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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Pakistan – History, Military"
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Malik, Anas. "Pakistan in 2013". Asian Survey 54, nr 1 (styczeń 2014): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2014.54.1.177.
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Pakistan made history, with an elected civilian government completing a full five-year term in 2013 before turning power over to another elected civilian government. Elections saw high turnout, bringing Nawaz Sharif back as prime minister. Though former military ruler Pervez Musharraf was placed on trial, the Pakistani military remains politically powerful. Violent militancy, power shortages, and fiscal problems continued, but an IMF loan should provide some short-term relief.
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Ganguly, Sumit. "Pakistan, the Other Rogue Nation". Current History 103, nr 672 (1.04.2004): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2004.103.672.147.
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Zarychta, Stanisław. "Pakistan – w kierunku triady jądrowej". Gdańskie Studia Azji Wschodniej, nr 23 (31.08.2023): 209–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23538724gs.23.013.18159.
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Pakistan’s political history since independence has been marked by periods of political, military, and economic instability. The Kashmir conflict remains a major point of contention between Pakistan and India. Therefore, Pakistan’s main reason for building nuclear weapons was as a deterrent against Indian conventional forces and a desire to gain a leading role in the Islamic world. The assessment of Pakistan’s nuclear potential is very difficult due to limited information and lack of transparency on the part of military circles. While all nuclear-weapon states generally aim to lower their capabilities, Pakistan, on the contrary, is developing its nuclear capabilities and is currently projected to have around 165 nuclear warheads. Pakistan’s nuclear policy is to have a full spectrum of nuclear weapons from tactical nuclear weapons to strategic ballistic missiles. The main task of Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal is deterrence. Pakistan’s nuclear doctrine is intended firstly to deter India from aggression against Pakistan and secondly to prevent India from being victorious in the event of war. The basis of the doctrine of the Pakistani armed forces is the current concept of offensive defense, which assumes conducting a counterattack, the purpose of which will be to transfer a possible armed conflict to the enemy’s territory.
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Shamim, Muhammad Usman, Saira Iqbal i Muhammad Shoaib. "Socio-Economic Requisites of Democracy: A Historical Analysis of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan". Global Economics Review VIII, nr I (30.03.2023): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(viii-i).02.
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This article thoroughly examines the socio-economic requisites of democracy in Pakistan in the context of history. It also discusses the social and economic difficulties faced by Pakistan's due to the uneven transition of democracy. The objective of the research is to evaluate the element related to democratic change and moreover, it investigates the variables connected with Pakistan's democracy decline. This article is descriptive and analytic in nature. Secondary sources such as books, research papers, newspaper articles and reports are used for the collection of data. The findings suggest that Pakistan’s democratic transition has been faced many socio-economic problems. This critical socio-economic condition challenges local security allows the military to take over Pakistan several times. The involvement of the army in government raises many issues related to socio-economic challenges. The patterns of continuous ascent in Islamic hostility have also been related with the military government. Pakistan promotes the religion-nationalistic institution worked as local armies to achieve foreign policies to come up with military governments; therefore, socio-economic development was neglected. As the result, Pakistan faced an uneven transition to democracy.
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Ahmad, Sajjad, i Muqarrab Akbar. "A Historical Review of Governance in Pakistan (1947-2012)". Global Regional Review IV, nr I (30.03.2019): 320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2019(iv-i).34.
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The present study attempts to make an understanding of the concept of governance and evaluation of its micromacro level of application on governance in Pakistan by using the model of McCawley theory 2005. In this article overall performance of governance regimes in the history of the country with the major focus on the administrative-economic results of their policies and decisions have been highlighted. Pakistans political stability, social development and industrial growth have always been victimized by its interest groups and elites. Pakistans weak political leaders always created a gap between civil and military bureaucracy and caused military regimes to rule the state. Today the countrys development is partial. The literacy rate is going better and active media have come up. Civil society has become assertive. The middle class is flourishing and Pakistanis are having the desire to have peace in the country.
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YAŞAR, Mahmut. "Pakistan Talibanı ve Pakistan’ın Ulusal Güvenliğine Etkileri". International Journal of Social Sciences 6, nr 26 (19.09.2022): 188–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.52096/usbd.6.26.12.
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Pakistan has a common history with the Indian Sub-continent, which has a geostrategic location and natural richness and is home to many civilizations, cultures and states. It was founded in 1947 after Britain left the region, but due to the border conflict with India, it faced many problems as conflicts occurred. The invasion of Afghanistan by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the Twin Tower attacks on September 11, 2001 are two events that deeply affected Pakistan as well as neighboring Afghanistan. Pakistan had to deal with many problems after these two events, which were the main reason for the ongoing active problems in the region, and went through a period of civil war. The main reason for these conflicts is the foreign fighters who immigrated from Afghanistan and took shelter in the tribes region of Pakistan after the military operation carried out by the USA in Afghanistan, and the Pashtun people hosting these fighters and Pakistan's conflict. As a matter of fact, as a result of this conflict, the Pakistani Taliban was established, and then there was a series of events that affected Pakistan's national security. Keywords: Pakistan, 9/11, Pakistani Taliban, al-Qaeda, USA
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Bibi, Ambreen, Saimaan Ashfaq, Qazi Muhammad Saeed Ullah i Naseem Abbas. "Ajoka Theatre as an Icon of Liberal Humanist Values". Review of Education, Administration & LAW 4, nr 1 (31.03.2021): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/real.v4i1.135.
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There are multiple ways of transferring human values, cultures and history from one generation to another. Literature, Art, Paintings and Theatrical performances are the real reflection of any civilization. In the history of subcontinent, theatres played a vital role in promoting the Pakistani and Indian history; Mughal culture and traditions. Pakistani theatre, “Ajoka” played significant role to propagate positive, humanitarian and liberal humanist values. This research aims to investigate the transformation in the history of Pakistani theatre specifically the “Ajoka” theatre that was established under the government of military dictatorship in Pakistan in the late nineteenth century. It was not a compromising time for the celebration of liberal humanist values in Pakistan as the country was under the rules of military dictatorship. The present study is intended to explore the dissemination of liberal humanist values in the plays and performances of “Ajoka” theatre. The research is meant to highlight the struggle of “Ajoka” theatre for enhancing the message of love, tolerance, peace and other humanist values in such crucial time.
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Shabir, Sobia, i Amna Mahmood. "Political Struggle for Women Empowerment: A Comparative Study of General Zia-ul-Haq and General Pervez Musharraf Era". Journal of Humanities, Social and Management Sciences (JHSMS) 1, nr 1 (31.12.2020): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.jhsms/1.1.2.
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Women are more than half of the Pakistan’s population, still they are discriminated in every field of life due to prevailing misinterpreted religious teachings, patriarchy, and feudalistic values, which are deep rooted in society. Alongside, since independence military role remain dominant in political that have strong impact in shaping women status in Pakistan. For this reason, in this article comparison of two military regimes General Zia-ul-Haq and General Pervez Musharraf is made to explore how their policies shaped the women status in Pakistani society. General Zia was determined to Islamized the legal system of Pakistan, which limited the women within four walls of home; no practical political will was there to empower women. The introduction of Hadood Ordinance 1979, blocked women social, economic, and political liberation. Contrary to this, General Pervez Musharraf’s era seems a cure, as political efforts made, for instance, Women Protection Bill 2006 introduced, and vague legislation introduced in General Zia era redrafted. First time in history of Pakistan women quota that much increased in National Assemblies of Pakistan, their political struggle to get rights encouraged, which resulted in women-oriented legislation. All this effort, remained very helpful to enhance the women social, economic, and political position at national level, and portrayed soft image of Pakistan internationally.
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Parray, Tauseef Ahmad. "UNDERSTANDING PAKISTAN THROUGH LITERATURE: AN APPRAISAL OF SOME RECENT WORKS". Analisa: Journal of Social Science and Religion 4, nr 01 (1.08.2019): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18784/analisa.v4i01.778.
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Pakistan, the second most populous Muslim country after Indonesia, came into existence on 14th August, 1947, after the division of ‘British ruled’ India (into India and Pakistan). From its inception to present, Pakistan covers a tumultuous history of over seven decades (1947-2019). Among the South Asian countries, no quantum of scholarship has been produced on any country—its history, religion (and religious ideology), politics, society, economy, and other inter-related issue—than Pakistan. This has continued in the last as well as present century. From 2010 onwards, numerous works have been published on religion, politics, military, and other aspects of Pakistan. This review essay, in this framework, presents an assessment of three (3) important works, published in between 2012 and 2014, so that to get clues of the various aspects of Pakistan. Following a descriptive-cum-comparative methodological approach, the books assessed and examined are: Ian Talbot, Pakistan: A New History (2012); Faisal Devji, Muslim Zion: Pakistan as a Political Idea (2013); and Aqil Shah, The Army and Democracy: Military Politics in Pakistan (2014). This assessment helps us in understanding the diverse scholarly approaches adopted (by different scholars) in studying Pakistan. The major argument put forth is that such an appraisal helps us not only in understanding the history of Pakistan, but in analyzing the issues and challenges Pakistan has faced, and is facing—be they religious, political, or related to military and security, etc.
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f, f. "The Relations Between Pakistan and China". Asia Social Science Academy 11, nr 2 (31.10.2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.51600/jass.2023.11.2.1.
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Pakistan and China are exemplary friends and their friendship has laid down indelible imprints on the sand of time. the geographical proximity and mutuality of interest are the key features to promote bilateral relations. Pakistan and China assisted each other in different sectors to strengthen their friendship bond. Pakistan and China have a deep-rooted strategic partnership that spans several decades. This partnership is based on shared interests and mutual trust. Both countries have consistently supported each other on various international issues. Economic cooperation is a cornerstone of the Pakistan-China relationship. China has invested significantly in Pakistan through various infrastructure projects, including the China- Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), which aims to connect China's western region to Pakistan's Gwadar Port through a network of roads, railways, and pipelines. This project is seen as a game-changer for Pakistan's economy. Pakistan and China have a growing trade relationship. China is one of Pakistan's largest trading partners, and the two countries have signed several agreements to enhance trade and reduce trade barriers. Pakistan exports various products to China, including textiles, agricultural goods, and seafood. Pakistan and China have a long history of military cooperation. they conduct joint military exercises and have a history of arms sales and technology transfers. the collaboration in the defense sector is an important aspect of their relationship. Both countries often support each other diplomatically in international forums. there are cultural exchanges and cooperation in education and tourism between the two countries. This helps foster people-to-people connections and a better understanding of each other's cultures. the Pakistan-China relationship has significant geopolitical implications, particularly in the context of South Asia. It provides China with a strategic foothold in the region and access to the Arabian Sea through Gwadar Port. It also has implications for the balance of power in the region, particularly in relation to India.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Pakistan – History, Military"
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Colbert, Jason M. "Pakistan, madrassas, and militancy". Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/2385.
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Following the terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001, the US government has become increasingly concerned with madrassas, Islamic schools of religious education in Central and South Asia. U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld and Secretary of State Colin Powell denounced these religious seminaries as radical institutions which produce Islamic jihadists capable of threatening U.S. national security and interests. This thesis examines the history and current evidence available on madrassas. Specifically, it analyzes their historical evolution and reaction to domestic, regional and international developments. It finds that there is little evidence to connect madrassas to transnational terrorism, and that they are not a direct threat to the United States. However, Pakistani madrassas do have ties to domestic and regional violence, particularly Sunni-Shia sectarian violence in Pakistan and the Pakistani-Indian conflict in Kashmir, making them a regional security concern. This thesis argues that the best path for combating religious militancy in madrassas is by helping to create better alternatives to madrassa education, including state run and private schools, and not by targeting madrassas directly.
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Samad, A. Yunas. "The Pakistan-US Conundrum: Jihadists, the Military and the People - The Struggle for Control". 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5245.
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NoPresents an analysis of Pakistan that features five players: the people, the army, the Islamists, the politicians and the Americans. This book explains how a series of alliances borne of political and strategic expediency between the US and the military have continually undermined the state to the extent that its very existence is in jeopardy.
Książki na temat "Pakistan – History, Military"
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Group, International Crisis, red. Pakistan: Madrasas, extremism and the military. Brussels: International Crisis Group, 2002.
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Haq, Noor ul. Making of Pakistan, the military perspective. Islamabad, Pakistan: National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research, 1993.
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Ṣiddīqī, ʻAbdurraḥmān. The military in Pakistan, image and reality. Lahore: Vanguard, 1996.
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Khan, Z. A. The way it was. Karachi: Ikram ul-Majeed Sehgal, 1998.
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ʻĀlam, Sayyid. Maʻrakah-yi Kārgil: 1948-1999. Islāmabād: Nikhār Pablīkeshanz, 2001.
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Hussaini, S. M. A. Air warriors of Pakistan. Lahore: Ferozsons, 1989.
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Cloughley, Brian. A history of the Pakistan army: Wars and insurrections. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1999.
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Cloughley, Brian. A history of the Pakistan army: Wars and insurrections. Wyd. 2. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2000.
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Cloughley, Brian. A history of the Pakistan army: Wars and insurrections. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1999.
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Sharma, Rajeev. Pak proxy war: A story of ISI, bin Laden, and Kargil. New Delhi: Kaveri Books, 1999.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Pakistan – History, Military"
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Braithwaite, John. "Containing Deadly Systems". W Simple Solutions to Complex Catastrophes, 219–67. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48747-7_7.
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AbstractForest preservation and planting are vital to climate restoration, war and epidemic prevention, and therefore to financial crisis prevention. Regional organizations like ASEAN avoid the historic pitfalls of European alliance structures that induced world wars. Nuclear weapons-free zones can be expanded. Treaty diplomacy is needed toward guardrails among great powers on the use of AI in warfare and cyber-attacks that cross red lines. Track II diplomacy options exist for great powers to persuade nuclear weapon states like Pakistan on why it is in their interests to dismantle Pakistan’s nuclear weapons. Maximally large, temporary coalitions of states can reveal an escalating responsive regulatory pyramid that invokes chokepoint trade sanctions and conventional military action by many states as a last resort that never needs to be used.
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Taylor, David. "19. Pakistan". W Politics in the Developing World. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198737438.003.0019.
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This chapter examines Pakistan’s history of regime change and the military’s persistent influence on the country’s political process. Since its creation in 1947, Pakistan has struggled to develop a system of sustainable democratic government. It has experienced a succession of regime changes, alternating between qualified or electoral democracy and either military or quasi-military rule. Underlying apparent instability and regime change in Pakistan is the dominance of the military in domestic politics. Ironically, the reintroduction of military rule has often been welcomed in Pakistan as a relief from the factional disputes among the civilian political leaders and accompanying high levels of corruption. The chapter first traces the history of Pakistan from independence to its breakup in 1971 before discussing government instability from 1971 to 1999. It then describes General Pervez Musharraf ’s rule from 1999 to 2008 and concludes with an assessment of the armed forces’ continuing involvement in Pakistani politics.
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Markey, Daniel S. "South Asian Entanglements". W China's Western Horizon, 43–79. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680190.003.0003.
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This chapter describes the intersection of Chinese, Pakistani, and Indian economic, political, and security interests in South Asia. It introduces a brief history of China’s interaction with South Asia and explains how China now perceives its economic, security, and diplomatic goals in the region. It shows how Pakistanis are divided in their perceptions of China and the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, and explains how the military and other establishment figures are likely to gain from closer ties, while liberals and other opposition groups stand to lose. It details how Pakistan benefits from its military ties to China, especially in the areas of nuclear weapons, missiles, and drone technologies, and how China’s diplomatic support shields Pakistan from international pressure. It evaluates that on balance, China’s deepened regional presence and economic, military, and diplomatic assistance to Pakistan will tend to raise tensions with India.
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Esposito, John L., i John O. Voll. "Pakistan". W Islam and Democracy, 102–23. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195102963.003.0006.
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Abstract Since Pakistan’s creation as a Muslim homeland in 1947 and its designation in its first constitution in 1956 as an Islamic Republic, religion, identity, and democracy have been intertwined and manipulated. Military and non-military governments, religious and secular political parties, and movements with competing agendas and interests have appealed to Islam in order to enhance their legitimacy and to support a variety of political, economic, and class interests. Islam has been adopted in diverse ways to legitimate both government and opposition movements and to rationalize a range of options from democracy to political and religious authoritarianism. Pakistan has struggled throughout its history with the meaning of its Islamic identity. A review of Islam’s role in Pakistan reveals the diverse and often contending usages of lslam, its linkage to democratic claims, and, too often, its potential to divide rather than unite. At a time when many are concerned about political Islam and its compatibility with democratization, Pakistan offers an extensive test case of the role of religion in government-engineered state building, as well as of the ability of Islamic organizations to participate within the political system. The Jamaat Islami and other Islamic organizations and parties in Pakistan offer an instructive example of participation within a multiparty political system. Islam and democracy have often existed more in form than substance, subordinated to political and social realities rather than acting as a controlling or guiding forces.
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Stuart, Casey-Maslen. "Introduction". W The Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780192882639.003.0001.
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This chapter introduces the concept, history, and negotiation of the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention. The treaty rules are not yet customary due to the absence of several major military powers from membership of the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention, in particular China, India, Pakistan, the Russian Federation, and the United States. According to historians, the work involved in tunnelling through to the weakest part of a castle’s fortifications was highly dangerous to the miners. The chapter also considers anti-personnel mines’ clear military utility, referencing the defence review of South Africa in 1997. It notes the most widespread use of anti-personnel mines in low-intensity non-international armed conflict following the Second World War.
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Singh, Zorawar Daulet. "Cold War on India’s Doorstep, 1954". W Power and Diplomacy, 99–142. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199489640.003.0004.
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The importance of 1954 is recognised but rarely dwelled into by historians. That year was a major inflexion point in South Asian history, when the regional balance of power was altered by a US decision to craft a military alliance with Pakistan. During this same period, a crisis was also brewing in South East Asia where both blocs jostled to preserve their strategic positions both on the Indochinese battlefield and through a great power conference at Geneva. For Nehru, these twin crises were perceived as indivisible fronts of a common threat to Asian security and it triggered an unorthodox but creative strategy that aimed to counter the expansion of the Cold War in the region.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Pakistan – History, Military"
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MAȚOI, Ecaterina. "TEHREEK-E-LABBAIK PAKISTAN (TLP): A RISING EXTREMIST FORCE, OR JUST THE TIP OFA LARGER RADICALISED ICEBERG IN THE AFPAK REGION?" W SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND EDUCATION IN THE AIR FORCE. Publishing House of “Henri Coanda” Air Force Academy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19062/2247-3173.2021.22.26.
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As if Afghanistan’s recent takeover by the Taliban was not a sufficiently significant development in the AfPak region, reports indicate that Pakistan’s largest sect, the Barelvi, becomes increasingly militant and aggressive by the day. Since another important movement for the history of Pakistan - the Deobandi - has generally dominated the violence scene in Pakistan starting with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, this trend within the Barelvis is a rather new one, and deserves extensive attention keeping in mind the recent regional developments. Taking a brief look at the history of the region to identify possible causes that may underlie the radicalization of the Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan group, it is noticeable that emergence of Barelvi and Deobandi sects in the first part of 19th century was part of a larger movement to revive Islam in the Northern part of India, but in different manners: while the Deobandi kept close to the Hanafi Sunni teachings in a strictly manner, the Barelvi sect – developed itself mostly on a Sufi legacy, as part of a larger Folk Islam inherited from the Mughal Empire, despite being itself affiliated with the Hanafi school. The differences between the two movements became critical from a political, security and social point of view, especially after the division of British India in 1947, into two states: a Muslim one – present day Pakistan, and a Hindu one - present day India, of which, the first, became the state entity that encompassed both Hanafi revivalist movements, Deobandi and Barelvi. Therefore, this research is aiming to analyse the history of Barelvi movement starting with the British Raj, the way in which Pakistan was established as a state and the problems that arose with the partition of the former British colony, the very Islamic essence of the new established state, and the potential for destabilization of Barelvi organisations in an already prone to conflict area. Consequently, the current research aims to identify the patterns of latest developments in Pakistan, their historical roots and causes, main actors active in religious, political and military fields in this important state-actor from the AfPak region, in order to project Barelvi recent in a defined environment, mainly by using a historical approach.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Pakistan – History, Military"
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Ihsan, Yilmaz, i Raja Ali M. Saleem. The nexus of religious populism and digital authoritarianism in Pakistan. European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS), grudzień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55271/pp0016.
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Pakistan has a turbulent political history. In the seven decades since its creation, the country has faced four military-led dictatorships and another two decades under indirect military rule. Given this political trend, authoritarianism is not a novel phenomenon in the country. Digital authoritarianism, however, is a relatively new domain of oppression. This paper looks at how a political party in power and the “establishment” (military elite and its civilian collaborators) have been increasing the control of digital mediums as well as weaponizing space. This dual control and usage allow for growing digital authoritarianism. Using the case study of Imran Khan’s government (2018-2022) and its collaboration with the military establishment in enforcing digital authoritarianism, this article uses four levels of an assessment of internet governance in Pakistan (whole network level, sub-network level, proxy level, and user level). In addition, the role of Khan’s political party’s Islamist populist outlook in contributing to authoritarianism is also discussed. A lot of censorship happens around ideas of protecting Islam and Pakistan’s Muslim identity. The review also finds that the establishment uses not only religion but also ultra-nationalism and fears of foreign attacks, primarily by “Hindu” India, as means to closely surveil and curb the rights of citizens which it deems not worthy of trust. Our results find that Pakistan’s digital space is highly oppressive where ideas of religion, ontological insecurity, and nationalism are weaponized to legitimize the state’s growing authoritarianism.
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Yilmaz, Ihsan, i Raja M. Ali Saleem. Military and Populism: A Global Tour with a Special Emphasis on the Case of Pakistan. European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS), marzec 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55271/pp0010.
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Although populism has become a focus of research in the last decade, there hasn’t been much academic work on how militaries around the world have reacted/acted to the rise of populist leaders. There is some timeworn research on the relationship of militaries in Latin America with various left-wing populist governments and leaders from the 1930s to 1970s. Given that populism was largely understood in the context of left-wing politics, with the rise of right-wing populism, the literature on the military and populism needs to be advanced by studying the relationship between right-wing populism and the military. This article aims to address this gap by looking at the right-wing populism case study of Pakistan, where the military has actively participated in the rise of a religious populist leader. To situate the case study within the larger literature of the military and populism, the dynamics and history of military associations with populism and populist leaders are revisited in the article’s first part.