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Rashidin, Md Salamun, Sara Javed, Bin Liu i Wang Jian. "Ramifications of Households’ Nonfarm Income on Agricultural Productivity: Evidence From a Rural Area of Pakistan". SAGE Open 10, nr 1 (styczeń 2020): 215824402090209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020902091.
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Currently in Pakistan, the agricultural sector contributes up to 18.9% of the gross domestic product. As a result of modern science and technology development, the source of income for rural households is changing, and nonfarm income has become the main source. This study investigates the effects of nonfarm income on agricultural productivity in rural Pakistan. The current research data has been collected from the Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLM) 2017–2018, a sample of rural and urban areas designed by Pakistan’s Federal Bureau of Statistics. In this study, Heckman’s two-step procedure is used to tackle the problems of endogeneity and selection bias. The first phase, probit regression, indicates that the accessibility of banks, motorable roads, forest, telecommunication substructure, montane grasslands, and shrublands zone affects nonfarm income. On the other hand, the second stage, ordinary least squares regression, found a negative impact of nonfarm income on per capita farm income. Furthermore, results reveal that nonfarm household income has a significant positive effect on agricultural productivity.
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Haleem, Saima, Mukhtyar Nabi i Saddam Hussain. "DETERMINANTS OF WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN PAKISTAN: EXPLORING NEW DIMENSIONS FROM PSLM (2013-14)". Pakistan Journal of Social Research 03, nr 04 (31.12.2021): 473–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v3i4.309.
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Women empowerment means the authority provided to women in order to challenge any situation. This study aims to identifying the determinants of women empowerment and decision making. The data was collected from Pakistan Social & Living Standard Measurement Survey (PSLM), the Federal Bureau of Statistics, and Government of Pakistan 2013-14 by using some proxies obtainable in the data set. Here the researchers used Logistic Regression model to examine the determinants of women empowerment. Secondary data was obtained from various books, articles, journals, officially published data, factual accounts, and research work of researchers. The actual sample contains data from PSLM (from the ninth round of surveys conducted till June 2015). The descriptive statistics show the determinants which affect women’s decision making in the fields of employment and education. These factors are marital status, level of education, age factor, employment status, wealth quintiles, regions, and provinces. Keywords: Determinants, Women, Empowerment, PSLM
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Lorenz, Christian, i Muhammad Khalid. "Regional Health Accounts for Pakistan—Provincial and District Health Expenditures and the Degree of Districts Fiscal Autonomy on Health." Pakistan Development Review 48, nr 4II (1.12.2009): 621–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v48i4iipp.621-634.
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Since May 2009 the first National Health Accounts (NHA) for Pakistan have been finalised and published by Federal Bureau of Statistics (FBS) in cooperation with German Technical Cooperation (GTZ). This paper goes one step ahead the report and analyses in more detail the regional differences in health expenditure structures in Pakistan. The further analyses can be divided into four parts: health expenditures in provinces (Provincial Health Accounts, PHA),2 Punjab provincial and district governments health expenditures and its comparison with ADB figures, all districts of Pakistan and comparison between total district government and provincial government expenditure for each province; the latter calculation is applied as indication for the degree of fiscal autonomy of the districts in each province. Consequently we first analyse the provincial health expenditures by Financial Agents and compare them between the provinces which leads to very heterogeneous results (Section 2); the per capita health expenditures differ from 16 to 23 USD. Secondly, we compare NHA results on Punjab district government with available ADB results and present differences in methods as possible reasons for different results (Section 3). Third, we analyse district data of all district governments in all four Pakistani provinces on the level of detailed function codes in Section 4; the aim is to discover regional differences between districts of the same as well as of different provinces. Fourth, we analyse in Section 5 the degree of fiscal autonomy on health of the districts in each province; therefore we review the ordinance description and compare total district government with total provincial government expenditures per province. Finally we give recommendations for future rounds of NHA in Pakistan regarding formats and necessities of detailed health expenditure data collection to ensure evidence based decision-making not only on federal, but also on provincial and district level. JEL classification: H51, I1, O18, R1 Keywords: National Health Accounts, Health Expenditures, Regional Comparison, Regional Accounts, Fiscal Autonomy, Pakistan
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Fatima, Iqra. "The Spatial-Temporal Epidemiology Analysis of Tuberculosis Disease in Pakistan". Quaid-e-Awam University Research Journal of Engineering, Science & Technology 19, nr 2 (27.12.2021): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.52584/qrj.1902.10.
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In spite of significant progress, Tuberculosis (TB) remains a severe national health issue in Pakistan. However, very few studies have been done on the spatial-temporal appraisal of tuberculosis in Pakistan. The current research is based on the TB disease dataset obtained from the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics from 2015 to 2019. The study has focused on assessing Spatial epidemiology statistics and spatial autocorrelation to detect the cluster of TB disease incidence rate (IR) for New, Male, Female and total TB patients at the provincial and territorial levels in Pakistan. The spatial epidemiology statistics and spatial autocorrelation have been measured the temporal trends of TB IR as per 100,000 population. The global and local spatial autocorrelation of TB IR has been analyzed by the global Moran's I and Anselin's Local Moran's using GeoDa software and ArcGIS tool. Results show that the IR in Pakistan exhibited a progressive decrease from 2015 to 2018 but showed an unexpected increase in 2019. It is also critically analyzed that the Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Azad Jammu Kashmir provinces and territories (Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) were at high risk with a higher rate of IR. Despite this, the fact is that the global spatial autocorrelation has not been identified across provincial and territorial levels in Pakistan. In the five-year study, datasets have been observed the individual provinces and territories that indicate negative local spatial autocorrelation of Low-high provinces and territories, such as Balochistan and Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT).
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Jamal, Haroon. "Poverty and Inequality during the Adjustment Decade: Empirical Findings from Household Surveys". Pakistan Development Review 42, nr 2 (1.06.2003): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v42i2pp.125-135.
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This paper investigates the dynamics of poverty and inequality in Pakistan over the period 1988-1999. The year 1988 was the year of the first formal Structural Adjustment Lending (SAL) from the World Bank and the IMF. Thus, this analysis facilitates the debate regarding the impact of SAL on household welfare and poverty. This is done by analysing changes in poverty and inequality from two comparable household income and expenditure surveys conducted by the Federal Bureau of Statistics. Our findings show an increase both in the Gini coefficient from 0.34 to 0.38 and poverty incidence from 24 to 30. The dynamic decomposition of the poverty index indicates the relative importance of growth and redistribution effects in explaining the changes in poverty. The analysis reveals that increase in poverty can mainly be attributed to low economic growth during the decade especially in the rural areas.
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Ikram, Amir, Qin Su i Muhammad Asif Sadiq. "Technical Efficiency And Its Determinants: An Empirical Study Of Surgical Instruments Cluster Of Pakistan". Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 32, nr 2 (1.03.2016): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v32i2.9601.
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The empirical study was conducted to examine the technical efficiency of SMEs in the export-oriented surgical instruments cluster of Sialkot, Pakistan. Data was collected through survey questionnaire from 70 SMEs, listed at Census of Manufacturing Industries and Federal Bureau of Statistics. For data analysis, Cobb-Douglas production function and an inefficiency model based on stochastic frontier approach, estimated through OLS method, were employed. The study draws on its inferences from both the qualitative and quantitative data. There was widespread prevalence of technical inefficiencies and provision of indirect inputs, labor, material and energy found to be significant determinants of technical efficiency. Moreover, this export-oriented industrial cluster is shown to experience constant returns to scale. Provision of proximate specialized surgical instruments and raw-material market is recommended. We also put forward cluster-specific suggestion of pursuing of 'triple-helix+1' model, whereby local community is integrated with the traditional triple helix forces. It was further advocated that by reducing the prevailing technical inefficiency in this urbanization economy, productivity can be enhanced by as much as 5.6%. Implications for cluster-based industries are drawn from our findings to provide pragmatic recommendations to both policymakers and prospective entrepreneurs.
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Afzal, Mohammad, M. Framurz Khan Kayani i Ali Mohammad. "An Indirect View of the Fertility Changes in Pakistan". Pakistan Development Review 32, nr 4II (1.12.1993): 1081–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v32i4iipp.1081-1096.
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An effort has been made in this paper to arrive at some indirect assessment of the levels of birth rates from the same survey data sources. The basis for this approach is the internal consistency of the relevant data.! Ideally, in a series of repeated surveys the variations ih the estimated yearly rates should be only due to the sampling and non-sampling errors and not due to changes in the numerator or the denominator resulting from variations in the procedures of measurement. In other words, such changes if any, should not result in any erratic variations between the estimates of one series to the other, otherwise they may lead to some erroneous inference about the levels and trends. Let us now have a look at the crude birth and death rates for Pakistan, as reported from different surveys. From Table 1 it is clearly evident that the crude birth rate as reported from yearly repeated surveys (pGE, PGS and PDS series), show erratic up and down movements over the years 1962-65 through 1988, with the level of the rate remaining over 40 [Farooqui and Farooq (1971); Government of Pakistan (1973, 1973a, 1974, 1974a, 1981, 1983, 1983a, 1984, 1984a, 1990)]. The corresponding crude death rates also show year to year variations but in their case a net decline of 4.1 is evident over the same period. Table 1 also shows that the estimates of Crude Birth Rate (CBR) reported by 1975 Pakistan Fertility Survey (PFS), 1984-85 Pakistan Contraceptive Prevalence Survey (PCPS) and 1990-91 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) show a declining trend [Government of Pakistan (1976, 1986); NIPS (1992»). Moreover the levels of CBR given by these types of one-time surveys are reported to be lower than the rates reported for the nearest years by the series of yearly repeated surveys. Conducted by Pakistan Federal Bureau of Statistics.
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Ur-Rehman, K., i A. Zimmer. "Spatial patterns of child health inequalities in the province of Punjab, Pakistan : the advantages of GIS in data analysis". Geographica Helvetica 65, nr 1 (31.03.2010): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-65-36-2010.
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Abstract. In the overall context of the Millennium Development Goals, Pakistan recently embarked on an effort to collect data regarding crucial issues of human development, such as health, poverty, and education. For their effective use in policy formulation, however, governments need to find ways of making the data easily accessible. It is argued that Geographical Information Systems (GIS) can play a major role here. The data compiled by the Federal Bureau of Statistics at district level are used in this article to develop maps on child health in the province of Punjab. Correlation allows identification of major determinants of the health status of children. For Punjab, these appeared to be mother literacy, vaccination coverage, and the incidence of poverty. Interpolation (here using Inverse Distant Weighting) and variable aggregation allow for easy identification of areas of concern at sub-district level. For Punjab, the areas most affected by negative health conditions are in the southwest. It is argued that health disparities can be addressed more effectively with the help of the presented methods because they help to close the information gap in the health system and contribute toward more precise allocation of funds and infrastructure.
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Mahmood, Naushin, i Syed Mubashir Ali. "The Disease Pattern and Utilisation of Health Care Services in Pakistan". Pakistan Development Review 41, nr 4II (1.12.2002): 745–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v41i4iipp.745-757.
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Health is an important aspect of human life. In general terms, better health status of individuals reflects reduced illnesses, low level of morbidity, and less burden of disease in a given population. It is widely recognised that improved health not only lowers mortality, morbidity and level of fertility, but also contributes to increased productivity and regular school attendance of children as a result of fewer work days lost due to illness, which in turn have implications for economic and social well-being of the population at large. Hence investing in health is vital for promoting human resource development and economic growth in a country [World Bank (1993)]. A view of Pakistan’s health profile indicates that the sector has expanded considerably in terms of physical infrastructure and its manpower in both the public and private sector. This has contributed to some improvement in selected health status indicators over the years. However, the public health care delivery system has been inadequate in meeting the needs of the fast growing population and in filtering down its benefits to the gross-root level. As such, Pakistan still has one of the highest rates of infant and child mortality, total fertility and maternal mortality when compared with many other countries in the Asian region [UNDP (2000)]. Due to low priority given to social sector development in the past and low budgetary allocations made to the health sector, the evidence shows that mortality and morbidity indices have not reduced to the desired level and large gaps remain in the quality of care indicators, especially in rural areas [Federal Bureau of Statistics (2000)].
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Khan, Mahfooz, Saif Ul amin i Sammandar Khan. "The effects of tax structure on economic growth: evidence from Pakistan economies". International Journal of Accounting and Economics Studies 4, nr 2 (5.07.2016): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijaes.v4i2.6249.
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The study has been conducted to find out the effects of fiscal policy on economic growth in Pakistan. Taxes are selected as a proxy for fiscal policy and GDP as an economic growth. In this study the time series analysis was used. The study used difference tests and models. These tests were unit root test which at different levels was used for stationary and non-stationary another model was co-integration the co-integration further used two tests one was trace test and second one was maximum Eigen value these tests used for long run relationships between taxes and GDP. In this study Granger causality test lag 2 and lag 4 also for checking the effects of taxes on Pakistan GDP. The objectives of the study are to find out the relationship between taxes and GDP and also to testify the random walk between taxes and GDP. The data were taken from 1981 to 2012. Taxes dealt as an independent and GDP as a dependent variable of the study. Data were collected from Federal Bureau of Statistics and from Pakistan economic survey. Time series analysis is used to testify the hypotheses. The results of Unit Root test shows that GDP and taxes has a unit root and it is non- stationary. GDP has no unit root and stationary in nature at 1st difference level. The results of co-integration shows that both taxes and GDP no co-integration at 5 % level of significance. The study concludes that there is no Co-integration between taxes and GDP. The study recommended that fiscal policy should make according to the situation of the country and the tax rate should be change with a smooth rate.
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Niazi, Iram Mansoor, i Zarnish Hussain. "Moderating Role of Socio-Economic Status: Health Belief Model and Preventive Measures for COVID-19 Pandemic in Pakistan". Life and Science 4, nr 3 (4.07.2023): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.37185/lns.1.1.280.
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Objective: The current study aimed at understanding the health belief model approach about the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan and the assessment of preventive measures against this pandemic. Secondly, the study aimed to examine the role of socioeconomic status as a moderator between the health belief model and preventive measures.Study Design: Cross-sectional study.Place and Duration of Study: The study was cross-sectional and grounded on data gathered by google forms throughout Punjab province from March 2021 to May 2021.Materials and Methods: For assessment of the health belief model World Health Organization (WHO) Cosmo protocol was adopted, and the preventive strategies questionnaire was implemented through Google Forms. It analyzed how socioeconomic status moderates the influence of the health beliefs of the Pakistani population on preventive behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. Socio-economic status was assessed through the Federal Bureau of Statistic (FBS) data with the addition of four other dimensions (total family members, monthly income, total earning members in the family, residence personal/rent).Results: Results revealed that constructs of the health belief model, Susceptibility (p<.002), Severity (p<.026), Self-efficacy (p<.000), and Knowledge about the disease (p<.006) revealed a statistically predictive relationship with the predictive measures taken by Pakistani population. Furthermore, moderating analysis exposed that although some constructs of the health belief model played a significant role in the use of predictive measures, but role of socioeconomic status as a moderator in their relationship was non-significant.Conclusion: The current study's findings revealed that although different health beliefs like susceptibility, severity, self-efficacy, and knowledge predict the taking of preventive measures, socio-economic status as moderating variable played a non-significant role on the relationship between health beliefs and preventive measures taken by Pakistani population.
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Manzoor, Ihsanullah, Danish, Murad Ali Magsi, Zubair Ahmed Shekh, Asif Ali Kaleri, Muzamil Hussain Awan, Vijai Kumar, Nazia Baloch i in. "Growth and Yield Response of Sesame to Different Nitrogen Levels". Journal of Arable Crops and Marketing 5, nr 1 (28.12.2023): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/jacm.005.01.4799.
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Sesame, a traditional oilseed crop with a long history, has been cultivated and utilized by people in Pakistan for centuries. In the year 2018, a total of 29,000 tons of sesame seeds were harvested from an extensive area of 176,000 acres in Pakistan. According to the Federal Bureau of Statistics for the year 2018-19, Pakistan exported sesame seeds worth Rs. 9,000 million, which amounted to a staggering 366 million tons (AARI 2018-19). Nitrogen (N) is an element that is prominently included in the metabolic system of plants. Protein is involved in all of the activities that are necessary for the survival of plants, and an important component of protein is nitrogen. During Kharif season 2022 to study the expansion and yield reaction of Sesame to various nitrogen concentrations. The treatments included T1 = Control (Zero N), T2 = Recommended dose N @60 kg ha-1, T3 = 10% higher than recommended N and T4 = 10% less than recommended N. The field experiment was carried out to assess during June 2022–2023. at the experimental students farm department of Agronomy at Sindh Agricultural University, Tandojam. The experiment was set up using a Randomized Complete Block Design with a plot size of 3 x 4 12 m2. The sesame crop fertilized with treated with T4 = 10% less than recommended N resulted 158.57 cm plant height, 8.00 branches plant-1, 151.04 capsules plant-1, 33.35 number of seeds capsule-1, 3.61 g seed index (1000-grain weight), 41.26 g seed yield plant-1 and 761.08 kg ha-1 seed yield. Similarly, T3 = 10% higher than recommended N resulted 132.63 cm plant height, 6.47 branches plant-1, 145.45 capsules plant-1, 30.34 number of seeds capsule-1, 3.31 g seed index (1000-grain weight), 36.35 g seed yield plant-1 and 712.45 kg ha-1 seed yield. However, recommended dose of N 117.82 cm plant height, 5.57 branches plant-1, 121.88 capsules plant-1, 23.28 numbers of seeds capsule-1, 3.14 g seed index (1000-grain weight), 32.07 g seed yield plant-1 and 540.46 kg ha-1 seed yield. The sesame crop under control (Zero N) with 91.12 cm plant height, 4.34 branches plant-1, 41.30 capsules plant-1, 17.02 number of seeds capsule-1, 2.78 g seed index (1000-grain weight), 21.02 g seed yield plant-1 and 363.75 kg ha-1 seed yield. Based on the findings of the current research, it was determined that as the nitrogen levels increased, both the growth and yield of sesame showed a simultaneous increase. Notably, the sesame plants that were fertilized with T4, which was 10% less nitrogen than the recommended amount, resulted in the highest grain yield (761.08 kg ha-1), followed by T3 = N @ 50 kg ha-1 (712.45 kg ha-1) and T3 = N @ 45 kg ha-1 (10 % less than recommended N) (540.46 kg ha-1).
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Yasin, Zaeem, Hajrah Iftikhar i Fatima Riaz. "ROLE OF ENGLISH PRESS IN STRENGTHENING ACCOUNTABILITY INSTITUTIONS OF PAKISTAN DURING 2013-2021". Pakistan Journal of Social Research 04, nr 01 (31.03.2022): 968–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v4i1.1267.
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The study “Role of English Press in Strengthening Accountability Institutions of Pakistan During 2013-2021” aimed to find out how media especially the English Press explore, highlights, and analyze the problems in accountability institutions like the National Accountability Bureau, Public Accounts Committee, and Federal Investigation Bureau, Agenda Setting & Framing theory as theoretical support were selected. The content Analysis method was used for data collection by purposive sampling technique. After analyzing the data and putting it through statistical testing., the researcher justified the hypothesis successfully that the print media played an effective role in strengthening the accountability process that leads to independent institutions for accountability in Pakistan. Keywords: Framing, Pakistani media, Accountability, English Press.
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REHMAN, Nadia, Irum ANDLEEB i Mussarat IQBAL. "Unraveling the Gender Gap: A Comparative Analysis of School Enrollment and Secondary Education Completion in Pakistan's Provinces". Journal of Research in Educational Sciences 14, nr 16 (10.12.2023): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jres.v14.16.03.
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This study examines the gender gap in school enrollment and secondary school completion in Pakistan using secondary data from the Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLM) and Pakistan Education Statistics reports. A comparative analysis of the four provinces and their districts is conducted to identify regional dynamics contributing to gender disparities in education. The research investigates the relationship between students who ever attended school, those who passed secondary school, and the gender gap in enrollment. Descriptive statistics analyze school enrollment rates and dropouts across different regions. Data from the official governmental reports, including the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics and PSLM (2019-20), and education statistics reports from 2017 for Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Balochistan, serve as the foundation for this analysis. The study offers valuable insights into the complex web of causality and influence shaping the persistence of gender disparities in education in Pakistan.
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BEZARK, MICHELLE. "“Our arithmetic was unique”: The Sheppard-Towner Act and the Constraints of Federalism on Data Collection Before the New Deal". Journal of Policy History 33, nr 2 (kwiecień 2021): 183–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030621000051.
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AbstractThis article reveals how the politics of federalism in the 1920s stifled the U.S. Children’s Bureau’s ability to collect national data on the workings of the Sheppard-Towner Act. The Bureau staff’s reliance on state administrators for data hindered their efforts to collect standardized national statistics on the states’ use of federal dollars. Ultimately, this barrier contributed to Sheppard-Towner’s defeat in 1929. Though the law was short-lived, the problems the Children’s Bureau encountered administering it provide insights into how federal matching grant programs began to shape federal and state relations before the New Deal. As this article shows, Bureau staff learned from their experience administering Sheppard-Towner that they needed to implement more stringent federal oversight over state-level accounting in their administration of Title V of the Social Security Act.
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Manski, Charles F. "Communicating Uncertainty in Official Economic Statistics: An Appraisal Fifty Years after Morgenstern". Journal of Economic Literature 53, nr 3 (1.09.2015): 631–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.53.3.631.
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Federal statistical agencies in the United States and analogous agencies elsewhere commonly report official economic statistics as point estimates, without accompanying measures of error. Users of the statistics may incorrectly view them as error free or may incorrectly conjecture error magnitudes. This paper discusses strategies to mitigate misinterpretation of official statistics by communicating uncertainty to the public. Sampling error can be measured using established statistical principles. The challenge is to satisfactorily measure the various forms of nonsampling error. I find it useful to distinguish transitory statistical uncertainty, permanent statistical uncertainty, and conceptual uncertainty. I illustrate how each arises as the Bureau of Economic Analysis periodically revises GDP estimates, the Census Bureau generates household income statistics from surveys with nonresponse, and the Bureau of Labor Statistics seasonally adjusts employment statistics. I anchor my discussion of communication of uncertainty in the contribution of Oskar Morgenstern (1963a), who argued forcefully for agency publication of error estimates for official economic statistics. (JEL B22, C82, E23)
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Glasser, Irene, i Livingston Sutro. "Anthropology and the Criminal Justice System". Practicing Anthropology 14, nr 3 (1.06.1992): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.14.3.06273249115121w1.
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The criminal justice system, generally defined as the police, courts, and prisons, cries out for the attention of anthropology. The numbers of people involved are staggering. According to Bureau of Justice Statistics, the number of prisoners under federal or state correctional authorities in 1990 was more than 800,000 (a 134 percent increase over the past ten years). In July, 1990, Bureau of Justice Statistics indicated that the 245,562 offenders serving time in state prisons for crimes of violence had victimized an estimated 409,000 persons (including 79,300 persons killed).
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Umair, Muhammad. "The Socioeconomic Determinants of Crime in Pakistan". Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal) : Humanities and Social Sciences 2, nr 3 (31.07.2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v2i3.387.
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Crime is one of the major issues in Pakistan. It not only affects our society but also our economy. The main purpose of this study is showing the effects of socio-Economic factors such as Inflation, Population, income and economic growth to crimes. For this purpose we use secondary data and collected from Pakistan Bureau of Statistics and World Bank over 2006 to 2016. Correlation and regression analysis use to check the socio-economic effects on crimes. Results show negative relation of crime and economic growth. Government strives on economic growth, because it improves, crimes reduce gradually.
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Imran, Muhammad, Jamal Abdul Nasir i Syed Arif Ahmed Zaidi. "INFANT POLIO IMMUNIZATION". Professional Medical Journal 22, nr 04 (10.04.2015): 507–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2015.22.04.1337.
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Poliomyelitis is a highly infectious disease but preventable by effective vaccines.Children under five year of age affected by this disease as a result a permanent paralysis.Objectives: To uncover the trend of infant polio immunization coverage through modeling isa significant concern to formulate an adequate vaccination strategies and program after theoutbreak of new cases of polio in a recent year in Pakistan. Design: The reported data ofmonthly infant polio immunization coverage to National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistanfrom January 2008 to July 2013 for the present study has been taken from Pakistan bureau ofstatistics with total time series entities 67. National Institute of Health, Islamabad took the recordof per month number of doses administered ( 0-11 months )children by the registered healthcentre in pakistan. Period: January 2008 - July 2013. Setting: Pakistan bureau of statistics(Statistics House) Methods: A set of various short term time series forecasting models namelyBox-Jenkins, single moving average, double moving average, single parameter exponentialsmoothing, brown, Holts and winter models were carried out to expose the infant polioimmunization coverage trend. Results: Among the several forecasting models ARIMA modelsare chosen due to lower measure of forecast errors namely root mean square error (RMSE),mean absolute error (MAE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). ARIMA (2,1,1), ARIMA(1,0,2), ARIMA (0,1,2) and ARIMA (2,1,1) models are established as an adequate models for theprediction of OPV-0, OPV-1, OPV-2 and OPV-3 respectively. Conclusions: With the exceptionof OPV-1 the infant polio immunization coverage is expected to rise in Pakistan.
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AHMAD, B., A. MAHMOOD, A. SAMI i MZ HAIDER. "IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON FRUITS AND CROPS PRODUCTION IN SOUTH PUNJAB: FARMER’S PERSPECTIVE". Biological and Agricultural Sciences Research Journal 2023, nr 1 (10.08.2023): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54112/basrj.v2023i1.22.
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Pakistan is an agricultural economy. According to the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Pakistan earns most of its capital through production of crops and fruits. Approximately 53% of Pakistan's total labor has been employed by this sector. Pakistan’s 22.67% of GDP comes from agriculture. According to World Bank 2020 report, 47.64% of total land is occupied by agriculture which was 47.9% back in 2018. This change in cropped land may be due to various reasons like land use in residential schemes or climate change. Punjab is the most important province, especially Southern Punjab, regarding agriculture. Punjab covers 69% of the total cropped area of Pakistan, thus providing crops like Wheat 75.5%, Rice 70.2%, Cotton 68.5%, Sugarcane 67.8%, similarly fruits like Mango 79.6%, Banana 5.8%, Citrus 96.5%, Guava 76.8% and Dates 8.1%. Wheat and rice are included in the daily diet of the world’s population. Rice is an essential staple of the world that influences the livelihood and economies of a country. According to Statistics 2023 report, Pakistan is 4th largest country in the world that exports rice, with a total of 3.8 million metric tons
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Ashraf, Muhammad Farhan, Muhammad Mehran Latif i Hina Kanwal. "Factors Inducing the Investment and Saving Behaviour in Pakistan". iRASD Journal of Economics 1, nr 2 (31.12.2019): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.52131/joe.2019.0101.0007.
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This study endeavour’s to identify in detail the behaviour of investment and saving in Pakistan's economy. Both investment and saving have a dynamic role in economic growth and development. Gross domestic product, remittances, income, dependency rate, taxes, labor participation rate, national saving, and national investment are included as independent variables for this study; data were obtained from the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics and World Bank for the years (1980-2016). The results show that the relationship between Investment and Interest rate is negative, while the relationship between saving and interest rate is positive. There is a dire need to review the monetary policy issued by the State Bank of Pakistan.
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Aftab, Rehan, Muhammad Naveed i Sajjad Hanif. "An analysis of Covid-19 implications for SMEs in Pakistan". Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies 14, nr 1 (3.02.2021): 74–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcefts-08-2020-0054.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to ascertain the impact of coronavirus (Covid-19) on small and medium enterprises in Pakistan, which are vulnerable to crisis situations. This study also aims to provide policy recommendations to the stakeholders by reviewing the situation of small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) after the Covid-19 sudden surge. Design/methodology/approach The descriptive study is based on quantitative data technique and primary data collection is undertaken. The survey instrument is adapted from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics public documents. Collected responses from SME owners are descriptively analyzed using appropriate graphs. Findings The analysis infers that SMEs in Pakistan have encountered unfavorable implications of Covid-19 in the form of shortage of goods, blockage in transportation, decrease in demand of products and services, decline in profits and sales, limited operations, lockdown and employee’s layoff. Research limitations/implications The limited sample and precise use of instruments are few limitations along with valuable implications of this research. The analysis of Covid-19 impact on SMEs is an ongoing phenomenon and aids in proactive planning for the second wave of this outbreak. Financing schemes, youth entrepreneurship loans, retention of skilled staff and proactive planning for adverse future are few recommended measures for revival of the SMEs sector. Originality/value The use of a unique sample and quality data set collected using the Bureau of Labor Statistics instrument adds value to the findings of the study and their consistency. The existing body of knowledge in the context of the SMEs sector of Pakistan is strengthened with an analysis of crisis implications for this sector, which remained unaddressed in the past.
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Ansari, Muhammad Akbar Ali, Nadia Hanif, Muhammad Sohail Tahir i Ali Junaid Khan. "Factors Affecting Non-performing Loans in Pakistan during the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Case of Micro Finance Banks". Review of Economics and Development Studies 7, nr 4 (31.12.2021): 493–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/reads.v7i4.409.
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The basic purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting non-performing loans of microfinance banks in Pakistan during the COVID-19 Pandemic. The research used secondary data from the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics and SBP websites regarding the banking industry in FY 2020–2021, and the data was subjected to a multi-regression analysis. The analysis included a number of variables, including GDP growth rate, management efficiency, bank size and return on assets. According to the study's results, all three variables had a statistically significant affect on the outcome except business size. Non-performing loans have been found to have a important positive association with the country's economy.
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Ahmad, Ehtisham, i Stephen Ludlow. "Aggregate and Regional Demand Response Patterns in Pakistan". Pakistan Development Review 26, nr 4 (1.12.1987): 645–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v26i4pp.645-657.
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The econometric analysis of demand in Pakistan has, until recently, been a relatively neglected field of analysis. Much of the earlier work, reviewed in Ali (1985), consists of linear Engel curves based on grouped data published by the Bureau of Statistics. Ahmad, Leung and Stern (1984), and Ahmad, Ludlow and Stern (1987) use household observations from the 1976 Micro-Nutrient Survey (MNS), to estimate 17 (9 of which are food items) and 13 commodity parameters and elasticities based on a modified linear Expenditure System (LES) using Maximum likelihood methods. The modified LES is a method of obtaining LES parameters without independent price information, analogous to the ELES. This method differs from the ELES in that expenditure information is used, rather than income, see Ahmad, Ludlow and Stern (1987) for details.
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Maksimov, A. V., i S. A. Kuchuk. "ASSESMENT OF THE RELIABILITY OF FEDERAL STATISTICAL MONITORING DATA ON THE NUMBER AND STRUCTURE OF DIVERGENCES IN THE FINAL CLINICAL AND MEDICO-LEGAL DIAGNOSES". Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine 5, nr 3 (15.10.2019): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.19048/2411-8729-2019-5-3-11-14.
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Objectives. To examine the objectivity and reliability of the branch statistical reporting on the number of deaths and divergences of the final clinical and medico-legal diagnoses in the hospitals of the Moscow region.Material and methods. We have investigated materials of the Bureau of Forensic Medical Expertise of Moscow Region and data of the Federal statistical monitoring № 14 «Information on the activities of the inpatient care units’ in the Moscow region in 2018. It was the sampling inquiry. The causes of death were grouped by classes and nosologiсal entities of ICD‑10. Research methods: documentary, statistical and analytical. Descriptive statistics of the absolute and relative values.Results. Significant differences between the data of Federal statistical monitoring No. 14 and the Bureau of Forensic Medical Expertise of Moscow Region were established both in the number of medico-legal examinations in relation to individual entities and in the number of established divergences of diagnoses.Conclusion. The form of Federal statistical monitoring No. 14 provides biased information in the section of information on cases subjected to forensic autopsy: input errors are 90 %.
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Abubakar, Muhammad, Muhammad Sheeraz, Muhammad Sajid, Yasir Mehmood, Humaira Jamil, Muhammad Irfan i Muhammad Shahid. "Analysis of Cotton Value Chain in Pakistan: Identifying the Process and Critical Factors in Sustainable Agribusinesses". Journal of Arable Crops and Marketing 5, nr 2 (28.12.2023): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/jacm.005.02.5208.
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Pakistan is currently among the top five exporting nations of cotton worldwide and being the third-largest exporter of cotton and its byproducts, Pakistan earns a significant amount of foreign exchange in this way. The study aimed to depict cotton value chain process in Pakistan and to identify the critical factors contributing toward the cotton value chain process. This paper delves into the concept, methodology, benefits, and challenges associated with value chain, along with real-world examples of its successful implementation. The study followed a descriptive research design and utilized secondary data published by USDA Cotton and Products Annual Report, Pakistan Bureau of Statistics and Ministry of Commerce, Government of Pakistan. The study mapped cotton value chain and critical factors in the process. In addition, the study offered useful insights and policy implications for government officials and practitioners, which would help them enhance the process of the cotton value chain. There are a few limitations to the study that can be removed in further research in order to arrive at more accurate findings.
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Steudeman, Michael J. "From Civic Imperative to Bird's-Eye View: Renegotiating the Idioms of Education Governance during the Reconstruction Era". History of Education Quarterly 58, nr 2 (13.04.2018): 199–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/heq.2018.3.
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The nineteenth-century debate about the role of the US Bureau of Education was marked by negotiations between the civic republican language of antebellum common school advocacy and a social scientific language of educational professionalism. To advance this argument, this essay traces how members of Congress defined, criticized, and delimited the Bureau's institutional role between 1865 and 1872. First, avoiding calls for direct federal intervention, the Bureau's initial congressional advocates defined the Bureau as a vehicle for indirect influence on the states through the use of data and statistics. Second, after the Bureau's founding, its legislative critics used rhetoric to chastise and question both the Bureau's comprehensive vision and power. Finally, beginning with Commissioner John Eaton's tenure in 1870, the Bureau's functions were narrowed. Due to Eaton's reimagining of the Commissioner role, further congressional critique, and failed efforts to expand Bureau authority, the Bureau eventually became a government-sanctioned purveyor of social scientific expertise—one with little direct authority to intervene in education.
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Imran, Muhammad, i Jamal Abdul Nasir. "ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS". Professional Medical Journal 22, nr 06 (10.06.2015): 705–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2015.22.06.1235.
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Objective: To determine the trend of road traffic accidents (RTAs) and forecastingtheir incidence is an emerging to take safety measures so that general public health relatedmorbidity and mortality can be minimized. Setting: The data for present study has been takenfrom Pakistan bureau of statistics (statistics House). Period: January 2002-2003 to December2011-2012. Methods: A set of eleven curve fitting models namely linear, quadratic, cubic,logarithmic, inverse, exponential growth model, logistics-curve ,and compound models werecarried out for prediction. Results: Under the descriptive analysis, the annual average numberof fatal and non-fatal accidents is 43.3% and 56.7% respectively. In provinces Punjab contributesto a high rate of total number of accidents, while Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh and Baluchistanplaced second, third and fourth respectively. Under the curve fitting estimation, the cubicmodel was selected for predicting the annual traffic road accident for all categories i.e.(i) Total Number of Accident (ii) Fatal Accident (iii) Non-Fatal Accident (iv) Killed People(v) Injured People and (vi) The Number of Vehicle Involved. Rising trend in all categoriesare expected in Pakistan. Conclusions: The traffic road accident is expected to rise in Pakistan.
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Yar Wattoo, Muhammad, Bakht Munir i Ekaterina Gavrishyk. "Recognition of Islamic Jurisprudence to the People's Republic of China's Model of Awarding Capital Punishment to the Convicts of Financial Corruption". Global Legal Studies Review VII, nr IV (30.12.2022): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/glsr.2022(vii-iv).03.
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All state governments make their efforts, at their levels, to curb the hazard of corruption. Financial corruption is a menace to every society. Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China awards the punishment of death to the culprits of heinous financial corruption. In Pakistan, the Federal Investigation Agency (FIA), National Accountability Bureau (NAB), and Federal Board of Revenue (FBR) are making their best efforts to eradicate this evil. Islamic jurisprudence provides only limited offenses where the death penalty is settled as punishment. Whether Islam can adopt this punishment, is a question, not considered by early Muslim jurists in their academic works. The Qur’anic conception of punishments is broad enough to accommodate the needed adjustments, which this article attempts to do. This research helps facilitate legislature to handle the question of whether or not it can award the death penalty to financial corrupts in light of Islamic injunctions.
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Ahmed, Hamna, i Sahar Amjad Sheikh. "Determinants of School Choice: Evidence from Rural Punjab, Pakistan". LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 19, nr 1 (1.01.2014): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2014.v19.i1.a1.
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The objective of this study is to understand why parents in rural areas of Punjab, Pakistan, choose to send their children to private schools when free public schools are available. The study utilizes the Privatization in Education Research Initiative (PERI) school choice dataset compiled by the Lahore School of Economics in collaboration with the Punjab Bureau of Statistics. These data provide rich information on parents’ perception of their child’s school relative to alternative schools he or she could have attended. The findings suggest that parents’ perceptions play an important role in school choice. In particular, their perceptions of school quality and employment opportunities emerge as key determinants of private school choice. Additionally, expenditure on and access to private schooling relative to public schooling as well as the socioeconomic status of the household have a significant impact on parents’ probability of choosing a private school for their child.
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Kwok, Jen Tsen, i Juliet Pietsch. "The Political Representation of Asian-Australian Populations since the End of White Australia". AAPI Nexus: Policy, Practice and Community 15, nr 1-2 (wrzesień 2017): 109–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17953/1545-0317.15.1.109.
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The racial and ethnic landscape in Australia has changed markedly since the beginning of the postwar migration period in which migrants arrived from Europe, and later from Asia in the late 1970s. While Australians with European ancestry have gradually made it into state and federal parliament, there has been less visibility for Australians of Asian descent. This article provides an overview of demographic migration trends and levels of Asian-Australian political representation in state and federal politics, drawing on data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics and parliamentary websites. In doing so, we reflect on why political representation of Asian-Australian populations appears to be lagging so far behind.
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Каримова, Гузель, i Рим Каримов. "ORGANIZATIONAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF WITNESS PROTECTION IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA". Rule-of-law state: theory and practice 16, nr 1 (1.01.2020): 162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33184/pravgos-2020.1.18.
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The article examines organizational and legal aspects of the implementation of the witness protection program in the United States. Special attention is paid to activities in this area of the US Department of Justice, the US Marshals Service, which directly provide protection for witnesses and the Federal Bureau of Prisons. Some statistics on witness protection are provided. Concrete protective measures and their application in relation to the participants in criminal proceedings are considered.
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Malik, Engr Mujtaba Asad, i Waqar Azeem Malik. "STANDARDIZATION OF FORENSIC EVIDENCE, ITS PROCUREMENT, PRESERVATION AND PRESENTATION IN COURT USING FBI's TECHNIQUES BY FIA". International Journal for Electronic Crime Investigation 4, nr 1 (16.03.2020): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/ijeci.2020.040146.
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Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to present the some feasible standards used by US Federal Bureau of investigation (FBI) to enable Federal Investigation Agency (Pakistan) to enhance the authenticity of evidence and its consistency with the existing law. There are examples of several hundred cases, where the courts refused to punish the offender due to unauthentic inconsistent or naive evidence. The investigator is normally responsible to procure and preserve the forensic evidence to strengthen the case of the prosecutor. The investigator has follow up the legal procedure, technically in technically correct manner and consistent with provisions of Law, circumstantial and oral evidence. The inherent deficiencies and faults render the forensic evidence invalid sometimes and no use in the court. The approach of the paper is to standardise and synchronise the working as for as dealing with forensic evidence is concerned. The FBI provides very useful methodologies for procuring evidence from the sconce of offence, forensic services, examination of evidence, rendering forensic evidence,
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Samad, Ghulam, Vaqar Ahmed i Rauf Khalid. "Economic Contribution of Copyright-based Industries in Pakistan". Pakistan Development Review 57, nr 1 (1.03.2018): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v57i1pp.99-114.
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The copyright-based industries contribute substantially to the national economy in the form of value addition, tax revenues, trade and employment. This study highlights both the core and non-core copyright-based industries in Pakistan. With the technical guidance of World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) and National Institute of Cultural Studies (NICS), we conducted the first ever survey of the copyright-based industries in Pakistan. The estimates of contribution to GDP, tax revenues, trade and employment were also validated through focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Our findings reveal that copyright-based industries contributed Rs 136 billion to GDP (on 1999-2000 base year prices of Pakistan Bureau of Statistics). These industries also contributed Rs 18 billion to the government in indirect taxes. On the trade side, the exports of these industries totalled $ 943 million and imports amounted to $2130 million in 2007-08. In terms of job creation one of the core sub-sectors i.e. electronic media employed around 47,000 persons by the end of 2011. JEL Classification: 034, F10, E24 Keywords: Copyright, Economic Growth, Trade and Employment
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Abbas, Mohsin, i Balkhyour A. Mansour. "A retrospective study about the trend analysis of Industrial accidents in Pakistan". International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health 5, nr 2 (6.08.2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijosh.v5i2.14281.
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Background: Occupational accidents in developing countries like Pakistan are obvious due to poor occupational health safety infrastructure. Objective: This retrospective study aimed to analyze the industrial accidents in factories of Pakistan during 1993-2009. Methods and Material: An index value calculation method used to investigate the trends of occupational accidents. Accident rate (103), fatal accident rate (105), and non-fatal accident rate (103) were also calculated. Pakistan Statistical Year Books published by Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (PBS) used as data source.Results: Data of total 10330 industrial accidents analyzed and decreasing accident rate found with average 3.1 accident per 103 factory workers. Fatal accident increased with an average of 23 fatal accidents per 105 factories workers. Regarding the severity of industrial accidents, minor accidents found at 74% followed by serious (18%) and fatal accidents (8%). Decreased trends of index values and accident rates can associate with the increased human development index of Pakistan, but increased fatal accidents in factories and under-reporting are major areas of concern for safety stakeholders. Conclusions: Despite industrial accidents decreased in factories but more in depth studies with more recent data about the root causes of accidents can be useful to draw a true picture of occupational accidents in Pakistan. Improved social security system in Pakistan can be helpful to the exact recording of occupational accidents data.
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Mahnoor Azhar, Tahira Bano Qasim i Tooba Nihal. "Retrospective Study on the Incidence of Tuberculosis Cases in Pakistan". Journal of Human Dynamics 1, nr 1 (30.06.2023): 07–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.55627/jhd.001.01.0695.
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Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious infection or disease that directly affects the lungs. Pakistan stands 5th ranks amongst the high burden countries in the world. This study addresses the relationships between different tuberculosis cases in the province of Pakistan. The study is used to find which province reported high tuberculosis cases like (bacteriologically confirmed, clinically diagnosed, extra pulmonary and retreated tuberculosis). The main objective of this study is to know which tuberculosis case has significant effect among the provinces. For this purpose, we find the mean difference among the province of Pakistan with concern to tuberculosis cases in this study. The secondary data is used in this study. Further we find the correlation between tuberculosis cases and then used factor analysis. The dataset is taken by the website of the national TB data and Pakistan bureau of statistics. The dataset includes four different cases of tuberculosis (bacteriologically confirmed, clinically diagnosed, extra pulmonary and retreated tuberculosis) in provinces of Pakistan during the period of 2019. For achieving the objectives of the study, different techniques are used such as graphical representation, descriptive statistics, two-way ANOVA, LSD Test, correlation matrix, and factor analysis. The study shows highly significant results and concluded that the highest numbers of cases and deaths are reported in Punjab. Correlation matrix shows strong positive correlation between the four cases of tuberculosis. From factor analysis, there is only one factor is extracted that explains 82.872% of the total variation and all the cases have strong correlation with the factor.
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Tabassam, Aftab Hussain, Zafar Iqbal, Arshad Ali Bhatti i Amna Mushtaq. "A Downside Risk Analysis of Inflation Hedging Capabilities of Individual Assets and Optimal Asset Allocation". Sukkur IBA Journal of Management and Business 8, nr 1 (9.04.2021): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.30537/sijmb.v8i1.454.
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The objective of this study is to examine the inflation hedging capabilities of most widely used asset classes in Pakistan. It also attempts to find out the possibility of creating an inflation protected optimal asset mix. The sample consists of monthly data of cash, gold, stocks, foreign currency, real estate and inflation from 2005 to 2015. The major sources of data are SBP, World Bank and Pakistan Statistics Bureau. The downside analysis of these assets concludes that cash act as an inflation hedge for all the investment horizons. The findings showed that the Gold and stocks also have inflation hedging abilities in short run which extend to medium term investment horizon for gold only, while stocks appear to be a good inflation hedge for longer investment horizons. This study also suggests that investors can strategically create optimal portfolios that are hedged against inflation.
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Lu, Chien-tsung, Ming Cheng, Brendan Hosty i Amy Xu. "Multivariate regression analysis of airline market recovery in the post-pandemic era". Aeronautics and Aerospace Open Access Journal 7, nr 1 (17.01.2023): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/aaoaj.2023.07.00164.
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While COVID-19 has substantially affected the airline industry, a business rebound is expected. To better anticipate the needed workforce, this study revisited economic datasets from the Federal Reserve Bank, Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and other essential resources to predict the market recovery. VOSviewer and multivariate regression analysis were used to identify critical research clusters and important variables of the emerging market recovery. Minitab was used to run the multivariate regression analysis and the correlation coefficients among selected variables were discovered. The result showed that strongly correlated variables for airline market recovery included Net Domestic Product (NDP), Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and Real Disposable Personal Income (RDPI) in this study.
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Shahid, Iftikhar A., Kafait Ullah, Atif Naveed Khan, Muhammad Imran Ahmed, Muhammad Dawood, Clark A. Miller i Zafar A. Khan. "Nexus between Household Energy and Poverty in Poorly Documented Developing Economies—Perspectives from Pakistan". Sustainability 13, nr 19 (30.09.2021): 10894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131910894.
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The indicators measuring socioeconomic wellbeing, such as the human development index (HDI) and multi-dimensional poverty indicator (MPI), recognize energy as an important resource for human development. However, energy did not find due weight in determining HDI or MPI, except as a fractional contributor to MPI calculations. This study presents a regression model to establish an energy–poverty nexus in Pakistan, utilizing a real-world dataset. Defining poverty in terms of per-capita income (PCI), the proposed model incorporates education-based parameters along with the energy-dependent indicators linked to households in Pakistan. The data aggregated at districts level are extracted from the Census 2017 campaign, Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (PBS). Statistical analyses indicate that energy-based identifiers correlate well with the PCI and augment the education-only model, capturing 94% variability in PCI vs. 78% for the education-only model. The study highlights the criticality of relevant data collection and data-driven planning in Pakistan for creating synergy in energy planning and poverty alleviation programs and provides recommendations for considering energy as an important and integral contributory factor in the human development index (HDI).
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Nasir, Jamal Abdul, Muhammad Imran i Syed Arif Ahmed Zaidi. "HIV/AIDS AWARENESS IN PAKISTAN". Professional Medical Journal 22, nr 05 (10.05.2015): 603–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2015.22.05.1274.
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Globally 35 million people were living with HIV in 2013 whereas around 78 millionpeople have been infected since the start of the epidemic and 39 million people have died ofAIDS- related illness. Objectives: To examine the factors associated with HIV/AIDS awareness ofever married men and women age 15-49. Design: The secondary data sets are used of Pakistandemographic and health survey (PDHS) of ever married men and women with sample size 3134and 13558. Period: PDHS 2012-13. Setting: The national institute of population studies done thissurvey with the technical support from ICF International and Pakistan bureau of statistics and theUSAID supported the financially. Methods: Bivariate and binary logistic regression analysis hasbeen carried out to evaluate the significant socio demographic factors. Results: Every 7 out of10 ever married men have heard about AIDS, while the situation is much critical for ever marriedwomen, 6 out of 10 have not heard about HIV/AIDS. Generally finding revealed that almost bothof the respondents have misconception regarding HIV/AIDS transmission. Two binary logisticregression models are executed one for ever married man and other for ever married women.Two models revealed that early age groups have less knowledge about HIV/AIDS; urban hasmore knowledge compared to rural. Education level, media assess and wealth index have positiveassociation regarding to HIV/AIDS awareness. Conclusions: Socio-demographic aspects suchas age, education, place of residence and access to media TV, radio and newspaper, wealth indexand occupation are found to be significant varied systematically with the awareness of HIV/AIDS.These statistical outcomes will enhance the capability in disease management and control.
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Anikeze Nnaemeka Hillary, Abonyi Jonas Uchenna i Okafor Ifeoma Cordelia. "Information Communication Technology (ICT) and Organizational decision making of Federal Parastatals in Nigeria". World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 18, nr 1 (30.04.2023): 1061–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.18.1.0716.
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The study investigated information communication technology (ICT) and organizational decision making of Federal Parastatals in Nigeria. Specifically, the study sought to: investigate the relationship between mobile phone communication technology and organizational decision making; identify the relationship between e-mail communication technology and organizational decision making and ascertain the relationship between video and web conferencing communication and organizational decision making. Research design for this study was descriptive survey. Study area was Enugu. The sample size of 323 respondents was drawn from population 5690 employees from selected federal Parastatals namely Federal character commission, Federal fire service, Federal housing authority, National Bureau of statistics. The instrument of data collection was questionnaire. The data analytical techniques were arithmetic mean, standard deviation and correlation statistics. The empirical results show that mobile phone communication has significant relationship with organizational decision making of Federal Parastatals in Nigeria (r-statistic = 0.761; P-value < Sig-value (0.05); e-mail communication has significant relationship between e-mail communication with organizational decision making of Federal Parastatals in Nigeria (r-statistic = 0.750; P-value < Sig-value (0.05) and video and web conferencing communication has significant relationship with organizational decision making of Federal Parastatals in Nigeria (r-statistic = 0.890; P-value < Sig-value (0.05). The study concluded that information communication technology (ICT) has positive and significant relationship with organizational decision making of Federal Parastatals in Nigeria. The study recommended that management of federal parastatals should increase training of employees in ICT utilization should be adequately carried out hence operational efficiency, quality service delivery, sustainable competitive advantage and improved performance will be the outmost benefits to be derived.
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Saeed, Zeeshan, Zaryab Fatima i Umair Ahmed. "SOCIAL SCIENCE EDUCATION OF PAKISTAN IN DIRE STRAITS: A SECONDARY DATA ANALYSIS". Gomal University Journal of Research 38, nr 03 (3.10.2022): 271–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.51380/gujr-38-03-03.
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Social science disciplines have consistently been viewed for granted when contrasted with the physical sciences in the academia of Pakistan. The key objective of this research was to analyze the progress in the Social Science Education in terms of curriculum development, faculty increment and HEC policy Priority through content analysis. The Academic Dependency Theory was used for theoretical underpinnings. The qualitative research paradigm was used for this study. The relevant secondary data was gathered from books, articles, diaries, Bureau of statistics surveys, and other chronicled records of HEC and broken down appropriately. Applicable published and non-published information from 2003 to 2019 was chosen arbitrarily, of which approx. One hundred fifty articles were taken as sample. According to research findings, higher Education in Pakistan was designed without a solid policy and methodology. As a result, social science disciplines faced numerous challenges, including the defenseless instructional program development, a scarcity of skilled labor, dubious research frameworks, and inappropriate research projects.
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Mujahid, Nooreen, Muhammad Noman i Nargis Noman. "The Myth of Missing Women: A Case Study of Pakistan". NUST Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 1, nr 01 (31.01.2023): 40–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.51732/njssh.v1i01.144.
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In the contemporary era, women's empowerment promises enormous gains ensuring a vigorous socio-economic boost for the economy. Further, the persistently changing world demands equity for both men and women as restrictions to women’s rights and opportunities cost an economy in terms of income losses. Hence, overcoming gender discrimination and inequality remains a challenge for developing economies. The idea of “missing women” is linked to the appalling absence of women in substantial parts of an economy. The prime objective of the study is to evaluate the myth of missing women for the economy of Pakistan. The study investigates whether the missing women problem exists in the economy or not. For this purpose, a multidimensional approach would be utilized to figure out various gender inequalities considered in the missing women paradigm. Given the available data and statistics opacity, the study would employ both time series (tentatively for the era of 1990-2020) and cross-sectional data of the Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement (PSLM) survey of 2019-20. The former would be collected from the websites of World Bank indicators while the latter would be gathered from the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Using a mixed approach, the study qualitatively investigates the aggregate indicators associated with the concept of missing women including the sex ratio, fertility rate, and population dividend of Pakistan with a comprehensive regional comparison. Whereas a quantitative analysis would be performed to examine different gender inequalities through the novel context of missing women. The authorities of Pakistan have made strides in reducing the gender gap through better educational enrolment rates and access to health care services. However, these improvements have not been well transmuted into an enhancement of equity and quality of women’s life. There is a dire need to broaden the horizon of gender equality and hence this study views gender inequality with the dimension of “missing women”.
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Mujahid, Nooreen, Muhammad Noman i Nargis Noman. "The Myth of Missing Women: A Case Study of Pakistan". NUST Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 8, nr 3 (22.03.2023): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.51732/njssh.v8i3.153.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
In the contemporary era, women's empowerment promises enormous gains ensuring a vigorous socio-economic boost for the economy. Further, the persistently changing world demands equity for both men and women as restrictions to women’s rights and opportunities cost an economy in terms of income losses. Hence, overcoming gender discrimination and inequality remains a challenge for developing economies. The idea of “missing women” is linked to the appalling absence of women in substantial parts of an economy. The prime objective of the study is to evaluate the myth of missing women for the economy of Pakistan. The study investigates whether the missing women problem exists in the economy or not. For this purpose, a multidimensional approach would be utilized to figure out various gender inequalities considered in the missing women paradigm. Given the available data and statistics opacity, the study would employ both time series (tentatively for the era of 1990-2020) and cross-sectional data of the Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement (PSLM) survey of 2019-20. The former would be collected from the websites of World Bank indicators while the latter would be gathered from the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Using a mixed approach, the study qualitatively investigates the aggregate indicators associated with the concept of missing women including the sex ratio, fertility rate, and population dividend of Pakistan with a comprehensive regional comparison. Whereas a quantitative analysis would be performed to examine different gender inequalities through the novel context of missing women. The authorities of Pakistan have made strides in reducing the gender gap through better educational enrolment rates and access to health care services. However, these improvements have not been well transmuted into an enhancement of equity and quality of women’s life. There is a dire need to broaden the horizon of gender equality and hence this study views gender inequality with the dimension of “missing women”.
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Stapleford, Thomas A. "Shaping Knowledge about American Labor: External Advising at the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics in the Twentieth Century". Science in Context 23, nr 2 (4.05.2010): 187–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889710000049.
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ArgumentCreated in 1884, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) has been the major federal source for data in the United States on labor-related topics such as prices, unemployment, compensation, productivity, and family expenditures. This essay traces the development and transformation of formal and informal consulting relationships between the BLS and external groups (including academic social scientists, unions, businesses, and other government entities) over the twentieth century. Though such a history cannot, of course, provide a comprehensive analysis of how political values have shaped the construction of labor statistics during this period, I argue that it can nevertheless provide important insights into the political context for the construction of knowledge about American workers and their living and working conditions.
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Qadri, Faisal Sultan, i Abdul Waheed. "The Contribution of Human Capital in Aggregate and Sectoral Production: Evidence from Pakistan". Global Business Review 21, nr 2 (26.06.2018): 365–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972150918778948.
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This article examines the strength of relationship between human capital and production at aggregate and sectoral levels. The study uses an annual data set from 1981 to 2014 taken from Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. The study used aggregate and sector-wise production models and applied augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) test to check the order of integration and JJ co-integration. Dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) and fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) tests are used to check the consistency of initial findings and the sensitivity analysis is performed in order to check the robustness of results. The study illuminates the impact of human capital on the production of agriculture, industrial and services sectors, and compares the strength of this relationship with the coefficients obtained through aggregate data. The study found evidence of positive human capital contribution in aggregate and sectoral productions; however, its magnitude is found to be similar in the agricultural and industrial sectors which was higher than the magnitude associated with the services sector.
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Waris, Idrees, i Irfan Hameed. "An empirical study of purchase intention of energy-efficient home appliances: the influence of knowledge of eco-labels and psychographic variables". International Journal of Energy Sector Management 14, nr 6 (28.05.2020): 1297–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijesm-11-2019-0012.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to empirically evaluate the antecedents of consumers’ purchase intention of energy-efficient home appliances. Design/methodology/approach A self-administered questionnaire has been used to gather data from the targeted representatives of the population. Quota based on age and convenience sampling techniques were used to select the participants of the study, as it is a suitable technique in situations where the possibility of getting a complete sampling frame is difficult. More than 73% of the population of Pakistan is aged below 34 years (Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, 2017). Based on this information, the current study has allocated more than 75% quota to consumers who are below 35 years. Findings The findings of the study reveal that all antecedents have significant impact on consumers’ purchase intention of energy-efficient home appliances. Environmental concern, green trust and products’ functional values are most influencing factors in the purchase of energy-efficient home appliances. Originality/value This study is related to energy-efficient home appliances in Pakistan. Systematic literature suggested the need to analyze the antecedents of energy-efficient appliances. This study helps the practitioners and marketers to understand consumers’ behavior regarding the purchase of energy-efficient home appliances.
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Ashraf, Muhammad Nabeel, Irum Fatima, Ammar Ali Muhammad, Katherine Albutt, Manon Pigeolet, Asad Latif, John G. Meara i Lubna Samad. "Estimating access to surgical care: A community centered national household survey from Pakistan". PLOS Global Public Health 3, nr 11 (15.11.2023): e0002130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0002130.
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Pakistan is a lower middle-income country in South Asia with a population of 225 million. No estimate for surgical care access exists for the country. We postulate the estimated access to surgical care is less than the minimum 80% to be achieved by 2030. We conducted a randomized, stratified two-stage cluster household survey. A sample of 770 households was selected using 2017 census frames from the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Data was collected on choice of hospital and travel time to the chosen hospital for C-section, laparotomy, open fracture repair (OFR), and specialized surgery. Analysis was conducted using Stata 14. Access to all Bellwether surgeries (C-section, laparotomy, and open fracture repair) in Pakistan is estimated to be 74.8%. However, estimated access in rural areas and the provinces of Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) and Sindh is far less than in urban areas and in Punjab and Islamabad. Estimated access to C-sections is more compared to OFR, laparotomy, and specialized surgery. Health system strengthening efforts should focus on improving surgical care access in rural areas and in Balochistan, KP, and Sindh. More focus is required on standardizing the availability and quality of surgical services in secondary-level hospitals.
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Eluyela, Damilola Felix, Inemesit Bassey, Olufemi Adebayo Oladipo, Adekunle Emmanuel Adegboyegun, Abimbola Ademola i Joseph Madugba. "Impact of Capital Flight on Tax Revenue in Nigeria: A Co-integration Approach". Research in World Economy 11, nr 5 (3.09.2020): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/rwe.v11n5p141.
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This study presents an empirical analysis of the impact of capital flight on tax revenue in Nigeria. We made use of secondary data collected from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin of various issues, Federal Inland Revenue Services and National Bureau of Statistics. The empirical measurement covers the sample period between 1980 and 2015. An Ordinary Least Square, Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test, Error Correction Mechanism and Co-integration test was adopted in the study. The results revealed that the Gross Domestic Product has a significant effect in the positive direction, while capital flight and inflation rate have a significant effect in the negative direction. The study recommended that the Federal Inland Revenue System, the department saddled with the responsibility of tax collection, should review the tax system and policies with the aim of plugging loopholes in the existing tax system thereby preventing organizations from evading and avoiding taxes.
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Rehman, Amir Ur, Heri Yanto, Andryan Setyadharma, Dorojatun Prihandono i Muhammad Khafid. "Model for Improving The Growth of Real Gross Domestic Product of Pakistan". Business and Economic Analysis Journal 2, nr 1 (23.05.2022): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/beaj.v2i1.35851.
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The purpose of this paper is to understand the impact of export, investment and foreign economic assistance ( foreign aid) variables on RGDP of Pakistan, in order to identify and implement appropriate strategies that will have a significant impact on overall economic growth. The time series data obtained from secondary sources, have been taken to investigate relationship exists among the variables, during the period of 1990-2020. It included data from State Bank Of Pakistan(SBP), Pakistan Bureau Of Statistics(PBS), Pakistan Economic Survey(PES). First of all “Augmented Dickey and Fuller(1979)[ADF]” test was applied to check the stationary of data, which showed that all variables are stationary at the first difference. EG-ECM methodology was applied to check the short-run and long-run estimation. Based on results of regression analysis, it is concluded that investments (INV) has significant impact on RGDP in both short-run and long-run. Export (X) and foreign economic assistance (FEA) have no impact in short-run, however showed significant impact in long-run. Based on the findings, the study suggests that government should facilitate the exporters to export semi-finished or finished goods, rather than raw material in order to increase their incentive and providing employment opportunities to locals. The State Bank Of Pakistan (SBP) and ministry of finance should focus on promoting INV through savings policies, in order to meet the gap between savings and investments. Pakistan should reduce his rely on foreign funding and needs to improve his domestic savings and investment to gain financial independence. FEA should only be use for productive purposes, infrastructural development and for the betterment of people.