Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Oscines”

The group known as the new world nine-primaried oscines is a large and diverse group containing about 10% of the living species of birds. The group is poorly known karyologically and phylogenetic relationships of some species within the group remain uncertain. In this paper, karyological data relating to the relationships of three species are presented. The data is also useful for exploring the nature of chromosomal evolution in birds. Two species of Parulinae were studied, with other warblers for comparison. Karyological data strongly supported removal of the Olive Warbler, Peucedramus taeniatus, from Parulinae. The Yellow-breasted Chat, Icteria virens, was found to be aberrant but properly a member of Parulinae. The genus Dendroica was found karyotypically conservative, with no differences between four species. The genus Vermivora was distinguished from other genera by large blocks of heterochromatin at the centromeres of most macrochromosomes. It appears that the Five-striped Sparrow, Amphispiza quinquestriata, is properly placed in its genus according to analysis of a data set that combined karyological and morphological data. This work strongly suggests that Chromosomal evolution is decoupled from the speciation process in Emberizidae. More intrageneric karyotypic variation was found within Emberizinae than has been previously reported from any bird taxon. There was a great deal of karyotypic rearrangement between species in Thraupinae and Cardinalinae. The rearrangements appear to be due to pericentric inversion. The heteromorphisms in the karyotypes of A. quinquestriata and Pipilo erythrophthalmus when combined with reports of heteromorphisms in other nine-primaried oscine species suggest this group has mechanisms to avoid meiotic irregularities usually associated with pericentric inversion. Further karyological studies of the nine-primaried oscines are required to improve our understanding of chromosomal evolution in the group.

A presente Dissertação apresenta dados sobre dois estudos complementares: a filogenia do gênero Paroaria (Aves: Passeriformes: Oscines; Capítulo 2) e a filogeografia de Paroaria dominicana (Capítulo 3). O estudo filogenético do gênero Paroaria utilizou como fonte de dados seqüências do ND2 (1041 pb) obtidas a partir de indivíduos das cinco espécies desse gênero (exceto P. baeri com 925 pb) e de seis espécies de diferentes tribos da subfamília Emberizinae como grupos externos. As reconstruções filogenéticas obtidas indicam que: 1) táxons da atual tribo Emberizini não formam um grupo monofilético; 2) Gubernatrix cristata pertence à tribo Thraupini; 3) dentre as espécies amostradas, G. cristata é a mais próxima ao gênero Paroaria; 4) o gênero Paroaria é monofilético; 5) o gênero Paroaria está dividido em dois clados principais: (P. coronata, P. dominicana) e (P. baeri (P. gularis, P. capitata)). Para auxiliar a interpretação dos resultados, as distribuições dos registros das espécies do gênero Paroaria foram obtidas por meio da compilação de informações de localidades de coleta de onze instituições. O clado (P. coronata, P. dominicana) sugere que as florestas abertas dos arredores do Chaco e da Caatinga estão relacionadas. Já o clado (P. baeri (P. gularis, P. capitata)) sugere relação entre as matas ciliares do Cerrado, da Amazônia, do Pantanal e dos arredores do Chaco. Estimativas de datas de divergências sugerem que as diversificações mais antigas dentro do gênero Paroaria ocorreram no período Plioceno, enquanto apenas a mais recente ocorreu no Pleistoceno inferior. Eventos paleogeográficos e paleoclimáticos poderiam estar associados às diversificações. Já o estudo filogeográfico da espécie P. dominicana utilizou como fonte de dados seqüências do ND3 (351 pb) e do primeiro domínio da região controladora (391 pb) obtidas a partir de 51 indivíduos dessa espécie. A espécie irmã P. coronata foi selecionada como grupo externo. Porém, devido a problemas laboratoriais ela foi substituída por P. capitata em algumas matrizes. Testes de neutralidade foram aplicados aos dados e sugerem que: 1) há fuga do modelo de populações em equilíbrio neutro causada por seleção positiva (fase pré ou pós-fixação) ou seleção negativa atuando concomitantemente ou não a uma expansão populacional recente; e 2) a não utilização do grupo externo mais adequado causou saturação nos dados, prejudicando a realização de inferências mais precisas sobre as forças causadoras do padrão de polimorfismos encontrado. Com isso, análises de demografia histórica e de tamanho populacional efetivo foram comprometidas. As análises de estrutura populacional indicam que: 1) a espécie P. dominicana não apresenta estruturação populacional para o DNAmt; 2) essa espécie deve ser tratada como uma única Unidade de Manejo; e 3) o rio São Francisco e os tipos de Caatinga não constituem barreiras geográfica e ecológica para essa espécie, respectivamente.<br>This Masters Thesis comprises two complementary studies: phylogeny of the genus Paroaria (Aves: Passeriformes; Oscines; Chapter 2) and phylogeography of Paroaria dominicana (Chapter 3). The phylogeny of the genus Paroaria is based on complete ND2 (1041 bp) sequences from all five Paroaria species (except P. baeri with 925 bp) and from six species from different tribes of the subfamily Emberizini as outgroups. The results indicate that: 1) the current tribe Emberizini is not monophyletic; 2) Gubernatrix cristata should be placed within the tribe Thraupini; 3) among the outgroups sampled, G. cristata is the closest to genus Paroaria; 4) genus Paroaria is monophyletic; and 5) genus Paroaria is comprised of two major clades: (P. dominicana, P. coronata) and (P. baeri (P. gularis, P. capitata)). To help interpreting the results, the distribution of sampling localities of the genus Paroaria was compiled from eleven institutions. The clade (P. dominicana, P. coronata) indicates an association between the open forests of Caatinga and around the Chaco. The clade (P. baeri (P. gularis, P. capitata)) suggests that the riparian forests of Cerrado, Amazon, Pantanal and around the Chaco are related. Date estimates of diversification indicate that the oldest splits within the genus occurred during the Pliocene, and only the youngest diversification occurred during the early Pleistocene. Paleogeographic and paleoclimate events could be related to these diversifications. The phylogeography of the species P. dominicana is based on sequences from of ND3 (351 bp) and first domain of the control region (391 bp) from 51 individuals. The sister species P. coronata was used as outgroup. However, due to technical problems it was replaced by P. capitata in some data matrices. Neutrality tests results suggest that: 1) there is departure from the neutral equilibrium population model due to negative or positive selection (pre or post fixation phases) acting simultaneously or not with a recent population expansion; and 2) the use of a non-sister outgroup caused saturation of the data, jeopardizing more precise inferences on the forces shaping the polymorphism pattern found. Therefore, historical demography and effective population size analyses could not be performed. The population structure analyses suggest that: 1) the species P. dominicana is not geographically structured based on mtDNA data; 2) this species can be considered as a single Management Unit; and 3) the São Francisco river and the types of Caatinga are not geographic and ecological barriers for this species, respectively.

Submitted by Ana Rosa Silva (arosa@ufpa.br) on 2012-07-24T15:44:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_IdentificacaoNeuroanatomicaNucleos.pdf: 102090966 bytes, checksum: a3d19b0254c7057fa2763d8fbc761cd0 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva(arosa@ufpa.br) on 2012-07-24T15:45:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_IdentificacaoNeuroanatomicaNucleos.pdf: 102090966 bytes, checksum: a3d19b0254c7057fa2763d8fbc761cd0 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-24T15:45:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_IdentificacaoNeuroanatomicaNucleos.pdf: 102090966 bytes, checksum: a3d19b0254c7057fa2763d8fbc761cd0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011<br>CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>Sabe-se que as regiões cerebrais envolvidas no controle do canto são sexualmente dimórficas em muitas espécies de pássaros adultos de regiões temperadas como nos zebra finches em que os machos cantam e as fêmeas não cantam. Em diversas espécies de pássaros canoros dos trópicos, contudo, tanto os machos quanto as fêmeas são capazes de cantar. Porém, os mecanismos envolvidos na produção do canto em fêmeas ainda é pouco compreendido. Com o intuito de identificar diferenças que possam explicar o canto em fêmeas, nós estudamos a morfologia do sistema do canto de pássaros machos e fêmeas da espécies Uraegynthus cyanocephalus, espécie esta em que tanto machos quanto fêmeas cantam. Como primeiro passo para a análise e estabelecimento de diferenças anatômicas quanto ao sexo, nós quantificamos alterações de volume de áreas prosencefálicas relacionadas ao cantos, através de marcação com Nissl e de marcação de receptores andrógenos (RA) por meio de hibridização in situ radioativa. Nós verificamos que, tanto em machos quanto em fêmeas, o volume do centro vocal superior (HVC) não sofre alteração estatisticamente significativa ao longo do desenvolvimento. Observamos, ainda, que o volume do HVC em machos é sempre superior ao das fêmeas, inclusive na fase adulta, quando esta diferença se torna significativa, existindo portanto, dimorfismo sexual. Contrariamente ao desenvolvimento do HVC, o núcleo robusto do arcopalio (RA) de machos aumenta de modo significativo gradualmente com a idade, atingindo o seu pico de crescimento na fase adulta. O volume do RA aumentou em 2,21 vezes no macho (0,104 mm3 em 20 dias para 0,236 mm3 na idade adulta). Nas fêmeas, as alterações volumétricas de RA observadas ao longo do crescimento não foram significativas.<br>Song control regions in passerine birds are sexually dimorphic in the adult brain of species like the zebra finches in which males sing whereas females do not. In the majority of tropical bird species, however, females sing as well. The issue of female song production began to attract more attention recently, but the neural mechanisms involved in the female song production are still poorly understood. Here we study for the first time the ontogeny of the song control system in a species, in which both male and female sing regularly. In blue-capped cordon blues (Uraeginthus cyanocephalus), a close relative of the zebra finch, females sing but have shorter songs with fewer syllables compared to the males. Volumetric changes of forebrain song control regions (the HVC, the RA and the LMAN) of the blue capped cordon bleu have been quantified in both sexes at 20, 30, 50 and ≥100 days posthatching, by using the Nissl- taining method and in situs hybridization. In both sexes, no significant differences in the volumetric development of HVC (proper name) were detected. The Nissl-efined volume of the HVC in males was always superior to the females values, including the adulthood, when the volume values became significant bigger in males than in females. In contrast, the volume of the robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA) increased with age reaching the highest values in adulthood. The Nissl-defined RA volume incresed by 2,21 times in males (from 0,104 mm3 at 20 days to 0,236 mm3 in adulthood). In females, no significant differences in the volumetric development of RA were detected.

An undue focus on Temperate Zone oscines (songbirds or passerines) has led to a geographical bias in interpretation of song frmnction and evolution. This bias led initially to relatively simplistic theories of the ftmnction of bird song with vocalizations divided into 'songs' and 'calls'. Songs were complex, learned vocalizations, given by males in the breeding season, thnctioning in territory defence and mate attraction and stimulation. Calls, on the other hand, were simple innate vocalizations serving more immediate needs such as begging for food and raising an alarm. Female song, where it occurred, was considered an aberration. Further studies suggested that complex songs were associated with mate attraction functions while simpler songs were associated with territory defence. However it became apparent that the distinction between songs and calls was not nearly so clear-cut and the supposed connection between complexity and function in song was questioned. Moreover it was realised that female song could not be dismissed as a mere aberration. Another problem was the ftmnction of the dawn chorus, where research had failed to find a consistent, all-encompassing explanation. Since most studies had been done on Northern Hemisphere songbirds, it was becoming clear that the geographical focus needed to be broadened. The life histories of Northern Hemisphere TemperateZone songbirds are very different from those in many other regions. In contrast to the situation in this zone, maintenance of year-round territory, territory defence by both male and female, life-long social monogamy and extensive female vocalization are widespread in tropical, subtropical and Southern Hemisphere regions. Recently it has been suggested that more intensive studies of vocalizations in these regions might help clariQi some of these issues and consequently an endemic Australian passerine was chosen for the current study. The study focused on the vocalizationsof the grey butcherbird Cracticus torquatus Artamidae, which displays the life history features described above. The main study population was located in the Brisbane suburbs of Rainworth and Bardon. Additional data were gathered from other Brisbane suburbs and bushland sites within the city and at Lake Broadwater near Dalby, Queensland. Vocalizations were initially recorded electronically and analysed using Canary sound editing program. Vocalization data were supplemented using an aural recording method, which was independently checked for reliability. Behavioural data including posture during vocalizations and interactions with other birds were also gathered. Initial investigationsrevealed the existence of two main categories of vocalizations - those given by the family group during the day, all year round and those given at dawn by males during the breeding season. For the focal study populations, group vocalizations were studied throughout the year over several years, however the song given at dawn by males during the breeding season proved to be quite complex and three birds from three territories in the main study area were chosen as case studies. Recordings were made of the vocalizations of the three case study birds over three breeding seasons. Starting and fmishing times (with respect to civil twilight) were recorded in order to determine both changes in song bout duration and starting time throughout the breeding season. Additional birds from the same area, from the other Brisbane suburbs and from the bushland sites were studied to check the validity of conclusions drawn from the case studies. The results of the investigations revealed a vocalization structure that contrasted strongly with the simple picture of bird song drawn from study ofNorthernHemisphere Temperate Zone passerines. The vocalizations given during the day, often referred to as the 'song' of this species, were very different from the early dawn song given by the male during the breeding season. This latter appeared to be song sensu stricto according to the paradigms developed for Northern Hemisphere birds. The thytime vocalizations, however, fitted neither the classic definition of 'song' nor the classic definition of 'call'. This relatively long-term study revealed different starting time patterns and periodicity for thy vocalizations and male breeding season song. Day vocalizations commenced at a fairly constant time with respect to civil twilight throughoutthe year but breeding season song started progressively earlier from the beginning through to the middle of the season then progressively later till the end of the season. Relative finishing time of breeding song however remained constant so that the duration of breeding season song gradually increased then decreased paralleling the change in starting times. A consequence of the two distinct classes of vocalizations was that there were essentially two distinct 'dawn choruses'. One, consisting of group vocals, was sung all year round; the other was given by males singing 'breeding season' song. Since there was no reason the expect that a single function would necessarily be ascribed to both choruses, this raised the possibility that some of the confusion surrounding the ftinction and nature of the 'dawn chorus' originated from a failure to recognize the existence of two such choruses. Variation in time and space showed ifirther differences between the two vocalization classes. The breeding song of each male was distinctly different from that of his neighbours and there was a marked change in the repertoire of any individual from one year to the next. In marked contrast, daytime vocalization repertoires of neighbouring groups were virtually indistinguishable and changed little from year to year. These findings, together with information from recent literature, suggested that the two song classes had a different ontogeny, function and possibly evolution. It was proposed that territory declaration was the function of dawn singing by grey butcherbird family groups but that the function most consistent with adult male dawn song was attraction of females for extra-pair copulations. It was suggested that chorusing itself was to some extent an accidental by-product of the advantage to the individual or group of singing at dawn although a recently proposed function, the social dynamics function, could not be ruled out. Further differences from the Northern Hemisphere situation were detected in subsong. First, subsong was given by birds in their first year and also by adult males. The finding of subsong in adult males was not without precedent as it has been documented previously for a small number of passerines, especially those that change repertoire from year to year. Subsong in young (first year) birds, however, was unusual in that birds practised in small groups rather than in the complete isolation usually associated with subsong. Moreover they did not practise adult male song but instead practised group daytime vocalizations. It was suggested that it was important for birds to learn to sing in company for the important task of group territory defence. Further investigation of the literature and observations during the present study revealed similar vocalization classes and behaviours in other members of the Artamidae and other endemic Australasian taxa. These literature investigations also revealed that the possession two song vocalization classes was quite widespread although they tended to be restricted (but not exclusive) to males rather than found in males and females. These findings led to furtherresearch into the significanceofAustraliain the evolution of songbirds, the role of co-operative breeding in Australianpasserines, and finally to an hypothesis for a possible origin of male bird song. It is suggested that male song arose in a social environment where the male and female were in frequent vocal communication. If the tendency to seek extra-pair copulations (EPCs) and female choice had already been incorporated into the suite of passerine behaviours, it would be necessary to avoid the mate during such activities and the male would need to advertise with a signal distinct from group vocalizations. Early dawn, with poor light conditions, could be a favourable time for these activities. Thus it is proposed that the ancestral condition was with all group members singing most vocalisations, the intermediate situation was similar to that in the grey butcherbird and the 'advanced' condition was where female and other group member vocalizations (other than calls) have dropped out and only male song remains.

An undue focus on Temperate Zone oscines (songbirds or passerines) has led to a geographical bias in interpretation of song function and evolution. This bias led initially to relatively simplistic theories of the function of bird song with vocalizations divided into 'songs' and 'calls'. Songs were complex, learned vocalizations, given by males in the breeding season, functioning in territory defence and mate attraction and stimulation. Calls, on the other hand, were simple innate vocalizations serving more immediate needs such as begging for food and raising an alarm. Female song, where it occurred, was considered an aberration. Further studies suggested that complex songs were associated with mate attraction functions while simpler songs were associated with territory defence. However it became apparent that the distinction between songs and calls was not nearly so clear-cut and the supposed connection between complexity and function in song was questioned. Moreover it was realised that female song could not be dismissed as a mere aberration. Another problem was the function of the dawn chorus, where research had failed to find a consistent, all-encompassing explanation. Since most studies had been done on Northern Hemisphere songbirds, it was becoming clear that the geographical focus needed to be broadened. The life histories of Northern Hemisphere Temperate Zone songbirds are very different from those in many other regions. In contrast to the situation in this zone, maintenance of year-round territory, territory defence by both male and female, life-long social monogamy and extensive female vocalization are widespread in tropical, subtropical and Southern Hemisphere regions. Recently it has been suggested that more intensive studies of vocalizations in these regions might help clarify some of these issues and consequently an endemic Australian passerine was chosen for the current study. The study focused on the vocalizations of the grey butcherbird Cracticus torquatus Artamidae, which displays the life history features described above. The main study population was located in the Brisbane suburbs of Rainworth and Bardon. Additional data were gathered from other Brisbane suburbs and bushland sites within the city and at Lake Broadwater near Dalby, Queensland. Vocalizations were initially recorded electronically and analysed using Canary sound editing program. Vocalization data were supplemented using an aural recording method, which was independently checked for reliability. Behavioural data including posture during vocalizations and interactions with other birds were also gathered. Initial investigations revealed the existence of two main categories of vocalizations - those given by the family group during the day, all year round and those given at dawn by males during the breeding season. For the focal study populations, group vocalizations were studied throughout the year over several years, however the song given at dawn by males during the breeding season proved to be quite complex and three birds from three territories in the main study area were chosen as case studies. Recordings were made of the vocalizations of the three case study birds over three breeding seasons. Starting and finishing times (with respect to civil twilight) were recorded in order to determine both changes in song bout duration and starting time throughout the breeding season. Additional birds from the same area, from the other Brisbane suburbs and from the bushland sites were studied to check the validity of conclusions drawn from the case studies. The results of the investigations revealed a vocalization structure that contrasted strongly with the simple picture of bird song drawn from study of Northern Hemisphere Temperate Zone passerines. The vocalizations given during the day, often referred to as the 'song' of this species, were very different from the early dawn song given by the male during the breeding season. This latter appeared to be song sensu stricto according to the paradigms developed for Northern Hemisphere birds. The daytime vocalizations, however, fitted neither the classic definition of 'song' nor the classic definition of 'call'. This relatively long-term study revealed different starting time patterns and periodicity for day vocalizations and male breeding season song. Day vocalizations commenced at a fairly constant time with respect to civil twilight throughout the year but breeding season song started progressively earlier from the beginning through to the middle of the season then progressively later till the end of the season. Relative finishing time of breeding song however remained constant so that the duration of breeding season song gradually increased then decreased paralleling the change in starting times. A consequence of the two distinct classes of vocalizations was that there were essentially two distinct 'dawn choruses'. One, consisting of group vocals, was sung all year round; the other was given by males singing 'breeding season' song. Since there was no reason the expect that a single function would necessarily be ascribed to both choruses, this raised the possibility that some of the confusion surrounding the function and nature of the 'dawn chorus' originated from a failure to recognize the existence of two such choruses. Variation in time and space showed further differences between the two vocalization classes. The breeding song of each male was distinctly different from that of his neighbours and there was a marked change in the repertoire of any individual from one year to the next. In marked contrast, daytime vocalization repertoires of neighbouring groups were virtually indistinguishable and changed little from year to year. These findings, together with information from recent literature, suggested that the two song classes had a different ontogeny, function and possibly evolution. It was proposed that territory declaration was the function of dawn singing by grey butcherbird family groups but that the function most consistent with adult male dawn song was attraction of females for extra-pair copulations. It was suggested that chorusing itself was to some extent an accidental by-product of the advantage to the individual or group of singing at dawn although a recently proposed function, the social dynamics function, could not be ruled out. Further differences from the Northern Hemisphere situation were detected in subsong. First, subsong was given by birds in their first year and also by adult males. The finding of subsong in adult males was not without precedent as it has been documented previously for a small number of passerines, especially those that change repertoire from year to year. Subsong in young (first year) birds, however, was unusual in that birds practised in small groups rather than in the complete isolation usually associated with subsong. Moreover they did not practise adult male song but instead practised group daytime vocalizations. It was suggested that it was important for birds to learn to sing in company for the important task of group territory defence. Further investigation of the literature and observations during the present study revealed similar vocalization classes and behaviours in other members of the Artamidae and other endemic Australasian taxa. These literature investigations also revealed that the possession two song vocalization classes was quite widespread although they tended to be restricted (but not exclusive) to males rather than found in males and females. These findings led to further research into the significance of Australia in the evolution of songbirds, the role of co-operative breeding in Australian passerines, and finally to an hypothesis for a possible origin of male bird song. It is suggested that male song arose in a social environment where the male and female were in frequent vocal communication. If the tendency to seek extra-pair copulations (EPCs) and female choice had already been incorporated into the suite of passerine behaviours, it would be necessary to avoid the mate during such activities and the male would need to advertise with a s<br>Thesis (PhD Doctorate)<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)<br>Australian School of Environmental Studies<br>Full Text

A l’heure actuelle, il reste largement à étudier comment le codage sensoriel des signaux vocaux de communication contribue à leur détection et à leur reconnaissance. Peu d’études se sont, en effet, penchées sur le codage des vocalisations au niveau des régions auditives en fonction de l’individu qui les produit et du degré de familiarité avec cet individu. Dans ce cadre, les oiseaux chanteurs sont un bon modèle parce qu’ils utilisent des vocalisations pour interagir et reconnaître leurs congénères et qu’ils possèdent, de plus, un ensemble de régions auditives. Parmi ces régions, le nidopallium caudomedian (NCM), une aire auditive analogue du cortex auditif secondaire chez les mammifères, est actuellement considérée comme une région spécialisée dans le traitement des vocalisations (chants et cris) de l’espèce : les neurones du NCM répondent plus fortement aux vocalisations de l’espèce qu’à celles d’une autre espèce. À partir de là, parce que chez le diamant mandarin, le cri de distance permet aux individus, mâles ou femelles, de reconnaître leur partenaire sexuel, nous avons cherché à savoir si, chez les femelles comme chez les mâles, les neurones du NCM montraient une discrimination dans leurs réponses auditives entre le cri d’individus connus (parmi lesquels figurait le partenaire sexuel) et ceux d’individus inconnus et si ces réponses reflétaient le degré de familiarité de ces vocalisations. Les enregistrements de l’activité des neurones du NCM, chez des diamants mandarins vigiles (grâce à un système de télémétrie) ou anesthésiés, lors de la présentation de cris de distance, ont révélé, chez les femelles vivant en couple et ayant été familiarisées avec un autre couple de diamants mandarins, une plus forte augmentation de l’activité lors de la diffusion des cris d’individus connus, mâles ou femelles, qu’aux cris d’individus inconnus. Une telle augmentation n’a pas été, en outre, observée chez des femelles contrôles qui n’avaient jamais entendu ces mêmes cris auparavant. De plus, ils ont indiqué que le nombre de neurones montrant un fort degré de sélectivité ainsi que la quantité d’information portée par les trains de potentiels d’action étaient plus importants chez les femelles vivant en couple que chez les femelles contrôles. En revanche, chez les mâles, bien que la plupart des neurones montrait des réponses lors de la diffusion des cris, aucune différence n’a été mise en évidence entre les cris d’individus connus et ceux d’inconnus. Nous avons alors cherché à savoir comment, d’un point de vue acoustique, les cris de distance étaient représentés au sein du NCM. En se basant sur une étude comportementale ayant déterminé quelles étaient les caractéristiques acoustiques qui contribuaient à la reconnaissance de ces cris, nous avons cherché à savoir si les neurones du NCM étaient sensibles à ces mêmes caractéristiques acoustiques. Les résultats ont montré que, chez les femelles, la suppression de la fréquence fondamentale et la modification du timbre du cri du partenaire sexuel ou du propre cri de l’oiseau provoquaient une forte diminution des réponses au sein du NCM alors que, chez les mâles, les réponses variaient selon le paramètre modifié et le type de cri présenté. Nos résultats suggèrent donc que, chez le diamant mandarin, le NCM est impliqué dans le codage du cri de distance. Cependant, ils mettent en évidence des différences dans ce codage entre les mâles et les femelles. Chez les femelles, ce codage permet de discriminer entre les cris d’individus connus et ceux d’individus inconnus alors que chez les mâles, son rôle reste à être déterminé. Chez les femelles, l’expérience sociale au travers de la mémorisation des signaux de communication des individus peut donc façonner les propriétés fonctionnelles des neurones d’une aire auditive secondaire. Ces propriétés pourraient donc continuellement subir des changements pour s'adapter à l’environnement social de l’individu<br>How sensory signals are encoded in the brain and whether their behavioural relevance affects their encoding are central questions in sensory neuroscience. Studies have consistently shown that behavioural relevance can change the neural representation of sounds in the auditory system, but what occurs in the context of natural acoustic communication where significance could be acquired through social interaction remains to be explored. The zebra finch, a highly social songbird species that forms lifelong pair bonds and uses a vocalization, the distance call, to identify its mate offers an opportunity to address this issue. One auditory area in the songbird telencephalon, the caudo-medial nidopallium (NCM) that is considered as being analogous to the secondary mammalian auditory cortex, has recently emerged as part of the neural substrate for sensory representation of species-specific vocalizations: the activation of NCM neurons is greatest when birds are exposed to conspecific song, as compared to heterospecific song or artificial stimuli. This led us to investigate whether, in the zebra finch, NCM neurons could contribute to the discrimination among vocalizations that differ in their degree of familiarity: calls produced by the mate, by familiar individuals (males or females), or by unfamiliar individuals (males or females). In females, behaviourally relevant calls, i.e. the mate’s call and familiar calls, evoked responses of greater magnitude than unfamiliar calls. This distinction between responses was seen both in multiunit recordings from awake freely moving mated females (using a telemetric system) and in single unit recordings from anesthetized mated females. In contrast, control females that had not heard them previously displayed response of similar magnitude to call stimuli. In addition, more cells showed highly selective responses in mated than in control females suggesting that experience-dependent plasticity in call-evoked responses resulted in enhanced discrimination of auditory stimuli. In males, as in females, call playback evoked robust auditory responses. However, neurons in males did not appear capable of categorizing the calls of individuals (males or females) as ‘‘familiar’’ or ‘‘unfamiliar’’. Then, we investigated how calls are represented in the NCM of zebra finches by assessing whether certain call-specific acoustic cues drove NCM neurons to a greater degree than others. Behavioural studies had previously identified call-specific acoustic cues that are necessary to elicit a vocal response from male and female zebra finches. Single-unit recordings indicated that NCM neurons in females were particularly sensitive to call modifications in the spectral domain: suppressing the fundamental frequency of call stimuli or modifying the relative energy levels of harmonics in call caused a marked decrease in response magnitude of NCM neurons. In males, NCM neurons also appear to be sensitive to call modifications in the spectral domain, however changes in magnitude of responses (increase or decrease) depended on the acoustic cue that had been modified.Our results provide evidence that the NCM is a telencephalic auditory region that contributes to the processing of the distance call, in females as well in males. However, how the distance call is processed and represented in the NCM appears to differ between males and females. In females, the NCM could be involved in dicrimination between call stimuli whereas, in males, its functional role in call-processing remains to be determined. Our results also suggest that, in females, social experience with the call of individuals, by affecting the degree to which neurons discriminated between these calls, may shape the functional properties of neurons in a telencephalic auditory area. The functional properties of auditory neurons may therefore change continuously to adapt to the social environment

Pendant la première période de leur vie, les bébés et les jeunes oiseaux présentent des phases de développement vocal comparables : ils écoutent d'abord leurs parents/tuteurs afin de construire une représentation neurale du stimulus auditif perçu, puis ils commencent à produire des sons qui se rapprochent progressivement du chant de leur tuteur. Cette phase d'apprentissage est appelée la phase sensorimotrice et se caractérise par la présence de babillage. Elle se termine lorsque le chant se cristallise, c'est-à-dire lorsqu'il devient semblable à celui produit par les adultes.Il y a des similitudes entre les voies cérébrales responsables de l'apprentissage sensorimoteur chez l'homme et chez les oiseaux. Dans les deux cas, une voie s’occupe de la production vocale et implique des projections directes des zones auditives vers les zones motrices, et une autre voie s’occupe de l’apprentissage vocal, de l'imitation et de la plasticité.Chez les oiseaux, ces circuits cérébraux sont exclusivement dédiés à l'apprentissage du chant, ce qui en fait un modèle idéal pour explorer les mécanismes neuronaux de l’apprentissage vocal par imitation.Cette thèse vise à construire un modèle de l'apprentissage du chant des oiseaux par imitation. De nombreuses études antérieures ont tenté de mettre en œuvre l'apprentissage par imitation dans des modèles informatiques et partagent une structure commune. Ces modèles comprennent des mécanismes d'apprentissage et, éventuellement, des stratégies d'exploration et d'évaluation.Dans ces modèles, une fonction de contrôle moteur permet la production de sons et une réponse sensorielle modélise soit la façon dont le son est perçu, soit la façon dont il façonne la récompense. Les entrées et les sorties de ces fonctions sont dans plusieurs espaces: l'espace moteur (paramètres moteurs), l'espace sensoriel (sons réels), l'espace perceptif (représentation à faible dimension du son) ou l’espace des objectifs (représentation non perceptive du son cible).Le premier modèle proposé est un modèle théorique inverse basé sur un modèle d'apprentissage vocal simplifié où l'espace sensoriel coïncide avec l'espace moteur (c'est-à-dire qu'il n'y a pas de production sonore). Une telle simplification permet d'étudier comment introduire des hypothèses biologiques (par exemple, une réponse non linéaire) dans un modèle d'apprentissage vocal et quels sont les paramètres qui influencent le plus la puissance de calcul du modèle.Afin de disposer d'un modèle complet (capable de percevoir et de produire des sons), nous avions besoin d'une fonction de contrôle moteur capable de reproduire des sons similaires à des données réelles. Nous avons analysé la capacité de WaveGAN (un réseau de génération) à produire des chants de canari réalistes. Dans ce modèle, l'espace d'entrée devient l'espace latent après l'entraînement et permet la représentation d'un ensemble de données à haute dimension dans une variété à plus basse dimension. Nous avons obtenu des chants de canari réalistes en utilisant seulement trois dimensions pour l'espace latent. Des analyses quantitatives et qualitatives démontrent les capacités d'interpolation du modèle, ce qui suggère que le modèle peut être utilisé comme fonction motrice dans un modèle d'apprentissage vocal.La deuxième version du modèle est un modèle d'apprentissage vocal complet avec une boucle action-perception complète (il comprend l'espace moteur, l'espace sensoriel et l'espace perceptif). La production sonore est réalisée par le générateur GAN obtenu précédemment. Un réseau neuronal récurrent classant les syllabes sert de réponse sensorielle perceptive. La correspondance entre l'espace perceptuel et l'espace moteur est apprise par un modèle inverse. Les résultats préliminaires montrent l'impact du taux d'apprentissage lorsque différentes fonctions de réponse sensorielle sont mises en œuvre<br>During the first period of their life, babies and juvenile birds show comparable phases of vocal development: first, they listen to their parents/tutors in order to build a neural representation of the experienced auditory stimulus, then they start to produce sound and progressively get closer to reproducing their tutor song. This phase of learning is called the sensorimotor phase and is characterized by the presence of babbling, in babies, and subsong, in birds. It ends when the song crystallizes and becomes similar to the one produced by the adults.It is possible to find analogies between brain pathways responsible for sensorimotor learning in humans and birds: a vocal production pathway involves direct projections from auditory areas to motor neurons, and a vocal learning pathway is responsible for imitation and plasticity. The behavioral studies and the neuroanatomical structure of the vocal control circuit in humans and birds provide the basis for bio-inspired models of vocal learning.In particular, birds have brain circuits exclusively dedicated to song learning, making them an ideal model for exploring the representation of vocal learning by imitation of tutors.This thesis aims to build a vocal learning model underlying song learning in birds. An extensive review of the existing literature is discussed in the thesis: many previous studies have attempted to implement imitative learning in computational models and share a common structure. These learning architectures include the learning mechanisms and, eventually, exploration and evaluation strategies. A motor control function enables sound production and sensory response models either how sound is perceived or how it shapes the reward. The inputs and outputs of these functions lie (1)~in the motor space (motor parameters’ space), (2)~in the sensory space (real sounds) and (3)~either in the perceptual space (a low dimensional representation of the sound) or in the internal representation of goals (a non-perceptual representation of the target sound).The first model proposed in this thesis is a theoretical inverse model based on a simplified vocal learning model where the sensory space coincides with the motor space (i.e., there is no sound production). Such a simplification allows us to investigate how to introduce biological assumptions (e.g. non-linearity response) into a vocal learning model and which parameters influence the computational power of the model the most. The influence of the sharpness of auditory selectivity and the motor dimension are discussed.To have a complete model (which is able to perceive and produce sound), we needed a motor control function capable of reproducing sounds similar to real data (e.g. recordings of adult canaries). We analyzed the capability of WaveGAN (a Generative Adversarial Network) to provide a generator model able to produce realistic canary songs. In this generator model, the input space becomes the latent space after training and allows the representation of a high-dimensional dataset in a lower-dimensional manifold. We obtained realistic canary sounds using only three dimensions for the latent space. Among other results, quantitative and qualitative analyses demonstrate the interpolation abilities of the model, which suggests that the generator model we studied can be used as a motor function in a vocal learning model.The second version of the sensorimotor model is a complete vocal learning model with a full action-perception loop (i.e., it includes motor space, sensory space, and perceptual space). The sound production is performed by the GAN generator previously obtained. A recurrent neural network classifying syllables serves as the perceptual sensory response. Similar to the first model, the mapping between the perceptual space and the motor space is learned via an inverse model. Preliminary results show the influence of the learning rate when different sensory response functions are implemented

L’objectif de la thèse a été d’étudier la structure, la fonction et la plasticité au cours du temps du chant d’un oiseau mâle adulte, la fauvette à tête noire Sylvia atricapilla. L’influence de différents comportements migratoires sur les caractéristiques du chant, sur la maintenance des dialectes et sur l’apprentissage a également été étudiée chez deux populations, une migratrice (représentée par 2 groupes à Paris) et une sédentaire (représentée par 3 groupes en Corse). Le chant de cette espèce est constitué de deux parties aux caractéristiques acoustiques bien distinctes, le warble et le whistle. Nos expériences de diffusion montrent que chacune des deux parties peut provoquer une réponse territoriale des mâles. Ce chant en deux parties permet probablement aux fauvettes de transmettre des informations différentes, destinées à différents auditoires, proches et lointains, mâles et femelles. Nos analyses génétiques par microsatellites ne montrent pas de structure génétique des groupes et populations. Néanmoins, nous avons montré l’existence de variations micro-géographiques au niveau de la composition en syllabes et en séquences de syllabes de cette seconde partie du chant. Bien que le renouvellement des individus soit plus important chez les migrateurs que chez les sédentaires, les 2 populations ont un taux de partage de syllabes et de phrases équivalent au sein des groupes. Nous avons cependant observé que les individus migrateurs ont un répertoire de syllabes 2 fois plus grand mais une diversité de phrases partagées 2 fois moins grandes que les sédentaires. Le suivi d’individus sédentaires sur plusieurs années consécutives a permis de montrer que l’espèce faisait preuve d’une plasticité vocale puisqu’on observe un plus grand partage de syllabes et de phrases intra année qu’inter année au sein des groupes. Même si les individus semblent modifier le contenu de leurs chants chaque année, nous n’avons pas réussi à mettre en évidence par des expériences de diffusion en milieu naturel un apprentissage à l’âge adulte de nouvelles syllabes ou de nouvelles phrases<br>The aim of the thesis was to study the structure, function and plasticity over time of the song of a male adult bird, the blackcap Sylvia atricapilla. The influence of different migratory behaviors on the song characteristics, on the dialect maintenance and on learning has also been studied in two populations, a migratory one (represented by two groups in Paris) and a sedentary one (represented by 3 groups in Corsica). The song of this species consists of two parts with distinct sound characteristics, the warble and the whistle. Our playback experiments show that both parts trigger male territorial response. Such a song in two parts probably allows blackcaps to transmit different information for different audiences, close and distant, males and females. Genetic analyzes with microsatellites show no genetic structure of groups and populations. Nevertheless, we have shown the existence of micro-geographical variations in the composition of syllables and sequences of syllables in the whistle part. Although the turnover of individuals is higher among migrants than among sedentary populations, the two populations have similar syllables and phrases sharing within groups. However, migratory birds, compared to sedentary ones, have a syllable repertoire size twice as large and a repertoire of phrase sharing much smaller. The survey of sedentary individuals over several consecutive years has shown that the species show a vocal plasticity since a greater sharing of syllables and of phrases is observed intra year than between years within groups. Although individuals seem able to modify their songs every year, we didn’t succeed in showing with playback experiments in natural environment that adults males were able to learn new syllables or new phrases

O ruído antropogênico pode afetar a comunicação acústica das espécies através do mascaramento, com possíveis efeitos sobre o valor adaptativo. Assim, diversas espécies de grupos distintos apresentam diferenças em características de suas vocalizações ou em seu comportamento entre locais mais e menos ruidosos, permitindo-as sobreviver e reproduzir nos locais com mais ruído. As diferenças podem surgir por mudanças de curto (plasticidade vocal), médio (ontogênese) ou longo prazo (evolução). Para os mecanismos de curto e médio prazos, características intrínsecas das espécies podem interferir no processo, particularmente a forma pela qual ocorre o aprendizado. Dentro da ordem Passeriformes, os oscines apresentam aprendizado vocal, enquanto os suboscines não. Neste trabalho relatamos um estudo comparando as características das vocalizações de um oscine (corruíra, Troglodytes musculus) e um suboscine (bem-te-vi, Pitangus sulphuratus) de uma mesma população de cada espécie em dois locais de seu habitat com níveis de ruído distintos. Nós previmos que as vocalizações da corruíra apresentariam diferenças entre os locais, enquanto que as do bem-te-vi não, dadas as diferenças em plasticidade e aprendizado entre oscines e suboscines. Contrariando nossas previsões, praticamente nenhuma das características das vocalizações de ambas as espécies diferiu entre as áreas. Os resultados apontam para a possibilidade de que pode não haver adaptação acústica de curto prazo nestas espécies (ou que pode não haver diferenças entre oscines e suboscines ou aves que aprendem vs. as que não aprendem), embora haja diversas hipóteses alternativas.<br>Anthropogenic noise may affect acoustic communication of species through masking, with potential fitness consequences. Several species from different groups then show differences in call features or behavior between noisier and quieter regions, allowing them to survive and reproduce in the noisy places. Differences may arise through short (call plasticity), medium (ontogenetic) or long-term (evolutionary) mechanisms. For the short and medium term mechanisms, intrinsic characteristics of the species may interfere with the modification of the signals, particularly the way that vocal learning occurs. Within the Passeriform order, the oscines show vocal learning, while the suboscines do not. Here we report a study comparing song characteristics of an oscine (southern house wren Troglodytes musculus) and a suboscine bird (great kiskadee Pitangus sulphuratus) of a single population at two different places of their habitat showing different noise levels. We predicted that the oscine bird would show differences in the calls between the regions, while the suboscine species would not show them, given the differences in song learning and plasticity between those groups. Contrary to our predictions, almost none of the song parameters of both the great kiskadee and the southern house wren differed between those areas. The results point to the possibility that there might not be short term acoustic adaptation in bird song features in these species (or that there might not be a difference between oscines and suboscines or learners vs. non-learners), but several alternative hypotheses exist.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Sócio-Econômico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração.<br>Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-22T19:39:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 225230.pdf: 1238210 bytes, checksum: 38c6c365c42cedbbe923bdddd744c074 (MD5)<br>Este trabalho procurou conhecer as características da captação de recursos e da estrutura organizacional de Organizações da Sociedade Civil de Interesse Público (OSCIPs) ambientalistas de Florianópolis. Para isso, foi realizado um estudo de casos múltiplos com as organizações Instituto Harmonia na Terra, Aprender e Aliança Nativa. Para contextualizar o estudo, buscou-se na literatura temas como movimento ambientalista, terceiro setor, a lei das OSCIPs e a captação de recursos. Os dados foram coletados através da análise documental e entrevistas semi-estruturadas, realizadas por meio de amostragens intencionais. As análises pareceram indicar características estruturais semelhantes a organizações orgânicas, onde se destacou a descentralização e fluidez na divisão de tarefas. Observou-se que o planejamento das organizações pesquisadas ainda parece ser incipiente e realizado somente a curto ou médio prazo. As principais fontes de recursos das organizações pesquisadas são organizações públicas e privadas. Mas a opinião dos entrevistados foi a de que os resultados esperados pelos órgãos financiadores públicos e privados diferem entre si. Enquanto o órgão público espera qualidade no cumprimento do projeto proposto, o órgão privado pretende melhorar a sua imagem no mercado. Verificou-se também que as vantagens proporcionadas pela lei das OSCIPs superam suas desvantagens. Entre as vantagens relatadas estão melhorias em parcerias, a possibilidade de remunerar dirigentes e a melhoria na imagem da organização.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T18:33:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo6568_1.pdf: 502803 bytes, checksum: 34487e905961aae5ffcb8b073a16a494 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar as práticas de microcrédito orientado desempenhadas por Organizações da Sociedade Civil de Interesse Público (OSCIP s) no estado de Pernambuco. Nesta perspectiva, o Centro de apoio ao pequeno empreendedores do Estado de Pernambuco foi escolhido como objeto de estudo. A escolha dessa instituição se deu pelo tempo de atuação que a mesma tem no mercado e pela cobertura territorial de ação que se define em quase todo o Estado. Foram selecionados como pontos de atendimento a serem estudados as unidades do Ceape-PE em Recife, Caruaru, Santa Cruz do Capibaribe e Toritama, no período de janeiro de 2005 a julho de 2010. Tais cidades se destacam no cenário econômico de Pernambuco, o que orientou a suposição de que a representação amostral estaria adequada. O estudo procurou ainda identificar: a. se, durante o período acima indicado, ocorreu o empoderamento econômico, pessoal e político dos tomadores de empréstimo; b. se existiram diferenças entre os níveis dessas formas de empoderamento na Capital e nas cidades do Agreste e c. se a localização da OSCIP estudada (na capital e no interior) está ligada à existência de arranjos produtivos locais que fomentem a demanda por microcrédito orientado. Desta maneira, a construção do trabalho permeou o seguinte problema de pesquisa: a OSCIP de microcrédito estudada pôde trazer contribuições para o empoderamento dos seus beneficiados no Recife e no Pólo de confecções do Agreste, durante o período de janeiro de 2005 a julho de 2010? Em termos metodológicos optouse por: realizar uma entrevista com cada gestor e vinte e cinco entrevistas com beneficiários. Ao mesmo tempo, buscou-se, em linhas gerais, colaborar com os estudos sobre o Terceiro Setor em Pernambuco, identificando as contribuições que podem se trazidas à sociedade através das atividades desenvolvidas pelas instituições que o compõem

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T17:16:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo2902_1.pdf: 1053827 bytes, checksum: 2aa96329cd9e93c4921445bca03681c7 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009<br>Essa dissertação tem por finalidade estudar a importância do microcrédito como fator de geração de renda no âmbito do desenvolvimento econômico e social da zona norte da cidade de Nata, tendo como foco de estudo o papel das OSCIPS, mais especificamente a atuação do CAM. De início, fez-se uma introdução ao estudo, identificando-se os principais objetivos e a estruturação teórica do mesmo. Em seguida, abordou-se de forma mais específica o terceiro setor da economia quanto às suas características e funções, inserindo as OSCIPS num contexto geral da sociedade civil e o seu papel no processo de fomento do desenvolvimento local sustentável, fazendo-se um comparativo com as organizações de crédito formal. Ainda neste capítulo, tecemos algumas considerações sobre a economia informal, visto que o microcrédito nasce de maneira informal e é voltado para este tipo de economia que desde o seu início foi ignorado pelos bancos oficiais pelo seu alto risco,operacionalidade e o elevado grau de dificuldade para a pesada estrutura bancária. Para entender essa relação, microcrédito e economia informal, foram feitos estudos com mais detalhes no mercado consumidor do microcrédito, ou seja, a economia informal, pelo fato de ser um fenômeno muito amplo e dotado de características muito heterogêneas. O estudo de caso, foi realizado através de um questionário dirigido aos clientes do Centro de Apoio aos Microempreendedores, que consistiu em verificar qual a situação sócio-econômica dos clientes da instituição antes e depois da utilização dos recursos por ela disponibilizados, além de ressaltar a questão do fomento do desenvolvimento econômico do universo em análise, utilizando-se para isso um feedback entre conceito de desenvolvimento econômico e os resultados alcançados na pesquisa de campo. Para finalizar o trabalho, fez-se um apanhado geral do estudo envolvendo os objetivos, análises e resultados alcançados ao longo da pesquisa, através da regressão linear, um dos métodos estatísticos mais usados para estudar variáveis, demonstrando a eficácia das OSCIPS, principalmente no que diz respeito ao CAM

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:20:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MatheusPMF_TESE-.pdf: 6519684 bytes, checksum: d52189e335b377f7c6cb47dffb0d69c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-05<br>The research aimed to study the emergence, role, and the possibilities of environmental movements in Sergipe, running through an analysis of the period between 1983 and 2011. This goal has been guided by the core issue of research, which was to analyze the relationship between the mission, structure and action of environmental organizations in Sergipe. The research arose from the need to map and critically evaluate the environmental movement in Sergipe. The methodological procedures focused on the literature search, survey papers in Sergipe a time gap of 28 years, detailed analysis of nine "movements" and selected in-depth interviews, semi-structured interviews with dozens of social actors involved in the area. In conclusion, we observed that environmentalism in Sergipe, from its inception, was associated with recovery of consciousness regarding the environment, to combat local problems of degradation, and the search for legitimacy of public opinion. Although the environmental movement have been, at times, the attention of mass media, the movement failed to leave the niche and achieve a more representative portion of society. You can still see the deep relationship between the profile of environmental leaders, capital strength and the practical results of the environmental actions and finally, it was observed that the action of the movements has much stronger bond with the relationship of the organization and its main leaders with the other "environmentalist," than with the structure and mission of the institution<br>A pesquisa teve por objetivo principal estudar o surgimento, o papel, e as possibilidades de reivindica??o dos movimentos ambientalistas sergipanos, perpassando por uma an?lise entre o per?odo de 1983 e 2011. Esse objetivo foi norteado pela quest?o principal da pesquisa, que foi analisar a rela??o entre a miss?o, a estrutura e a a??o das Organiza??es Ambientalistas em Sergipe. A pesquisa surgiu da necessidade de mapear e avaliar criticamente o movimento ambiental em Sergipe. Os procedimentos metodol?gicos focaram a pesquisa bibliogr?fica, levantamento nos jornais sergipanos num hiato temporal de 28 anos, an?lise detalhada de nove &#8213;movimentos&#8214; selecionados e entrevistas em profundidade, semi-estruturadas, com atores sociais ligados ao tema. Como conclus?o, observou-se que o ambientalismo em Sergipe, desde o seu surgimento, esteve associado ao resgate da consci?ncia com rela??o ao meio ambiente, no combate a problemas de degrada??es locais, e na busca por uma legitimidade da opini?o p?blica. Embora os movimentos ambientais tenham recebido, em alguns momentos, a aten??o da m?dia de massa, o movimento n?o conseguiu sair de nichos espec?ficos e atingir uma parcela mais representativa da sociedade. P?de-se ainda perceber a profunda rela??o entre o perfil das lideran?as ambientais, a for?a do capital e os resultados pr?ticos das a??es ambientais e por ?ltimo, observou-se que a a??o dos movimentos tem liga??o muito mais forte com a rela??o da organiza??o e das suas principais lideran?as com os outros &#8213;ambientalismos&#8214;, do que com a estrutura e a miss?o da Institui??o

139f.<br>Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2013-05-08T18:00:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissert_Elizabeth Freitas.pdf: 885323 bytes, checksum: d05c03cf8d3ae94d9f56eb2fdab6d1ad (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Alda Lima da Silva(sivalda@ufba.br) on 2013-05-08T18:08:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissert_Elizabeth Freitas.pdf: 885323 bytes, checksum: d05c03cf8d3ae94d9f56eb2fdab6d1ad (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-08T18:08:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissert_Elizabeth Freitas.pdf: 885323 bytes, checksum: d05c03cf8d3ae94d9f56eb2fdab6d1ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010<br>Esta dissertação tem como objetivo estudar o modelo de gestão pública compartilhada com o “Terceiro Setor”, através de Organizações Sociais (OS) e Organizações da Sociedade Civil de Interesse Público (Oscip), e compreender seu impacto em programas, corpos estáveis e equipamentos públicos na área cultural. Este modelo de gestão, também chamado de “público não estatal”, envolve Governo e sociedade civil com base na idéia de “publicização de serviços não-exclusivos do Estado” e foi incentivado a partir de 1995, como parte do Plano Diretor da Reforma do Estado. Atualmente o modelo está em funcionamento ou em fase de estudo na área cultural em diversos estados brasileiros como São Paulo, Ceará, Minas Gerais, Pará, Mato Grosso, Paraná, Bahia Espírito Santo, Rio Grande do Sul e Rio de Janeiro. Com esta pesquisa propomos uma análise sobre este fenômeno na área da gestão e das políticas culturais públicas que, embora controverso e insatisfatoriamente interpretado e estudado, é uma tendência no Brasil que não pode ser ignorada, doze anos após a primeira experiência de publicização na área cultural, com a criação do Centro Dragão do Mar de Arte e Cultura, no Ceará, em 1998. O estudo é baseado nas experiências dos Estados de São Paulo, que emprega a gestão compartilhada através de OSs, e de Minas Gerais, que possui parcerias com Oscips, e pretende explorar as vantagens, desvantagens e os motivos de implantação do modelo, contribuindo para uma compreensão mais ampla sobre o tema e suas repercussões nas áreas de políticas públicas, políticas culturais, administração pública e gestão cultural.<br>Salvador

Le troglodyte est un oiseau chanteur forestier qui défend son territoire par des chants discrets. Les mâles voisins ayant des territoires adjacents forment des réseaux de communication acoustique. La mise en place, la dynamique et l'évolution dans le temps de ces réseaux en conditions naturelles sont peu connus.Par des enregistrements ciblés et continus, un suivi sur plusieurs années, des analyses acoustiques et des expériences de propagation et de diffusions passives et interactives, nous avons montré que i) les chants suivent des règles de construction syntaxique complexes et présentent des microdialectes, ii) les mâles voisins ont de nombreux chants en commun, discriminent les chant du groupe vs des chants inconnus, iii) les mâles portent une signature acoustique individuelle complexe et utilisent différentes stratégies d'interaction acoustique entre eux, iv) les groupes de voisins sont des communautés pérennes perpétuant des traditions vocales.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:39:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Milton Jose de Souza.pdf: 1755612 bytes, checksum: b28ab61385dbdc8a78d732c815da25b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-12<br>Accounting has several essential purposes, among them social and financial, both for profit organizations and for nonprofit organizations. It seeks: to study, understand, record, analyze and evaluate facts that affect the assets of the organization. Accounting is based on its analysis of the facts and records related to the composition, movement and changes in equity of the entity, with the purpose of providing information to managers for the administrative and operational action, aimed at continuing entity. The present study aims at analyzing the use of accounting in nonprofit organizations qualified as OSCIP, the Greater São Paulo against CFC Resolution 1.409/2012. Knowing that these entities move more than 140 billion Reais per year, the society requires clarity of information provided and the entities seize these opportunities and fundraising opportunities for development of terms of partnerships, accounting information must be organized and ability to transmit necessary information to undestanding the funds raised and used. According to the Brazilian Association of Pickups Resources (ABCR) is nowadays a high degree of competition among entities for fundraising, especially after the international crisis that affected the world economy after 2008 and to enter this competitive market, it is fundamental to be aware for all variables that affect outcome in terms of the business of each of these organizations. Reviewing the literature, the study observes aspects of third sector organizations and their characteristics, the classification of these entities, their processes/accounting practices, as they are performed and presented the benefits of accounts and internal practices which are adopted by these organizations. The methodology used is a descriptive study, segmented into: data collection with questionnaire and field research in nonprofit organizations registered with the Ministry of Justice and have their registration for at least three years at CNES. The study results show how to use Accounting for nonprofit organizations qualified as OSCIP, the Greater São Paulo, showing that the entire sample surveyed these entities produce and distribute the balance sheet and other financial requirements such as the extinct DMPL, DOAR and current DRE, DFC and DVA beyond the current and still underexplored Social Balance. The disclosure of cost management is very low as only 45 % have the record of the costs of the services or products offered, thus demonstrating underutilization of accounting for managerial purposes. It was evident that there is a relationship between the positions/roles of VIII respondents and accounting practices of organizations surveyed, because it was found that the greater the responsibility of the respondent, the greater the return answers within that adopted the new standard, in addition to showing Accounting for the use of more broadly as the use of data for decision making<br>A Contabilidade possui várias finalidades essenciais, dentre elas a social e a financeira, tanto para as organizações com fins lucrativos quanto para as organizações sem fins lucrativos. Ela busca: estudar, entender, registrar, analisar e avaliar os fatos que afetam o patrimônio da organização, ou seja, a Contabilidade está baseada nos seus registros e análise dos fatos relacionados com a composição, movimentação e alterações do patrimônio da entidade, com a finalidade de fornecer aos seus gestores informações para a ação administrativa e operacional, visando à continuidade da entidade. O presente estudo tem como objetivo geral analisar a utilização da contabilidade nas organizações do terceiro setor qualificadas como OSCIP, da Grande São Paulo frente à resolução CFC nº 1.409/2012. Sabendo que essas entidades movimentam mais 140 bilhões de Reais por ano, a sociedade exige clareza nas informações prestadas e para as entidades aproveitarem estas oportunidades de captação de recursos e de elaboração dos termos de parcerias, as informações Contábeis precisam estar organizadas e com capacidade de transmitir as informações necessárias para o entendimento dos recursos captados e a forma que foram utilizados. Segundo a Associação Brasileira de Captadores de Recursos (ABCR), existe na atualidade um alto grau de concorrência entre as entidades para a captação de recursos, principalmente depois da crise internacional que afetou a economia mundial após 2008, e, para entrar neste mercado competitivo, é fundamental atentar para todas as variáveis que afetam em termos de resultado os negócios de cada uma dessas organizações. Revisando a literatura, o estudo observa aspectos das organizações do terceiro setor e suas características, a classificação dessas entidades, os seus processos/práticas contábeis, como são realizadas e apresentadas as prestações de contas e quais práticas internas são adotadas por estas organizações. A metodologia utilizada é de um estudo descritivo, segmentado em: coleta de dados com questionário elaborado e pesquisa de campo, em organizações do terceiro setor cadastradas no Ministério da Justiça e que têm sua inscrição há pelo menos três anos no CNES. Os resultados do estudo mostram a forma de uso da Contabilidade pelas organizações do terceiro setor qualificadas como OSCIP da Grande São Paulo, evidenciando que a totalidade da amostra dessas entidades pesquisadas elabora e divulga o Balanço Patrimonial e a DRE enquanto as demais demonstrações exigidas, tais como as extintas DMPL, DOAR e VI as atuais DRE, DFC e DVA, além do atual e ainda pouco explorado Balanço Social não são divulgadas por todas as entidades. A evidenciação da gestão de custos é muito baixa, pois somente 45% possuem o registro dos custos dos serviços ou produtos oferecidos, demonstrando, desta forma, a subutilização da Contabilidade para fins gerenciais. Ficou evidenciado que existe relação entre os cargos/funções dos respondentes e as práticas contábeis das organizações pesquisadas, pois verificou-se que quanto maior a responsabilidade do respondente, maior foi o retorno de respostas, dentro das que adotaram a nova norma, além de evidenciar a utilização da Contabilidade de uma maneira mais ampla, como a utilização dos dados para tomada de decisão

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciência Política, Programa de Pós-Graduação, 2006.<br>Submitted by Érika Rayanne Carvalho (carvalho.erika@ymail.com) on 2010-03-12T21:43:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_Catharina Eugênia Gonzaga Pires.pdf: 640047 bytes, checksum: 0f1e6aba15fbc5fb98e0a2939fabf227 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Daniel Ribeiro(daniel@bce.unb.br) on 2010-05-17T17:59:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_Catharina Eugênia Gonzaga Pires.pdf: 640047 bytes, checksum: 0f1e6aba15fbc5fb98e0a2939fabf227 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2010-05-17T17:59:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_Catharina Eugênia Gonzaga Pires.pdf: 640047 bytes, checksum: 0f1e6aba15fbc5fb98e0a2939fabf227 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-11<br>A presente dissertação aborda o relacionamento entre Estado e organizações não-governamentais, fazendo um estudo da formulação e da aprovação da chamada Lei das Oscips (organizações da sociedade civil de interesse público - Lei 9.790/1999). O debate internacional sobre a necessidade de regulamentar as relações entre Estado e organizações da sociedade civil sem fins lucrativos tem enfatizado o papel do Estado como ente que estimula e organiza o capital social, por meio de políticas públicas e/ou transferência de recursos dirigidas a entidades da sociedade civil. Esta dissertação tem a preocupação de, primeiramente, apresentar um marco teórico que proporcione subsídios para melhor compreensão do relacionamento Estado-organizações da sociedade civil sem fins lucrativos. Em segundo lugar, apresenta-se o contexto em que surgiram as organizações da sociedade civil sem fins lucrativos na história brasileira, bem como, o seu histórico de relacionamento com entes estatais. Numa terceira etapa, apresenta-se um estudo do processo de formulação e aprovação da Lei das Oscips como sendo a ferramenta que o Estado brasileiro encontrou para regulamentar e fomentar o relacionamento com tais entidades. Assim, tem-se como objetivos: analisar os motivos que levaram o Poder Executivo a propor uma nova legislação para as organizações sociais sem fins lucrativos no Brasil; e analisar o processo de negociação que deu origem a essa lei. Ambos os objetivos serão perseguidos à luz das teorias do corporativismo e do associativismo em suas interações com o Estado. _________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT<br>This study is about the process of formulation and approval of the Brazilian Federal Law regarding the non-profit organizations of civil society – Oscips (Federal Law # 9,790/1999). The study presents a theory framework which helps to understand better the relationship between the State and the non-profit civil society organizations in Brazil. It also presents the context in which these organizations appeared in the Brazilian history. Finally, the study analyses the Law # 9,790/1999 as a toll the Brazilian State used in order to organize and incentive the relationship with these kind of organizations. Therefore, the objectives of this study can be summarized in: a) analysis of the reasons which pushed the State forward a new law for the non-profit organizations of civil society; and b) analysis of the law negotiation process. Both objectives will be pursued using theory subsidies of corporativism and associativism approaches.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:53:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 98382.pdf.jpg: 19814 bytes, checksum: 159bcf4c83b388875cc4159ac97e74e5 (MD5) 98382.pdf: 859899 bytes, checksum: 7350f639258c8f229cbd376195cfcffb (MD5) 98382.pdf.txt: 354354 bytes, checksum: e9c14a7c95941f95eca11165ed31aaf4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-04-23T00:00:00Z<br>Esta dissertação tem como objetivo contribuir para a reflexão sobre as relações entre Estado e sociedade civil no Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório sobre o modelo das Organizações da Sociedade Civil de Interesse Público (OSCIPs) e do Termo de Parceria, figuras jurídicas criadas pela Lei nº 9790, em 24 de março de 1999. De acordo com os idealizadores da lei, seu principal objetivo era proporcionar o fortalecimento do Terceiro Setor brasileiro por meio da reforma de seu marco legal. A nova legislação procurou introduzir mecanismos mais modernos para o reconhecimento institucional das organizações da sociedade civil por meio da qualificação de OSCIP. Uma vez qualificada, a organização fica apta a firmar Termos de Parceria com os órgãos do Poder Público. O Termo de Parceria, por sua vez, foi o instrumento criado para regular de forma mais adequada as relações de cooperação entre as OSCIPs e o Estado na provisão de serviços públicos. Depois de quase 5 anos da vigência da Lei nº 9.790/99, procuramos descobrir quem são as OSCIPs existentes e analisar se a aplicação do instrumento do Termo de Parceria trouxe mudanças ou inovações às articulações entre o poder público e as OSCIPs. Numa análise geral, concluímos que os modelos das OSCIPs e do Termo de Parceria trouxeram mudanças pontuais significativas à relação entre Estado e organizações da sociedade civil no Brasil. O reconhecimento institucional de organizações envolvidas em áreas antes não abarcadas pelos outros modelos, a possibilidade de remuneração de dirigentes, de contratação de pessoal e de aquisição de bens permanentes nas parcerias com o Poder Público foram uma das principais inovações destacadas nas entrevistadas. Conduto, os resultados desta pesquisa demonstraram que a aplicação da Lei nº 9.790/99 ainda não conseguiu alcançar as altas expectativas de mudança levantadas quando de sua introdução. Por fim, procuramos apontar as principais causas para esse cenário e propor algumas sugestões de iniciativas alternativas para o fortalecimento do terceiro setor no Brasil, bem como para futuras pesquisas que procurem estudar o campo da relação entre Estado e sociedade civil.

Orientador: Alvaro Martim Guedes<br>Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de estudar o papel atribuído na execução de políticas sociais das Organizações Sociais (OS) e das Organizações da Sociedade Civil de Interesse Público (OSCIP) localizadas nos nove municípios da Região Metropolitana da Costa da Mata Atlântica, denominação turística da Baixada Santista no estado de São Paulo. Essa região é formada pelos municípios de Bertioga, Cubatão, Guarujá, Santos, São Vicente, Praia Grande, Mongaguá, Itanhaém e Peruíbe. As OS e OSCIP estudadas foram as que receberam recursos por meio de contratos de parcerias com o poder público municipal no ano de 2016. O estudo visou identificar a finalidade das OS e OSCIPS, dos editais para contratação dessas organizações e quais os modelos de Contratos de Gestão utilizados. A metodologia da pesquisa adotada valeu-se de amostragem estratificada proporcional, com vistas à representação adequada das OS e OSCIP da região. Também foi realizado levantamento de dados e de documentos disponíveis nos sites das prefeituras municipais da região indicada, da Receita Federal e do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Esses procedimentos visaram uma abordagem qualitativa, para a identificação de um padrão nas características destas entidades que foram determinantes para a celebração dos contratos. Quanto à abordagem quantitativa, foi mensurada a participação das entidades em relação às despesas executadas nos orçamentos municipais. A bibliografia adotada teve como autores de maior re... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: The objective of this work was to study the role assigned to the social policies of Social Organizations (OS) and Civil Society Organizations of Public Interest (OSCIP) located in the nine municipalities of the Metropolitan Region of the Atlantic Forest Coast, Baixada Santista in the state of São Paulo. This region is formed by the municipalities of Bertioga, Cubatão, Guarujá, Santos, São Vicente, Praia Grande, Mongaguá, Itanhaém and Peruíbe. The OS and OSCIP studied were be those that received resources through contracts of partnerships with the municipal public power in the year 2016. The study identified the purpose of the OS and OSCIP, the bidding documents for these organizations and which models of Contracts used. The research methodology adopted the stratified proportional sampling, with a view to the adequate representation of the OS and OSCIP of the region. A survey will also out of data and documents available on the websites of the municipalities of the indicated region, the Federal Revenue Service and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) were also be carried out. These procedures aimed qualitative approach, to identified a pattern in the characteristics of these entities that was decisive for the conclusion of contracts. Regarding the quantitative approach, the participation of the entities in relation to the expenses executed in the municipal budgets had measured. The bibliography adopted had as reference authors the works of Nuria Cunill Gr... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-07T18:45:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 000424521-Texto+Completo-0.pdf: 940353 bytes, checksum: c554583defd5e756b23c486bbeaa414d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010<br>This dissertation focuses the role of non-state actors in the formulation of Public lnterest Civil Society Organizations Law (Lei das Oscips) in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The law was passed during Yeda Crusius administration (2007-2010), inspired by New Public Management (NPM) agenda. In order to achieve that purpose, this study took the network policy view. Our findings identify an informal arrangement of influence and pressure. More than 50 state and non-state actors were detected. At least, 16 may be identified as the more active and influent, including labour unions, business associations, think tanks and public agencies. This paper analyses their role at the network. Some of them were able to assure changes at the original bill draft. The objective is to show how a managerialist model of public administration suffer influence of social actors when formulates a determined public policy. According to the literature, NPM is characterized by the following aspects: it concentrates power in the technocracy’s hands, it introduces the use of business and commercial management tools and strategies in the public sector and it generates a depoliticization of the decision making process. Thus, this dissertation brings a new interpretation of the NPM. lt is different from the view offered by its advocates and from the comment pointed out by its critics.<br>Esta dissertação analisa a influência de atores não estatais sobre o processo de formulação da Lei das Organizações da Sociedade Civil de Interesse Público (Oscips) no Rio Grande do Sul durante o governo Yeda Crusius (2007-2010), uma administração inspirada nos princípios da Nova Gestão Pública. Para isso, foram utilizadas as lentes da teoria das redes de políticas públicas. A pesquisa identificou um arranjo informal de influência e pressão formado por mais de 50 atores estatais e não estatais. Do total, pelo menos 16 podem ser considerados como atores que tiveram maior participação e exerceram maior ascendência na rede. Integram esse grupo sindicatos, associações empresariais, think tanks (grupos de estudo) e agências estatais. Esta pesquisa examina o papel exercido por essas organizações na rede. Algumas tiveram capacidade de fazer valer mudanças no texto original do projeto de lei. A intenção é mostrar como um modelo gerencialista, caracterizado na literatura pela concentração de poder nas mãos da tecnocracia, pela absorção de ferramentas administrativas do setor privado e pela despolitização do processo decisório, sofre interferência de organizações sociais ao formular uma determinada política pública. Com isso, chega-se a uma nova interpretação a respeito da Nova Gestão Pública, que não reproduz a visão oferecida por seus defensores nem o juízo de seus críticos.

Submitted by Paulo Junior (paulo.jr@fgv.br) on 2011-01-10T18:58:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo Machado Melo: 794309 bytes, checksum: 4bf9f7771f841a5691dfe5612249ea7e (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Paulo Junior(paulo.jr@fgv.br) on 2011-01-10T18:58:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo Machado Melo: 794309 bytes, checksum: 4bf9f7771f841a5691dfe5612249ea7e (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2011-01-11T12:41:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo Machado Melo: 794309 bytes, checksum: 4bf9f7771f841a5691dfe5612249ea7e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-30<br>Analysis of the partnerships made between Civil Society Organizations of public Interest and municipalities of the interior of the State of Pernambuco in face of legal permissiveness. State and noeliberality. The State seen as inefficient and uncapable of rendering the services due by itself. The State Reform as a motivation to stimulate the transference of activities carried out by the State to private entities which would 'tend to public interests' disconnected from the so-called strategic nucleus made up of essential functions for the definition and execution of public policies. Bureaucracy and managerialism. Master Plan For The Reform of the State’s Infrastructurre. The transference of activities deemed non-State-exclusive seen as an alternative for the improvement of the State’s capacity to tend to social demands. Social or non-exclusive services. Publicization or Privatization? Third sector. Non-governmenal organizations. Non-profit organizations. Titles and qualifications granted to third-sector organisms. Social Organizations – SO’s: the attempt to privatize state organisms. Management contracts as a mechanism for the obtention of results. Civil society organizations of public interest -- CSOPI’s – and the new attempt to pass activities carried out by the State on to the private sector, the so-called 'third sector'. Partnership terms as a way to transfer a service to be rendered to a private party without the due bidding process. Voluntarism as a means in itself to render the services aimed by the patnership terms. The many breaches and vulnerabilities of the 9.790/1999 law – the CSOPI’s Law, considered the legal Mark of the third sector. The 'partnerships' between municipalities of the State of Pernambuco and organisms qualified as CSOPI’s with intentions diverging from those 'proposed' by the Law.<br>Análise das parcerias firmadas entre Organizações da Sociedade Civil de Interesse Público e municípios do interior do Estado de Pernambuco frente ao permissivo legal. Estado e neoliberalismo. O Estado visto como ineficiente e incapaz de prestar os serviços que lhe são próprios. A Reforma do Estado como mote para estimular a transferência de atividades exercidas pelo Estado para entidades privadas que 'atenderiam a interesses públicos' desvinculados do assim denominado núcleo estratégico configurado por funções essenciais à definição e execução das políticas públicas. Burocracia e gerencialismo. Plano Diretor da Reforma do Aparelho do Estado. A transferência das atividades não-exclusivas do Estado vista como saída para a melhoria da capacidade de o Estado atender às demandas sociais. Serviços sociais ou não exclusivos. Publicização ou privatização? Terceiro setor. Organizações não governamentais. Entidades sem fins lucrativos. Títulos e qualificações concedidos a entidades do terceiro setor. Organizações sociais - OSs: a tentativa de privatização de entidades estatais. Os contratos de gestão como mecanismo de obtenção de resultados. As organizações da sociedade civil de interesse público - OSCIPs e a nova tentativa de passar atividades prestadas pelo Estado para o setor privado, o chamado 'terceiro setor'. Os termos de parceria como forma de passar prestação de serviços a particular sem o devido processo de concorrência. O voluntariado como meio em si para prestação dos serviços objeto dos termos de parceria. As muitas brechas e fragilidades da Lei 9.790/1999 – Lei das OSCIPs, considerada o marco legal do terceiro setor. As 'parcerias' entre municípios do Estado de Pernambuco e entidades qualificadas como OSCIPs com intuitos diversos do 'proposto' na Lei.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T14:46:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 424521.pdf: 940353 bytes, checksum: c554583defd5e756b23c486bbeaa414d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-02<br>Esta disserta??o analisa a influ?ncia de atores n?o estatais sobre o processo de formula??o da Lei das Organiza??es da Sociedade Civil de Interesse P?blico (Oscips) no Rio Grande do Sul durante o governo Yeda Crusius (2007-2010), uma administra??o inspirada nos princ?pios da Nova Gest?o P?blica. Para isso, foram utilizadas as lentes da teoria das redes de pol?ticas p?blicas. A pesquisa identificou um arranjo informal de influ?ncia e press?o formado por mais de 50 atores estatais e n?o estatais. Do total, pelo menos 16 podem ser considerados como atores que tiveram maior participa??o e exerceram maior ascend?ncia na rede. Integram esse grupo sindicatos, associa??es empresariais, think tanks (grupos de estudo) e ag?ncias estatais. Esta pesquisa examina o papel exercido por essas organiza??es na rede. Algumas tiveram capacidade de fazer valer mudan?as no texto original do projeto de lei. A inten??o ? mostrar como um modelo gerencialista, caracterizado na literatura pela concentra??o de poder nas m?os da tecnocracia, pela absor??o de ferramentas administrativas do setor privado e pela despolitiza??o do processo decis?rio, sofre interfer?ncia de organiza??es sociais ao formular uma determinada pol?tica p?blica. Com isso, chega-se a uma nova interpreta??o a respeito da Nova Gest?o P?blica, que n?o reproduz a vis?o oferecida por seus defensores nem o ju?zo de seus cr?ticos.

Aspects of the behavioral ecology of bird song learning are examined in three parts. First, an approach from image analysis is extended to allow rapid, quantitative description of animal sounds. In this approach, sounds are summarized as sets of time-frequency-amplitude landmarks. Second, the role of dawn song in tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) breeding biology is examined. Song syllable sharing among tree swallows was found to be high among birds nesting at the same site, but sharing was lower between birds nesting at different sites. When birds nested at different sites, the distance between those sites was not related to the amount of difference between the birds' syllable repertoire compositions. All tree swallow song repertoires did not remain constant during the breeding season; some individuals added new syllable types, others modified existing types. Singing performance was correlated with reproductive success in tree swallows: males that sang more precise repetitions of their syllable types attracted more extra-pair mates. Furthermore, pairwise comparisons between the social and genetic fathers of extra-pair young found that the genetic fathers averaged higher syllable consistency than the cuckolded males. Third, a comparative study of the phylogenetic distribution of vocal mimicry examined the evolutionary history of song learning in oscine passerines. Vocal mimicry, defined as the habitual incorporation of heterospecific sounds into song displays, was found in twenty-eight separate clades of oscines. These clades were found in every major oscine superfamily, but made up a higher proportion of daughter groups within the most ancient superfamilies of oscines. The most plesiomorphic lineages of oscines were found to contain many highly-skilled mimics. These observations support the hypothesis that the course of song learning in oscines has run repeatedly from permissive learning rules that permit mimicry to restrictive learning rules that limit mimicry.

Aspects of the behavioral ecology of bird song learning are examined in three parts. First, an approach from image analysis is extended to allow rapid, quantitative description of animal sounds. In this approach, sounds are summarized as sets of time-frequency-amplitude landmarks. Second, the role of dawn song in tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) breeding biology is examined. Song syllable sharing among tree swallows was found to be high among birds nesting at the same site, but sharing was lower between birds nesting at different sites. When birds nested at different sites, the distance between those sites was not related to the amount of difference between the birds' syllable repertoire compositions. All tree swallow song repertoires did not remain constant during the breeding season; some individuals added new syllable types, others modified existing types. Singing performance was correlated with reproductive success in tree swallows: males that sang more precise repetitions of their syllable types attracted more extra-pair mates. Furthermore, pairwise comparisons between the social and genetic fathers of extra-pair young found that the genetic fathers averaged higher syllable consistency than the cuckolded males. Third, a comparative study of the phylogenetic distribution of vocal mimicry examined the evolutionary history of song learning in oscine passerines. Vocal mimicry, defined as the habitual incorporation of heterospecific sounds into song displays, was found in twenty-eight separate clades of oscines. These clades were found in every major oscine superfamily, but made up a higher proportion of daughter groups within the most ancient superfamilies of oscines. The most plesiomorphic lineages of oscines were found to contain many highly-skilled mimics. These observations support the hypothesis that the course of song learning in oscines has run repeatedly from permissive learning rules that permit mimicry to restrictive learning rules that limit mimicry.

碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>生命科學研究所<br>100<br>Application of biotechnical approach has provided to be useful in the production of recombinant proteins. Recombinant proteins produced from different types of host cell have various biological activities and protein stability. To produce bioactive recombinant protein, mammal and plant host cells were used due to they have post-translational modification. In the past few years, plant molecular farming is considered as a convenient and economical production strategy to express foreign proteins, such as antibody, pharmaceutical medicine, cytokine, and so on. The rice cell production system is a useful recombinant protein production system. To improve the secretion efficiency of recombinant proteins in rice expression system, different signal peptides including αAmy3, OsCIN1 and Os33KD were fused to the N-terminal of GFP and mGMCSF respectively to explore the secretary efficiency of foreign proteins. Three different signal peptides fused to N-terminal GFP in transgenic rice cell lines were generated, and the intracellular proteins and extracellular proteins was detected by western blotting or FLUOROSKAN ASCENTFL. Therefore, the secretion efficiency of each signal peptide can be compared among different stable transformed rice suspension cell lines. The result showed that the Os33KD signal peptide has the highest secretion ratio in GFP transgenic rice cell suspension culture containing sucrose, but the αAmy3 and OsCIN1 signal peptides showed an increase in secretion during sugar starvation treatment. The efficiencies of signal peptides that are able to secret more recombinant proteins into culture medium is different according to the growth condition, therefore we can choose the suitable signal peptide in rice suspension cell bioreactor.