Artykuły w czasopismach: „Paradox of Cooperation”

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Kecskes, Istvan. "The paradox of communication". Pragmatics and Society 1, nr 1 (13.08.2010): 50–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ps.1.1.04kec.

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Communication is not as smooth a process as current pragmatic theories depict it. In Rapaport’s words “We almost always fail […]. Yet we almost always nearly succeed: This is the paradox of communication” (Rapaport 2003: 402). This paper claims that there is a need for an approach that is able to explain this “bumpy road” by analyzing both the positive and negative features of the communicative process. The paper presents a socio-cognitive approach (SCA) to pragmatics that takes into account both the societal and individual factors including cooperation and egocentrism that, as claimed here, are not antagonistic phenomena in interaction. This approach is considered an alternative to current theories of pragmatics that do not give an adequate account of what really happens in the communicative process. They consider communication an idealistic, cooperation-based, context-dependent process in which speakers are supposed to carefully construct their utterances for the hearer taking into account all contextual factors and hearers do their best to figure out the intentions of the speakers. This approach relies mainly on the positive features of communication including cooperation, rapport and politeness while almost completely ignores the untidy, trial-and-error nature of communication and the importance of prior contexts captured in the individual use of linguistic units. The overemphasis on cooperative, societal, contextual factors has led to disregard individual factors such as egocentrism and salience that are as important contributors to the communicative process as cooperation, context and rapport. The socio-cognitive approach is presented as a theoretical framework to incorporate and reconcile two seemingly antagonistic sides of the communicative process and explain the dynamic interplay of prior and actual situational contexts.

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Németh, A., i K. Takács. "The paradox of cooperation benefits". Journal of Theoretical Biology 264, nr 2 (maj 2010): 301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.02.005.

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WANG, LIN-GANG, NENG-GANG XIE, GANG XU, CHAO WANG, YUN CHEN i YE YE. "GAME-MODEL RESEARCH ON COOPETITION BEHAVIOR OF PARRONDO'S PARADOX BASED ON NETWORK". Fluctuation and Noise Letters 10, nr 01 (marzec 2011): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219477511000417.

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The paper devises a Parrondo's game model of biotic population with the network as its spatial carrier, trying to analyze individual's coopetition behavior and investigate the degree distribution of the heterogeneity on the impact of coopetition. The populational Parrondo's game model consists of a zero-sum game among individuals and a negative sum game between individuals and environment. In terms of relations of zero-sum game, four patterns are defined: cooperation, competition, harmony, and poor-competition-rich-cooperation. The simulation result shows that: (1) Cooperation and competition in any forms are adaptive behaviors. Cooperative and competitive behavior could convert the losing games combined into winning. The positive average fitness of the population represents the paradoxical feature that the Parrondo's game is counterintuitive. (2) BA Network is conducive to cooperation. (3) The relationships of individual fitness with node degree and with clustering coefficient are disclosed. As for cooperation and poor-competition-rich-cooperation pattern, the greater the node degree is, the greater the individual fitness is. (4) The heterogeneity has a positive impact on cooperation. (5) Population average fitness is the largest when the probability of playing zero-sum game is 1/3 in the Parrondo's game model.

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Kirk, David S., Andrew V. Papachristos, Jeffrey Fagan i Tom R. Tyler. "The Paradox of Law Enforcement in Immigrant Communities". ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 641, nr 1 (30.03.2012): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716211431818.

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Frustrated by federal inaction on immigration reform, several U.S. states in recent years have proposed or enacted laws designed to stem the flow of illegal immigrants into the United States and to facilitate their removal. An underappreciated implication of these laws is the potential alienation of immigrant communities—even law-abiding, cooperative individuals—from the criminal justice system. The ability of the criminal justice system to detect and sanction criminal behavior is dependent upon the cooperation of the general public, including acts such as the reporting of crime and identifying suspects. Cooperation is enhanced when local residents believe that laws are enforced fairly. In contrast, research reveals that cynicism of the police and the legal system undermines individuals’ willingness to cooperate with the police and engage in the collective actions necessary to socially control crime. By implication, recent trends toward strict local enforcement of immigration laws may actually undercut public safety by creating a cynicism of the law in immigrant communities. Using data from a 2002 survey of New York City residents, this study explores the implications of perceived injustices perpetrated by the criminal justice system for resident willingness to cooperate with the police in immigrant communities.

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Finus, Michael, i Matthew McGinty. "The anti-paradox of cooperation: Diversity may pay!" Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 157 (styczeń 2019): 541–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2018.10.015.

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Tsohatzidis, Savas L. "A paradox of cooperation in the conversational calculus". Language & Communication 13, nr 4 (październik 1993): 305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0271-5309(93)90032-i.

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Foster, Kevin R., i Hanna Kokko. "Cheating can stabilize cooperation in mutualisms". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273, nr 1598 (16.06.2006): 2233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3571.

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Mutualisms present a challenge for evolutionary theory. How is cooperation maintained in the face of selection for selfishness and cheating? Both theory and data suggest that partner choice, where one species preferentially directs aid to the more cooperative members of the other species, is central to cooperation in many mutualisms. However, the theory has only so far considered the evolutionary effects of partner choice on one of the species in a mutualism in isolation. Here, we investigate the co-evolution of cooperation and choice in a choosy host and its symbiont. Our model reveals that even though choice and cooperation may be initially selected, it will often be unstable. This is because choice reduces variation in the symbiont and, therefore, tends to remove the selective incentive for its own maintenance (a scenario paralleled in the lek paradox in female choice and policing in within-species cooperation). However, we also show that when variability is reintroduced into symbionts each generation, in the form of less cooperative individuals, choice is maintained. This suggests that the presence of cheaters and cheater species in many mutualisms is central to the maintenance of partner choice and, paradoxically, cooperation itself.

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Arvidsson, Niklas, Sara Jonsson i Lotta Karin Snickare. "The transaction-relationship paradox". Managerial Finance 45, nr 9 (9.09.2019): 1253–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-01-2019-0024.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to apply a capability perspective to investigate the shift from relationship lending to transaction lending in a bank’s corporate segment. The authors investigate the impact of three operational capabilities: assisting corporate clients in funding and business operations, management of customer relationships and internal cooperation on performance in relationship and transaction lending. Design/methodology/approach The primarily empirical material comprises longitudinal survey data, collected on three occasions during the period 1998 throughout 2001 from one of Sweden’s largest banks. Data are analyzed using factor analysis and OLS regression. Findings Results show that the effects of the three capabilities are contingent on the type of lending strategy: In relationship lending, assisting corporate clients has no significant direct effect on performance; however, it has an indirect effect on performance via the management of customer relationships. In transaction lending, assisting corporate clients has a direct effect on performance, and this effect becomes stronger as the transaction strategy is further implemented. The results also show that the direct effect of the management of customer relationships and cooperation on performance is significant in both strategies; however, the relation is stronger in relationship lending compared with transaction lending. Originality/value The findings indicate that the choice of lending strategy is more complex than a choice between a strict relationship strategy and a strict transaction strategy and that a strategy that leads to competitive advantage includes elements of both strategies.

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Hwang, Sung-Ha. "Conflict technology in cooperation: The group size paradox revisited". Journal of Public Economic Theory 19, nr 4 (21.06.2017): 875–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpet.12252.

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Farrand, Benjamin. "The EU-China security paradox: cooperation against all odds?" International Affairs 99, nr 1 (9.01.2023): 392–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiac273.

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Wijen, Frank, i Shahzad Ansari. "Overcoming Inaction through Collective Institutional Entrepreneurship: Insights from Regime Theory". Organization Studies 28, nr 7 (lipiec 2007): 1079–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0170840607078115.

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Studies on institutional change generally pertain to the agency-structure paradox or the ability of institutional entrepreneurs to spearhead change despite constraints. In many complex fields, however, change also needs cooperation from numerous dispersed actors with divergent interests. This presents the additional paradox of ensuring that these actors engage in collective action when individual interests favor lack of cooperation. We draw on complementary insights from institutional and regime theories to identify drivers of collective institutional entrepreneurship and develop an analytical framework. This is applied to the field of global climate policy to illustrate how collective inaction was overcome to realize a global regulatory institution, the Kyoto Protocol.

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De Los Ángeles Lasa, Mariá. "Challenges, Cooperation and Paradoxes in the Coca Cocaine Complex". Politikon: The IAPSS Journal of Political Science 19 (30.04.2013): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22151/politikon.19.1.

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The coca-cocaine complex in South America is one of the most serious threats to the region’s political, economic and social institutions. It has infected the public and private sectors with the virus of corruption and violence, and it has brought about the intervention of extra-regional actors that have contributed to worsening the situation. In the fight against this threat since the 1970s, South American countries have had the support of the United States (US) and the European Union (EU) which, these being the world’s largest consumers of cocaine in the world, has become the source of a vicious paradox: the challenges for South American states arise not only from the coca-cocaine complex itself, but also from the cooperation of those world superpowers in the fight against it. This paper analyses both the cooperation among drug actors –an issue that has historically been overlooked–, and the previously mentioned paradox in the case of South American states and the EU.

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Bahia, Sara. "DA COMPETIÇÃO À COOPERAÇÃO: UM OBJETIVO PRIMORDIAL DOS PROGRAMAS DE ENRIQUECIMENTO". International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology. Revista INFAD de Psicología. 7, nr 1 (30.01.2017): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2014.n1.v7.799.

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Abstract.FROM COMPETITION TO COOPERATION: A PRIMARY OBJECTIVE OF ENRICHMENT PROGRAMS FOR THE GIFTEDIn an era when educational policies continue to foster competition in education, research shows that cooperation is a future educational aim. On the basis of this paradox, it is argued that the enrichment programs for gifted children and adolescents should constitute an opportunity for the development of cooperation. The Enrichment Programs of ANEIS Lisboa and ANEIS Torres Vedras (two delegations of the National Association for the Study and Intervention on Giftedness) are based on principles of cooperative learning: the heterogeneity of participants, the achievement of a common goal through interdependence, the promotion of interaction, individual accountability, equal opportunities and the development of personal and interpersonal skills. This approach aims at the integration of participants in different contexts as well as the development of critical thinking and creative skills through the co-construction, reflection and debate on issues and products carried out throughout the sessions. The results from various sources, questionnaires, scales, interviews and observation, show participation in the proposed activities facilitates communication and negotiation skills, emotional stability as well as the practical application of knowledge.Keywords: Giftedness-Cooperative Learning-Critical Thinking-Creativity-21st Century SkillsResumo.Numa era em que as políticas educativas continuam a fomentar a competição na educação, a investigação mostra que a cooperação é uma competência do futuro próximo. Com base neste paradoxo, os programas de enriquecimento na sobredotação devem constituir uma oportunidade de desenvolvimento da cooperação. A presente comunicação procura mostrar como dois Programas de Enriquecimento de Lisboa e de Torres Vedras que assentam nos grandes princípios da aprendizagem cooperativa: heterogeneidade dos participantes, existência de um objetivo comum alcançado através da interdependência, promoção da interação, responsabilização individual, igualdade oportunidades e desenvolvimento de competência pessoais e interpessoais. promovem a integração dos participantes em diferentes contextos bem como o desenvolvimento de competências de pensamento crítico e criativo através da co-construção, reflexão e discussão conjunta de problemas e produtos realizados ao longo das sessões. A partir de um conjunto de instrumentos de observação e análise das sessões foi possível verificar ganhos em termos cognitivos e sócio-emocionais. A participação colaborativa nas atividades propostas parece ter facilitado o agenciamento e a aplicação prática do conhecimento e conduz à verdadeira cooperação.Palavras-chave: Sobredotação - Aprendizagem Cooperativa – Pensamento Crítico – Criatividade - Competências Do Século XXI

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LOBELL, STEVEN E. "Britain's paradox: cooperation or punishment prior to World War I". Review of International Studies 27, nr 2 (kwiecień 2001): 169–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210500001698.

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In the three decades prior to World War I, Britain's paradox was whether to cooperate with or punish an emerging Germany, Japan, France, Russia, and the United States. Based on the need for economy, successive Chancellors of the Exchequer pressed for cooperating with the contenders. Members of the services and Conservatives pushed to punish these contenders, countering that Britain could afford the rising naval expenditure needed to implement such a programme. The existing literature emphasizes the role of geopolitics, domestic constraints, and individual idiosyncrasies to explain Britain's foreign policy adjustment. I argue that the nature of the foreign commercial policy of the contenders guided Britain's response. Due to the special affinity among commercially liberal states, Britain cooperated with America and Japan, ceding regional governance to both aspiring regional hegemons. Britain did, however, punish non-liberal France, Germany, and Russia by implementing new naval construction programmes and concentrating freed-up military resources until these countries capitulated in their naval challenge.

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Lacy, William B. "The Global Plant Genetic Resources System: A Competition-Cooperation Paradox". Crop Science 35, nr 2 (1995): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1995.0011183x003500020008x.

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Shevtsov, Sergiy. "PARADOX OF VIOLENCE". Doxa, nr 2(38) (18.12.2022): 53–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2410-2601.2022.2(38).283063.

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The article raises the question of the reason for the constant violent actions, primarily military, despite their long-standing universal condemnation. This brings us back to the problem of the ontology of violence. The author proposes an approach based on the understanding of violence as labor with excessive use of force. This is due to the archaic understanding of power as a source of the sacred. Truth is an attribute of the sacred in archaic thinking. Here the connection arises: power - the sacred (deity) - truth. Thus, for the archaic mind, force (and violence), the sacred and truth were different projections-realizations of one essence. The civilizational model of the world suggests a different connection with the sacred and truth. It contains at its core not the principles of a single truth, but the principles of cooperation and coexistence of different positions instead of subordination to one unity. The old model of violence as a way of participating in the truth of the object and confirming the sacred status of the subject is still valid in the modern world. According to the author, violence has an ontological dimension in the old model of a single truth, but cannot have it within the civilizational approach. The modern civilizational model can oppose force only by persuasion or the reasonable use of force. This state of affairs makes it difficult to spread the civilizational approach.

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Pencheva, Mirena. "Criminal Law Cooperation After Brexit and the Paradox of Passenger Name Records: More Comprehensive Cooperation with Less Data Protection?" De Jure 13, nr 2 (21.12.2022): 308–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.54664/gyei2791.

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After Brexit, a certain paradox can be observed in the cooperation between the EU and the UK on passenger name record (PNR) data. While Brexit leads by definition to fewer possibilities for criminal law cooperation between the EU and the UK and to a narrower level of cooperation achieved so far, it seems to have led to an increase in the possibilities for processing PNR data of EU citizens and to lower standards of personal data protection. The question arises as to whether this is compatible with the EU Charter and with the case law of the CJEU.

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Filippou, Dimitra, Céline Buchs, Alain Quiamzade i Caroline Pulfrey. "Understanding motivation for implementing cooperative learning methods: a value-based approach". Social Psychology of Education 25, nr 1 (10.12.2021): 169–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11218-021-09666-3.

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AbstractThe implementation of cooperative learning methods remains disparate in primary schools despite their widely recognised benefits. To explain this paradox, we first examined whether teachers’ inclination towards cooperative methods is motivated by their values. Second, we tested whether motivational connections between personal values and cooperative methods are undermined when conflictual values are activated in context. Study 1 demonstrated that pre-service teachers strongly endorsed self-transcendence (ST) values (expressing compatible motivations with cooperation) relative to self-enhancement (SE) values (expressing conflictual motivations with cooperation). Adherence to ST values was also positively associated with their beliefs and attitudes regarding cooperative methods. In Studies 2, 3 and 4, educational sciences students were experimentally exposed to different contexts, wherein ST, SE or neutral values were promoted. Our findings indicate that when SE values were emphasised in the context, the positive association between ST values and beliefs/attitudes regarding cooperative methods disappeared. Although the results of Study 4 regarding the intention to use cooperative methods were not statistically significant, the pattern was similar. Finally, Study 5 showed that primary school teachers’ ST values positively predicted the self-reported use of cooperative methods when they perceived their school to weakly endorse SE values, but not when they perceived it to strongly endorse them.

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Thomas, Jeffrey P. "Shaking Hands while Trading Punches: Exploring the Paradox of Rival Cooperation". Academy of Management Proceedings 2016, nr 1 (styczeń 2016): 17825. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2016.17825abstract.

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Li, Qian. "A comment on ‘the anti-paradox of cooperation: diversity may pay!’". Applied Economics Letters 28, nr 3 (5.04.2020): 246–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2020.1749759.

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Gnyawali, Devi R., Ravi Madhavan, Jinyu He i Maria Bengtsson. "The competition–cooperation paradox in inter-firm relationships: A conceptual framework". Industrial Marketing Management 53 (luty 2016): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2015.11.014.

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von Bernuth, Caroline, i Harald Bathelt. "The organizational paradox in advertising and the reconfiguration of project cooperation". Geoforum 38, nr 3 (maj 2007): 545–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2006.10.009.

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Abdurrohim, Muhammad, Indah Kumalasari i Fathur Rosy. "The Paradox of Indonesia Cyberspace Policy and Cooperation: Neoclassical Realism Perspective". Jurnal Hubungan Internasional 11, nr 2 (19.09.2022): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/jhi.v11i2.14361.

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Cyberspace is a new threat to state security, especially in Indonesia. The increase of internet users in Indonesia is followed by several policies Jakarta takes to adapt to the fast pace of cyberspace challenges. To manage cyberspace in Indonesia, the government has developed ITE Law to regulate Indonesia’s cyberspace and prevent threats coming from within. Moreover, realizing cyberspace offers many opportunities. The government also cooperates with other actors like ASEAN to formulate ASEAN Digital Masterplan to enhance cyberspace contribution toward economic recovery after the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there is a contradiction between ITE Law, especially the Regulation of the Minister of Communication and Informatics No. 5 of 2020, and the cyberspace cooperation that the government tries to impose. These phenomena raise the question of why the Indonesian government takes contradiction policy on cyberspace between domestic and international levels. This research examined the reason behind the paradoxical policy of the Indonesian government’s ITE Law and the ASEAN Digital Masterplan regarding cyberspace policy, especially from 2016 to 2021. A qualitative method was employed to achieve the objective, with disciplined configurative reports and government documents regarding its cyber policy as the data. The data were analyzed using the theory of neoclassical realism to identify the Indonesian government’s cyberspace policy behavior on domestic and international levels. This paradoxical situation between the domestic and international levels of the Indonesian government’s cyberspace policy was created by how the Indonesian government identified threats. The Indonesian government still faced instability at the domestic level to identify the category of threats toward the regime due to the inheritance of the authoritarian regime government model it experienced before. The opposite response at the international level occurred because the socialization and institutionalization in the region have created strategic culture. Accordingly, the strategic culture of cyberspace has restricted the Indonesian government from applying the same idea at the domestic level. The Indonesian government should adapt the popular strategic culture at the international level to ensure prestige.

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Zivanovic, Igor. "The evolution of altruism and the units of selection problem". Theoria, Beograd 65, nr 1 (2022): 121–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo2201121z.

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In this paper, I will address one of the main issues in the philosophy of biology: the evolution of altruism and cooperation and the related problem of the units of selection. Starting from the so-called paradox of altruism, I will critically examine standard evolutionary models for the resolution of that paradox, and the explanation of altruism. I review and assess the following models of selection: the traditional model of group selection, gene?s eye view, kin selection, direct reciprocity (reciprocal altruism), indirect reciprocity, and the updated version of group selection, namely Sober and Wilson?s model of multilevel selection. In the final section, I will try to explain why is the dismissal of multilevel selection based on its explanatory complexity so common, and why inclusive fitness theory and direct reciprocity are generally sufficient to explain a good part of biological phenomena related to altruism and cooperation.

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Bernauer, Thomas, Tobias Böhmelt i Vally Koubi. "Is There a Democracy–Civil Society Paradox in Global Environmental Governance?" Global Environmental Politics 13, nr 1 (luty 2013): 88–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00155.

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Civil society is commonly assumed to have a positive effect on international cooperation. This paper sheds light on one important facet of this assumption: we examine the impact of environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs) on ratification behavior of countries vis-à-vis international environmental agreements (IEAs). The main argument of the paper focuses on a “democracy-civil society paradox”: although ENGOs have a positive effect on ratification of IEAs on average, this effect decreases with increasing levels of democracy. This argument is counter-intuitive and appears paradoxical because democracy is generally associated both with a more active civil society and more international cooperation. The reasons for this hypothesized effect pertain to public demand for environmental public goods provision, government incentives, and problems of collective action among ENGOs. To test the net effect of ENGOs on countries' ratification behavior, the paper uses a new dataset on ENGOs in the time-period 1973–2006. The results offer strong support for the presumed democracy–civil society paradox.

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Mace, Gordon, i Hugo Loiseau. "Cooperative Hegemony and Summitry in the Americas". Latin American Politics and Society 47, nr 4 (2005): 107–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2005.tb00330.x.

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AbstractAs an instrument for governance, summitry is a novel structure for the management of contemporary hemispheric regionalism in the Americas. Such regionalism is a clear case of the “structuralist paradox” of international cooperation. This article attempts to explain the particular asymmetric regionalism in the Americas by using the concept of cooperative hegemony. The underlying hypothesis is that the U.S. government, since 1994, has pursued a strategy of cooperative behavior, at least in regard to power sharing, in two specific phases of hemispheric regionalism: agenda setting and institutionalization. This study tests the hypothesis through a content analysis of the main documents produced at the Miami, Santiago, and Québec summits, then relates these findings to the progress of institutionalization from 1994 to 2003.

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Keller, Joshua, Jeffrey Loewenstein i Jin Yan. "Culture, Conditions and Paradoxical Frames". Organization Studies 38, nr 3-4 (24.01.2017): 539–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0170840616685590.

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Organizational contexts establish conditions that seem paradoxical, but it is unclear when and why individuals notice and respond to paradoxes. This paper examines how culture and conditions interact to shape whether individuals adopt paradoxical frames. We used cooperation and competition among American and Chinese people as an empirical setting. Using lay categories as a theoretical framework, we predicted that specific types of conditions, colleagues’ outperforming and out-helping each other, can be interpreted as instances of both cooperation and competition. Study 1 found that Chinese people were more likely than Americans to adopt paradoxical frames in just these types of conditions and that the cross-cultural difference was attributed to differences in paradox mindset. Study 2 found that in just these types of conditions, Chinese people were more likely to engage in simultaneously cooperative and competitive behavior and this was attributed to differences in the use of paradoxical frames. Thus, culture and conditions interact to influence when people invoke and apply paradoxical frames.

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Akkaya, Sahin, i Ufuk Bakkal. "Carbon Leakage Along with the Green Paradox Against Carbon Abatement? A Review Based on Carbon Tax". Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia 20, nr 1 (1.06.2020): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/foli-2020-0002.

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AbstractResearch background: Insufficient global cooperation in carbon pricing against global warming has the risk of global carbon emissions rise because of carbon leakage. The effect of a carbon tax on the present supply of fossil fuels is also valuable in regard to global carbon emissions.Purpose: The purpose of this study is to gain more insights into the effects of carbon leakage along with the green paradox on global carbon emissions by reviewing the relevant literature.Research methodology: We provide the problem linked to carbon leakage and the green paradox in the introduction. Then, the effects of carbon leakage and the green paradox on global carbon emissions are elaborated separately. Finally the mutual effects of carbon leakage and the green paradox are reviewed comprehensively.Results: It is seen that various factors like interest rates, fossil fuel extraction costs, the fossil fuel reserves to be discovered in the future and carbon tax incidence are equally important determinants in regard to global carbon emissions.Novelty: This study provides an insight into the mutual effects of carbon leakage and the green paradox on global carbon emissions by reviewing the primary literature in the field.

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Mitsilegas, Valsamis. "The Future of EU-UK Security Cooperation: The Triple Paradox of Brexit". Archives de politique criminelle 41, nr 1 (2019): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/apc.041.0189.

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Chemingui, Mohamed Abdelbasset, i Terry Roe. "Petroleum revenues in Gulf Cooperation Council, countries and their labor market paradox". Journal of Policy Modeling 30, nr 3 (maj 2008): 491–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2007.09.005.

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Mulder, Laetitia B., Eric van Dijk, David De Cremer i Henk A. M. Wilke. "Undermining trust and cooperation: The paradox of sanctioning systems in social dilemmas". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 42, nr 2 (marzec 2006): 147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2005.03.002.

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Beerkens, Eric, i Marijk van der Wende. "The paradox in international cooperation: Institutionally embedded universities in a global environment". Higher Education 54, nr 1 (20.04.2007): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10734-007-9061-9.

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Pinheiro, Romulo, i Kirsi Pulkkinen. "Collaborating for Competition?" Scandinavian Journal of Public Administration 27, nr 1 (15.03.2023): 53–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.58235/sjpa.v27i1.11206.

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This paper unpacks the complexities, ambiguities and paradoxes associated with the concepts of competition and collaboration, using the academic profession in the Nordic countries as an empirical case. We relied on paradox theory to reconceptualise the relationship between competition and cooperation. Our analysis focused on the ways in which university-based academics in the Nordic countries navigate the tensions and paradoxes associated with the interplay between competition and cooperation while shedding light on the nestedness among various levels of analysis. The findings not only show that the competition–cooperation interplay is strongly present throughout multiple contradictory tensions, but also that the tensions and paradoxes identified act as push factors in the further development of the academic profession and the HE systems in which these are embedded.

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Austen, Agata. "In Search of Network Sustainability: A Multi-Level Perspective on the Paradox of Cooperation and Competition in Networks". Sustainability 10, nr 7 (13.07.2018): 2466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10072466.

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Although all types of public collaborative networks are aimed towards taking joint actions, relations between partner organizations are not always so explicit. Referring to the dialectic approach, it may be concluded that a number of tensions are identifiable in networks, among them tension between cooperation and competition. Understanding the tensions that exist in inter-organizational networks is vital for a proper comprehension of networks, as continuous efforts to meet multiple, divergent demands should bring about long–term sustainability. To examine the phenomena of cooperation and competition in interorganizational networks, a quantitative study on local partnerships among Social Welfare Centers and other public institutions and non-profit institutions was conducted. Using a multi-level perspective, the research introduces orientation towards both cooperation and competition at different levels of analysis and examines the tensions between them. The results of this research show that there is a mutual influence of orientation towards competition/cooperation, both at the individual level and the network level, and that there is a mutual influence of the reconciliation of the contradictions between orientation towards cooperation and orientation towards competition both at the individual level and the network level.

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Dutta, Dev K. "Firms in turbulent environments and the competition-cooperation paradox: insights from Hegel's dialectic". International Journal of Management Concepts and Philosophy 6, nr 4 (2012): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmcp.2012.051454.

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Zeitoun, Mark. "The Conflict vs. Cooperation Paradox: Fighting Over or Sharing of Palestinian-Israeli Groundwater?" Water International 32, nr 1 (marzec 2007): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060708691968.

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Barrett, Lee C. "Human Striving and Absolute Reliance upon God: A Kierkegaardian Paradox". Kierkegaard Studies Yearbook 26, nr 1 (11.08.2021): 139–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kierke-2021-0007.

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Abstract Kierkegaard’s texts suggest countervailing construals of the respective roles of divine and human agency in an individual’s pursuit of blessedness. Kierkegaard paradoxically suggests that the individual must depend entirely on grace for the birth and development of faith, and at the same time actively cultivate faithful dispositions and passions. But Kierkegaard did not espouse Calvinistic divine determinism, or Pelagian autonomous human agency, or the Arminian cooperation of the two. For Kierkegaard, the ostensible paradox of grace and free will is not a cognitive conundrum but is rather a challenge to integrate faith as a gift and faith as a task.

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Prakasa, Satria Unggul Wicaksana, Sholahuddin Al-Fatih i Hasnan Bachtiar. "Islam and Maritime Security Cooperation Zone for Combating Terrorism: An Overview of Islamic Legal Thought". Mazahib 22, nr 1 (7.06.2023): 65–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21093/mj.v22i1.6134.

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This article aims to examine the phenomenon of cooperation among Southeast Asian countries in dealing with the case of maritime security and counter-terrorism. The study uses the legal approach covering both international law and Islamic law perspectives. The finding of this article reveals that the implementation of the ASEAN Convention on Counter-Terrorism (ACCT) plays a crucial role in combating terrorism in the context of maritime security. Furthermore, relevant ASEAN member state authorities need follow-up support to enhance cooperation. The supports are important to counter, prevent, and suppress terrorism, terrorist organizations, associations, and networks' plans of the act. Yet, the implementation of ASEAN cooperation has faced the challenging reality of the paradox of maritime sovereignty among states in the region. The problem is likely encouraged by the factor of the internal political dynamics within each state involving the instrumentalization of the issue of national security. Instead of remaining as the problem on the surface, the conceptual initiation of the cooperation forged by religious doctrine such as ta'awun may be considered.

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Clavier, Paul. "Unbelievable Preambles: Natural Knowledge and Social Cooperation in Accepting Some Revelation". European Journal for Philosophy of Religion 10, nr 3 (17.09.2018): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24204/ejpr.v10i3.2610.

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There is a claim that the natural capacity for knowledge of God (but not its completeexercise) is presupposed by the acceptance of any revelation. We inquire into whether this restriction is satisfactory. There is a stronger claim that natural knowledge has to be exercised for someone to welcome revelation. There is an additional claim that natural knowledge of the preambles to the articles of faith may not obtain. We try to make sense of this doctrine of impeached preambles to faith, by considering its phrasing not only in the first person singular (where it generates a Moore’s paradox), nor in the third person (where the role of the preambles still remains problematic), but in the first plural person, where it may suggest a kind of social division of tasks among believers.

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Costa, Caroline Cordova Bicudo da, Edgar Reyes Junior i Fagner de Oliveira Dias. "Coexistence of Trust and Opportunism in Cooperative Projects between Startups". Organizações & Sociedade 29, nr 101 (czerwiec 2022): 258–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1984-92302022v29n0011en.

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Abstract The present study starts from the paradox of the coexistence of opportunism and trust in inter-organizational relationships to analyze how opportunism and trust develop in cooperative projects between startups. To this end, six projects were analyzed through ten semi-structured interviews in the context of a multiple case study. The data were analyzed using the content analysis technique. As the main results, the coexistence of trust and opportunism was observed, and it did not threaten the continuity of cooperative projects. An interactional dynamic of opportunistic bases emerged when it was not possible to identify the integrity-based dimension of trust. Also, opportunism was not identified in projects where the integrity-based dimension existed. The study contributes to the literature on the coexistence of trust in the context of cooperation. There are no records of empirical research on the phenomenon in cooperative projects. The results also offer practical implications about the relevance of competencies that allow the management of relationships with different levels of trust and opportunism.

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Liu, Leigh Anne, Hao-Chieh Lin, Wan-Chien Lien i Ming-Jer Chen. "TMT Strategic Cohesion in the Paradox of Competition and Cooperation: A Moderated Mediation Model". Academy of Management Proceedings 2017, nr 1 (sierpień 2017): 16076. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2017.16076abstract.

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Shikhov, D. V. "UK in European Security: New Opportunities or a Path to Nowhere?" MGIMO Review of International Relations, nr 2(41) (28.04.2015): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-2-41-102-107.

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Despite Britain's traditionally ambivalent attitude towards deepening the European integration, in late 1990s - early 2000s London seemed to become a key driver of European defence and security cooperation. T.Blair and J.Chirac have set ambitious goals including the development of a European Rapid Reaction Force. However most targets have never been achieved due to concerns about undermining NATO's role and Britain's as well as other EU members' unwillingness to undertake real steps to strengthen defence and security cooperation. In late 2000s the prospects of defence integration within the EU were becoming more and more vague, and the D.Cameron coalition government opted for bilateral Franco-British cooperation. Today London remains among key opponents to the European defence but the paradox is that EU defence integration without Britain - which is along with France a leading EU military power-would be at least ineffective. With US activities gradually shifting from Europe to Asia-Pacific Britain may well take the lead in European security without any damage to Transatlantic Relations.

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Li, Rui, Neng Gang Xie, Rui Meng i Gang Xu. "Cooperation Research on Zero-Sum Game". Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (grudzień 2010): 3338–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.3338.

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The current studies have shown the necessary condition for cooperation is that cost must be less than benefit and there is no cooperation for zero-sum game in which cost is equal to benefit. Here we design a game model of Parrondo’s Paradox in a biological group, which embodies two kinds of game relationships between individual survival and evolution process: 1) the zero-sum game between individuals is called game A. Game A reflects the competition-cooperation relationship between individuals and we set up six kinds of behaviors, such as cooperation, competition, inaction, harmony, matthew and poor-competition-rich-cooperation; 2)the negative-sum game between individuals and environments is called game B. Game B is divided into two branches with different winning probability according to divisibility relations between the total capital and modulus called M. The results of computer simulation and analysis to game A and game B show that: 1) All manner of cooperation and competition behaviors are the adaptive behaviors .2) Harmony behavior has a low social efficiency and lower average fitness of the population, but it is fair and has a high proportion of population viability, equitable distribution of individual fitness.3) Matthew behavior will lead to individual fitness distribution of the population to a extreme imbalance and bring about a Matthew effect which means " Strong individual has always been strong and the weak individual has always been weak". Matthew approach has a lower proportion of the population living. 4) poor-competition-rich-cooperation behavior has the best adaptability, so cooperation of zero-sum game may be carried out by poor-competition-rich-cooperation behavior.

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Mijares, Víctor M. "Paradox of Autonomy: explaining flaws in South American security regionalism". Estudos Internacionais: revista de relações internacionais da PUC Minas 8, nr 1 (24.04.2020): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5752/p.2317-773x.2020v8n1p89-106.

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This article addresses the South American difficulties in the consolidation of regional security mechanisms, developing an analytical model called the “paradox of autonomy.” This model was developed through the application of inductive and deductive methodological criteria, based on the observation of recent historical reality, in order to attain generalizable lessons from a relevant case for South American international relations. Also using rational analytical approaches that allow their construction within the framework of rational action problems. From the observation on the emergence and performance of the South American Defense Council, it was identified that the allowing conditions for a novel mechanism of regional (collective) autonomy for security, paradoxically offered opportunities for the exercise of national (individual) autonomy. The article concludes that, although the conditions for the paradox of autonomy are difficult to overcome in cases of security regionalism initiatives, there are possibilities to do so. The key would be in less ambitious institutional designs that recognize the inherent difficulties for institutional regional security cooperation in South America.

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Da Silva, Camila Morás, i Isabel Christine Silva De Gregori. "DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL: O PARADOXO DO INSTITUTO DA PROPRIEDADE INTELECTUAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: THE PARADOX OF THE INSTITUTE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY". Revista de Direito, Inovação, Propriedade Intelectual e Concorrência 4, nr 1 (21.08.2018): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.26668/indexlawjournals/2526-0014/2018.v4i1.4267.

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Resumo: O presente estudo teve por escopo analisar em que medida os mecanismos de tutela internacional da Propriedade Intelectual podem tornar-se um óbice ao desenvolvimento sustentável. No primeiro momento elucidou-se a questão do desenvolvimento sustável e a disparidade entre países do Norte e Sul no atendimento à necessidade de progresso tecnológico sustentável. Posteriormente, o sistema de resguardo à Propriedade Intelectual no âmbito internacional. Utilizou-se o método de abordagem dedutivo e da pesquisa bibliográfica auferindo que, diante da necessidade de harmonizar-se as demandas de desenvolvimento social e ambiental, o momento é de necessidade de abertura legislativa e cooperação mútua. Abstract: The present study aimed to analyze the extent to which the mechanisms of international protection of Intellectual Property can become an obstacle to sustainable development. In the first moment the issue of sustainable development and the disparity between North and South countries in meeting the need for sustainable technological progress was elucidated. Subsequently, the system of protection to Intellectual Property in the international scope. The method of deductive approach and bibliographical research was used, given the need to harmonize the demands of social and environmental development, the moment is the need for legislative opening and mutual cooperation.

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Rodgers, Dingili, i Yungungu Alice. "Communication and collaboration: The paradox of the new competency-based curriculum in Kenya". American Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 8, nr 2 (25.08.2023): 199–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.55284/ajssh.v8i2.961.

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Successful implementation of any curriculum is built on the foundation of teamwork among all stakeholders. The new competency-based curriculum in Kenya encourages teachers and parents to cooperate and communicate in order to implement the curriculum effectively. Being a new innovation, the channels of communication and collaboration used to involve parents in their children’s education have not been empirically documented. The purpose of this study is to explore communication and collaboration between teachers and parents for effective implementation of the competency-based curriculum in Kenya. Schramm’s interactive model of communication was adopted as a theoretical framework for this study. This study adopted a qualitative approach that used a grounded theory research design based on a relativist–interpretivist paradigm. The study focused on teachers and parents in 395 primary schools in Vihiga County. Purposive and snowball sampling strategies were used in selecting 12 teachers and 20 parents. Data was collected using interviews and analysed inductively using the grounded theory method of analysis through the constant comparative technique. The study established that teachers and parents were reported to be using several communication channels. These channels proved ineffective because each one used them separately. These frequently led to breakdowns in communication and insufficient teacher-parent cooperation in the implementation of the curriculum. Therefore, this study suggests using a number of complementary communication and cooperation methods. It is hoped that the implementation of the findings of these studies will enhance parent-teacher communication and collaboration.

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Silva, Sergio Da, Barbara Espirito Santo, Felipe Sigrist i Raul Matsushita. "Reciprocity vs. Commitment in Bank Marketing Strategies". International Journal of Business, Economics and Management 9, nr 3 (22.06.2022): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/62.v9i3.3030.

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The purpose of this paper is to evaluate how bank marketing should respond to the banker’s paradox. Customers who need money the most are at risk for credit and thus unable to obtain a loan, according to the banker’s paradox. This relates to the fact that the client-bank relationship is based on reciprocity rather than commitment. We hypothesize that a bank marketing strategy that masquerades as a commitment will be more successful because clients have evolved to understand the superiority of commitment and be receptive to its cues. We put this marketing strategy to the test by sending 413 participants advertising slogans based on two types of cooperation: reciprocity and commitment. Our findings indicate that people do prefer bank slogans that imply a commitment-based relationship. The work’s novelty comes from its contribution to the literature of an evolutionary psychology perspective, which shows that commitment is a critical component of a successful bank marketing strategy.

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Larcher-Goscha, Agathe, i Kareem James Abu-Zeid. "Bùi Quang Chiêu in Calcutta (1928)". Journal of Vietnamese Studies 9, nr 4 (2014): 67–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/vs.2014.9.4.67.

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This article studies the trip to India in late 1928 by Bùi Quang Chiêu and Dương Văn Giáo. These two Vietnamese leaders of the Constitutionalist Party had been invited to participate in the Forty-third Indian National Congress as the “delegates from Annam.” On this occasion, they solemnly affirmed Vietnamese solidarity with the Indian anticolonial cause. Using Bùi Quang Chiêu’s long travelogue published upon his return to Cochinchina, this article seeks to underline a paradox: the Indian non-cooperation movement was discovered and described enthusiastically by the leader of the main Vietnamese nationalist movement who was himself in favor of colonial collaboration with the French in Indochina during the interwar period. This essay analyzes this paradox and presents a mirror-like reflection on the internal breakdown of colonial nationalism in Indochina in the 1920s and how French colonizers undermined it from the outside in a never ending quest for docile Vietnamese interlocutors.

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Dillen, Kristiaan. "A paradox of maritime access. Origins and consequences of subaltern relations in a medieval portuary system in Flanders: The case of Hoeke". International Journal of Maritime History 30, nr 3 (sierpień 2018): 405–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871418780940.

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Although unlimited maritime access was advantageous, medieval seaports and port cities were often incorporated into serving a capital city’s economy by providing merchants with a transport system. Consequently, these outports had a subaltern relationship with that city, as well as tenuous relations of competition and cooperation with neighbouring outports. This article focuses on the hierarchical relations underpinning the subaltern status of Hoeke, one of the smallest cities in the medieval County of Flanders and a minor hub in the portuary system in the Zwin. This city is used as a case study through which to explore the paradox of maritime access and development. The research indicates that arguments of geography are insufficient to explain the development of these portuary systems, utilizing new insights from recent historical research and other academic disciplines. I will demonstrate that Hoeke’s retreat from the waterfront put an end to the paradox of maritime access, resulting in the transformation of the hierarchy in its relations with the capital city.

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Javed, Humayun, i Ameer Abdullah Khan. "STATE OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY AND US-INDIA STRATEGIC COOPERATION: AN UNEASY CONVERGENCE?" Journal of Contemporary Studies 11, nr 1 (19.12.2022): 133–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.54690/jcs.v11i1.217.

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US-India strategic convergence is likely to continue as Washington considers New Delhi a counterweight to Beijing. However, rising right-wing authoritarianism in India under BJP, marked by the erosion of democratic standards, has created a policy paradox for Biden Administration- how to balance geopolitical interests with democratic ideals. The paper argues that adhering to the norms of democracy is not just a normative concern but also a strategic concern for the US as democracy is one of the core pillars that sustains US- led liberal world order. However, the Biden administration does not appear to emphasize democratic values and human rights performance to the point where strategic convergence would seem at risk. Thus Biden administration is likely to emphasize democratic values and human rights performance to the point where strategic convergence would not seem at risk. Keywords: Democracy, Human Rights, Balancing, US, India, China

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