from these tephritids. The parasitoid assemblage was dominated by koinobionts. Eight of the species are koinobiont endoparasitoids, but only one idiobiont larval ectoparasitoid was reared, and only one idiobiont pupal endoparasitoid. The effects of sampling bias on determination of parasitoid assemblage size associated with concealed hosts are discussed. The potential for use of these parasitoids in biological control is also discussed. Most of the parasitoid species recovered during this study are capable of developing on C. capitata, while several also attack C. rosa. Both flies are notorious pests of tropical and subtropical fruits.

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Liljesthröm, G. G., M. F. Cingolani i J. E. Rabinovich. "The functional and numerical responses ofTrissolcus basalis(Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) parasitizingNezara viridula(Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) eggs in the field". Bulletin of Entomological Research 103, nr 4 (18.03.2013): 441–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485313000023.

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AbstractTrissolcus basalishas been used as a biological control agent of its main host,Nezara viridula, in many countries. However, estimations of its functional and numerical responses in the field are lacking. We estimated the density ofN. viridulaeggs, the proportion of parasitizedN. viridulaeggs, and the number ofT. basalisadults/trap in the field. We transformed relative parasitoid density to an absolute density, and estimated the parasitoid's attack rate,a, and the mutual interference parameter,m, in two ways: following Arditi & Akçakaya (1990) and using the Holling–Hassell–Varley model with two iterative techniques. The attack rate estimated by both methods werea=1.097 anda=0.767, respectively. Parametermvaried less between methods:m=0.563 andm=0.586, respectively, and when used to calculate the number of parasitizedN. viridulaeggs per m2, differences with the observed values were not significant. The numerical response ofT. basaliswas affected by the sex allocation of their progeny and the proportion of adult parasitoids trapped decreased with field parasitoid population density. Theoretical models show that 0<m<1 is a stabilizing factor and previous re-analysis of field data showed a meanmvalue of 0.8. The Holling–Hassell–Varley model leads to a flexible description of the functional response allowing to predict acceptable weekly host parasitism. The pre-imaginal parasitoid survival and the change in sex ratio as a function of parasitoid density adequately describe the numerical functional response of the parasitoid.

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Harush, Avichai, Elazar Quinn, Anatoly Trostanetsky, Aviv Rapaport, Moshe Kostyukovsky i Daphna Gottlieb. "Integrated Pest Management for Stored Grain: Potential Natural Biological Control by a Parasitoid Wasp Community". Insects 12, nr 11 (18.11.2021): 1038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12111038.

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Insect contamination of stored grain is a major concern for the grain industry. Phosphine is currently the standard fumigant used to control insect pests in stored grain. However, some species and populations of insects that infest stored grain exhibit resistance to this fumigant and consumers are concerned about pesticide residues. Therefore, alternative methods of effective pest control are needed to partially or completely replace the use of phosphine. There is growing interest in biological control via parasitoid wasps. However, there is evidence that biological control will succeed only if used alongside other pest-management measures. Integrating biological control with the use of chemical insecticide is challenging and may lead to severe reductions in parasitoid survival and success. The main aim of the current study is to shed light on a greatly overlooked issue: the parasitoid community found in stored grain before and after phosphine treatment. The current study results indicate that there is a high level of parasitoid biodiversity within grain stores. We found common parasitoids at both semi-arid and Mediterranean sites, suggesting that those parasitoids can be active across a wide range of abiotic conditions. This research indicates that the community may recover even though phosphine has an immediate negative effect on a parasitoid community. Nevertheless, the parasitoid wasps seem to reduce the host population insufficiently. In light of the findings presented here, those interested in implementing pest-management strategies that include both phosphine treatment and biological control should consider conservation and augmentation of the naturally occurring parasitoid population. These studies should take into account interactions between and within parasitoid populations and phosphine distribution within the grain storage. To limit the effect of phosphine on the parasitoids, pest-management strategies should also reflect careful consideration of the timing of phosphine treatment and the need for sufficient refuge for the parasitoids.

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Herzog, Jenny, Christine B. Müller i Christoph Vorburger. "Strong parasitoid-mediated selection in experimental populations of aphids". Biology Letters 3, nr 6 (4.09.2007): 667–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0362.

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Clonal diversity in asexual populations may be maintained if different clones are favoured under different environmental conditions. For aphids, parasitoids are an important variable of the biotic environment. To test whether parasitoids can mediate selection among host clones, we used experimental populations consisting of 10 clones of the peach–potato aphid, Myzus persicae , and allowed them to evolve for several generations either without parasitoids or in the presence of two species of parasitoid wasps. In the absence of parasitoids, strong shifts in clonal frequencies occurred, mostly in favour of clones with high rates of increase. The parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae hardly affected aphid densities but changed the outcome of competition by favouring one entirely resistant clone and disfavouring a highly susceptible clone. Aphidius colemani , the more infective parasitoid, strongly reduced aphid densities and dramatically changed host clonal frequencies. The most resistant clone, not a successful clone without parasitoids, became totally dominant. These results highlight the potential of temporal or spatial variation in parasitoid densities to maintain clonal diversity in their aphid hosts.

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Schöller, Matthias, i Sabine Prozell. "Biological control of cultural heritage pest Coleoptera and Lepidoptera with the help of parasitoid Hymenoptera". Journal of Entomological and Acarological Research 43, nr 2 (20.08.2011): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jear.2011.157.

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Natural enemies are known from many cultural heritage pests, but their potential for biological control has been marginally exploited only. In this publication, examples of practical and commercial application of parasitoids of beetles and moths are compiled as well as laboratory research that contributes to the development of guidelines for parasitoid releases. One the one hand there are parasitoids found to occur simultaneously with the pests in buildings, on the other hand there are parasitoids that were never found to be associated with the respective pests but accept them if brought into the cultural heritage environments. An example for the latter is the egg parasitoid Trichogramma evanescens euproctidis, a parasitoid of moth eggs including those of the cloth moth Tineola bisselliella. In semi-field trials it was shown that inundative releases of the egg parasitoids are necessary and that effectiveness is reduced on thick cloth with long strand. Trichogramma release units have to be placed directly on the cloth to be protected. A naturally occuring parasitoid of Anobiid beetles is the pteromalid larval parasitoid Lariophagus distinguendus. This parasitoid was applied against the drugstore beetle Stegobium paniceum in historic libraries and against spider beetles (Ptininae) in historic buildings. A simulation model for the population-dynamics of L. distinguendus and the golden spider beetle Niptus hololeucus is presented. Finally, monitoring of the Braconid larval parasitoid Spathius exarator used for indirect monitoring of the common furniture beetle Anobium punctatum is described. The future potential of parasitoids to control cultural heritage pests is discussed.

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Dicke, Marcel, Antonino Cusumano i Erik H. Poelman. "Microbial Symbionts of Parasitoids". Annual Review of Entomology 65, nr 1 (7.01.2020): 171–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-024939.

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Parasitoids depend on other insects for the development of their offspring. Their eggs are laid in or on a host insect that is consumed during juvenile development. Parasitoids harbor a diversity of microbial symbionts including viruses, bacteria, and fungi. In contrast to symbionts of herbivorous and hematophagous insects, parasitoid symbionts do not provide nutrients. Instead, they are involved in parasitoid reproduction, suppression of host immune responses, and manipulation of the behavior of herbivorous hosts. Moreover, recent research has shown that parasitoid symbionts such as polydnaviruses may also influence plant-mediated interactions among members of plant-associated communities at different trophic levels, such as herbivores, parasitoids, and hyperparasitoids. This implies that these symbionts have a much more extended phenotype than previously thought. This review focuses on the effects of parasitoid symbionts on direct and indirect species interactions and the consequences for community ecology.

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Warsi, Sanower, Ana M. Chicas-Mosier, Rammohan R. Balusu, Alana L. Jacobson i Henry Y. Fadamiro. "Effects of Food Source Availability, Host Egg:Parasitoid Ratios, and Host Exposure Times on the Developmental Biology of Megacopta cribraria Egg Parasitoids". Insects 14, nr 9 (9.09.2023): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14090755.

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Parasitoids forage for hosts in dynamic ecosystems and generally have a short period of time to access hosts. The current study examined the optimal reproductive attributes of two egg parasitoids, Paratelenomus saccharalis Dodd (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) and Ooencyrtus nezarae Ishii (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), of the kudzu bug, Megacopta cribraria Fabricius (Hemiptera: Plataspidae). The proportion of O. nezarae and P. saccharalis adult offspring that emerged from M. cribraria eggs and the sex ratio of the parasitoid offspring were compared among treatments for the effects of different adult parasitoid food sources, host egg-to-adult parasitoid ratios, and host exposure times. Our results suggest that honey solution as a food source, a 21:7 host-to-parasitoid ratio, and three-to-five days of exposure time optimized the production of female O. nezarae offspring. For P. saccharalis, honey solution as a food source, a 21:7 host-to-parasitoid ratio, and one day were optimal for maximizing female offspring production. These findings provide new information about the biology of these egg parasitoids.

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Kraaijeveld, A. R., J. J. M. Van Alphen i H. C. J. Godfray. "The coevolution of host resistance and parasitoid virulence". Parasitology 116, S1 (1998): S29—S45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000084924.

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SummaryHost-parasitoid interactions are abundant in nature and offer great scope for the study of coevolution. A particularly fertile area is the interaction between internal feeding parasitoids and their hosts. Hosts have evolved a variety of means of combating parasitoids, in particular cellular encapsulation, while parasitoids have evolved a wide range of countermeasures. Studies of the evolution of host resistance and parasitoid virulence are reviewed, with an emphasis on work involvingDrosophilaand its parasitoids. Genetic variation in both traits has been demonstrated using isofemale line and artificial selection techniques. Recent studies have investigated the fitness costs of maintaining the ability to resist parasitoids, the comparative fitness of flies that have successfully defended themselves against parasitoids, and the degree to which resistance and virulence act against one or more species of host or parasitoid. A number of studies have examined geographical patterns, and sought to look for local adaptation; or have compared the traits across a range of species. Finally, the physiological and genetic basis of change in resistance and virulence is being investigated. While concentrating onDrosophila, the limited amount of work on different systems is reviewed, and other possible areas of coevolution in host-parasitoid interactions are briefly discussed.

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Earley, Nathan G., Paul K. Abram, Robert G. Lalonde i Chandra E. Moffat. "Ovipositor characteristics differ between two parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Figitidae) of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera, Drosophilidae) in an adventive landscape". Journal of Hymenoptera Research 95 (17.02.2023): 13–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.95.89678.

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Different ovipositor characteristics among parasitoid species that share similar niches are associated with different wasp life histories and selective pressures. The length of wasp ovipositors, for example, can determine the accessibility of hosts that feed at different depths within food substrates. Two parasitoids, Ganaspis brasiliensis and Leptopilina japonica (Hymenoptera, Figitidae), which attack Drosophila suzukii (Diptera, Drosophilidae) in their native range, have been investigated for their suitability for the global biological control of the small fruit pest. Despite their sympatry in microhabitat, the parasitoids have differing host ranges, and D. suzukii parasitism rates by each parasitoid species appear to depend on the fruit species occupied by the host species. Adventive populations of both parasitoids have been detected in the Pacific Northwest of Canada and the United States where they can be found parasitizing D. suzukii larvae in crop and non-crop fruits. We dissected and measured the ovipositors of parasitoids reared from three species of fresh fruits at three sites in southwestern British Columbia, Canada, and investigated the influence of parasitoid species, fruit type, and collection site on ovipositor characteristics. We found that ovipositor length differed markedly between the two parasitoid species and between sites while ovipositor width, and stoutness, differed only between the two parasitoid species, but did not vary among sites or fruit hosts. We discuss how ovipositor morphology traits could be associated with differences in life history and host ranges in the two parasitoid species.

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Kant, R., i W. R. M. Sandanayaka. "Diel asynchrony in reproductive behaviour of Diaeretiella rapae (MIntosh) (Hymenoptera Aphidiidae)". New Zealand Plant Protection 62 (1.08.2009): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2009.62.4772.

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Diaeretiella rapae is an important parasitoid of cabbage aphid Diel variation in emergence mating and oviposition of D rapae was studied in the laboratory to understand the biology and behaviour of the parasitoid The emergence of the parasitoid was recorded hourly in two bioassay rooms set up at 22 2C with 16 h photoperiod from 08002400 hours or from 18001000 hours Greatest emergence was found during the early photophase The parasitoids that emerged during the scotophase did not mate until the following photophase Unmated females that emerged during the scotophase had a lower incidence of host attack and oviposition during the dark However the parasitoids became active and had a greater incidence of mating and oviposition when they were brought into the light even during the scotophase This research suggests that light triggers parasitoid activity and that the parasitoids lose their reproductive fitness if they emerge in the scotophase

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Tawakkal, Muhammad Iqbal, Damayanti Buchori, Akhmad Rizali, Adha Sari i Pudjianto Pudjianto. "Parasitoid Diversity and Host-Parasitoid Interaction in Oil Palm Plantations with Different Management System". Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia 23, nr 1 (3.07.2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpti.31232.

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Parasitoids play an important role in controlling pests, including pests of oil palm. To maximize biological control technique using parasitoids, interactions between pests and parasitoids need to be studied. This research aimed to study parasitoid diversity and host-parasitoid interaction in oil palm plantation with the different management system. The field research was conducted in oil palm plantation own by smallholder and company (PT Humusindo) in Jambi. Sampling insects was conducted by collecting pests (parasitoid host) on oil palm trees with age of four years old. Eggs, larvae, and pupae of the pests were taken directly by hand then reared in the laboratory to know their parasitoids. Pests and parasitoids emerged were identified up to morphospecies or species level. A total of 176 lepidopteran pests consisting of 15 morphospecies and 6 families, and 650 parasitoids consisting of 21 morphospecies and 12 families have been collected. Nine morphospecies of pests from 25 individuals were found in smallholder plantation and 14 morphospecies of pests from 151 individuals in company plantation. Eight morphospecies of 26 parasitoids were found in smallholder plantations and 8 morphospecies of 624 parasitoids in the company plantation. The interaction structure between pests and parasitoids is more complex in the company plantation than in smallholder plantations. Family Braconidae and Ichneumonidae are the most parasitoids found and associated with nettle caterpillars. The different of the management system of oil palm plantation did not affect the diversity and abundance of pests as well as their parasitoids in oil palm plantations.

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Wang, Xiao-Yi, Liang-Ming Cao, Zhong-Qi Yang, Jian J. Duan, Juli R. Gould i Leah S. Bauer. "Natural enemies of emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in northeast China, with notes on two species of parasitic Coleoptera". Canadian Entomologist 148, nr 3 (7.12.2015): 329–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2015.57.

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AbstractTo investigate natural enemies of emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), in northeastern China, we conducted field surveys of ash (Fraxinus Linnaeus (Oleaceae)) trees in semi-natural forests and plantations at variable EAB densities from 2008 to 2013. Our surveys revealed a complex of natural enemies including eight hymenopteran parasitoids and two apparently parasitic Coleoptera, woodpeckers, and several undetermined mortality factors. Parasitoid complex abundance and its contribution to EAB mortality varied with the time of year, type of ash stands, and geographic regions. The egg parasitoid Oobius agrili Zhang and Huang (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and the larval parasitoid Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) were frequently observed in Jilin, Liaoning, and Heilongjiang provinces and in Beijing, but not in Tianjin. Spathius agrili Yang (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), however, was more prevalent near Beijing and further south in Tianjin. Larvae of two species of apparently parasitic beetle, Tenerus Laporte (Coleoptera: Cleridae) species and Xenoglena quadrisignata Mannerheim (Coleoptera: Trogossitidae), were also recovered attacking overwintering EAB in Liaoning Province, with Tenerus species being a dominant mortality agent (~13%). Our findings support the need to consider the geographic origin of insect natural enemies for EAB biocontrol, as well as an expanded foreign exploration for EAB natural enemies throughout its native range in Asia.

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Kaspi, Roy, Svetlana Kontsedalov i Murad Ghanim. "First report of Trichogramma danausicida and Trichogramma cacaeciae reared from Thaumatotibia leucotreta eggs in Israel". ZooKeys 779 (2.08.2018): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.778.25674.

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The egg parasitpoids Trichogrammadanausicida (Nagaraja) and Trichogrammacacaeciae (Marchal) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), are reported for the first time in Israel. Moreover, our discovery of T.danausicida is the first report of this parasitoid species outside of India. The occurrence of those trichogrammatids was first discovered and documented in May 2016 during a survey of egg parasitoids of the False codling moth Thaumatotibialeucotreta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). The field survey was conducted on castor bean fruits (Ricinuscommunis) in the Israeli central coastal plain. The identity of the parasitoids was revealed by means of sequencing a portion of the cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI) of the studied parasitoids.

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Kaspi, Roy, Svetlana Kontsedalov i Murad Ghanim. "First report of Trichogramma danausicida and Trichogramma cacaeciae reared from Thaumatotibia leucotreta eggs in Israel". ZooKeys 779 (2.08.2018): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.779.25674.

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The egg parasitpoids Trichogrammadanausicida (Nagaraja) and Trichogrammacacaeciae (Marchal) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), are reported for the first time in Israel. Moreover, our discovery of T.danausicida is the first report of this parasitoid species outside of India. The occurrence of those trichogrammatids was first discovered and documented in May 2016 during a survey of egg parasitoids of the False codling moth Thaumatotibialeucotreta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). The field survey was conducted on castor bean fruits (Ricinuscommunis) in the Israeli central coastal plain. The identity of the parasitoids was revealed by means of sequencing a portion of the cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI) of the studied parasitoids.

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Wang, Xingeng, Nathalie Ramualde, Ellen M. Aparicio, Matteo Maspero, Jian J. Duan i Lincoln Smith. "Optimal Conditions for Diapause Survival of Aprostocetus fukutai, an Egg Parasitoid for Biological Control of Anoplophora chinensis". Insects 12, nr 6 (9.06.2021): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12060535.

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Aprostocetus fukutai is a specialist egg parasitoid of the citrus longhorned beetle Anoplophora chinensis, a high-risk invasive pest of hardwood trees. The parasitoid overwinters as diapausing mature larvae within the host egg and emerges in early summer in synchrony with the egg-laying peak of A. chinensis. This study investigated the parasitoid’s diapause survival in parasitized host eggs that either remained in potted trees under semi-natural conditions in southern France or were removed from the wood and held at four different humidities (44, 75, 85–93 and 100% RH) at 11 °C or four different temperature regimes (2, 5, 10 and 12.5 °C) at 100% RH in the laboratory. The temperature regimes reflect overwintering temperatures across the parasitoid’s geographical distribution in its native range. Results show that the parasitoid resumed its development to the adult stage at normal rearing conditions (22 °C, 100% RH, 14L:10D) after 6- or 7-months cold chilling at both the semi-natural and laboratory conditions. It had a low survival rate (36.7%) on potted plants due to desiccation or tree wound defense response. No parasitoids survived at 44% RH, but survival rate increased with humidity, reaching the highest (93.7%) at 100% RH. Survival rate also increased from 21.0% at 2 °C to 82.8% at 12.5 °C. Post-diapause developmental time decreased with increased humidity or temperature. There was no difference in the lifetime fecundity of emerged females from 2 and 12.5 °C. These results suggest that 100% RH and 12.5 °C are the most suitable diapause conditions for laboratory rearing of this parasitoid.

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De Moraes, Consuelo M., i Mark C. Mescher. "Interactions in Entomology: Plant-Parasitoid Interaction in Tritrophic Systems". Journal of Entomological Science 34, nr 1 (1.01.1999): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-34.1.31.

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Tritrophic plant-herbivore-parasitoid interactions are highly complex and often tightly interwoven. Plant-parasitoid interactions are a fundamental component of such systems with profound implications both for parasitoid foraging efficiency and plant defense. Chemical, plant-based cues are the dominant cues used by parasitoids in long-range foraging to locate cryptic, highly-dispersed hosts within a complex physical and chemical environment. It is well documented that volatile chemical signals produced and released by plants specifically in response to herbivore feeding play an important role in parasitoid foraging. New evidence suggests that, in addition to being highly detectable and reliable indicators of herbivore presence, herbivore-induced plant volatiles may convey herbivore-specific information that allows parasitoids to discriminate even closely-related herbivore species at long range.

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