Rozprawy doktorskie: „Outdoors”

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Larsson, Daniel. "English teaching outdoors – Student responses and attitudes towards outdoor EFL teaching". Thesis, Malmö högskola, Lärarutbildningen (LUT), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-28457.

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The purpose of this degree project is to address upper secondary outdoor language education. It explores upper secondary EFL students’ attitudes and responses towards the teaching of English outdoors. The research has been based on data from qualitative research methods with an action research approach: peer observation, a reflective diary and focus group interviews. Peer observation and the reflective diary was used to recover information on four upper secondary EFL classes’ responses towards being taught outdoors. Focus group interviews were conducted on two groups of students from two of the classes on their attitudes towards being taught in outdoor English. The results from the data gathering are discussed using secondary sources which can be connected to outdoor education, and the research establishes that the students responded negatively to the instructions during the classes, many of them were active while some did not do what they were supposed to, and hardly no English was spoken. Even though mostly negative results were found the interviewees were generally positive to be taught outdoors and enjoyed it more than receiving education indoors, but some of them were aware that they did not learn much English since they hardly used it. This research provides ideas for how the lessons can be improved and acts as inspiration for future outdoor ESL classes.

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Fawver, Gary K. "Rediscovering the outdoors". Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1995. http://www.tren.com.

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Welch, Hilary H. "An evaluation of Becoming an Outdoors-Woman (BOW) program effectiveness". Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1406.

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The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) offers over 25 different outdoor recreational and outreach educational programs that target different audiences and utilize different types of delivery systems. This study was an evaluation of an educational program called Becoming an Outdoors-Woman (BOW). The evaluation produced a measurement instrument that evaluated program effectiveness and tested the instrument on past participants. The questionnaire determined respondents: (1) history of program participation, (2) knowledge of TPWDs mission and purpose, (3) level of involvement in selected outdoor recreational activities before and after program participation, (4) knowledge of basic outdoor recreational regulations and behaviors, (5) level of compliance with a variety of outdoor recreational behaviors, (6) attitudinal position on opposing statements on outdoor recreational ethics or behaviors, and (7) demographic characteristics. The two groups surveyed were all participants of BOW between 1993 and 1998 (n = 1,240) and the control group (n = 61) made of women who had signed up for the program but had not yet attended. Sampling error for the participants was high, but met the statistically acceptable range of repeatable results at +/- 3%. The only demographic difference (P ≤ 0.05) between groups was age, i.e., BOW participants were older (χ2 = 46.3) than the control group (χ2 = 40.8). Chi-square tests showed differences in awareness of the missions and goals of TPWD. GLM tests detected no differences (P ≤ 0.05) between the participants and the control group in general outdoor knowledge, behavior given various outdoor recreational scenarios and ethical positions on dichotomous statements. However, there were differences between groups on some items within each of those categories. On those items the r2 value (≤ 0.02) showed that the difference found between groups had little to do with program participation. Respondents comments focused on the BOW program, the questionnaire, and TPWD. Study findings are discussed in the context of the program evaluation process. Several recommendations for future program evaluations and concluding remarks are included in this thesis.

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Barnett, Jennifer A. "Fear in the outdoors". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0013/MQ28538.pdf.

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Jones, Jesse J. "Impact of "becoming an outdoors-woman" on self-efficacy, constraints and participation in outdoor recreation". Ohio : Ohio University, 2007. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1180969296.

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Gannon, Maureen Aine. "The energy balance of pigs outdoors". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308769.

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Handley, Barbara Anne. "The survival of airborne microorganisms outdoors". Thesis, University of Bristol, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386147.

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Waldron, Julie A. "Human behaviour outdoors and the environmental factors". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/52112/.

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The study of human behaviour outdoors has been an area of interest examined from different perspectives. Even so, the study of human behaviour in outdoor public spaces still requires further input from the perspective of human factors. This thesis presents a literature review of behaviour in public spaces where the author evaluated the attendance to public squares, the activities performed by users, the time of permanence, the sitting preferences of users and people’s characteristics among other behaviours. Previous studies have reported a relationship between thermal comfort and human behaviour; however, there is a lack of studies approaching the study of human behaviour using observational methods which allows assessing human behaviours such as number of people, number of groups, time of permanence among others, taking into account environmental factors such as: air temperature, globe temperature, mean radiant temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, sun and shadow presence and illuminance. As part of this research, three studies were conducted in the city centre of Nottingham during summer and autumn of 2015 and winter of 2016 in order to collect data of human behaviour and find its relationship with the air and globe temperature, calculated mean radiant temperature, wind speed, relative humidity and illuminance. These studies were conducted using observational methods by creating a coding scheme after conducting video analysis of social and individual behaviours. A methodology was created to incorporate processes that allow gathering data for observational analysis, which was subsequently processed using multiple regression models and survival analyses. The overall analysis led to the identification of the main environmental factors influencing human behaviour across different environmental conditions. The studies and analyses conducted showed that various environmental factors work together to influence the decisions of the users of a public space. Accordingly, the models used to predict human behaviour should include the environmental variables that explain better its variability, based on the environmental data of the place. Moreover, this study showed that individual analysis should be performed on a seasonal basis using the environmental and human behaviour data of each season in addition to the analysis performed to the whole data set. The reason for this is that the seasonal data is better at explaining some human behaviours than the model built with the whole data set collected in various seasons. For instance, the relationship between wind speed and number of people is positive during summer and negative during autumn and winter; however, when the three seasons are analysed together, the relationship is negative, which does not explain accurately the phenomena in summer. Conversely, illuminance was found to be an important factor influencing behaviour across the seasons and also contributed to the prediction of behaviour in the all season’s analysis. Finally, this thesis presents an application of the results by presenting general recommendations of urban design based on the findings of analysing human behaviour in accordance with the thermal environment. The studies conducted during the three seasons presented a cross-internal validation of the multiple regression models. In addition, a final study which consisted of a mock scenario was conducted to perform an external validation of the previous results. A number of conclusions were drawn about the conditions required to perform further external validations, following the parameters identified that may affect the results of the validation.

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Bimbashi, Enri. "Dreams and Reality in the Outdoors : A study of lifestyle marketing in the outdoor industry in Sweden". Thesis, Stockholm University, School of Business, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6233.

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Much of what is on sale on the shelves of outdoor shops today will mainly be used in the less extreme environment of our “urban jungle”. The red or navy anoraks of days past have been replaced by stylish, lightweight and high-tech pieces of clothing in exotic materials and colors that may never set foot on top of a mountain. Yet images of climbers, skiers or hikers still grace the pages of catalogs and advertisements aimed at consumers that are often perceived as “buying into the lifestyle”. The purpose of this study is to explore the implications of image-driven marketing strategies in the outdoor industry in Sweden, and the relevance of lifestyle in creating value in this industry. To deal with the complexity and ambiguity of this issue I have conducted a qualitative study based on interviews with seven respondents in managerial positions within the outdoor industry. I have also analyzed a number of advertisements and product catalogs from outdoor firms that illustrate, support and sometimes challenge the statements of the respondents. This material has been interpreted with a hermeneutic approach, based on a conceptual framework that includes semiotics, consumer behavior and lifestyle marketing theories. Based on the study’s findings, it can be concluded that marketing based on signification and imagery is steadily growing in relevance in the outdoor industry, recognizing the perceived value of outdoor products as signs or ways to create and communicate meaning among consumers. The evidence also suggests that lifestyle is both a way for consumers to bring a clearer identity, order and continuity into their lives and a viable means for outdoor businesses to create value. From a marketing perspective, this is often achieved through a combination of three approaches. One such approach is redefining urban life as “rest”, as a way to more clearly relate it to outdoor activities and allow for some sort of continuity between the outdoors and city life. Another is to market the activity, such as climbing or kayaking, instead of products directly, in an attempt to win credibility in consumers’ eyes and relate the products to a more broadly defined lifestyle. The third approach is to highlight a core group of outdoor athletes, that seemingly live and breathe for the activity and the outdoors, as an embodiment of the outdoor lifestyle. A combination of these approaches and their integration with the growing focus on design is one way the outdoor industry can meet the challenges and opportunities the future holds.

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Gransee, Michelle J. "Becoming an outdoors-woman : barriers and strategies for participation of women with physical disabilities in outdoor recreation /". Link to abstract, 2002. http://epapers.uwsp.edu/abstracts/2002/Gransee.pdf.

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Boniface, Margaret Ruth. "Women's lives in the outdoors : a biographical study". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.392642.

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Wu, Ona. "An enhanced reality system or the great outdoors". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/37730.

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Scanlon, John Michael. "Comparing Gait Between Outdoors and Inside a Laboratory". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/64159.

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Gait biomechanics have been studied extensively. Many existing studies, though, have been performed in a controlled laboratory setting, and assumed that measures obtained are representative of gait in a naturalistic environment (e.g., outdoors). Several environmental and psychological factors may contribute to differences between these environments, and identifying any such differences is important for generalizing results outside the laboratory. The purpose of this study was to test the implicit assumption that gait inside a research laboratory does not differ from gait outdoors, when a participant is unaware of data collection in the latter. Means and interquartile ranges (IQR) of several spatio-temporal and kinematic gait characteristics were obtained from 19 young adults during several gait conditions both inside a laboratory environment and outdoors. Four comparisons were made between the two environments, including conditions involving: 1) self-selected speeds, 2) matching outdoors self-selected speeds, 3) matching outdoors self-selected speeds while carrying a crate, and 4) matching outdoors hurried speeds. Spatio-temporal variables differed between the two environments in that self-selected walking speed was 1.7% slower inside the lab and cadence was 1.4-2.6% lower for all four comparisons. At heel contact, the foot was 4.4-8.1% more dorsiflexed inside the lab for all comparisons except in matching hurried outdoors walking speed. Minimum toe clearance was 6.5-16.2% lower outdoors for all four comparisons. It is unclear if these differences impair the ability to generalize gait study results to outside the laboratory. Nevertheless, some specific differences exist in gait between environments, and that research should recognize.
Master of Science

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14

Vollmer, Stephan. "High performance clear-coat systems for wood used outdoors". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/33567.

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Wood is one of the main materials of choice to reduce the environmental footprint of the building and construction sector. Wood is aesthetically pleasing and hence there is great demand for finishing systems that do not mask wood’s color and texture. Unfortunately, clear coatings used on wood outdoors fail within one to two years mainly because of photodegradation of the underlying wood substrate. The performance of clear coatings on wood can be enhanced by photostabilizing the wood before coating or by modifying the clear coating to improve its photostability and flexibility. However, these approaches have seldom been combined. In this thesis I hypothesized that pre-treatments that can photostabilize wood without adversely affecting coating performance could, when combined with state-of-the-art clear coatings, create coating systems that are a significant improvement on those that are currently available. I compared the ability of nine different chemical treatments to photostabilize wood. I examined the effect of the same wood pretreatments on coating properties (wettability and adhesion) and the permeability of three different coating types. The most effective photostabilizing pre-treatments were benzoyl chloride, vinyl benzoate and chromic acid, and a PF-resin containing a hindered amine light stabilizer. The solvent based polyurethane was more compatible than the water-based acrylic and alkyd coatings with treated wood surfaces. Wood treatments had no effect on coating adhesion, but coating adhesion was highest for the polyurethane. Subsequently, I examined the outdoor performance of seven different clear coatings on photostabilized wood substrates. Benzoyl chloride, vinyl benzoate, chromic acid and the PF-resin/HALS treatments effectively enhanced the clear coat performance during a year-long weathering trial in Australia. Clear coat performance was also improved by using coatings with double the amount of UVA/HALS additives. My findings confirm that clear coat performance on wood exposed outdoors depends on the combination of wood retreatment and coating type. I conclude that superior clear coat systems (pretreatment plus coating) for wood can be developed by combining very effective treatments that can photostabilize wood together with state-of-the-art photostable and flexible clear coatings.

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Nordlander, Rickard. "Pose Estimation in an Outdoors Augmented Reality Mobile Application". Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för system- och rymdteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-70653.

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This thesis proposes a solution to the pose estimation problem for mobile devices in an outdoors environment. The proposed solution is intended for usage within an augmented reality application to visualize large objects such as buildings. As such, the system needs to provide both accurate and stable pose estimations with real-time requirements. The proposed solution combines inertial navigation for orientation estimation with a vision-based support component to reduce noise from the inertial orientation estimation. A GNSS-based component provides the system with an absolute reference of position. The orientation and position estimation were tested in two separate experiments. The orientation estimate was tested with the camera in a static position and orientation and was able to attain an estimate that is accurate and stable down to a few fractions of a degree. The position estimation was able to achieve centimeter-level stability during optimal conditions. Once the position had converged to a location, it was stable down to a couple of centimeters, which is sufficient for outdoors augmented reality applications.

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Nguyen, Thuha. "Who Belongs in The Outdoors? : A qualitative study on how perceptions of (in)justice influence Swedish immigrants’ motivation to recreate in the outdoors". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för organisation och entreprenörskap (OE), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-105410.

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Outdoor recreation was established in Sweden about 100-150 years ago and its practices and organization were at that time dominated by a white male upper class. Today, Swedish outdoor recreation is guided by public policy, imploring for everyone’s equal value, and right to experience and be outdoors, regardless of age, color, or gender. Data from Statistics Sweden however show that persons born in Sweden are active in outdoor recreational activities to a higher degree than persons born outside Sweden. The data, undeniably, confirm that Swedish immigrants are taking part at a lower rate in outdoor recreation than those who are born in Sweden. Although the topic is relevant, there is still limited data about Swedish immigrants’ outdoor recreational patterns. This study thus aims to fill this research gap by exploring how perceptions of (in)justice emerge in Swedish immigrants’ outdoor recreational patterns and how it may influence their motivation to participate in outdoor recreation. The study employs the theoretical lens of Environmental Justice (EJ). Few studies have used EJ to analyze access to outdoor recreation. This approach, therefore, offers a unique way of analyzing (in)justice issues in the Swedish outdoor context. This is a qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews which were conducted with eighteen Swedish immigrants. A narrative analysis was employed as it allowed the researcher to explore perceived (in)justices experienced by Swedish immigrants and offers a way of investigating the lived experiences of individuals. The results of the study show that the outdoors is less accessible to immigrants due to a distributive injustice of benefits, lack of representation and recognition, and lack of just participation in decision-making processes These perceived injustices prevent Swedish immigrants from participating equally and fairly in the outdoors and influences their motivations to recreate.

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Mbise, E. E. "The development of a quick dry fabric for outdoors garments". Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2015. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/28038/.

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Engineered clothing systems are one of the major textile research areas. These systems have a huge potential in providing protection and comfort to the wearer. Basically, multi-layered fabric technique is used, in which each layer contributes a substantial moisture removal function. The process of moisture removal is greatly affected by the surrounding conditions, such as pressure, temperature and humidity. If these quantities are much higher than the inner microclimate, the moisture removal process is affected, due to reduced hydrostatic pressure. However, the technology of heating in textile systems is widely available but not used as a way of improving and controlling moisture removal. The project main objective is to investigate the feasibility of using heating elements together with knitted spacer structures so as to maintain and transfer moisture by capillary effect in order to be used for moisture management textiles. To achieve this a mathematical model to study the moisture transfer process was created and simulated results based on knitted spacer fabric with a construction of 2 tucks and 2 ends was found to be significant. It showed that application of 4W heating using a carefully designed Thermoknit knitted elements which was integrated on the inner side of the spacer fabric successfully improved the moisture transfer by 30% per 11.5 X 11.5 cm sample size. This was further studied on the novel, constructed test rig with two mini-chambers that created controlled climatic conditions as experienced when a textile is situated between the inner microclimate and the outside environment. The same conditions and properties were used for the spacer fabric sample and found to coincide with numerical results. A prototype garment was created using the 2-tuck-2-end spacer fabric with integrated Thermoknit heater elements on the inner side of the garment.

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Iwasaki, Yohei, Nobuo Kawaguchi i Yasuyoshi Inagaki. "Azim : Direction-Based Service System for Both Indoors and Outdoors". IEICE, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/7820.

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Bashir, Imran. "Acoustical exploitation of rough, mixed impedance on porous surfaces outdoors". Thesis, Open University, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.606960.

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This thesis is a contribution towards developing cost-effective ways for reducing outdoor traffic noise in outdoor environments by exploiting the interaction between sound travelling directly to a listener from the source and sound reflected by the intervening ground . Sound propagation over different kinds of porous, rough and mixed impedance ground surfaces have been studied experimentally and numerically. Measurements of short-range acoustic level difference spectra over outdoor ground surfaces and artificially-created surfaces outdoors and in the laboratory have been compared with predictions to establish suitable impedance models. Sound propagation over mixed impedance ground having single or multiple impedance discontinuities has also been studied . Acoustic transmission loss through vegetation, crops and hedges has been investigated. • The phenomenon of sound diffraction and periodicity due to rough periodic ground surfaces has been explored through artificially created rough surfaces in the laboratory and outdoors. The phenomenon of surface wave propagation over rough hard surfaces and porous surfaces has been explored through laboratory experiments. Measured data indoors and outdoors have been used to validate numerical (BEM and FEM), empirical and analytical (MST) prediction techniques. The validated numerical methods have been used to make predictions at scales suitable for attenuating traffic noise by means of carefully designed ground treatments. The work has also been extended to railway and tramway noise. It has been found that replacing hard ground with porous ground, introducing single or multiple impedance discontinuities, growing vegetation and introducing low height roughness can all contribute between 3 and 15 dB additional attenuation of traffic noise. In respect of replacing hard ground by porous ground, it is concluded that the ground with lowest flow resistivity i.e. grassland left untouched and allowed to grow wild gives the best attenuation performance. However, dividing a single width of soft ground into alternating strips of hard and soft surfaces does not improve the insertion loss. The overall width of the soft surface is the main factor. Cultivating crops over porous ground can enhance the attenuation but the effect is not very significant for A-weighted levels as most of additional attenuation occurs at higher frequencies above 3 kHz. A 0.3 m high and at least 3 m wide lattice structure design is found to be very useful for traffic noise attenuation since it offers greater insertion loss than the same width and height of parallel low walls and the resulting attenuation is azimuthal angle independent. It has been shown also that the potentially negative effect on insertion loss due to propagation of roughness-induced surface waves over rough surfaces can be reduced by introducing sound absorbing material in between the walls.

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Tooms, Stephen. "Acoustic propagation near porous and elastic boundaries". Thesis, Open University, 1990. http://oro.open.ac.uk/57315/.

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A model for predicting the response of a system composed of a fluid halfspace, overlying a porous ground layer, resting on an elastic halfspace, to incident plane waves, is developed to include further porous elastic layers within the ground. The dynamic properties of the porous elastic layers are modelled using a modified Biot formulation. Using the same boundary conditions a Fast Field algorithm for Layered Air Ground Systems (FFLAGS) is formulated to predict acoustic propagation and acoustic-seismic coupling in the model layered system due to a point source in a horizontally stratified atmosphere. This is a full wave solution. Results are compared to those of existing propagation prediction methods. FFLAGS has been used to predict (i) the effects of temperature gradients on short range propagation over an asphalt like surface, (ii) sensitivity of received sound pressure levels to ground parameters for various atmospheric conditions, and (iii) the influence of ground parameters on acoustic-seismic coupling. Predictions of acoustic surface waves in the presence of an upward refracting atmosphere using Creeping wave theory and the FFP method have been shown to agree. Dispersion equation based predictions of surface wave types have been assessed. It has been shown that the high velocity surface waves predicted by dispersion equation solutions on porous and elastic ground surfaces are not predicted to be excited by a point source. However several other surface wave modes have been predicted in layered systems, similar to those predicted in visco-elastic media. The influence of ground elasticity on received sound pressure levels is examined. Measurable effects of elasticity of the surface are predicted for low density materials, and measured over a low density polyester foam. Controlled experiments have been performed to study the effect of soil wetting on acoustic to seismic coupling. It is found that the observed effects can be modelled using FFLAGS.

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Fraenkel, Elina. "The Greener Outdoors : The importance of environmental communication with the customer". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-412605.

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The apparel industry is pointed out as an industry highly contributing with negative environmental impacts in all different stages of the production to consumption chain. Companies within the outdoor industry have been trying to combat this issue by producing apparel that are less harmful for the environment and by encouraging consumers to keep, care and repair for their apparel over time. Educative communication with customers regarding the environmental issues deriving from apparel consumption is seen where some brands go as far as to engaging in environmental activism. Regarding retailers within the outdoor industry, the use of educational communication needs to incorporate many different brands and thus communicating about environmentally preferable apparel is more complex. This study investigates the Swedish retailer Naturkompaniet’s approach to educational communication in order to identify what possibilities there are to encourage consumers to purchase environmentally preferable apparel and to care for it over time. The study find that Naturkompaniet does use educational communication to encourage consumers to purchase environmentally preferable apparel to some extent. It also identifies room for improvement and give suggestions on how the communication can be developed further.

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Mausch, Anna Marleen. "Friluftsliv för Alla? : exploring and hacking our accessibility to the outdoors". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för design (DE), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-105278.

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When we are outdoors we rely on the things we bring. By questioning, if the outdoors are freely accessible and detached from our capitalistic world, I identified that to- day’s outdoor equipment industry is not only enjoying great popularity, but is also having the tendency to stay in its comfort zone, mainly engaging in ecological spheres of sustainability. With my bachelor’s thesis project, Friluftsliv för Alla?, I had the aim to initiate a shift, to broaden one’s mind, and to put a focus beyond the sustainability indicator of a product. Together with my collaborator ‘Friluftsfrämjandet’, a Swedish outdoor association, I shared concerns about social-cultural sustainability in the area of outdoor recreation, and started to look at the people who are in need of gear. An item that sparked a lot of my interest was the indispensable shelter, that is needed when we want to spend a good amount of time outside in nature. With the help of my sponsors and other stakeholders I was able to craft a fully functioning tent, that is supposed to be used and shared unconditionally.

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Von, Benzon Nadia Rosemary. "Risks, rationalities and realities : learning disabled children's access to the outdoors". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/risks-rationalities-and-realities-learning-disabled-childrens-access-to-the-outdoors(d3eca6b4-d271-457c-be46-ea19919af831).html.

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Over the last 25 years geographers, amongst other social scientists, have become increasingly interested in the lived experience of childhood (Cloke and Jones, 2005). One area of interest has been children’s environmental access, with a focus on independent access, mobility and play (Thomson and Philo, 2004). The dominant narrative of this work has been focused on the decreasing quantity and quality of children’s natural environment experiences (Valentine and McKendrick, 1997), positioned primarily as a result of changing approaches to risk perception and management, in both families and schools (Malone, 2007). This thesis explores children’s own perspectives, specifically looking at the lived experiences of learning disabled children, a group largely absent from geographical research (bar Goodfellow, 2012; and Holt, 2010). A mixed qualitative methods approach is used, borrowing from participatory geography techniques and using a range of media including video diaries. The thesis finds that learning disabled young people experience stigma in their interactions with outdoor spaces that are characterised by being highly structured and supervised. As a result learning disabled young people struggle to develop skills and interests in accessing outdoor spaces, and do not utilise outdoor green spaces as sites of peaceful solitude or landscapes of socialising. This research contributes to children’s geographies through the interpretation of new empirical data and the development of methodological approaches for including learning disabled young people in research.

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Anderson, Zann Benjamin. "Laying a Foundation for Computing in Outdoor Recreation". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2019. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8713.

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Mobile computing allows individuals to bring computing with them into the outdoors. This creates a new situation in which individuals can stay connected even when trying to "get away from it all." Questions arise from this juxtaposition regarding whether the inclusion of computing in these activities is a positive or a negative. Evidence exists supporting both conclusions. We posit that computing can contribute positively to outdoor recreation without distracting. This dissertation details work undertaken in two phases which explores how computing can accomplish this goal. Phase 1 explored how individuals are already using computing technology in hiking, and culminated with the development of a model describing individuals' decisions regarding technology use on the trail. In Phase 2, we developed a vision which navigates the tension between the connection technology provides to our day-to-day lives and the desire to disconnect, along with prototypes which serve as an embodiment of this vision. We found that computing is in wide use by hikers, and through qualitative data analysis we developed a Two Worlds model which describes their decisions regarding technology use when hiking. This model provides a space which can be probed and explored in future work. Our vision guides careful growth in the inclusion of computing in outdoor recreation, allowing computing to support activities without becoming a distraction. Our work makes important empirical, theoretical, and artifact contributions to the field of HCI. It also identifies interesting areas of exploration, some of which have already informed the development of our Two Worlds model, and some of which remain largely unexplored. In this sense, our work has both blazed new trails in exploring computing's place in outdoor recreation and identified "side trails" for further exploration by ourselves and others. We look forward to this work and its results.

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Welch, Denise Claire. "A methodology for the measurement of distributed agricultural sources of ammonia outdoors". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2003. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13268/.

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Ammonia is the most prevalent alkaline gas in the atmosphere and plays an important role in environmental pollution through acidification and eutrophication. Livestock are the largest source of ammonia in the UK, mainly originating during storage and spreading of animal manure. The aim of this study was to validate the collection efficiency of recurved passive ammonia flux (PAF) samplers and the flux frame method to provide a robust methodology for measurement of distributed agricultural sources of ammonia outdoors. The collection efficiency of recurved PAF samplers was determined in a wind tunnel under controlled conditions of ammonia flux (0.771 - 13.49 mg NH3 m-2 s-1), and at angles of orientation to the flow direction (0, 30, 60, 70, 80, 90°). The samplers were effective up to a wind speed of 7 m s-1 and an angle of 80°, with a mean collection efficiency of 71%. The flux frame method had a mean collection efficiency of 87.4% when used with ground level point sources under controlled conditions in the Atmospheric Flow Laboratory. However, in controlled field releases, the efficiency fell to 56.4%. The flux frame method was also suitable for line sources, although assumptions must be made about the source homogeneity and plume dispersion. ADMS modelling was used to predict the collection efficiencies for the flux frame method and these agreed with measured collection efficiencies to within 37.3%. A comparison of source strengths determined using a full size flux frame and portions of the flux frame showed that a full size flux frame was unnecessary as one column of samplers produced a very similar estimate to that of the whole frame. The validated method was then used to measure ammonia emissions from free-range pigs. The amount of ammonia emitted from this source was very low and less than 0.16 g (kg of sow)-1 day-1.

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Benavides, Aerin Benavides. "Meanings teachers make of teaching science outdoors as they explore citizen science". Thesis, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10123698.

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This descriptive case study examined the meanings public elementary school teachers (N = 13) made of learning to enact citizen science projects in their schoolyards in partnership with a local Arboretum. Utilizing Engeström’s (2001) framework of cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT), the Arboretum’s outreach program for area Title 1 schools was viewed as an activity system composed of and acting in partnership with the teachers. The major finding was that teachers designed and mastered new ways of teaching (expansive learning) and transformed their citizen science activity to facilitate student engagement and learning. I highlight four important themes in teachers’ expansive learning: (a) discussion, (b) inclusion, (c) integration, and (d) collaboration. Teacher learning communities formed when colleagues shared responsibilities, formed mentor/mentee relationships, and included student teachers and interns in the activity. This program could serve as a model for elementary school citizen science education, as well as a model for professional development for teachers to learn to teach science and Environmental Education outdoors.

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Adner, Johanna. "Exploring the Outdoors : mapping microplastics in the textile design- and production processes". Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-22087.

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Microplastics have been found in all aquatic environments and once they entered they cannot be removed. This has put new focus on the sources of microplastics where the textile industry has gained large attention. Much consideration has been given to the production of fleece fabric and the use of polyester but this report aims to explore the whole design- and production process and mapping those activities which has a large impact on microplastic release. Together with participants from five (5) Swedish Outdoor Brands and seven (7) field experts has this report mapped possible challenges and solutions. Main findings are 20 different challenging areas with 19 suggested solutions on how to prevent microplastic pollution. The result is the first in its kind doing a comprehensive study of the whole textile design- and production process and provides a broad foundation for further research. As there still is a considerable lack of knowledge about many of the issues that were brought up, both within the design- and production processes, has a shared responsibility among companies, organizations, universities and private persons been raised. Through common platforms are inspiration and awareness spread and this report aims to contribute to the gap in the current knowledge.

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Hammarberg, Mette, i Inga Johanson. "Företag och friluftsliv : ett framgångsrikt initiativ?" Thesis, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-265.

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Syfte och frågeställningar

Syftet är att undersöka hur naturen påverkar människan, samt på vilket sätt företag kan använda sig av friluftsliv i ett led till ökade ekonomiska och hälsorelaterade vinster. Detta med föresatsen att friluftsliv är en kombination av naturvistelse och fysisk aktivitet.

• Vilken inverkan har naturen på människan?

• Hur kan en arbetsgivare tjäna på att erbjuda sina anställa friluftslivsaktiviteter?

• Hur kan friluftsliv utveckla gruppdynamik?

Metod

Forskning och litteratur har granskats för att svara på studiens syfte. En hypotetiskt deduktiv metod för sökning av fakta och forskning kring naturens positiva inverkan på hälsan, kopplingen natur och hälsa samt grupper och grupputveckling har använts. Resultatet av en enkätundersökning kring företags intresse av friluftsliv som friskvård, utgör även det en del i bakgrunden i denna kvalitativa litteraturstudie.

Sammanfattande diskussion

Sverige förlorar varje år stora summor pengar på sjukfrånvaro till följd av fysisk inaktivitet. Fysisk aktivitet är sedan länge även det en välkänd hälsoförbättrare samtidigt som många forskningsresultat visar på att naturen påverkar människans hälsa positivt. I och med dessa fakta vore det bra om ett koncept där fysisk aktivitet kombineras med naturvistelse(friluftsliv) kunde erbjudas för företag, som ett alternativ till traditionell friskvård.

En framtida utmaning är att få företag att se vinsterna med att satsa pengar på att få deras personal mer fysiskt aktiv och därmed öka deras hälsa. Positivt är att enkätundersökningen visar att de vinster företagen själva såg som resultat av deltagande i friluftsaktiviteter var; minskad sjukfrånvaro, gladare, piggare personal, mer motiverad personal samt bättre effektivitet. Detta tyder på att viss kunskap kring vikten av en frisk personal redan finns i arbetslivet.

Aim

The aim of the study was to investigate how nature affects the human being, and further to examine how companies can benefit, both economically and health wise, by using outdoor recreation as health service. This based on outdoor recreation practised in a nature setting and consisting of physical activity.

• How does nature affect the human being?

• How can an employer profit from offering his/her employees outdoor recreation?

• How can outdoor recreation improve group spirit?

Method

Research within following areas has been studied; Natures positive effects on the human being, the connection between nature and health, and group development. The result from a questionnaire based survey about company’s interest in outdoor recreation as health service, also stand as part of the background in this qualitative literature study.

Conclusions

Every year, Sweden looses huge amounts of money due to illness, caused by lack of physical activity. The fact that physical activity has positive effects on human physical and mental health is since far known, and results from scientific studies show that nature also has positive effects on the human body and mind. Considering these facts, it would be good if a combination of physical activity and outdoor activities (=outdoor recreation) could be offered by company health service, as an alternative to traditional health service.

A future challenge is to get companies to spend money on outdoor recreations as health service. By showing companies evidence of probable profits from betting money on getting their employees more physical active, and thereby increasing their health status, this challenge will hopefully be attained.

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Piccillo, Alanna. "Effects of making connections between science concepts and the outdoors on student comprehension". Montana State University, 2011. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2011/piccillo/PiccilloA0811.pdf.

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In this investigation, science concepts were taught in an outdoor setting with the intent of students making connections between the science concepts and the outdoors to determine the effect on student comprehension for three units of study. Lessons became progressively difficult with each unit. Results indicated that lessons lower in difficulty increased student comprehension for all samples, but only higher-achieving students showed an increase in comprehension with increased difficulty. Also, in comparison to lessons taught indoors, results indicate that block class samples benefited most from outdoor lessons, while skinny class (short class period) samples benefited more from instruction inside the classroom.

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Volvey, Anne. "Art et spatialités d'après l'œuvre in situ outdoors de Christo et Jeanne-Claude". Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00589628.

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S'inscrivant dans le champ en construction de la géographie de l'art, cette thèse traite de l'œuvre artistique de Christo et de Jeanne-Claude connue du public par The Pont-Neuf Wrapped ou Surrounded Islands, par exemple. Elle investit la dimension spatiale de la production artistique et la dimension spatiale de la réception esthétique d'un objet d'art textile in situ outdoors. Elle met en œuvre pour ce faire, d'une part, des références conceptuelles aux théories de l'action telles qu'elles se développent en géographie depuis une dizaine d'années et, d'autre part, une approche phénoménologique telle qu'elle s'est imposée en géographie depuis une trentaine d'années. En travaillant les articulations entre objet textile, objet d'art et œuvre d'art, elle montre que la dimension spatiale de l'objet-lieu d'art, sa monumentalité physique et symbolique, n'est pas pensable indépendamment de la dimension spatiale de l'œuvre d'art, celle qui est construite dans l'action artistique. Elle montre, par ailleurs, que l'objet textile est utilisé par le spectateur dans une expérience esthétique qui n'est pas seulement visuelle mais tactile et dans le cadre de l'objet-lieu d'art. Cette relation entre espace et utilisation d'objet explique la transposition et l'interprétation géographique d'un appareil théorique issu de la psychanalyse transitionnelle pour qualifier la dimension spatiale de l'expérience esthétique de l'objet d'art. Cette thèse est donc très fortement inscrite dans la pluridisciplinarité : géographie, esthétique et psychanalyse. En mettant en avant les rapports entre terrain, image et action, en replaçant cette relation dans le champ de l'expérience et en la rendant homogène à l'expérience esthétique, cette thèse est par ailleurs conçue comme le fondement d'une réflexion sur les relations entre terrain et image en géographie.

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Hasanein, Amira Ezzat Abdelshafi. "Feeling comfortable outdoors : a phenomenological understanding of microclimate perception in the Egyptian context". Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3173.

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The purely physical approach used to characterize thermal comfort is not informative for many urban designers and landscape architects. Significantly, this theoretical approach has been criticized due to the lack of consideration of human sensations and perceptions. Recent research has shown an increased consideration for the psychological and behavioural aspects of outdoor thermal comfort. However, the theoretical and methodological bases employed to consider the human aspect raise questions which may argue the quality of the produced knowledge. On the other hand, the perceptual links between microclimate and spatial configurations studied in a few studies is an interesting subject for landscape architects; nevertheless, it remains poorly researched. Therefore, this study takes an atypical approach to understanding outdoor comfort in the Egyptian summer climate, aiming to inform the design of open spaces which people would perceive as comfortable. The study offers a possible phenomenological understanding of the inherent sense of microclimate (dis)comfort in view of phenomenological notions of embodiment and multi‐sensory perception. The phenomenology of atmosphere and weather offered a theoretical perspective to approach and understand human relations to the microclimates. The methodological approach taken to understand the microclimate perception was inspired by Heidegger’s philosophy, with its emphasis on the occurrence of understanding while being in the world, and valuing subjectivity and historicity in understanding. The researcher’s prolonged touring and immersion in the microclimates was followed by investigation of 17 participants’ intentional walking experiences within the microclimates. The findings went beyond the intuitive knowledge held in mind about shade and water preferences as related to comfort in the Egyptian climate context. The study disclosed new insights into understanding outdoor comfort, originally within sunny microclimates. It was found that the microclimate perception is a perception of an atmospheric configuration, which is affected by the deep interplay of humans, place, and time. The perceived spatial physiognomies intruded with variant levels upon human perception of (dis)comfort. Interestingly, the concluded design implications do not often support the conclusions of previous experimental studies in hot, arid regions. This emphasizes the differences between subjective and objective examinations of microclimate and comfort. The study concludes that the issue of evoking and promoting comfortable feelings outdoors should be given more focal consideration in open space design than the expected impacts recommended by experimental investigations.

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Lonsdale, Peter. "Design and evaluation of mobile games to support active and reflective learning outdoors". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12076/.

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This thesis explores the use of situated, location-based mobile games for supporting learning in the field, to determine how these types of activity can support learners with reference to specific curricular aims, beyond just providing highly engaging and motivating activities. A software toolkit was developed to support the design and deployment of situated mobile learning activities. This was used to design and deploy mobile learning activities for two field studies. The first study used the critical incident technique to identify specific benefits and problems arising from outdoor mobile learning. We found that whilst learners were highly engaged by an outdoor learning activity facilitated by mobile devices, they were engaged only in the surface level of the activity and did not reflect on what they were doing. The second study comprised a grounded theory analysis of learner behaviour in the context of a location-based, enquiry-led learning game designed to overcome the problems found in Study 1 and in other projects. We present an analysis of learner interactions with the environment during an enquiry-led learning activity. Compared to an equivalent paper-based activity, the game helped to coordinate the learners’ activities and unexpected results from game actions prompted learners to reflect on their actions and what they observed. The physical environment also prompted discussion and reflection, but we saw specific problems arising from learners becoming distracted by their previous experience of the environment and by the proximity of environmental features. We discuss these findings and present implications for the design of future mobile learning games.

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Correa, Gaete Sergio Tomás. "Plan de negocios para comercializar la línea de productos outdoors nikko en Santiago". Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2007. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/104754.

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Alabdullah, Montasir Masoud. "Reclaiming urban streets for walking in a hot and humid region : the case of Dammam city, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25909.

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Due to the current practices of street design in countries with hot and humid climates that prioritise air-conditioned cars as the favoured mode of transport, the physical and spatial characteristics of the street space have failed to retain much or any user-friendliness for walking or for sustaining street life. Moreover, particularly in Saudi Arabia, the increasingly sedentary lifestyle is leading to significant health problems and prevalence of lifestyle diseases. However, there has been limited research conducted on the use of urban streets under hot and humid conditions, and even less is known about the impact of certain sociocultural aspects in, for example, Muslim countries, on the design of streets for walking. Such a situation poses challenges to the urban space researcher and designer interested in gaining a better understanding of how walking can be restored into the street space. This thesis contributes to the advancement of knowledge in this area by integrating three influential factors connected to walking in a single study; an approach which has not been elaborated previously. This thesis aimed to broaden the understanding of pedestrians’ requirements, attitudes and preferences in order to identify ways in which the neglected street space can be reclaimed for walking under hot-humid climatic conditions and to inform decision-making into improved street design. The scope of this research centred on combining an understanding of pedestrians’ thermal comfort in a hot and humid urban environment, that of the city of Dammam in Saudi Arabia, where the problem is particularly acute, coupled with exploration into the socio-cultural aspects through which behaviour such as undertaking increased physical activity is governed. The research postulated an interactive relationship between the existing conditions of the street space and these two factors. Owing to the multifaceted nature of the factors affecting an individual’s choice to walk, there are few accepted theoretical frameworks, hence studying the cause-and-effect relationship between street design and walking is challenging. Following the literature review and analysis of existing street characteristics; the strategy of mixed-method data collection combining participant observation with interviews and a questionnaire was conducted. The findings revealed the dual impact of key street characteristics on pedestrians’ reluctance to walk on streets and this led to two levels of simultaneous interventions being suggested: physical and spatial. The analytical process (1) identified the upper thermal comfort limit for pedestrians by application of the Physiological Equivalent Temperature index, ‘PET’, through use of the RayMan Software; (2) revealed that physical proximity to other people while on the street is the most sensitive socio-cultural issue in the outdoor spaces of Saudi, particularly between the opposite sexes, and that the existing pavements are generally too narrow to accommodate the preferred personal distance; (3) identified appropriate design interventions at the microscale of the street space to introduce improved shading and create air movement to reduce the impact of solar radiation and humidity and thus to contribute towards encouraging more use of streets for walking; and (4) marking the pavement to indicate distance walked along with high quality streetscape elements was shown to attract pedestrians effectively. Such findings have significant implications for restoring the place of walking on streets in hot and humid cities and the research concludes by emphasising: (1) it is the design of the street space in climatically responsive and socio-culturally compatible ways, rather than the configuration of the urban form that is most associated with increasing physical activity; (2) there is a crucial need to redistribute the street space away from cars and towards pedestrians by widening the existing pavements both for satisfying the average personal comfort distance between pedestrians and for incorporating appropriate streetscape elements.

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Wilhelmsson, Birgitta. "Teachers' intention for outdoor education : conceptualizing learning in different domains". Licentiate thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskapernas och matematikens didaktik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-56495.

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In Sweden there is a growing interest among teachers to locate teaching outdoors. This is linked to beliefs about the potential for outdoor environments to reinforce learning, since the encounter with nature becomes more holistic. Outdoors, all the senses are involved in knowledge-building and activity experiences. According to previous research, outdoor learning can lead to reinforcement between learning domains and provide a bridge to higher order learning. This thesis, comprising two papers, will focus on teachers’ intentions and educational objectives with outdoor learning, and how these educational objectives are implemented in outdoor activities. The alignment between teachers’ predefined objectives and the types of knowledge and cognitive processes reflected in the outdoor activities are also investigated. Semi-structured interviews, including descriptions of successful activities and reflections on metaphors and observations, were used to collect data. The interview transcripts were analysed using Halldén’s theory of intentional analysis to identify teachers’ intentions when locating learning outdoors. Teachers’ objectives in the cognitive domain were further analysed by Bloom’s revised taxonomy. The teachers have a range of reasons for outdoor learning, including pursuing theoretical knowledge through experience-based learning, exploring real objects using multiple senses, stimulating positive feelings towards nature, and promoting collaboration. The main intention of arranging outdoor learning is to create an alternative learning arena as an important complement to classroom learning, contributing values to students’ learning process. The teachers use a diverse set of outdoor activities. The findings included a typology of four teacher types: one values affective and social objectives and promotes activities to understand factual knowledge, another type stresses activities intended to gain procedural knowledge and emphasizes application of practical tasks. The other two teacher types primarily focus on cognitive objectives, partly to reinforce conceptual knowledge, and partly to deepen understanding or improve strategies to enhance meta-cognitive knowledge. The degree of alignment between intended objectives and performed activity is higher among teachers promoting affective and social goals alongside meta-cognitive and analytical understanding, than teachers who use outdoor activities mainly to reinforce conceptual knowledge. The thesis shows that there is a range of possible learning goals in outdoor education and that teachers are guided by what they value and how they perceive learning.
I Sverige finns ett växande intresse bland lärare att förlägga undervisning utomhus. Detta är kopplat till föreställningar om utomhusmiljöns potential för att stärka lärandet, eftersom mötet med naturen blir mer holistisk. Utomhus är alla sinnen involverade i kunskapsuppbyggnad och erfarenheter genom aktivitet. Enligt tidigare forskning kan lärande utomhus leda till förstärkning mellan lärandedomäner och ge en överbryggning till mer komplext lärande. Denna avhandling, bestående av två delstudier, fokuserar lärarnas avsikter och pedagogiska mål med lärande utomhus och hur dessa pedagogiska mål genomförs i utomhusaktiviteter. Vidare undersökts överensstämmelse mellan lärarnas fördefinierade mål och de typer av kunskap och kognitiva processer som avspeglas i utomhusaktiviteterna. Semi strukturerade intervjuer, vilka inkluderade beskrivningar av framgångsrika aktiviteter och reflektioner kring metaforer samt observationer har användes för att samla in data. Intervju transkripter har analyserats med hjälp av Halldéns teori om intentionell analys för att identifiera lärarnas intentioner med att förlägga lärande utomhus. Lärarnas mål i den kognitiva domänen har analyserats vidare med Blooms reviderade taxonomi. Lärarna har en rad anledningar till lärande utomhus, vilka inkluderar att utöva teoretiska kunskaper genom upplevelsebaserat lärande, att utforska verkliga objekt med hjälp av flera sinnen, att stimulera positiva känslor för naturen, och främja samarbete. Det huvudsakliga syftet med att arrangera utomhuslärande är att skapa en alternativ lärandearena som ett viktigt komplement till klassrumsundervisningen, vilket bidrar till värden i elevernas inlärningsprocess. Lärarna använder en mängd olika utomhusaktiviteter. Resultaten innehåller också en typologi av fyra lärartyper: en som värden affektiva och sociala mål och främjar aktiviteter för att förstå faktakunskap, en annan typ betonar aktiviteter som syftar till att få formella kunskaper och understryker tillämpning av praktiska uppgifter. De andra två lärartyperna fokuserar främst kognitiva mål, dels för att stärka konceptuella kunskaper, dels för att fördjupa förståelsen eller förbättra strategier för att förbättra meta-kognitiv kunskap. Graden av överensstämmelse mellan avsiktliga mål och utförda mål genom aktivitet är högre bland de lärare som främjar affektiva och sociala mål liksom meta-kognitiv och analytisk förståelse, än de lärare som använder utomhusaktiviteter främst för att förstärka konceptuella kunskaper. Avhandlingen visar att det finns en rad möjliga lärandemål i utomhusundervisning samt att lärarna styrs av vad de värderar och hur de uppfattar lärande.

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36

Flood, Alice H. "Bring Race, Class, and Gender Outside: A Study of Life Histories and Effects of Outdoors as Public Space on the Lives of College Women". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/992.

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This study analyzes the life histories and present day experiences of female students from a college located east of Los Angeles with regards to their relationships with nature and outdoor recreation. I use data collected from in-depth interviews with eight women. These interviews illuminated the impacts that their fathers had on their early socialization with nature as well as their perspectives on being women in the outdoors. Furthermore, an analysis of an on-campus club reveals the ways in which outdoor recreation is not accessible for all individuals. These findings add to the existing bodies of literature on public space as well as the formation of early adulthood experiences with the outdoors among women resulting from childhood socialization.

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Morgan, Kelly M. "The Effect of Refractive Error and Time Spent Outdoors on Red and Blue Light-Driven Pupil Responses". The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1555351799339715.

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Busato, Cláudia Maria. "O rosto e a roupa: uma leitura dos outdoors de moda em ambientes urbanos". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2008. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/5017.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:16:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudia Maria Busato.pdf: 3089702 bytes, checksum: e8318bf2790148279cc70d4d8bc94477 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-28
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This inquiry studies urban communication and its devices of attention. The objects of this investigation are the fashion images printed in banners, billboards, images in buildings and interiors of shopping centers. The current metropolises show off the fact that they have being organized around the production and the seduction for almost two hundred years. In them, it is possible to check that is built a practice of appearances beside the history of the persons and objects. Paradoxically, the metropolises practice ways of removal, at the same time that social movements produce forms of closeness. In that habitat, it was developed the sewing industry and next to it, a demanding and segmented public moved by the novelty. It is also in the same stage, played by beauty and consumption, that the advertisement image explores its appeal to an immediate one. So, contemporary cities so much produce fast-fashion products as much social types here called image-costumer. It is necessary to emphasize that to be delighted before images, depends on the personal capacity of the individual in managing the received data. In this context, different tendencies of reception are shown: some accept in the full text the pretentious images and others seize only the languages proposed by the media. The hypothesis of this inquiry proposes that fashion images fill out individual deficit through the reconfiguration of their symbolic elements. The first symbol of the individual it is the images that he stores in his memory. Since he was born, the individual is enclosed by stimuli, particularly visual stimuli. These symbols that support the individual nowadays they are also explored by advertisement market. In order to understand the dynamic of these events the following objectives are put: 1. to identify in what ways the observer appropriates the fashion images; 2. to investigate the communicative potential of fashion billboard. The connecting thread of this inquiry goes through the reflections of Dietmar Kamper who discusses the technical images; Harry Pross who treats the pragmatic results of the symbolic orders; Baudrillard and Milton Santos, they analyse the mediation of the objects in urban space; Walter Benjamin and George Simmel, they point out the reflexes of urban life on the individuals. There are two the axles of this inquiry, a vertical, which means, a bibliographical lifting and, the other one, horizontal reached through field work. At both, it is valued in which measure they bring near the images of surface of those primary ones filed by the individual in his memory. The images in fashion billboards are objects of specified glances and they contain in its structure an efficient device of attention: the face. In that context, the observer and the image are face to face but the binomial face-clothes, in the billboards, reveals a mechanism of variation. Because in making seeming, simulating, by the use of the garment becomes a way for going out from the boredom, the changing, when the potential is going up in value of transforming stimuli. The communicative strength of the binomial face-clothes rests in the capacity of the individual of turning elements of the memory into realizable objectives. Since, contemporary individual is enclosed of objects and feelings to build a visual identity
Esta pesquisa estuda a comunicação urbana e seus dispositivos de atenção. São o objeto desta investigação as imagens da moda estampadas em banners, outdoors, imagens em edifícios e interiores de shoppings. As metrópoles atuais herdam o fato de se organizarem em torno da produção e da sedução há quase duzentos anos. Nelas é possível verificar que ao lado da história dos corpos e dos objetos constrói-se uma prática das aparências. Paradoxais, elas promovem o distanciamento, mas também movimentações sociais que propiciam formas de vinculação. Nesse habitat se desenvolve a indústria da costura e junto dela um público exigente, segmentado e movido pela novidade. É também nesse palco, encenado pela beleza e o consumo, que a imagem publicitária explora seu caráter de apelo ao imediato. Assim, as cidades contemporâneas tanto geram produtos fast fashion quanto tipos sociais aqui denominados de consumidores-imagem . Deve-se ressaltar que extasiar-se diante de imagens depende da capacidade do indivíduo de administrar as informações recebidas. Neste contexto revelam-se tendências distintas de recepção, onde uns aceitam na integra as imagens exibidas e outros apenas se apropriam das linguagens propostas pela mídia. A hipótese desta pesquisa propõe que as imagens da moda preenchem o déficit do indivíduo por meio da reconfiguração de seus elementos simbólicos. O primeiro símbolo do indivíduo são as imagens que ele provisiona na memória. Esses símbolos que sustentam o homem hoje são potencializados pelo mercado publicitário. Para compreensão desses eventos colocam-se os seguintes objetivos: 1. Identificar de que forma o observador se apropria das imagens da moda; 2. Investigar o potencial comunicativo do outdoor de moda. Esta pesquisa percorre as reflexões de Dietmar Kamper que discute as imagens técnicas; Harry Pross que trata dos resultados pragmáticos das ordens simbólicas, Baudrillard e Milton Santos que analisam a mediação dos objetos no espaço urbano, Walter Benjamin e George Simmel que apontam os reflexos da vida urbana sobre os indivíduos; são dois os eixos desta pesquisa, um vertical mediante levantamento bibliográfico e outro horizontal alcançado por meio de pesquisa de campo. Em ambos avalia-se em que medida se aproximam as imagens de superfície daquelas primárias arquivadas pelo indivíduo na memória. As imagens nos outdoors de moda são objetos de olhares particularizados e contêm na sua estrutura imagética um dispositivo eficaz de atenção: o rosto. Nessa troca observador e imagem ficam frente a frente. O binômio rosto-roupa nos outdoors revelase um mecanismo de variação, pois o fazer parecer, o simular, pela vestimenta se mostra uma forma de sair do tédio, de mudar, valorizando-se o potencial do indivíduo de transformar estímulos. Sua força comunicativa repousa na capacidade do indivíduo de transformar elementos da memória em objetivos realizáveis. Desse modo, esta pesquisa conclui que o indivíduo contemporâneo cerca-se de objetos e sentidos para construir uma identidade visual personalizada

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39

Radoi, Ion Emilian. "Long-term tracking and monitoring of mobile entities in the outdoors using wireless sensors". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22861.

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There is an emerging class of applications that require long-term tracking and monitoring of mobile entities for characterising their contexts and behaviours using data from wireless sensors. Examples include monitoring animals in their natural habitat over the annual cycle; tracking shipping containers and their handling during transit; and monitoring air quality using sensors attached to bicycles used in public sharing schemes. All applications within this class require the acquisition of sensor data tagged with spatio-temporal information and uploaded wirelessly. Currently there is no solution targeting the entire class of applications, only point solutions focused on specific scenarios. This thesis presents a complete solution (firmware and hardware) for applications within this class that consists of attaching mobile sensor nodes to the entities for tracking and monitoring their behaviour, and deploying an infrastructure of base-stations for collecting the data wirelessly. The proposed solution is more energy efficient compared to the existing solutions that target specific scenarios, offering a longer deployment lifetime with a reduced size and weight of the devices. This is achieved mainly by using the VB-TDMA low-power data upload protocol proposed in this thesis. The mobile sensor nodes, consisting of the GPS and radio modules among others, and the base-stations are powered by batteries, and the optimisation of their energy usage is of primary concern. The presence of the GPS module, in particular its acquisition of accurate time, is used by the VB-TDMA protocol to synchronise the communication between nodes at no additional energy costs, resulting in an energy-efficient data upload protocol for sparse networks of mobile nodes, that can potentially be out of range of base-stations for extended periods of time. The VB-TDMA and an asynchronous data upload protocol were implemented on the custom-designed Prospeckz-5-based wireless sensor nodes. The protocols’ performances were simulated in the SpeckSim simulator and validated in real-world deployments of tracking and monitoring thirty-two Retuerta wild horses in the Doñana National Park in Spain, and a herd of domesticated horses in Edinburgh. The chosen test scenario of long-term wildlife tracking and monitoring is representative for the targeted class of applications. The VB-TDMA protocol showed a significantly lower power consumption than other comparable MAC protocols, effectively doubling the battery lifetime. The main contributions of the thesis are the development of the VB-TDMA data upload protocol and its performance evaluation, along with the development of simulation models for performance analysis of wireless sensor networks, validated using data from the two real-world deployments.

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Booth, Mary Elizabeth. "Factors influencing the energy requirements of native ponies living outdoors in the United Kingdom". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29926.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the daily energy requirements of ponies native to the U.K., living on upland areas. This information can be used to improve the management of ponies kept under these conditions. The objectives of this thesis were to i) determine the effects of speed and terrain on the energy costs of ponies when walking, ii) measure seasonal differences in the hair coat, iii) estimate the effect of a wet winter coat on metabolic rate, iv) determine the proportion of a day spent by free-living ponies in feeding, walking, standing and lying, v) estimate the total distance moved daily by these ponies, and vi) describe the relationships between weather conditions and the behaviour and location of ponies. In the first study, the energy costs of walking were measured in four Shetland and two Exmoor ponies by using open-circuit, indirect calorimetry. The energy cost of activity, above that for standing, was independent of speed and averaged 1.02 J/kg liveweight/m travelled. An Oxylog, a portable breath-by-breath oxygen analyser, was used to determine effects of terrain on the energy cost of walking using five Shetland ponies. In the second study, physical parameters of the winter and summer hair coats of six Shetland ponies were compared. In the third study, six Exmoor pony mares, kept in an enclosed area of fell in Cumbria, were observed in later winter (W) when they were pregnant, and in summer (S) when they were lactating. The results showed that the energy costs of activity (walking and grazing) were greater in winter than in summer. Therefore, seasonal adjustments in energy requirements are needed to allow for changes in activity as well as changes in heat loss. Recommendations are made regarding the management strategies for ponies kept outdoors.

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Svane, Ulrika. "Developing children’s connection with nature: Exploring pedagogically designed nature routines in Swedish outdoors preschools". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-179184.

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There are increased ‘calls to reconnect humanity with the biosphere’ to respond to the current environmental crisis. The formative potential of nature experiences for individual’s development of connectedness with nature therefore requires attention. Specifically, connecting children with nature through nature experiences could be a leverage point for sustainable development. This thesis explores the temporal dimension of nature experiences, i.e. nature routines, for young children from a socialecological systems perspective. The views of experienced pedagogues in Swedish outdoors preschools are addressed. The results show that affective connectedness with nature develops in four general phases: being comfortable in nature, enjoy being in nature, caring for nature and oneness with nature, while experiential and cognitive connectedness with nature develop gradually. There is a progression in the pedagogically designed nature routines during the time at the preschool, as pedagogues facilitate relevant learning situations in nature to support the on-going development of children’s connectedness with nature. Nature routines are understood as generating enculturation on how to be and behave in nature. Furthermore, pedagogues’ functional classification of nature places highlights the pedagogical values of varying natural environments and biotopes near the preschool. Implications for urban planning could therefore be investigated further. Future research could also address the relevance of nature routines and the phases of affective connectedness with nature for other age groups.

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Svensson, Henric. "Characterization, toxicity and treatment of wood leachate generated outdoors by the wood-based industry". Doctoral thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för biologi och miljö (BOM), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-62538.

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Wood is a natural raw material, and would hardly be considered a risk to the environment. However, the handling of wood materials on an industrial scale has been shown to have a negative impact on water bodies that run-off from industrial sites that process wood-based materials. Most investigations related to water pollution from wood-based industries have focused on large industrial sites such as pulp and paper mills. The goal of the present thesisis to understand better such environmental problems and treatment solutions that occur at most wood handling sites. Where there are large outdoor storage areas for logs and sawdust that are exposed to rainfall or irrigation, such as the wooden-floor and bio-energy sectors. Leachate generated by the contact of water with wood in storage areas contains a large amount of organic matter that is potentially hazardous to water bodies that receive run-off from the site. It has been found that different wood species yield different leachate compositions, with leachate from oak having the highest pollutants content, followed by leachate from pine. This investigation shows that oak has the potential to leach about 10 times the amount of polyphenols compared with other investigated species (i.e., pine, beech and maple). Furthermore, oak leachates have the lowest ratio of biological oxygen demand at 7 days tochemical oxygen demand (0.12), which suggests a potential problem with the biological degradation of this leachate. It has also been shown that leachate from wood are potentially toxic to aquatic organisms. Treatability studies with the aim of reducing the environmental impact of wood leachate were conducted on a pilot scale as part of the scope of this thesis. The results showed, among other options, the possibility of using constructed wetlands to treat leachate. It was found that plants and aeration can affect the performance of a wetland. However, the most important factor is the time water spends in the wetland. Filter material that could be used to absorb leachate was also studied. A filter consisting of a mixture of peat and ash (from incinerated organic matter), was used to absorb a specific chemical group (polyphenols) in the leachate. It was also shown that polyphenols are vulnerable to ozone, representing a third viable treatment process.
Trä är ett naturligt råmaterial som knappast anses vara en risk för miljön. Däremot har hanteringen av trämaterial i industriell skala visat sig ha negativ inverkan på vattendrag. De flesta utredningar avseende vattenföroreningar inom träbaserade industrier har fokuserat på stora industrier med stor vattenförbrukning så som massa- och pappersbruk. Lakvatten som alstras vid kontakten mellan vatten och trä innehåller höga halter av organiska ämnen som är potentiellt farliga för vattendrag. Målet med denna avhandling är att få kunskap om ovanstående miljöproblem och möjlig behandlingar av dessa. Förorenat lakvatten skapas av industrier, där stora mängder timmer och sågspån är placerade utomhus och utsätts för regn och bevattning, såsom inom trägolv och bioenergisektorn. Man har funnit att lakning från olika träslag ger olika sammansättningar på lakvattnet, där lakvatten från ek har den högsta halten av föroreningar följt av furu. Denna undersökning visar att ek har potential att laka ut tio gånger så mycket polyfenoler jämfört med andra undersökta arter (tall, bok och lönn). Dessutom har lakvatten från ek den lägsta andelen av biologisk syreförbrukning efter 7dagar per kemisk syreförbrukning (0,12), vilket tyder på ett potentiellt problem med den biologiska nedbrytningen av detta lakvatten. Man har även påvisat att lakvattnet från trä är potentiellt giftigt för akvatiska organismer. Studier för att försöka minska miljöpåverkan av lakvatten från denna trädsort gjordes i pilotskala inom ramen för denna avhandling. Dessa studier visade bland annat på möjligheterna att använda sig av våtmarker som reningsmetod, där växter och luftning påverkar hur bra en våtmark fungerar. Men den viktigaste faktorn var den ökade uppehållstiden som vattnet får i våtmarken. Utöver studier av våtmarker har också ett filtermaterial studerats, filtret bestod av en blandning av torv och aska, som användes för att absorbera en specifik kemisk grupp i lakvattnet (polyfenoler). I en tredje typ av behandlingsprocess visade det sig också att polyfenoler effektivt kan brytas ned av ozon.

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Kwon, Ju Youn. "Human responses to outdoor thermal environments". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2009. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/5519.

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This thesis presents a series of studies into the responses of people to outdoor thermal conditions experienced over all seasons in the United Kingdom. The aim was to investigate practical methods for predicting human responses to outside weather conditions, which would be useful in predicting effects on human comfort and health. The studies involved both laboratory experiments and field trials. One particular aspect of outside conditions, not usually investigated in laboratory studies, is the contribution of solar radiation. Single subject and thermal manikin studies were used to determine the contribution of solar radiation to human response. In addition to this, a total of 168 subjects responses were recorded during trials at the Loughborough University weather station compound. (latitude 52.47N and longitude 01.11W). The trials were distributed between July 2007 and October 2008. This provided a comprehensive data-base for the evaluation of thermal indices. The thesis is divided into four parts. Part one provides an introduction to the subject and a comprehensive literature review. It also describes equipment, calibration procedures and methods used. Part two quantified the contribution of solar radiation to the heat load on a person. A human subject and a heated thermal manikin were exposed to outdoor thermal conditions, while in light clothing and (for the person) conducting a step test. They were then exposed to identical conditions in a thermal chamber, but without the contribution of the sun. The conditions outside were 23˚C air temperature, 42˚C mean radiant temperature and 54% relative humidity with an average air velocity of 0.75 ms-1. The difference in sweat rate (person) and heat required (manikin) between outdoor and indoor conditions were used to estimate the contribution of the sun. Using three different analyses estimates were 14 Wm-2, 35 Wm-2 and 50 Wm-2 depending upon the assumptions made. Part three describes current thermal indices that can be used to assess the effects of weather conditions on people. It also presents the results of weather station measurements over the time period considered. In chapters 8 and 9 field trials are described which capture both the thermal conditions and human physiological and subjective responses to those conditions. Chapter 10 uses the data collected to provide an evaluation of current thermal indices for predicting human responses. The range of air temperature and relative humidity (at 2 pm) over a year was -2˚C to 29˚C and 34% to 95% respectively. Wind speed varied and was greater in winter and spring than in summer and autumn. Solar radiation was influenced by the altitude of the sun which depended upon season. Mean solar radiation increased from December to June and decreased from June to December. The subjective and physiological responses for 130 people (65 males and 65 females) over a range of outdoor weather conditions are presented. Physiological responses for females generally showed a stronger relationship with environmental variables and subjective responses than those for males. The subjective and physiological responses of four groups (one in each season of the year - involving a total of 38 people), are presented. It was found that there were significant individual differences in response. Part four provides a suggestion for an improved thermal index. The PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) out of four thermal indices (WBGT, PMV, WCI/tch and Twc) had the strongest relationship with environmental variables and physiological responses but had a weak relationship with subjective responses. A PMVoutdoors index was developed to improve the prediction of subjective responses for the outdoor conditions investigated. Conclusions and recommendations for future research are provided.

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Tourula, M. (Marjo). "The childcare practice of children’s daytime sleeping outdoors in the context of Northern Finnish winter". Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2011. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514296673.

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Abstract The purpose of the study was to create a comprehensive view and add understanding about the childcare practice of children sleeping outdoors in the context of Northern Finnish winter. A general view of the topic was described, the thermal insulation of clothing of infants sleeping outdoors in northern winter climate was evaluated and the relationships among thermal environment, infants’ skin temperatures and daytime outdoor sleep duration were described. Mixed methods research design was used. A questionnaire was distributed to the parents (n=116) of children under 2 years of age in the city of Oulu. Skin temperatures of about three-month-old infants were recorded from seven skin sites throughout a daytime sleep outdoors (n=34) and indoors (n=33) in the families’ homes. The duration of the infant’s sleep was observed and air temperature and velocity of the outdoor environment were recorded. Clothing data of infants were collected and microclimate temperatures and humidity inside middle wear measured. The insulation of clothing ensembles was measured by using a baby-size thermal manikin. The required clothing insulation was estimated according to ISO 11079. Mothers (n=21) from Northern Finland were interviewed. A fit can be found between family – cultural outdoor sleeping childcare practice – and Northern Finnish winter environment, but also factors that decreased the fit existed. Winter environment was seen as an affordance for the child to sleep outdoors. Infants usually slept outdoors in the daytime once a day in different kinds of environments, the best temperature being -5 °C. Outdoor sleeping was a self-evident and common culturally bound custom. Guidelines and encouragement were given to mothers from different sources, and by sharing their own experiences, mothers participated in the cultural knowledge-building processes. The outdoor sleeping practice was commonly accepted collective behavior. Many risk factors also existed, but when all security perspectives were first taken into account it promoted family well-being by creating rhythm and strengthening the fluency of everyday life. The optimal thermal insulation was difficult to adjust systematically and both cooling and sweating existed. When ambient temperature decreased, the cooling rate of Tsk increased. Children slept longest outdoors when the cooling rate of Tsk was minimal. The basic idea was that outdoor sleeping promoted children’s health. A comprehensive view of the phenomenon was gathered into the evaluation model, which can be utilized in nursing practice. The findings give detailed information that is utilized when updating guidelines. This study also creates ground for international comparative studies
Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli muodostaa kokonaiskuva ja lisätä ymmärrystä lasten ulkona nukuttamiskäytännöstä pohjoissuomalaisessa talvikontekstissa lasten ja perheiden hyvinvoinnin lisäämiseksi. Tarkoituksena oli kuvata lasten ulkona nukuttamiskäytäntöä, ympäristön ja ihon lämpötilojen sekä unen pituuden yhteyttä ja arvioida vaatetuksen lämmöneristävyyttä. Tutkimuksessa käytettiin mixed methods -lähestymistapaa monipuolisen kokonaiskuvan tavoittamiseksi. Pilottikysely tehtiin alle 2-vuotiaiden lasten vanhemmille (n=116) Oulun alueella. Ihon lämpötiloja mitattiin seitsemästä eri kehon osasta noin kolmen kuukauden ikäisiltä lapsilta (n=34) heidän nukkuessaan kotona päiväuniaan sisällä ja ulkona Pohjois-Suomessa talvella. Unen pituutta havainnoitiin ja ympäristön lämpötilaa ja tuulen nopeutta mitattiin. Lasten talvivaatetuksesta kerättiin tietoa ja lämpötiloja mitattiin vaatetuksen eri kerroksista sekä kosteutta välivaatetuksen alta. Vaatetuksen lämmöneristävyyksiä mitattiin lasten kokoa vastaavalla lämpönukella. Vaadittava lämmöneristävyys arvioitiin ISO 11079 – standardin mukaisesti. Pohjoissuomalaisia lapsiperheiden äitejä (n=21) haastateltiin kulttuurisen tiedon esille tuomiseksi. Yhteensopivuus perheen, kulttuurisen ulkona nukuttamiskäytännön ja pohjoisen talviympäristön välillä voidaan saavuttaa, mutta toisaalta myös tasapainoa vähentäviä tekijöitä löytyi. Talviympäristö nähtiin tarjoumana lapsen rauhalliselle nukkumiselle sen puhtaan ja raikkaan ilman ja luonnon sekä hiljaisuuden ja rauhallisuuden takia. Talvinen sää vaihteli auringon paisteesta kovaan lumipyryyn ja lämpötila muutamista lämpöasteista lähes kolmenkymmenen asteen pakkaseen lasten nukkuessa vaunuissaan. Paras lämpötila ulkona nukkumiselle oli -5 °C. Ulkona nukuttamista pidettiin itsestään selvänä kulttuurisena tapana. Äidit saivat ohjeita ja kannustusta lasten ulkona nukuttamiseen eri lähteistä. Vertailemalla ja jakamalla kokemuksiaan he osallistuivat myös itse kulttuurisen tiedon rakenteluun. Lasten ulkona nukuttaminen talvella osoittautui yleisesti hyväksytyksi kollektiiviseksi käyttäytymiseksi, joka toisinaan aiheutti paineita äideille. Lapsen ulkona nukkumiseen liittyi monia riskitekijöitä, mutta kaikki turvallisuusnäkökohdat ensin huomioon ottamalla se edisti perheen hyvinvointia luomalla säännöllistä rytmiä ja vahvistamalla arjen sujuvuutta. Optimaalisen vaatetuksen lämmöneristävyyden löytäminen systemaattisesti eri lämpötiloissa oli vaikeaa; sekä jäähtymistä että hikoilua esiintyi. Ympäristön lämpötilan laskiessa keskimääräisen ihon lämpötilan jäähtymisnopeus lisääntyi. Lapset nukkuivat ulkona pisimpään silloin, kun ihon lämpötilan jäähtyminen oli hitainta. Ensisijaisesti ulkona nukkumisen ajateltiin edistävän lapsen terveyttä. Lasten ulkona nukuttamisen arviointimallia voidaan hyödyntää käytännössä ohjauksen yhteydessä ja tutkimuksen tuottamaa yksityiskohtaista tietoa ohjeistusten päivittämisessä. Tutkimus antaa lähtökohtia kansainväliselle vertailevalle tutkimukselle

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Almeida, Dulce Moreno Marques de. "Pedestrian streets for sustainable cities : highlight on design strategies to control hot summer conditions outdoors". Thesis, Open University, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.489039.

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Kok, Wing Sze Vince. "Design for human comfort outdoors in cold climates, with specific reference to Winnipeg transit stops". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ57550.pdf.

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Schuch, Ursula K. "Forcing Containerized Roses in a Retractable Roof Greenhouse and Outdoors in a Semi-Arid Climate". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/216552.

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Sales of containerized roses have increased dramatically in recent years and producing flowering plants in containers in a timely manner is important to the nursery industry. An experiment was conducted to determine whether forcing containerized roses will be faster in a retractable roof greenhouse compared to outdoors. Results suggest that forcing roses in a retractable roof greenhouse can shorten the production time and increase quality of finished plants, however, cultivar, time of harvesting, and time in cold storage also affect these parameters.

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Batistini, Edoardo. "Portofino Seaweed Garden: un caso studio su come la comunità degli sport acquatici possa essere utile alla conservazione marina". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022.

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Ericaria amentacea è un’alga bruna endemica del Mar Mediterraneo che si sviluppa tra 0-2 metri. Una delle specie più sensibili per la valutazione della qualità ecologica delle acque ed è ecologicamente rilevante come "specie ingegnere dell'ecosistema". Le popolazioni mediterranee si sono recentemente ridotte a causa dell’alterazione e perdita dei suoi habitat e alla presenza di inquinanti chimici in mare. Ad Aprile 2021 è nato il Portofino Seaweed Garden: l’intento è quello di indagare la fattibilità dell’impianto di giovanili di Ericaria amentacea mediante la creazione di un “giardino sommerso” nell’Area Marina Protetta di Portofino, come strumento di conservazione delle popolazioni di quest’alga bruna, utilizzando l’approccio della “Scienza partecipata marina”. Obiettivo è sensibilizzare e coinvolgere le persone che praticano lo sport outdoor marino nel monitorare la crescita di Ericaria amentacea su 25 dischetti impiantati presso Punta Castello (zona C dell’AMP di Portofino), utilizzando un protocollo di monitoraggio “ad hoc”. Dopo la fase di prelievo di apici fertili presso Punta Chiappa, la coltura in laboratorio e l’impianto, è iniziato il periodo di monitoraggio della crescita dell’alga da parte della comunità outdoor, durante i mesi di Agosto, Settembre ed Ottobre. Tramite un campionamento fotografico ai dischetti, da parte della comunità outdoor, è stato valutato il ricoprimento % di Ericaria amentacea nel tempo. La risposta della comunità outdoor è stata soddisfacente: 24 persone hanno partecipato e il campionamento fotografico ha evidenziato un buona crescita di dell'alga soprattutto da fine Settembre a metà Ottobre. Questo studio rappresenta un lavoro preliminare per valutare la capacità di crescita di dell'alga. L’approccio partecipativo delle persone al monitoraggio è uno dei punti di maggiore forza di questo studio. Tutti i dati e risultati saranno utilizzati dall’estate 2022, quando inizierà un nuovo ciclo di prelievo, coltura e monitoraggio.

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Eddy, Beth Erin. "THE EFFECT OF A PHYSICAL EDUCATION GAMES UNIT ON CHILDREN’S PARTICIPATION IN NEIGHBORHOOD PHYSICAL ACTIVITY". UKnowledge, 2011. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/112.

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Many strategies to increase children’s physical activity have been studied, noted and implemented. It is important that physical educators realize their role in increasing physical activity both in school and outside of school. In order to promote physical activity outside of school it is important to understand what types of physical activities in which children enjoy participating. This study manipulated specific games taught in physical education classes and then explored how many and what types of these activities were continued in out-of-school free play at home in the children’s neighborhood. The students’ activities increased after the intervention, especially the activities taught in the Physical Education class. Activities tended to take place closer to their homes and required little to no equipment. A majority of students enjoyed playing outside for at least one hour per day. A pre and post 7-day activity survey showed activity frequency increased after a games unit was taught in physical education class.

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Mulvihill, Shane. "Light Exposure, Refractive Error, and Red and Blue Light-Driven Pupillary Responses". The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1460742215.

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