Rozprawy doktorskie: „Organic Hole transporting materials”

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Maruzzo, Valentina. "Synthèse de Hole Transporting Materials (HTM) stables pour le photovoltaïque hybride émergent". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Pau, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024PAUU3082.

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Les cellules solaires à base de pérovskite (PSC) ont connu une évolution rapide de leurs performances. Aujourd'hui, un rendement de conversion d'énergie (PCE) record de plus de 26 % peut être atteint pour les PSC simples, et de plus de 29,5 % pour les configurations en tandem. La pérovskite (PSK) possède de fortes propriétés d'absorption de la lumière et une grande mobilité des porteurs de charge. Lors de l'absorption de la lumière, des électrons et des trous sont générés et drainés vers les électrodes correspondantes grâce aux deux couches entourant la PSK : la couche de transport des trous et la couche de transport des électrons. Cependant, l'instabilité des PSC face aux facteurs environnementaux externes, tels que l'humidité, entrave leur production industrielle. C'est pourquoi le développement de matériaux transporteurs de trous (HTM) capables de transporter efficacement les charges sans avoir recours à des dopants - des molécules hautement hygroscopiques qui accélèrent la dégradation des PSK - est crucial pour permettre leur mise à l'échelle.L'objectif de cette recherche est la synthèse de nouveaux HTM stables, capables de transporter efficacement les charges en l'absence de dopants. Le carbazole (C) et la phénothiazine (P) ont été choisis comme principales « briques », en raison de leur faible coût et de leurs propriétés électroniques réglables. Une première génération de HTMs avec une N-alkylation a été synthétisée, comprenant de petites molécules (Université de Turin), des oligomères et des polymères (Université de Pau). L'alkylation de C et P visait à augmenter l’hydrophobicité des HTM, à protéger la couche de PSK contre l'humidité et à améliorer l'aptitude au traitement des matériaux. Deux petites molécules de structure opposée (PCP et CPC) et plusieurs polymères ont été conçus et synthétisés par une réaction de couplage Suzuki-Miyaura. En outre, des polymères fonctionnalisés en bouts de chaîne, ont été produits pour obtenir une plus grande stabilité une fois mis en œuvre dans les cellules solaires. En effet, cette fonctionnalisation des extrémités permet des réactions de réticulation (induites par la lumière ou la chaleur) après dépôt de la couche HTM dans les cellules solaires. Le processus permet une augmentation de la performance et de la robustesse des PSC. La structure et les propriétés optoélectroniques et électrochimiques des matériaux synthétisés ont été étudiées afin d'évaluer la pertinence de leur utilisation dans les cellules solaires.Les PSC ont été assemblées à CHOSE, Université de Rome « Tor Vergata », en utilisant une architecture p-i-n pour les cellules solaires. Les petites molécules ont présenté des rendements prometteurs, avec des PCE supérieurs à 10 % (14 % pour le PCP dans les conditions optimisées). Cependant, de faibles valeurs de mobilité des trous ont été mesurées par des transistors organiques à effet de champ ; en outre, les analyses GIWAXS et WAXS ont révélé le comportement amorphe des molécules. En comparaison, les polymères ont présenté un PCE plus faible, principalement lié à une faible mouillabilité de leur couche, ce qui empêche la formation d'une couche PSK homogène.Pour améliorer encore les propriétés des HTM, nous avons étudié deux types de modifications de l’assemblage. En effet, des chaînes latérales plus courtes ont été sélectionnées pour augmenter la cristallinité des molécules et permettre des capacités de transport de charge plus élevées. D'autre part, des chaînes latérales d'éthylène glycol ont été insérées pour doter les molécules d'une capacité de passivation vis-à-vis des défauts PSK. Les deux dérivations ont donné lieu à de petites molécules présentant une bonne solubilité, tandis que les polymères ont nécessité l'insertion de chaînes latérales de tétra-éthylène glycol pour garantir une bonne solubilité. Les matériaux les plus prometteurs seront testés prochainement dans des PSC afin de permettre une comparaison complète entre tous les dérivés
Perovskite based Solar Cells (PSCs) witnessed a fast progress in their performances. Nowadays, a record power conversion efficiency (PCE) of over 26% can be reached for simple PSCs, and over 29.5% for tandem configurations. Perovskite (PSK) possesses strong light-absorption properties and high charge-carrier mobility. Upon light absorption, excited electrons and holes are generated, and drained to the corresponding electrodes thanks to the two layers surrounding the PSK: the hole transporting layer and the electron transporting layer. However, the instability of PSCs towards external environmental factors, such as humidity, hampers their industrial production. For this reason, the development of Hole Transporting Materials (HTMs) able to efficiently transport the charges without the need for dopants - highly hygroscopic molecules that accelerate the PSK degradation - is crucial to allow their upscaling.The objective of the PhD research is the synthesis of new stable HTMs, able to efficiently transport the charges in the absence of dopants. Carbazole (C) and phenothiazine (P) were chosen as main scaffolds, according to their low cost and tuneable electronic properties. A first-generation of HTMs with hexyl N-functionalisation was synthesised, comprising small molecules (University of Turin), oligomers and polymers (University of Pau). The alkylation of C and P aimed to increase the hydrophobicity of the HTMs, protecting the PSK layer against humidity and improving the processability of the materials. Two small molecules with opposite structure (PCP and CPC) and several polymeric HTMs were designed and synthesised through a Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction (using classical heating or microwave activation). In addition, end-capped polymers have been produced to achieve higher stability once implemented in solar cells. Indeed, the end-capping allows cross-linking reactions (induced by light or heat) once deposited as a layer in solar cells. The process led to a reticulated network, responsible for an increase in the performance and robustness of the PSCs. The structure and the optoelectronic and electrochemical properties of the synthesised materials were studied to assess the suitability of their use in solar cells.PSCs were assembled at CHOSE, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", using a p-i-n architecture for the solar cells. The small molecules displayed promising efficiencies, with PCE exceeding 10% (14% for PCP in the optimised conditions). However, low hole mobility values were measured by Organic Field-Effect Transistors; furthermore, GIWAXS and WAXS analyses revealed the amorphous behaviour of the molecules. In comparison, polymers presented lower PCE, mostly linked to a scarce wettability of their layer, which hinders the formation of a homogeneous PSK layer on top of it.To further improve the properties of the HTMs, we investigate two types of scaffold modifications. Indeed, shorter side chains were selected to increase the crystallinity of the molecules and allow higher charge transport abilities through better stacking. On the other hand, ethylene glycol side chains were inserted to provide the molecules with passivation ability towards PSK defects to increase the PCE. Both derivatisations resulted in small molecules with good solubility, whereas polymers required the insertion of tetra-ethylene glycol side chains to ensure proper solubility. The most promising materials will be tested shortly in PSCs to allow a complete comparison among all the derivatives

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Pham, Hong Duc. "Improvement of perovskite solar cells performance and stability via molecular engineering using newly developed organic hole transporting materials". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/197683/1/Hong%20Duc_Pham_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis is a study regarding the development of novel dopant-free organic hole transporting materials for more stable and highly efficient perovskite solar cells. In this study, several small molecules have been developed with desirable properties such as high purity, good solubility, suitable energy levels, high thermal ability and amorphous nature. Interestingly, these organic semiconductors can be utilized in organic light-emitting diode devices. The series of newly developed organic compounds pave the way for dual role of a material in organic light emitting diodes and perovskite solar cells applications.

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Delices, Annette. "Organized Organic Dye / Hole Transporting Materials for TiO2- and ZnO- based Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (s-DSSCs)". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC066/document.

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En raison des problèmes d'instabilité à moyen termes des cellules solaires à colorant (DSSC), l'électrolyte liquide à base d'iodure a été remplacé par plusieurs types de matériaux solides transport de trous (HTM) pour obtenir des DSSCs à l'état solide (s-DSSCs). Parmi ces matériaux, l’utilisation des polymères conducteurs(PC) a attiré une attention considérable en raison de leur bonne stabilité, de leur haute conductivité et de la facilité de leur dépôt sur le semi-conducteur mésoporeux TiO2. Dans ce travail de thèse, plusieurs s-DSSCs basées sur des PC utilisés comme HTM ont été développés dans le but d'améliorer leurs performances photovoltaïques en tenant compte des deux objectifs suivants: (i) l'optimisation des processus de transfert inter facial de charge dans la cellule solaire, et (ii) l'optimisation du transport de charge dans le semi-conducteur d'oxyde de type n. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, chaque composant de la s-DSSC a été modifié afin d'étudier son effet sur les performances du dispositif final. En première tentative, une étude analytique est réalisée en faisant varier le sensibilisateur afin de déterminer les fragments de la structure du colorant, qui ont un effet important sur le processus de photopolymérization électrochimique in-situ (PEP) à la fois en milieu organique et en milieu aqueux mais aussi sur les performances des s-DSSCs. Sur la base de ces résultats, un nouveau concept a été développé et consiste en la suppression totale de l'interface entre le colorant et le HTM. Ceci est obtenu par la synthèse de nouveaux colorants liés de façon covalente à un monomère électroactif qui est co-polymérisé par la PEP in-situ. Le copolymère résultant, utilisé comme HTM, est lié de manière covalente au colorant. En outre, la nature de la liaison chimique, reliant le résidu triphénylamine TPA au monomère, est également étudiée comme un facteur clé dans les performances de s-DSSC. En outre, et pour optimiser les processus de transport de charges dans ce type de s-DSSC, de nouvelles s-DSSC basées sur ZnO ont été réalisées et étudiées
Due to instability problems of dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) in longtime uses, the iodine based liquidelectrolyte has been replaced by several types of solid hole transporting materials (HTM) to perform solidstate DSSCs (s-DSSCs). Among them, the substitution by conducting polymers (CP) has attractedconsiderable attention because of their good stability, high hole-conductivity and simple deposition withinthe mesoporous TiO2 semiconductor. In this thesis work, several s-DSSCs based on CPs used as HTM havebeen developed in order to improve their photovoltaic performances taking into account the following twoobjectives: (i) the optimization of the interfacial charge transfer processes within the solar cell, and (ii) theoptimization of the charge transport within the n-type oxide semiconductor. To reach these goals, eachcomponent that constitutes the device was varied in order to investigate its effect on the device’sperformances. As first attempt, an analytical study is carried out by varying the sensitizer in order todetermine the fragments of the dyes structures, that have an important effect on the in-situ photoelectrochemical polymerization process (PEP) both in organic and in aqueous media and hence on theperformances of the s-DSSCs. Based on these results, a new concept of removing completely the interfacebetween the dye and the HTM is developed. This is achieved by the synthesis of new dyes covalently linkedto an electroactive monomer which is co-polymerized by in-situ PEP. The resulting co-polymer, used asHTM, is covalently linked to the dye. In addition, the nature of the chemical bond linking the triphenylamineresidue TPA to the monomer is also investigated as a key factor in the s-DSSCs performances. Besides, andto optimize the charge transport processes within this type of s-DSSC, the elaboration of novel ZnO baseds-DSSCs has been achieved and investigated

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Delices, Annette. "Organized Organic Dye / Hole Transporting Materials for TiO2- and ZnO- based Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (s-DSSCs)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. https://theses.md.univ-paris-diderot.fr/DELICES_Annette_2_va_20170929.pdf.

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En raison des problèmes d'instabilité à moyen termes des cellules solaires à colorant (DSSC), l'électrolyte liquide à base d'iodure a été remplacé par plusieurs types de matériaux solides transport de trous (HTM) pour obtenir des DSSCs à l'état solide (s-DSSCs). Parmi ces matériaux, l’utilisation des polymères conducteurs(PC) a attiré une attention considérable en raison de leur bonne stabilité, de leur haute conductivité et de la facilité de leur dépôt sur le semi-conducteur mésoporeux TiO2. Dans ce travail de thèse, plusieurs s-DSSCs basées sur des PC utilisés comme HTM ont été développés dans le but d'améliorer leurs performances photovoltaïques en tenant compte des deux objectifs suivants: (i) l'optimisation des processus de transfert inter facial de charge dans la cellule solaire, et (ii) l'optimisation du transport de charge dans le semi-conducteur d'oxyde de type n. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, chaque composant de la s-DSSC a été modifié afin d'étudier son effet sur les performances du dispositif final. En première tentative, une étude analytique est réalisée en faisant varier le sensibilisateur afin de déterminer les fragments de la structure du colorant, qui ont un effet important sur le processus de photopolymérization électrochimique in-situ (PEP) à la fois en milieu organique et en milieu aqueux mais aussi sur les performances des s-DSSCs. Sur la base de ces résultats, un nouveau concept a été développé et consiste en la suppression totale de l'interface entre le colorant et le HTM. Ceci est obtenu par la synthèse de nouveaux colorants liés de façon covalente à un monomère électroactif qui est co-polymérisé par la PEP in-situ. Le copolymère résultant, utilisé comme HTM, est lié de manière covalente au colorant. En outre, la nature de la liaison chimique, reliant le résidu triphénylamine TPA au monomère, est également étudiée comme un facteur clé dans les performances de s-DSSC. En outre, et pour optimiser les processus de transport de charges dans ce type de s-DSSC, de nouvelles s-DSSC basées sur ZnO ont été réalisées et étudiées
Due to instability problems of dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) in longtime uses, the iodine based liquidelectrolyte has been replaced by several types of solid hole transporting materials (HTM) to perform solidstate DSSCs (s-DSSCs). Among them, the substitution by conducting polymers (CP) has attractedconsiderable attention because of their good stability, high hole-conductivity and simple deposition withinthe mesoporous TiO2 semiconductor. In this thesis work, several s-DSSCs based on CPs used as HTM havebeen developed in order to improve their photovoltaic performances taking into account the following twoobjectives: (i) the optimization of the interfacial charge transfer processes within the solar cell, and (ii) theoptimization of the charge transport within the n-type oxide semiconductor. To reach these goals, eachcomponent that constitutes the device was varied in order to investigate its effect on the device’sperformances. As first attempt, an analytical study is carried out by varying the sensitizer in order todetermine the fragments of the dyes structures, that have an important effect on the in-situ photoelectrochemical polymerization process (PEP) both in organic and in aqueous media and hence on theperformances of the s-DSSCs. Based on these results, a new concept of removing completely the interfacebetween the dye and the HTM is developed. This is achieved by the synthesis of new dyes covalently linkedto an electroactive monomer which is co-polymerized by in-situ PEP. The resulting co-polymer, used asHTM, is covalently linked to the dye. In addition, the nature of the chemical bond linking the triphenylamineresidue TPA to the monomer is also investigated as a key factor in the s-DSSCs performances. Besides, andto optimize the charge transport processes within this type of s-DSSC, the elaboration of novel ZnO baseds-DSSCs has been achieved and investigated

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Rodríguez, Seco Cristina. "Low-Molecular Weight Semiconductors for Organic and Perovskite Solar Cells". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667660.

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Actualment, les fonts d'energia renovables estan atraient molta atenció degut a l'impacte negatiu que els combustibles fòssils estan causant al planeta. Les tecnologies basades en les cel·les fotovoltaiques són una alternativa sostenible per cobrir la demanda energètica mundial. El principal objectiu d'aquest treball és el disseny i la síntesis de noves molècules per tal de reemplaçar els polímers habitualment utilitzats com a molècules captadores de llum en cel·les solars orgàniques i el spiro-OMeTAD usat com a transportador de buits (HTM per les sigles en anglès "hole transporting material") en dispositius solars de perovskita. D'una banda, els polímers són coneguts per ser bons transportadors de buits, posseir una elevada solubilitat i una bona habilitat per a la formació de capes, però entre els diferents lots existeix una baixa reproductibilitat degut a la seva síntesi complexa. D'altra banda, el spiro-OMeTAD és la molècula que millor reproductibilitat i eficiència presenta en cel·les solars de perovskita. No obstant això, la seva síntesi complexa i d’alt cost impedeix la possibilitat d'escalat a nivell industrial. Per tal de solucionar aquests problemes, aquesta tesi s'ha enfocat en el disseny, síntesi i caracterització d'un conjunt de molècules petites de baix pes molecular per a la seva aplicació en aquests dispositius.
Actualmente, las fuentes de energía renovables están atrayendo mucha atención debido al impacto negativo que los combustibles fósiles están causando al planeta. Las tecnologías basadas en las celdas fotovoltaicas son una alternativa sostenible para cubrir la demanda energética mundial. El principal objetivo de este trabajo fue el diseño y la síntesis de nuevas moléculas que reemplacen los polímeros comúnmente utilizados como moléculas captadoras de luz en celdas solares orgánicas y el spiro-OMeTAD usado como transportador de huecos (HTM por sus siglas en inglés “hole transporting material”) en dispositivos solares de perovskita. Por una parte, los polímeros son conocidos por ser buenos transportadores de huecos, su alta solubilidad y su favorable habilidad en la formación de capas, pero tienen muy poca reproducibilidad entre distintos lotes. Por otra parte, el spiro-OMeTAD es la molécula que mejor reproducibilidad y eficiencia presenta en celdas solares de perovskita. Sin embargo, su síntesis compleja y de alto coste impide la posibilidad de escalado a nivel industrial. Con el fin de solucionar estos problemas, esta tesis se ha enfocado en el diseño, síntesis y caracterización de un conjunto de moléculas pequeñas de bajo peso molecular para su aplicación en dichos dispositivos
Nowadays, renewable energy sources are attracting a lot of attention due to the undesired environmental impact the fossil fuels are causing to the Earth. Solar cells technologies are a sustainable alternative to the increasing world energy demand. The main aim of this work was to design and synthetize novel molecules that could replace the polymers widely used as absorbers in organic solar cells and spiro-OMeTAD used as a hole transporting material (HTM) in perovskite solar cells. On the one hand, polymers are known for their good hole transporting properties, high solubility and good film forming abilities but they have a poor batch-to-batch reproducibility. Furthermore, spiro-OMeTAD is the best molecule to achieve reproducible and highly efficient perovskite solar cells. However, its complex and expensive synthesis and purification hinder its usage in industrial scale photovoltaics. In order to overcome these problems, the rational design, synthesis and characterization of a variety of small molecules for both applications have been on a focus of this thesis.

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Paterson, Michael A. J. "A spectroelectrochemical investigation of arylamine based hole transporting materials". Thesis, Durham University, 2003. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3704/.

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This thesis describes exploratory synthetic, structural and electrochemical studies into the molecular and electronic structures of arylamine based hole transporting materials. The principle objectives in these studies were to increase understanding of the electronic structures of the materials involved and to investigate the effect of various substitution patterns on the chemical stability and electronic structure of these materials.

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Liu, Jiewei. "Investigating low cost hole transporting materials for perovskite solar cells". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:51073048-faed-439d-9ce5-cbe4c55fe4b2.

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Organic-inorganic halide perovskites (CH3NH3PbI3) have attracted strong attention of photovoltaic research community since 2012, benefiting from the low cost of organolmetal halide perovskite precursors and their simple solution processability. However, the chemical instability of this material, especially in high humidity environment, restricts its photovoltaic application in industry. This thesis is focusing on employing novel hole transporting materials (HTMs) for perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Besides their main responsibility acting as a hole selective layer increasing the photovoltaic performance, HTMs can also play an additional role serving as moisture blocking layers, enhancing the stability of PSCs. Chapter 2 presents the general background knowledge of the physics of solar cells, delving deeper into the working principle of PSCs and related researches about the HTMs and stability of the devices. In chapter 3, the device fabrication techniques and the characterization methods used are presented in details. Commencing from chapter 4, the application of two kinds of HTMs and related studies are discussed. Chapter 4 demonstrates the use of a p-type organic material, PEDOT, on 'regular' structured PSCs, achieving devices with decent power conversion efficiency (PCE) but relatively huge hysteresis and low stabilized power output (SPO). Stability analysis shows this organic material provides a better protection of the perovskite film comparing to that of doped Spiro-OMeTAD, which is the most generally used HTM. Chapter 5 presents a study about CuSCN, an inorganic p-type semiconductor, being applied in PSCs as HTM. The CuSCN based devices show comparable performance to that of Spiro-OMeTAD based devices, but an interfacial degradation mechanism is found to facilitate the perovskite degradation even in inert atmosphere. A facile sealing protocol is established to deal with this problem, leading to super stable photovoltaic devices under thermal stressing. The following chapter 6 demonstrates a CuI doping technique to improve the hole transporting effectiveness of CuSCN layer. This doping technique modifies the morphology of CuSCN film and leads to a substantial improvement in the photovoltaic performance.

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Alexiou, I. "Hole transport materials for organic thin films". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.595437.

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The aim of this project is to prepare and characterise novel triarylamine-based hole transport materials for xerographic applications that exhibit favourable electrochemical properties and amorphous nature. As an introduction, the six steps of the xerographic process and the common classes of hole transporting materials are described. The basic theories that have been developed for charge transport are discussed and an overview of the palladium-mediated amination and Suzuki reactions is given. In the following chapters, the synthesis and characterisation of a number of hole transporting triarylamines is reported. A series of linear trimeric arylamines is synthesised using the palladium-catalysed Suzuki protocol and their properties were determined using cyclic voltammetry, thermal gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Similar characterisation is carried out for a number of relatively unsubstituted phenyl and thiophene-based triarylamines. The synthesis of a series of oligomeric materials based on MPPD (Bis-methoxyphenyl-diphenyl-biphenyl-diamine) is reported and their electrochemical and thermal properties are investigated. Thiophene and dioctyl-fluorene-substituted MPPD-derivatives are studied as hole transport materials. Star-shaped and dendritic triarylamines with biphenyl and bithiophene-core molecules are also prepared using palladium-mediated chemistry and characterised. Finally, the attempts to synthesise macrocyclic triarylamine hole transporting materials are described in detail. The charge carrier properties for some of the synthesised materials are measured using the time-of-flight technique of using field-effect-transistors. Each set-up is described in detail and the hole mobility of the materials is calculated. A correlation between structural characteristics and charge-transporting properties is attempted.

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Park, Taiho. "Organic hole transport materials for dye-sensitised photocells". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.619558.

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Barceló, Gisbert Irene. "Study of different electron and hole transporting materials for quantum dot-sensitized solar cells". Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/50105.

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El Sol proporciona a la Tierra una enorme cantidad de energía limpia. Sin embargo, para que la energía solar represente una parte importante del sistema energético mundial, se necesitan dispositivos fotovoltaicos más económicos y eficientes que los que se utilizan actualmente. Recientemente ha aparecido un nuevo diseño de célula solar, la célula solar sensibilizada de puntos cuánticos (cuyas siglas en inglés son QDSSCs), capaz de sobrepasar teóricamente el límite de Shockley-Queisser (al cual obedecen las células de primera y segunda generación). Sin embargo, el rendimiento de estos dispositivos es todavía bajo y su coste se ha visto algunas veces comprometido por el uso de ciertos materiales y procedimientos. Esta tesis trata de arrojar algo de luz sobre ciertos aspectos fundamentales que gobiernan el funcionamiento de estos dispositivos: el mecanismo de crecimiento y el modo de anclaje del elemento absorbente de luz sobre el aceptor de electrones/huecos, el empleo de capas intermedias para prevenir los procesos de recombinación en las diferentes interfases, la dinámica de los portadores de carga en el sistema donador-aceptor, etc. Además, se han investigado materiales de bajo coste y conceptos de célula muy poco explorados. Todo con el último propósito de allanar el camino para la obtención de QDSSCs económicas, estables y competitivas.

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Pahner, Paul. "Charge Carrier Trap Spectroscopy on Organic Hole Transport Materials". Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-217882.

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Electronic circuits comprising organic semiconductor thin-films are part of promising technologies for a renewable power generation and an energy-efficient information technology. Whereas TV and mobile phone applications of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) got ready for the market awhile ago, organic photovoltaics still lack in power conversion efficiencies, especially in relation to their current fabrication costs. A major reason for the low efficiencies are losses due to the large number of charge carrier traps in organic semiconductors as compared to silicon. It is the aim of this thesis to identify and quantify charge carrier traps in vacuum-deposited organic semiconductor thin-films and comprehend the reasons for the trap formation. For that, the techniques impedance spectroscopy (IS), thermally stimulated currents (TSC), and photoelectron spectroscopy are utilized. In order to assess the absolute energy of charge carrier traps, the charge carrier transport levels are computed for various hole transport materials such as MeO-TPD, pentacene, and ZnPc. Unlike inorganics, organic semiconductors possess in first-order approximation Gaussian distributed densities of states and temperaturedependent transport levels. The latter shift by up to 300 meV towards the energy gap-mid when changing from room temperature to 10 K as it is done for TSC examinations. The frequency-dependent capacitance response of charge carrier traps in organic Schottky diodes of pentacene and ZnPc are studied via impedance spectroscopy. In undoped systems, deep traps with depths of approx. 0.6 eV and densities in the order of 1016...1017 cm−3 are prevailing. For pentacene, the deep trap density is reduced when the material undergoes an additional purification step. Utilizing p-doping, the Fermi level is tuned in a way that deep traps are saturated. Vice versa, the freeze-out of p-doped ZnPc provides further insight into the influence of trap-filling, impurity saturation and reserve on the Fermi level position in organic semiconductors. Furthermore, charge carrier traps are investigated via thermally stimulated currents. It is shown that the trap depths are obtained correctly only if the dispersive transport of the released charge carriers until their extraction is considered. For the first time, the polarity of charge carrier traps in MeO-TPD, ZnPc, and m-MTDATA is identified from TSC’s differences in release time when spacer layers are introduced in the TSC samples. Simultaneously, tiny hole mobilities in the order of 10−13 cm2 Vs−1 are detected for low-temperature thin-films of the hole transporter material Spiro-TTB. It is shown for Spiro-TTB co-evaporated with the acceptor molecule F6-TCNNQ and a p-doped ZnPc:C60 absorber blend that the doping process creates shallow trap levels. Finally, various organic hole transport materials are examined upon their stability in water and oxygen atmosphere during sample fabrication and storage of the organic electronics. In case of pentacene, ZnPc, MeO-TPD, and m-MTDATA, hole traps are already present in unexposed thin-films, which increase in trap density upon oxygen exposure. A global trap level caused by oxygen impurities is found at energies of 4.7...4.8 eV that is detrimental to hole transport in organic semiconductors
Elektronische Bauelemente aus Dünnschichten organischer Halbleiter sind Teil möglicher Schlüsseltechnologien zur regenerativen Energiegewinnung und energieeffizienten Informationstechnik. Während Fernseh- und Mobilfunkanwendungen organischer Leuchtdioden (OLEDs) bereits vor einiger Zeit Marktreife erlangt haben, ist die organische Photovoltaik (OPV) noch durch zu hohe Fertigungskosten in Relation zu unzureichenden Effizienzen unrentabel. Ein wesentlicher Grund für die niedrigen Wirkungsgrade sind Verluste durch die im Vergleich zu Silizium hohe Zahl an Ladungsträgerfallen in organischen Halbleitern. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, mittels Impedanz-Spektroskopie (IS), thermisch stimulierten Strömen (TSC) und Photoelektronenspektroskopie methodenübergreifend Ladungsträgerfallen in vakuumverdampften organischen Dünnschichten zu identifizieren, zu quantifizieren und ihre Ursachen zu ergründen. Um die Energie von Ladungsträgerfallen absolut beziffern zu können, wird zunächst für verschiedene Lochtransportmaterialien wie z.B. MeO-TPD, Pentazen und ZnPc die Transportenergie aus den in erster Ordnung gaußförmigen Zustandsdichten berechnet. Im Gegensatz zu anorganischen Halbleitern ist die Transportenergie in organischen Halbleitern temperaturabhängig. Sie verschiebt sich beim Übergang von Raumtemperatur zu 10 K, wie für TSC Untersuchungen bedeutsam, um bis zu 300 meV in Richtung der Bandlückenmitte. Mittels Impedanz-Spektroskopie wird die frequenzabhängige Kapazitätsantwort von Ladungsträgerfallen in organischen Schottky-Dioden aus Pentazen und ZnPc untersucht. In undotierten Systemen dominieren Defekte mit Tiefen um 0.6 eV, deren Dichte in der Größenordnung von 1016...1017 cm−3 liegt, sich aber im Fall von Pentazen durch einen zusätzlichen Materialaufreinigungsschritt halbieren lässt. Über p-Dotierung wird das Fermi-Level so eingestellt, dass tiefe Fallen abgesättigt werden können. Umgekehrt liefert das Ausfrieren von p-dotiertem ZnPc weitere Belege für den Einfluss von Fallenzuständen, Störstellen-Erschöpfung und Reserve auf das Fermi-Level in dotierten organischen Halbleitern. Im Weiteren werden Ladungsträgerfallen über thermisch stimulierte Ströme untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Fallentiefen nur dann konsistent bestimmt werden, wenn der dispersive Transport von freigesetzten Ladungsträgern zur Extraktionsstelle berücksichtigt wird. Durch Einführung von ’Abstandshalterschichten’ werden erstmalig über TSC die Polaritäten von Ladungsträgerfallen in MeO-TPD, ZnPc und m-MTDATA per Laufzeitunterschied bestimmt. Gleichzeitig werden geringste Löcherbeweglichkeiten in der Größenordnung von 10−13 cm2 Vs−1 für stark gekühlte Dünnschichten des Lochtransporters Spiro-TTB gemessen. Wie für Spiro-TTB koverdampft mit dem Akzeptormolekül F6-TCNNQ und p-dotierte Mischschichten der Absorbermaterialien ZnPc und C60 gezeigt, erzeugt Dotierung relativ flache Störstellen. Abschließend werden verschiedene organische Lochtransporter-Materialien auf ihre Stabilität in Wasser- und Sauerstoffatmosphären während der Prozessierung und der Lagerung fertiger elektronischer Bauelemente untersucht. Für Pentazen, ZnPc, MeO-TPD und m-MTDATA werden Löcherfallen in intrinsischen Dünnschichten nachgewiesen. Bei Kontakt mit Sauerstoff nimmt deren Defektdichte zu. Es findet sich ein universales Fallenniveau bei rund 4.7...4.8 eV, verursacht durch Sauerstoffverunreinigungen, welches den Lochtransport in organischen Halbleitern limitiert

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Widjonarko, Nicodemus Edwin. "Physics of Nickel Oxide Hole Transport Layer for Organic Photovoltaics Application". Thesis, University of Colorado at Boulder, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3592397.

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Organic photovoltaics (OPV) offers a potential for solar-electric power generation to be affordable. Crucial to OPV device performance is the incorporation of interlayers, ultra-thin films deposited between the photoactive material and the electrical contacts. These interlayers have various, targeted functionalities: optical window, encapsulation, or electronic bridge. The last category is known as "transport layers'', and is the focus of this thesis.

In this thesis, we explore and investigate the physics that leads to improvements in OPV device performance when a transport layer is employed. We focus on the use of non-stoichiometric nickel oxide (NiO_x) as a hole transport layer (HTL) in poly(3-hexylthiophene):phenyl-C₆₁-butryric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) solar cells. NiO_x deposited by physical vapor deposition is chosen for this study because of its successful use as HTL, the ease to engineer its electronic properties by varying deposition parameters, and it leading to improved device lifetime.

Our initial studies indicate that the well-known "high work-function'' rule is not adequate to explain the trends observed in the devices. More in-depth studies is required to fully understand the impact of HTL electronic properties on device performance. These series of investigations reveal that band-offsets at the NiO_x / P3HT:PCBM interface need to be taken into account in order to explain the observed trends. Non-optimal band-offsets lead to either sigmoidal current-voltage characteristics or reduced photocurrent.

The optimal energy level alignment depends on the energy levels of the photo-active material, which are measurable. This means that an HTL material must be optimized for different photoactive material. A simple and practical set of rules are proposed to achieve this optimal energy level alignment for a given photoactive material. The rules not only include the pervasively-used "high work-function'' rule, but also the impacts of band-offsets investigated in this work.

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Zhang, Jinbao. "Organic Hole Transport Materials for Solid-State Dye-Sensitized and Perovskite Solar Cells". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fysikalisk kemi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-300802.

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Solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (ssDSSCs) and recently developed perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted a great attention in the scientific field of photovoltaics due to their low cost, absence of solvent, simple fabrication and promising power conversion efficiency (PCE). In these types of solar cell, the dye molecule or the perovskite can harvest the light on the basis of electron excitation. Afterwards, the electron and hole are collected at the charge transport materials. Photoelectrochemical polymerization (PEP) is employed in this thesis to synthesize conducting polymer hole transport materials (HTMs) for ssDSSCs. We have for the first time developed aqueous PEP in comparison with the conventional organic PEP with acetonitrile as solvent. This water-based PEP could potentially provide a low-cost, environmental-friendly method for efficient deposition of polymer HTM for ssDSSCs. In addition, new and simple precursors have been tested with PEP method. The effects of dye molecules on the PEP were also systematically studied, and we found that (a) the bulky structure of dye is of key importance for blocking the interfacial charge recombination; and (b) the matching of the energy levels between the dye and the precursor plays a key role in determining the kinetics of the PEP process. In PSCs, the HTM layer is crucial for efficient charge collection and its long term stability. We have studied different series of new molecular HTMs in order to understand fundamentally the influence of alkyl chains, molecular energy levels, and molecular geometry of the HTM on the photovoltaic performance. We have identified several important factors of the HTMs for efficient PSCs, including high uniformity of the HTM capping layer, perovskite-HTM energy level matching, good HTM solubility, and high conductivity. These factors affect interfacial hole injection, hole transport, and charge recombination in PSCs. By systematical optimization, a promising PCE of 19.8% has been achieved by employing a new HTM H11. We believe that this work could provide important guidance for the future development of new and efficient HTMs for PSCs.

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Griffin, Jonathan. "Transition metal oxides and their use as hole extraction materials in organic photovoltaic devices". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/5125/.

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One of the limiting factors in the efficiency of organic photovoltaic devices utilising new generations of donor polymers is the ability to obtain Ohmic contacts between the electrodes and the organic layers. This is due to the fact these new donor polymers often have deeper energy levels meaning that at the interfaces between the organic layer and the electrode contact barriers are formed. PEDOT:PSS is the current benchmark material that is used to reduce or remove these contact barriers however even this material has too shallow an energy level and has serious issues with long term stability. One possible class of materials that might overcome these limitations and give increased device performance and lifetimes are metal oxides. However these materials are currently deposited mainly through vacuum deposition and the difficulty of incorporating vacuum based depositions into roll-to-roll fabrication setups limits the commercial use of these materials. Using a combination of spectroscopic techniques and device results this work shows that metal oxides can be used to effectively reduce these contact barriers and achieve high performance using deep energy level donor polymers. It has been shown that Vanadium (V) Oxide can be deposited from solution at room temperature while maintaining high efficiencies. The work continues to look at spray coating, a roll-to-roll compatible deposition technique, and how it can be used to incorporate ultrathin film of solution processed Molybdenum (VI) Oxide for fabricating efficient devices. In addition I have shown that the processing of these materials is only limited by the possible introduction of metallic gap states that can occur due to high temperature processing.

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15

Pandey, Laxman. "Theoretical studies of the structure-property relationships of hole- and electron-transport materials for organic photovoltaic applications". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/48964.

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Donor-acceptor and thiophene based π-conjugated molecules and polymers, along with fullerene derivatives, are extensively used active components in the photoactive layer of organic photovoltaic devices. In this dissertation, we make use of several computational methodologies to investigate structure-property relationships of these organic systems in their molecular forms. We begin with an overview of the field of organic photovoltaics and some of the important problems in organic solar cells that are currently being investigated. This is then followed by a brief review of the electronic-structure methods (e.g. Hartree-Fock theory, Density Functional Theory, and Time-dependent Density Functional Theory) that are employed. We then present the main results of the dissertation. Chapter 3 provides a broad overview on how changes to the donor-acceptor copolymer chemical structure impacts its intrinsic geometric, electronic, and optical properties. Chapter 4 focuses on the characterization of the lowest excited-states and optical absorption spectra in donor-acceptor copolymers. In Chapter 5, we investigate the effects of alkyl side-chain placements in the π-conjugated backbone of oligothiophenes and how that impacts their intramolecular properties as well as the oligomer:fullerene interfacial interactions. Chapter 6 presents our investigation on the role of oligomer:fullerene configuration and reorganization energy on exciton-dissociation and charge-recombination processes. Finally, a synopsis of the work and further considerations are presented in Chapter 7.

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16

Bauer, Michael [Verfasser]. "Synthesis and characterization of amorphous Cyclopentadithiophene- and Cyclopentadiene-based organic hole transport materials / Michael Bauer". Ulm : Universität Ulm, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1229994009/34.

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Zhang, Hongtao. "Organic spin valves : hole injection from ferromagnetic materials into tris-8-hydroxyquinoline (Alq3) in the presence of interface states". Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2014. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/9080.

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This thesis presents the result of the charge carrier injection and the subsequent transport from ferromagnetic material into organic semiconductor in the Alq3 based organic spin valves. In order to study the dominant charge carrier polarity in the Alq3 based spin valves, a number of single (Alq3) layer and double (Alq3 and N,N’-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N’- diphenylbenzidine (TPD)) layer organic semiconductor diode devices are constructed using both conventional electrode materials as well as ferromagnetic electrodes. Single layer devices are characterised by time of flight (ToF) and dark injection (DI) transient techniques with or without ferromagnetic anodes. Double layer devices are characterised using current-voltage-luminescence (j-V-L) measurements with or without ferromagnetic cathodes. Despite Alq3 being considered an electron transport material, we measure long range hole transport within the devices with matched electron and hole mobility at large electric fields. The substitution of a conventional Al cathode with a ferromagnet drastically suppresses electroluminescence in double layer devices, due to poor electron injection from the large work function ferromagnet. DI measurements using a ferromagnetic anode display characteristic charge trapping consistent with the presence of hybridized interface states (HINTS) between anode and organic semiconductor. The temperature dependent DI and ToF measurements demonstrate a reduced hole injection barrier in the presence of the HINTS in the ferromagnetic/organic interface that enables Alq3 based organic spin valves operate at small bias. We conclude that the dominant charge carriers in Alq3 based spin valves are holes, contrary to conventional wisdom, and that hole injection under small bias conditions is aided by HINTS.

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Pahner, Paul Verfasser], Karl [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] [Leo i Björn [Gutachter] Lüssem. "Charge Carrier Trap Spectroscopy on Organic Hole Transport Materials / Paul Pahner ; Gutachter: Karl Leo, Björn Lüssem ; Betreuer: Karl Leo". Dresden : Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1124777849/34.

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Pahner, Paul [Verfasser], Karl [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Leo i Björn [Gutachter] Lüssem. "Charge Carrier Trap Spectroscopy on Organic Hole Transport Materials / Paul Pahner ; Gutachter: Karl Leo, Björn Lüssem ; Betreuer: Karl Leo". Dresden : Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1124777849/34.

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Le, Huong. "Elaboration de nouveaux matériaux de transport de trous pour cellules photovoltaïques hybrides à perovskite". Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CERG0979/document.

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La thèse a pour but d’élaborer et d’étudier les potentialités des semi-conducteurs organiques, transporteurs de trous (HTMs) pour l’application photovoltaïque à l’aide de cellules solaires à base de pérovskite (PSCs). Plusieurs familles de molécules HTM ont été préparées et déposées en solution pour l’élaboration des cellules solaires. L'objectif principal étant d'étudier et d’apporter des informations sur la relation entre la structure moléculaire des nouveaux matériaux de transport de trous et les performances photovoltaïques obtenues, cette étude contribue à une meilleure compréhension fondamentale des propriétés requises des matériaux de transport de trous pour de meilleures performances photovoltaïques.La première étude concerne l’élaboration d’une molécule de type p à base de thieno [3,2-b] thiophène comme élément central avec des dérivés de dimethoxytriphenylamine comme donneurs d’électrons aux extrémités. Différentes conformations sont proposées et révèlent des performances photovoltaïques significativement différentes dans les dispositifs PSC. Notons par exemple, qu’une conformation de structure planaire favorisent la conjugaison avec des valeurs élevées de mobilités et conductivités obtenues.Dans la seconde étude, des molécules donneur-accepteurs à base de dérivés d’acridone 9 (10H) comme accepteur ont été élaborés. En y associant différents fragments donneurs d'électrons, on obtient des structures présentant des caractéristiques favorables à la fois pour de bons transferts de charge intramoléculaire (ICT) et des niveaux d’énergie HOMO-LUMO adaptés et favorisant l’injection des trous de la pérovskite vers l’électrode métallique via le HTM. Des études similaires ont été effectuées avec la thioxanthone.A partir d’un précurseur bon marché et d’une préparation aisée, la troisième étude a permis de synthétiser un dérivé de 9,9’-biacridone, molécule push-pull de type p révélant une structure tridimensionnelle, similaire à celle du Spiro-OMeTAD, molécule référence pour les PSCs.Enfin, la dernière étude concerne l’élaboration de molécules donneur-accepteur à base de thiéno [3,4-c] pyrrole-4,6-dione (TPD). La motivation de cette partie est le développement de la molécule à structure planaire améliorant l’empilement π-π dans la fabrication de dispositifs sans joints de grains. Ces molécules possèdent également un fort caractère ICT, une conjugaison π étendue sur toute la structure et une bonne solubilité ce qui en fait un candidat HTM idéal pour la réalisation d’un dispositif PSCs sans dopant
The aim of the thesis is to develop and study the potential of organic hole transporting materials (HTMs) for photovoltaic applications using perovskite-based solar cells (PSCs). Several families of HTM molecules have been prepared and deposited in solution for the fabrication of solar cells. Since the main objective is to study and provide information on the relationship between the molecular structure of new hole transport materials and the photovoltaic performances obtained, this study contributes to a better fundamental understanding of the required properties of hole transport materials for better photovoltaic performance.The first study concerns the development of p-type molecules based on Thieno [3,2-b] thiophene as a central unit and π-linker with dimethoxytriphenylamine as end-capping electron donors. Different configurations are designed and revealed significantly different photovoltaic performances in the PSC devices. Remarkable, a planar structure with linear conjugation shows higher values of mobility and conductivity than others, thus it improved device performances.In the second study, donor-acceptor molecules based on 9(10H)Acridone derivatives as an acceptor were developed. By incorporating different electron-donating fragments, we obtain structures with favorable characteristics for both good intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) character and adequate HOMO-LUMO energy levels. Their energy levels are suitable for collecting and injecting the holes from perovskite to the metal electrode through the HTM. Similar studies have been done with Thioxanthone.Using a cheap precursor and facile preparation, the third study synthesized a 9.9'-biacridone derivative. These p-type molecules possess a three-dimensional structure which is similar to that of Spiro-OMeTAD, state-of-the-art molecule for PSCs.Finally, the last study focus on the development of donor-acceptor molecules based on thieno [3,4-c] pyrrole-4,6-dione (TPD). The objective is elaboration of the planar structure molecule which could be improved the π-π stacking effect in the device fabrication without grain boundaries. These molecules also own a strong ICT character, an extended π-conjugation on the whole structure and a good solubility which makes it an ideal candidate for the dopant-free HTM in PSCs

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Le, Huong. "Elaboration de nouveaux matériaux de transport de trous pour cellules photovoltaïques hybrides à perovskite". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Cergy-Pontoise, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CERG0979.

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La thèse a pour but d’élaborer et d’étudier les potentialités des semi-conducteurs organiques, transporteurs de trous (HTMs) pour l’application photovoltaïque à l’aide de cellules solaires à base de pérovskite (PSCs). Plusieurs familles de molécules HTM ont été préparées et déposées en solution pour l’élaboration des cellules solaires. L'objectif principal étant d'étudier et d’apporter des informations sur la relation entre la structure moléculaire des nouveaux matériaux de transport de trous et les performances photovoltaïques obtenues, cette étude contribue à une meilleure compréhension fondamentale des propriétés requises des matériaux de transport de trous pour de meilleures performances photovoltaïques.La première étude concerne l’élaboration d’une molécule de type p à base de thieno [3,2-b] thiophène comme élément central avec des dérivés de dimethoxytriphenylamine comme donneurs d’électrons aux extrémités. Différentes conformations sont proposées et révèlent des performances photovoltaïques significativement différentes dans les dispositifs PSC. Notons par exemple, qu’une conformation de structure planaire favorisent la conjugaison avec des valeurs élevées de mobilités et conductivités obtenues.Dans la seconde étude, des molécules donneur-accepteurs à base de dérivés d’acridone 9 (10H) comme accepteur ont été élaborés. En y associant différents fragments donneurs d'électrons, on obtient des structures présentant des caractéristiques favorables à la fois pour de bons transferts de charge intramoléculaire (ICT) et des niveaux d’énergie HOMO-LUMO adaptés et favorisant l’injection des trous de la pérovskite vers l’électrode métallique via le HTM. Des études similaires ont été effectuées avec la thioxanthone.A partir d’un précurseur bon marché et d’une préparation aisée, la troisième étude a permis de synthétiser un dérivé de 9,9’-biacridone, molécule push-pull de type p révélant une structure tridimensionnelle, similaire à celle du Spiro-OMeTAD, molécule référence pour les PSCs.Enfin, la dernière étude concerne l’élaboration de molécules donneur-accepteur à base de thiéno [3,4-c] pyrrole-4,6-dione (TPD). La motivation de cette partie est le développement de la molécule à structure planaire améliorant l’empilement π-π dans la fabrication de dispositifs sans joints de grains. Ces molécules possèdent également un fort caractère ICT, une conjugaison π étendue sur toute la structure et une bonne solubilité ce qui en fait un candidat HTM idéal pour la réalisation d’un dispositif PSCs sans dopant
The aim of the thesis is to develop and study the potential of organic hole transporting materials (HTMs) for photovoltaic applications using perovskite-based solar cells (PSCs). Several families of HTM molecules have been prepared and deposited in solution for the fabrication of solar cells. Since the main objective is to study and provide information on the relationship between the molecular structure of new hole transport materials and the photovoltaic performances obtained, this study contributes to a better fundamental understanding of the required properties of hole transport materials for better photovoltaic performance.The first study concerns the development of p-type molecules based on Thieno [3,2-b] thiophene as a central unit and π-linker with dimethoxytriphenylamine as end-capping electron donors. Different configurations are designed and revealed significantly different photovoltaic performances in the PSC devices. Remarkable, a planar structure with linear conjugation shows higher values of mobility and conductivity than others, thus it improved device performances.In the second study, donor-acceptor molecules based on 9(10H)Acridone derivatives as an acceptor were developed. By incorporating different electron-donating fragments, we obtain structures with favorable characteristics for both good intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) character and adequate HOMO-LUMO energy levels. Their energy levels are suitable for collecting and injecting the holes from perovskite to the metal electrode through the HTM. Similar studies have been done with Thioxanthone.Using a cheap precursor and facile preparation, the third study synthesized a 9.9'-biacridone derivative. These p-type molecules possess a three-dimensional structure which is similar to that of Spiro-OMeTAD, state-of-the-art molecule for PSCs.Finally, the last study focus on the development of donor-acceptor molecules based on thieno [3,4-c] pyrrole-4,6-dione (TPD). The objective is elaboration of the planar structure molecule which could be improved the π-π stacking effect in the device fabrication without grain boundaries. These molecules also own a strong ICT character, an extended π-conjugation on the whole structure and a good solubility which makes it an ideal candidate for the dopant-free HTM in PSCs

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Matta, Sri Kasi Venkata Nageswara Rao. "Computational exploration of two-dimensional (2D) materials for solar energy applications". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/134244/1/Sri%20Kasi%20Venkata%20Nageswara%20Rao%20Matta%20Thesis_Redacted.pdf.

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This project is to find innovative and alternate Nano-sized materials for solar energy applications. This include conversion of solar light energy into electricity or generate clean environment friendly fuels by breaking water into Oxygen and Hydrogen. The study has explored material characteristics at electronic level to reveal new properties. These revelations then compared amongst some of the organic and inorganic materials for the intended purpose. Innovative design of new carbon-compounds (termed as carbon Quantum dots) included in the study for use in the new generation Perovskite solar cells for charge transfer.

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Augustine, B. (Bobins). "Efficiency and stability studies for organic bulk heterojunction solar cells". Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2016. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526214436.

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Abstract The qualitative and quantitative characteristics of each component layer constituting the structure of organic bulk heterojunction solar cells (OSC-BHJ) contribute significantly towards its overall performance. One of the prevalent issues resulting in reduced device efficiency is due to the conformational inhomogeneities in the active and buffer layers. The mechanical stress, extended thermal exposure and presence of mutually reactive component layers etc., affects negatively on the device stability. Effective methods to address these issues will be extensively benefited by the industry since the current commercialisation of the technology is hindered owing to the lower efficiency and stability of these devices. This dissertation focuses on methods to coherently enhance the performance and longevity of the OSC-BHJ devices. The efficiency enhancements of the devices in this work were achieved through two main routes. The first route was through morphological improvement of the active layer. The second route was through boosting the electrical characteristics of hole transporting conducting polymer layer (HTL) by controlled annealing conditions. The introduction of a suitable additive in the active layer was found to reduce unfavourable phase segregation thus resulting in enhanced morphology. Further, the annealing conditions in different atmospheres (air, nitrogen and vacuum) were found to have a clear influence on the optimum functioning of the HTL in the device. Regarding the stability improvement study done in this work, a method of employing suitable interlayer was developed to effectively abate the internal degradation occurring in the device due to etching reaction on the indium tin oxide (ITO) anode by the HTL. Moreover, experimental investigations were carried out for drawing fundamental understanding of stability degenerating issues such as the influence of mechanical defects on transparent conducting metal oxide (ITO) anode on the performance of the device and heat induced degradations in the low band gap polymer-fullerene active layer. The highlight of this research is that the discovered methods are inexpensive, efficient, and easy to adopt. The results of the study could help the technology to overcome some of its limitations and accelerate its progress towards commercialisation
Tiivistelmä Orgaanisten heteroliitosaurinkokennojen kerrosrakenteen ominaisuudet ja laatu vaikuttavat merkittävästi aurinkokennojen toiminnallisuuteen. Erityisesti rakenteelliset epähomogeenisuudet aktiivi- ja puskurikerroksissa heikentävät kennon hyötysuhdetta. Kennojen stabiilisuutta tarkasteltaessa myös mekaanisella rasituksella, pitkittyneellä lämpöaltistuksella ja materiaalien reagoinneilla keskenään kerrosten välillä, on selkeä negatiivinen vaikutus kennojen stabiilisuuteen. Orgaanisen aurinkokennoteknologian kaupallistamisen rajoitteina ovat kennojen heikko hyötysuhde ja stabiilisuus, joten menetelmät jotka tarjoavat ratkaisuja edellä mainittuihin ongelmiin, ovat erittäin tärkeitä teknologiaa kaupallistavalle teollisuudelle. Tämä väitöskirja keskittyy johdonmukaisesti selvittämään tapoja, joilla voidaan parantaa heteroliitosaurinkokennojen hyötysuhdetta ja elinikää. Hyötysuhteen tehostamiseksi valittiin kaksi eri lähestymistapaa, joista ensimmäisessä keskityttiin aktiivikerroksen morfologian parantamiseen ja toisessa aukkoja kuljettavan kerroksen sähköisten ominaisuuksien parantamiseen lämpökäsittelyprosessin avulla. Sopivan lisäaineen avulla aktiivikerroksen ei-toivottua kiteytymistä voidaan pienentää ja parantaa näin kerroksen morfologiaa. Lisäksi työssä todettiin, että lämpökäsittelyn aikaisella ympäristöolosuhteella (ilma, typpi, tyhjiö) on merkittävä vaikutus puskurikerroksen optimaaliseen toimintaan aurinkokennossa. Stabiilisuuden parantamiseksi kehitettiin välikerroksen hyödyntämiseen perustuva menetelmä, jolla voidaan tehokkaasti vähentää kennojen sisäisessä rakenteessa tapahtuvaa toiminnallisuuden heikkenemistä, joka aiheutuu aukkoja kuljettavan kerroksen syövyttävästä vaikutuksesta indiumtinaoksidi (ITO) pohjaiseen anodiin. Tämän lisäksi työssä tutkittiin kokeellisesti stabiilisuuteen heikentävästi vaikuttavia tekijöitä, kuten mekaanisen rasituksen aiheuttamia vaurioita metallioksidi (ITO) anodissa ja lämpöaltistuksesta aiheutuvia vikoja polymeeri-fullereeni rakenteeseen perustuvassa aktiivikerroksessa. Tutkimuksen keskeisin tulos on, että esitellyt keinot aurinkokennojen hyötysuhteen ja stabiilisuuden parantamiseen ovat edullisia, tehokkaita ja helppoja hyödyntää. Tulokset voivat merkittävästi edistää orgaanisten aurinkokennojen teknistä kehitystä ja kiihdyttää niiden tuloa kaupallisiksi tuotteiksi

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24

Jha, Jitendra. "Workfunction tuning of AZO Films Through Surface Modification for Anode Application in OLEDs". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc862818/.

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Widespread use of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) in solid state lighting and display technologies require efficiency and lifetime improvements, as well as cost reductions, inclusive of the transparent conducting oxide (TCO). Indium tin oxide (ITO) is the standard TCO anode in OLEDs, but indium is expensive and the Earth's reserve of this element is limited. Zinc oxide (ZnO) and its variants such as aluminum-doped ZnO (AZO) exhibit comparable electrical conductivity and transmissivity to ITO, and are of interest for TCO applications. However, the workfunction of ZnO and AZO is smaller compared to ITO. The smaller workfunction of AZO results in a higher hole injection barrier at the anode/organic interface, and methods of tuning its workfunction are required. This dissertation tested the hypothesis that workfunction tuning of AZO films could be achieved by surface modification with electronegative oxygen and fluorine plasmas, or, via use of nanoscale transition metal oxide layers (MoOx, VOx and WOx). Extensive UPS, XPS and optical spectroscopy studies indicate that O2 and CFx plasma treatment results in an electronegative surface, surface charge redistribution, and a surface dipole moment which reinforces the original surface dipole leading to workfunction increases. Donor-like gap states associated with partially occupied d-bands due to non-stoichiometry determine the effective increased workfunction of the AZO/transition-metal oxide stacks. Reduced hole injection barriers were engineered by ensuring that the surface ad-layers were sufficiently thin to facilitate Fowler-Nordheim tunneling. Improved band alignments resulted in improved hole injection from the surface modified AZO anodes, as demonstrated by I-V characterization of hole only structures. Energy band alignments are proposed based on the aforementioned spectroscopies. Simple bilayer OLEDs employing the surface modified AZO anodes were fabricated and characterized to compare their performance with standard ITO. Anodes consisting of AZO with MoOx or VOx interfacial layers exhibited 50% and 71% improvement in power efficiency (PE) and external quantum efficiency (EQE), respectively, compared to ITO at a working voltage of 9 V. The efficiencies of dipole reinforced AZO (O2/CFx plasma treated) anodes were comparable to ITO. The improved performance of the surface modified AZO anodes compared to as-deposited AZO is ascribed to improved hole injection, improved charge balance, and improved radiative recombination kinetics. The results suggest that surface modified AZO anodes are a promising alternative to ITO, given the lower cost and Earth abundance of Al and Zn.

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25

Aktaş, Ece. "Low-Molecular Weight Molecules as Selective Contacts for Perovskite Solar Cells". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672777.

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La tecnologia fotovoltaica és una de les fonts d'energia neta i renovable més prometedores per reduir l'impacte ambiental dels combustibles fòssils en les últimes dècades. en aquest context, les perovskites són un material que ha atret recentment una atenció important a causa de la seva capacitat per aconseguir eficiències de conversió molt elevades. Les capes de càrrega selectiva juguen un paper crucial en el ràpid augment del rendiment del dispositiu i en l'estabilitat de les cel·les solars de perovskita. Recentment, l'aplicació de mono-capes auto-assemblades formades per molècules orgàniques que funcionen com a capes selectives de càrrega en cel·les solars de perovskita ha atret una gran atenció a causa d'avantatges com la rendibilitat, l'estabilitat i l'absència d'additius. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és el disseny i la síntesi de noves molècules que formen mono-capes auto-assemblades que funcionin com a capes selectives de forats en cel·les solars de perovskita per aconseguir una eficiència de conversió d'alta d'energia i una vida d'envelliment d'alt rendiment feta a mida.
La tecnología fotovoltaica es una de las fuentes de energía limpia y renovable más prometedoras para reducir el impacto ambiental de los combustibles fósiles en las últimas décadas. en este contexto, las *perovskites son un material que ha atraído recientemente una atención importante a causa de su capacidad para conseguir eficiencias de conversión muy elevadas. Las capas de carga selectiva juegan un papel crucial en el rápido aumento del rendimiento del dispositivo y en la estabilidad de las celdas solares de *perovskita. Recientemente, la aplicación de *mono-capes auto-asemejadas formadas por moléculas orgánicas que funcionan como capas selectivas de carga en celdas solares de *perovskita ha atraído una gran atención a causa de ventajas como la rentabilidad, la estabilidad y la ausencia de aditivos. El objetivo de esta tesis es el diseño y la síntesis de nuevas moléculas que forman *mono-capes auto-asemejadas que funcionen como capas selectivas de agujeros en celdas solares de *perovskita para conseguir una eficiencia de conversión de alta de energía y una vida de envejecimiento de alto rendimiento hecha a medida.
Photovoltaic technology is one of the most promising clean and renewable energy sources to reduce the environmental impact of fossil fuels in recent decades. In this context, perovskites are a material that has recently attracted significant attention due to their ability to achieve very high conversion efficiencys. Selective charge layers play a crucial role in rapidly increasing device performance and in the stability of perovskite solar cells. Recently, the application of self-assembly mono-caps made up of organic molecules that function as selective layers of charge in solar perovskite cells has attracted great attention due to advantages such as profitability, stability and the absence of additives. The goal of this thesis is the design and synthesis of new molecules that form self-assembly mono-layers that function as selective layers of holes in solar perovskite cells to achieve high-energy conversion efficiency and a high-performance aging life tailored to size.

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26

Nakar, Rana. "Synthèse et caractérisation de nouveaux verres moléculaires de type p dérivés de carbazole pour cellules solaires pérovskite". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Tours, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUR4033.

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L’énergie solaire est une importante source d’énergie renouvelable. Depuis 10 ans, les cellules solaires pérovskite ont montré leur énorme potentiel avec des rendements supérieurs à 22%. Ce travail de thèse a consisté à élaborer de nouveaux verres moléculaires transporteurs de trous à base de carbazole pour remplacer le spiro-OMeTAD (matériau de référence) dans ces cellules pérovskite. Tout d’abord, la synthèse de semi-conducteurs de type p a été optimisée en réalisant, à partir d’un intermédiaire à base de carbazole, appelé « synthon », en une seule étape, 4 nouvelles familles de molécules constituées d’un, deux ou trois synthons. Des coeurs à base de dérivés de spirobifluorène, de thiophènes, de triazatruxène ou d’espaceur fluorés ont été utilisés. Les propriétés physico-chimiques de ces familles de composés ont ensuite été étudiées afin de vérifier leurs possible utilisation en dispositifs solaires et de trouver une relation structure/propriétés. Par exemple, il a été montré que les Tg des composés dépendent fortement de la rigidité du coeur. Les analyses thermiques, électroniques et énergétiques montrent que tous les composés synthétisés ont des propriétés en accord avec leur utilisation comme HTM dans les cellules pérovskite. Finalement, ces matériaux ont été intégrés dans des dispositifs solaires et montrent un potentiel intéressant autant en termes de rendement (entre 13% et 15%), comparable au matériau actuel, que de prix (coût au moins 2 fois moins élevé que la référence)
The sun is the most important source of renewable energy. Over the last 10 years, perovskite solar cells have shown a tremendous interest with efficiencies above 22%. This PhD work has consisted in elaborating new molecular glasses, hole transporting materials, based on carbazole moiety to replace spiro-OMeTAD (reference material) in perovskite solar cells. First, the elaboration of p type semiconductors has been optimized by synthesizing, from a carbazole based intermediate called “synthon”, in only one step, 4 new families of molecules constituted of one, two or three synthons. Cores based on spirobifluorene derivatives, thiophenes, triaxatruxenes or fluorinated spacer have been used. The physicochemical properties have then been studied in order to confirm that they can be used in solar devices and to find a structure/properties relationship. For example, we showed that the Tg of the materials are clearly depending on the rigidity of the chemical structure of the core. Thermal, electronic and energetic measurements are showing that the whole families possess suitable properties to be used as HTM in perovskite solar cells. Finally, these materials have been integrated in solar devices and have shown promising results either in terms of efficiencies (between 13% and 15%), similar to the commercially available material, or in terms of price (the cost is at least twice cheaper than the reference)

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27

Bottois, Clément. "Nanoparticules pour la réalisation de couches de transport de trous appliquées au photovoltaïque organique". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAI025/document.

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Dans les cellules photovoltaïques organiques, le matériau utilisé pour le transport de trous entre la couche active et l'électrode, est généralement un polymère dopé, dont la stabilité peut être problématique. L'objectif de cette thèse a été de développer des matériaux inorganiques, a priori plus stables, pour remplacer les couches de polymères de transport de trous, tout en restant compatible avec les méthodes de dépôts par voie liquide. L'utilisation de nanoparticules dispersées en solution a été choisie car cela permet le dépôt à basse température, sans nécessité de conversion vers une couche fonctionnelle, contrairement aux voies sol-gel. Le premier objectif de ce travail a donc été l'obtention de nanoparticules d'oxyde de tungstène, hydraté ou non, et de thiocyanate de cuivre. Une synthèse de chauffage assisté par micro-ondes a été utilisée pour l'oxyde de tungstène, permettant d'obtenir des nanoparticules de 30 nm et monodisperses. Pour le thiocyanate de cuivre, il a été choisi de travailler par broyage. Les paramètres du broyage ont été optimisés pour obtenir des particules avec la plus faible distribution en taille possible. Le dépôt de ces dispersions de nanoparticules a permis l'obtention de couches minces et la caractérisation de leurs propriétés optoélectroniques, et notamment du travail de sortie, qui s'est révélé adapté pour une utilisation en dispositif. Des cellules solaires organiques de structures standard et inverse incorporant ces matériaux ont ensuite été réalisées. De bonnes performances ont été obtenues avec une couche active à base de P3HT, notamment en structure inverse où la possibilité d'utiliser le thiocyanate de cuivre a été démontrée pour la première fois. Le suivi des performances sous éclairement et atmosphère contrôlée a également été effectué et a montré un vieillissement rapide pour ces cellules comparées aux cellules de référence à couche de transport de trous polymère
In organic solar cells, a doped polymer is the most used material for hole transport between the active layer and the electrode, but his stability can be an important issue. The goal of this PhD thesis was to develop inorganic materials, expected to be more stable, in order to replace polymer based hole transporting layers. Another requirement was to keep the compatibility with solution-based deposition methods. The target was to develop nanoparticle dispersions, deposited at low temperature and giving directly a functional layer, without the need of further treatments which are usually required via sol-gel processes. A first objective of the present work was thus the elaboration of nanoparticles of tungsten oxide, hydrated or non-hydrated, and copper thiocyanate. A microwave-assisted heating synthesis has been used for tungsten oxide, leading to mono-dispersed particles around 30 nm. Concerning copper thiocyanate, a ball milling technique has been chosen. The process parameters have been optimized to obtain nanoparticles to narrow the size distribution as much as possible. The deposition of the nanoparticles has allowed the formation of thin layers and the characterization of their optoelectronic properties, such as work function, which was shown to be a relevant parameter for a use in devices. Organic solar cells with standard or inverted structures have been fabricated using these materials as a hole transporting layer. Good photovoltaic performances have been obtained, especially in the inverted structure, in which the possibility to use copper thiocyanate has been demonstrated for the first time. Ageing experiments under light in a controlled atmosphere have also been carried out and have shown a rapid drop in performances for these cells compared to cells incorporating polymer based hole transport layers

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28

Ulfa, Maria. "Nouveaux contacts sélectifs pour des cellules à pérovskites hybrides très efficaces". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEC005.

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Ce travail de thèse porte sur la réalisation de cellules solaires photovoltaïques à pérovskites hybrides efficaces, stables et reproductibles et vise à bien comprendre le fonctionnement de ces cellules. Au chapitre 1, nous présentons le contexte de la recherche sur les cellules solaires et nous décrivons les techniques utilisées pour la caractérisation des dispositifs. Le chapitre 2 propose une étude comparative de deux techniques différentes (une étape et deux étapes) pour la préparation de couches de CH3NH3PbI3. Il est montré que les deux conviennent à la préparation de PSC performantes. Au chapitre 3, nous étudions les deux principaux types de matériaux de transport de trous organiques: moléculaires et polymères. Nous étudions également l’effet des dopants sur ces HTM. Grâce à la spectroscopie d'impédance, nous avons pu voir clairement pourquoi le dopage est important pour obtenir une haute efficacité des cellules Spiro-OMeTAD alors que l'amélioration est plus faible dans le cas des cellules P3HT. Au chapitre 4, nous examinons plusieurs nouveaux dérivés du carbazole comme matériaux transporteurs de trous. Ces molécules allaient du gros noyau dendritique B186 aux séries DM et iDM ayant une masse moléculaire inférieure. B186 et iDM1 ont donné les meilleurs rendements à 14.59% et 15.04%, respectivement. Enfin, dans le chapitre 5, SnO2 est étudié comme couche bloquante des trous. Des cellules planaires ont ensuite été préparées en utilisant cette couche combinée aux pérovskites MAPI (1) -SOF et FAMA. Avec le FAMA, les dispositifs étaient très efficaces avec un rendement maximum de 18,2% et une quasi-absence d'hystérésis (6,7% IH), alors qu'avec MAPI(1)-SOF, le résultat était de 15,2% avec une hystérésis plus élevée
This thesis work aimed at realizing efficient, stable, and reproducible photovoltaic perovskite solar cells, and to achieve a good understanding of the cells functioning. In Chapter 1, we present the context of the research on solar cells and PSC components as well as a description of the main techniques employed for the device characterizations. Chapter 2 provides a comparative study of two different CH3NH3PbI3 deposition techniques (1-step and 2-step). It is clear that both of them are suitable for the preparation of PSC which resulted in more than 17% PCE. In Chapter 3, we have thoroughly studied the two main kinds of organic hole transporting materials: molecular and polymeric. We have also investigated the doping effect on these HTMs. Through impedance spectroscopy measurement, we could clearly see that doping is really important to get high efficiency for Spiro-OMeTAD cells, while the improvement was less significant in the case of P3HT cells. In Chapter 4, we have investigated several new carbazole derivatives as hole transporting materials. These molecules ranged from the big dendritic core B186 to the DMs and iDMs series with lower molecular weight. B186 and iDM1 showed the highest efficiency at 14.59% and 15.04%, respectively. In Chapter 5, we have studied a simple planar structure of PSC by incorporating a wide bandgap n-type semiconductor SnO2 as the hole blocking layer. Planar cells have been prepared using this layer combined with MAPI(1)-SOF and FAMA perovskites. With FAMA absorber, the devices were highly efficient with a maximum PCE of 18.2% and were almost hysteresis-free (6.7% HI) while, with MAPI(1)-SOF, the obtained efficiency was 15.2% with higher hysteresis

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29

Pan, Jiunn-Hung, i 潘俊宏. "Theoretical investigations of organic hole-transporting materials". Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18854470689977673559.

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博士
淡江大學
化學學系博士班
93
The organic compounds with amino group have been used widely as the hole-transporting EL materials. To pursue the efficient OLEDs with desirable charge carrier transport property, the mobilities and reorganization energies for hole-transporting in a series of compounds were studied computationally based on the Marcus electron transfer theory with the ab initio DFT B3LYP/6-31G* calculated. This thesis comparises two parts: 1. the reorganization energy of the hole-transporting in organic compounds with amino group in the OLED were studied. 2. the substitution effect in triarylamines (TPA) and 9-Phenyl-9H-carbazole (PC) with different substituents were studied. According to the calculation results, one may conclude that the reorganization energy of these compounds are related to their electronic density of the HOMO state. The first part of this thesis, the geometries of 15 organic compounds in neutral and cationic states were optimized. Their reorganization energies and ionization potentials were calculated base on these optimized structures. Part two of this thesis, the calculated Ip and reorganization energy of hole-transporting for a series of TPA and PC compounds have been corrected with their experimental Hammett parameter (σ and σ+). The substituted effects in these compounds were investigated also. We also evaluated the reorganization energies of these compounds and investigated the substitutent effect in these compounds. Furthermore, the calculation procedure may estimate the trend of HOMO energies, Ip and reorganization energies for hole transport. These compound could be extended to the molecular design of new hole-transporting and EL materials. Although most of physical properties of the molecular were studied experimentally, the theoretical calculations provide enough to predict possible electrophysical properties in the development EL material.

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30

Ku, Cheng-Hsiu, i 辜政脩. "Synthesis of Polyurethane Based Hole-Transporting Materials and Application for Organic Light Emitting Diode". Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36128409294446222259.

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博士
國立臺灣大學
高分子科學與工程學研究所
96
There are many kinds of pathway to improve the OLED or PLED device performance. In this thesis, hole-transporting materials were been focused subject and different routes were also been provided, including using surface modified method technology to do the modification on ITO glass surface by using oligo (phenylene vilyene) silane as hole transporting layer in chapter 2, synthesized the 9-(4-pentaphenylphenylphenyl)-9H-carbazole and co-evaporated with α-NPB function as hole transporting material and host in chapter 3 and functionalized Polyurethanes containing carbazole, OXD and Triphenylamine-derived for hole-transporting material in OLED device in chapter 4, 5. New polymers and organic materials were used as the hole transport layer (HTL) to improve the device performance. Such materials are not only reduced the driving voltage but also improve the current efficiency. We also observed that the current efficiency in the device is increased due to more carrier injection and better electron-hole balance.

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31

Shiu, Hau-Shiang, i 徐浩翔. "Device engineering for highly efficient perovskite solar cells with novel organic hole-transporting materials". Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/17416214198751408920.

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碩士
國立交通大學
應用化學系碩博士班
104
In this thesis, we discuss about optimization of perovskite solar cells. One is p-i-n perovskite solar cells device, the other is n-i-p device. For p-i-n device, I use four kinds of method to deposited perovskite thin film. First is one step spin-coating process. Second is additive method. Third is fast deposition crystallization. Fourth is solvent annealing. At first I use one step spin-coating process to fabricate device, but I can’t measure power conversion efficiency. Then use additive method got little efficiency. Finally, the efficiency arrived 11.67 % by using Fast deposition crystallization combine solvent annealing. And then optimize PEDOT:PSS layer by using acid treatment, the power conversion efficiency arrived to 14.23 %. For n-i-p device, I use Fast deposition crystallization method to fabricate the device, the power conversion efficiency is 14.43 %, and compare hysteresis effect with p-i-n device. The result is consistent with paper’s report. And then use adduct method to deposited perovskite thin film. After change surrounding, electron transport layer, and electrode material, the power conversion efficiency arrived 17.9 %. By using UV glue to encapsulate device, the device lifetime over 1150 hours. Finally, we discuss the effect of novel hole transport material SM09, HTM797, AB-1-9, Lsy001, and using these material the device power conversion efficiency is comparable with Spiro-OMeTAD.

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32

Li, Tsung Han, i 李宗翰. "Effect study of crosslinkable hole transporting material on organic light-emitting diodes". Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9b7rpx.

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33

CHUNG, CHUNG-LIN, i 鍾冲林. "Using Different Small Molecular Materials as Hole Transporting Layer for Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells". Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/7a4ak7.

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碩士
明志科技大學
材料工程系碩士班
107
This study is divided into two parts. Report the growth of perovskite (PVSK) films grains with high average aspect ratio of non-wetting hole transporting materials (HTMS), which increase nucleus spacing by suppressing heterogeneous nucleation and facilitate grain boundary migration in grain growth by imposing less drag force. The reduced grain boundary area and improved crystallinity dramatically reduce the charge recombination in PVSK thin films to the level in PVSK single crystals. In the first part of this study，we synthesized a series of 2,2 and 3,3 substituted thienoisoindigo (TII)-based small molecules (H3−H7) with D-A-D structure and applied them as dopant-free HTMs in PSCs. The photophysical and electrochemical studies on these molecules showed that the HOMO energy levels of H3, H6 and H7 are suitable for hole extraction from perovskites, while the LUMO energy levels of H3−H7 were ideal for electron-blocking from perovskites to ITO electrode. Using p-i-n device structure for perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the best PCE reached 12.1% for H7-based PSC and it is comparable to that of PEDOT:PSS-based PSC, which was 12.0%. The H7-based PSC showed good device stability, its PCE did not decay within 168 hours under argon atmosphere. For the second part of this study，we have synthesized triphenylamine dibenzofulvene–based hole transporting materials featuring different numbers of OMe groups in a facile and cost-effective manner. These hole transporting materials exhibited good hole mobility, thermal stability, and morphological properties and could, therefore, be used as dopant-free hole transporting materials in inverted PSCs. The best cell performance of a device incorporating HTM4 (PCE = 15.78±0.61％) was superior to that of the corresponding PEDOT:PSS–based cell (PCE =12.80±1.31％). Moreover, because the hydrophobicity of HTM4 was greater than that of PEDOT:PSS, it provided a cell with greater long-term stability. We then employed HTM4 for the interfacial modified layer of a NiOx-derived PSC having the structure indium tin oxide/NiOx/HTM4/CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3)/phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM)/ bathocuproine (BCP)/Ag. The presence of HTM4 promoted the growth of micrometer-sized grains of perovskite and induced a lower content of grain boundary defects, both of which improved the carrier extraction. Thereby, compared with conventional NiOx devices, we observed a great increase in the PCE, from 17.16 ± 0.68% to 18.81 ± 0.42%, with a champion cell displaying a PCE of 19.37%. In addition, the PSC based on the bilayer HTM exhibited negligible hysteresis and a stabilized efficiency of approximately 19% after storage in the dark at 25 °C under argon for over 1000 h. This study suggests a new approach for designing interfaces to induce high-performance stable p–i–n PSCs.

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34

Souharce, Benjamin [Verfasser]. "Triphenylamine and carbazole based hole transporting materials : and their applications in organic field effect transistors / Benjamin Souharce". 2008. http://d-nb.info/989811654/34.

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35

Shih, Hung-Min, i 施宏旻. "Thermally Cross-Linkable Hole-Transporting Materials for the Applications in Solution-Processable Fluorescent and Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes". Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/28720419610779993733.

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博士
國立交通大學
應用化學系碩博士班
100
The objective of thesis is to examine thermally cross-linkable hole-transporting materials for their potential use in solution-processable fluorescent and phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). This thesis is divided into two parts. One is related to the applications of thermally cross-linkable hole-transporting materials in fluorescent polymeric light-emitting diodes (PLEDs). The other is related to develop a bipolar host material together with thermally cross-linkable hole-transporting materials for the applications in solution-processable phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes. In the first part of the work, three thermally cross-linkable N,N,N’,N’-tetraphenyl-1,1’-biphenyl-4,4’-diamine (TPD)-based hole-transporting materials (HTMs), i.e., DV-OMe-TPD, DV-Me-TPD, and DV-F-TPD, were designed and synthesized. Two styryl groups in the TPD units are used for thermally cross-linking, whereas methoxy, methyl and fluoro groups are introduced to modulate the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy levels of the HTMs. These HTMs are thermally cross-linked to overcome interfacial mixing, realizing solution-processed polyfluorene (PFO)-based devices ITO/cross-linked HTMs/PFO/CsF/Al and SY2-baesd devices ITO/cross-linked HTMs/SY2/TPBI/LiF/Al. Besides the characteristic blue emission of PFO, the devices exhibited a red emission whose energy is highly dependent on the HOMO energy of the cross-linked HTM used in the device. This result suggests that the red electroluminescence is derived from the exciplex generated by the adjacent hole and electron at the cross-linked HTM/fluorenone heterojunction interface. By doping small amount of 4,7-bis(9,9-dioctylfluoren-2-yl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BFBT) into the emissive layer (EML) to compensate green emission, the devices with the configuration of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/DV-Me-TPD/PFO doped with BFBT/CsF/Al exhibited white electroluminescence comprising three primary colors simultaneously. The 0.04 wt%-doped device achieved a maximum luminous efficiency of 5.28 cd/A which showed CIE chromaticity coordinates of (0.32, 0.42) which are close to the ideal white point (0.33, 0.33). We have demonstrated that integrating cross-linked triarylamine-based HTMs with fluorenone defects in PFO to induce exciplex electroluminescence can provide a useful way for realizing WPLED devices. In SY2-baesd devices, double-layer device achieved a maximum brightness of 17060 cd/m2, presented a maximum luminous efficiency of 5.60 cd/A, in addition to, multilayer device displayed a maximum luminous efficiency of 7.19 cd/A. In the second part of the work, a solution-processable bipolar molecule, triphenylamine-based CzPOFA comprising an electron-rich carbazole and electron-deficient diphenylphosphine oxide groups was synthesized. This molecule not only processes good thermal stability but also displayed excellent film-forming properties upon solution processing. In addition to serving as an electron-transporting host material, CzPOFA also facilitates electron injection from the Al cathode to itself in double-layer devices. Red double-layer and multilayer devices incorporating CzPOFA as the host doped with the osmium phosphor Os(fptz)2(PPh2Me2)2 all exhibited excellent device efficiencies. In addition, CzPOFA-based white light-emitting device containing blue light-emitting dye DSA-Ph and orange light-emitting osmium phosphor Os(bfptz)2(PPh2Me2)2 reached a maximum luminous efficiency of 4.48 cd/A, and the CIE coordinates of the white EL emission were (0.30, 0.32) closed to the ideal white point (0.33, 0.33). Red and white multilayer devices incorporating thermally cross-linable DV-Me-TPD HTM as the hole-transporting and electron-blocking layer material enhanced hole and electron combination presented excellent performance. Therefore, red multilayer device achieved a maximum luminous efficiency of 6.75 cd/A, and white multilayer device displayed a maximum luminous efficiency of 4.40 cd/A, displayed the CIE coordinates of the white EL emission were (0.33, 0.36) closed to the ideal white point (0.33, 0.33).

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36

wu, zong-jin, i 吳宗晉. "Improved color purity of blue organic light-emitting diodes (BOLED) with double hole-transporting (DHT) structure and acetate materials". Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/85176340301288191789.

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碩士
國立高雄大學
應用物理學系碩士班
99
Organic light-emitting Diode (OLED) emits light itself. It owns many advantages of optical-electronic characteristics as compared with thin films transistor-liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD). In order to achieve the requirement for full color flat panel display, the three primary colors which are red, green, blue (R, G, B) with high luminance, high current efficiency and high color purity are important study of research and development for OLED.In our experiment, the major materials are NPB, CBP, DPVBi, Alq3, LiF and (CH3COOH)2Zn. The materials of NPB and CBP are used as hole transporting layer. DPVBi is blue emission layer. Alq3 is electron transporting layer. LiF and (CH3COOH)2Zn, are used as electron injection layer.The blue light emission with short wavelength plays an important role in color conversion method (CCM) of full color technology. In the study, we improve and research on color purity of blue OLED by various thicknesses of organic layer. In addition, we research the influence of the different thickness of double-CBP layers as hole-transporting layers. In order to improve the current density and luminance, we add extra acetate layer to the device. It can improve the blue color purity, current density and luminance.

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37

Hwa, Li-Wen, i 滑立文. "Polyamide imides containing 3, 6-bis (trimellitimido)-N-methyl -carbazole units as the Hole-transporting Material for the Organic Light-emitting Diode". Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/19610872250613194604.

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碩士
大同大學
化學工程研究所
89
ABSTRACT A series of aromatic polyamide imide (I, II and III), which contains N-methyl carbazole basic group, has been synthesized to be applied as hole-transporting material for the conjugated polymer, poly [2-methoxy-5- (2’-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1, 4-phenylene vinylene] (MEH-PPV), light-emitting diode (LED) in the configuration ITO/polyamide imide/MEH-PPV/Al is studied. The results show that the brightness and photometric efficiency of device are both increased after the HTL incorporated. The maximum brightness can reach 70.1 cd/m 2 and efficiency is 8.9 * 10 - 3 cd/A (incorporated with PAI I). It is found that the film thickness of emissive layer will drastically affect the current-voltage-brightness (I-V-B) characteristics of device, but the change of film thickness of HTL won’t affect it. On the other hand, after different cleaning treatments, the ITO surface will not only become more uniform but also the efficiency of device will increase. The maximum brightness can reach 164.6 cd/m 2 and efficiency is 1.1 * 10 - 2 cd/A. Finally, the UV-Vis and PL spectra of MEH-PPV will change under baking at different temperatures. It is proved that the photophysical properties of MEH-PPV are temperature-dependent.

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38

Wen-FenSu i 蘇玟分. "Electroluminescent and Hole-Transporting Materials: Synthesis, Optoelectronic Properties and Applications". Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/06909358730253108837.

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39

Liao, Ming-Hung, i 廖明鴻. "Thermally Cross-Linkable Hole-Transporting Materials for Polymer Light-Emitting Devices". Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/43c9vc.

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碩士
國立交通大學
應用化學研究所
98
Seven tri-arylamine-based hole-transporting materials (HTMs) bearing thermally cross-linkable vinyl groups have been synthesized and characterized. These HTMs could be in situ cross-linked under mild thermal polymerization without any initiator. After cross-linking, the resultant HTMs form robust, smooth, and solvent-resistant networks, which enables the subsequent spin-coating of emissive layer (EML). The HOMO energy levels of the HTMs can be fine-tuned by introducing electron-withdrawing groups or electron-donating groups on the phenyl ring para to the nitrogen. The polymer LED devices with configuration of (ITO/HTLs/PFO/CsF/Al) were fabricated and characterized. The device luminous efficiency is improved because the HTLs can facilitate cascade hole injection and transport, and function as an efficient electron blocker. Most importantly, the milder cross-linking condition for these HTMs allows the commonly used conducting polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), to be incorporated as the bottom hole-injecting layer to reduce the turn-on voltage and improve the luminous efficiency of the devices. In the electroluminescence spectra, in addition to the blue emission from the polyfluorene, we found that these devices showed an emission band at the longer wavelengths, which is proved to be the exciplex emission between the fluorenone spcies and HTMs. On the other hand, the devices with the configuration of (ITO/HTLs/S2Y/TPBI/LiF/Al) using PPV-type yellow emitting polymer SY2 were also fabricated and evaluated. However, due to the electron-dominating properties of SY2, we found that introduction of the HTLs will slow down the hole transport in the devices, thus resulting in unbalanced charge carriers and reduced luminous efficiency. However, the brightness of the devices is generally improved. We envision that the strategy of using styrene as an efficient cross-linker can also be integrated with various HTMs with different properties for realizing high power efficiency white PLED in the future.

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40

Chen, Chun-An, i 陳俊安. "Dopant-Free Quinoid-Based Hole Transporting Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells". Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/a99pkf.

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碩士
國立中央大學
化學學系
105
We try to use many kids of dialdehyde Various rigid π-linker (benzene, 9,10-anthracene, 2,6-anthracene, thiophene) functionalized with dialdehyde reacted with alkoxy substituted diaryl dione to form bis-imidazole derivatives, which were then oxidized by potassium ferricyanide to provide symmetric quinone compounds, some of them were also characterized by single crystal structural determination. These compound exhibit good thermal stability and have intense absorption in the near-infrared region. Due to good hole transport ability, the compounds were used as the hole transport materials for perovskite solar cells. The rigid segment in the quinone compounds is beneficial to intermolecular π–π interaction and leads to aggregation of the molecules. The compound DIQ-C12 is an example with such π–π interaction framework, which forms hole transport channel. The perovskite solar cells using dopant- or additive-free DIQ-C12 as achieves a conversion of 11.66%, which is comparable with the standard cell using spiro-OMeTAD with LiTFSI as the additive (11.80). The cell of DIQ-C12 has better temporal stability because of the absence of hydrophilic LiTFSI.

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41

YU, WENG-SHENG, i 余文聖. "Novel [2,2]paracyclophane-based Hole Transporting Materials in Perovskite Solar Cells". Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/vxd65e.

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碩士
東海大學
化學系
106
We have designed and successfully synthesized ortho and para substituted with triphenylamine (TPA) bypass different-linked on [2.2] paracyclophane (PCP) based on hole-transporting materials (HTMs). We resrarch the effect of the structure of the hole-transporting material on the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells by different-link between TPA and PCP in the hole-transporting material. The WS-F2 best PCE of 17.10% was achievable for the corresponding devices, which was higher than that using state-of-the-art Spiro-OMeTAD as the HTMs. We are still optimizing device to achieve the high performance.

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42

Tsou, Hsieh-Jung, i 鄒協融. "New Hole Transporting Materials with Phenol Functionality for Perovskite Solar Cells". Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/atytv9.

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碩士
國立臺北科技大學
分子科學與工程系有機高分子碩士班
106
Perovskite Solar Cells are advantages through solution-processable, facile processing, tunable bandgaps, and the power conversion efficiency (power conversion efficiency) is already across 22%. However, their hole transport materials (HTMs) PEDOT:PSS (poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate) have acidic properties and have a destructive effect on the active layer and ITO glass, resulting in reduced component stability and efficiency, and more expensive, many scholars have invested in related research and developed alternative materials. My research focuses on how the HTMs including AI 105 and AI 108 applied on p-i-n type PSCs and measures the corresponding’s optical characteristics. These materials are small molecule compounds which can be used to replace the common hole transport materials such as PEDOT:PSS. The basic structure is imidazole linked to thiophene with different functional groups of triphenylamine compounds. In my research, I found that by changing the functional groups with electron donating and electron withdrawing properties, causing intermolecular arrangement. This result can increase hole transport capability and photoelectric conversion efficiency.

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43

Chiang, Po-Hsuan, i 江伯軒. "Hole-transporting-layer-free High-efficiency Fluorescent Blue Organic Light-emitting Diodes". Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/48022371868581830930.

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44

Yu, Siao-yin, i 俞曉吟. "Organic bipolar transporting materials in applications of phosphorescence devices". Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/14224789960052184592.

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碩士
國立中山大學
光電工程學系研究所
104
In this study, bipolar transporting materials, CC-MP series, were used as host in phosphorescence devices. Suitable guest-emitting, electron-transporting and hole transporting material for CC-MP series were chosen according to the photophysical properties of CC-MP series. The thickness of those organic layers were adjusted to help carrier inject and reach a balance for effective excitons recombination. Doping concentration was also discussed as a parameter which affect energy transfer mechanism in the devices. According to the dependence of doping concentration on both the current density-voltage characteristics and device efficiency, the main route of emission mechanism would be through energy transfer between host and guest rather than through carrier trapping by guest. CC-MP8 showed the maximum EQE of 15.5% among all the materials, attributed by the high triplet energy and large overlap between PL spectrum of CC-MP8 and absorption of the guest. Thus, bipolar transporting materials, CC-MP series, successfully produced excellent efficiency the deep red devices. Keywords: Organic Light-Emitting Diode, bipolar transporting materials, red phosphorescence devices, carrier rapping, host-guest energy transfer

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45

CHEN, YIH-CHUN, i 陳羿君. "Novel hole transporting materials with electron withdrawing moiety for perovskite solar cells". Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/mmm799.

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碩士
東海大學
化學系
105
Seven novel hole transporting materials, Yih-1~7, based on electron withdrawing core had been designed and synthesized. Cruciform-shaped core is widely used in hole transporting layer for perovskite solar cells, according to the well-known material, Spiro-OMeTAD. Therefore, Yih-3~7 were synthesized, which are based on cruciform-shaped core, 1,1,2,2-tetraphenylethene, dibenzo[g,p]chrysene and 10'H-spiro[fluorene-9,9'-phenanthren]-10'-one, and modified with different donors, bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amine and 10-(4-(hexyloxy)phenyl)-10H-phenothiazine. Compared with cruciform-shaped core, planar core is springing up in recent years, due to strong intermolecular interaction, which indicates a great potential to show high hole mobility instead of adding additives. On account of this concept, Yih-1 and Yih-2 were synthesized based on anthracene-9,10-dione, modified with two different donors, bis(4-methoxyphenyl)aniline and bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amine. Most of the Yih- series HTMs show the absorption bands in the visible region, which could act as both light harvesting and hole transporting layers in perovskite solar cells. In addition, all of their HOMO levels are lower than that of spiro-OMeTAD, which could enhance the open circuit voltage (Voc) value. Most of their thermal stability are on par with spiro-OMeTAD, especially for Yih-4 and Yih-6. The performance of devices based on Yih- series HTMs are anticipated to reach the certain values.

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46

Chen, Bo-Ren, i 陳柏任. "Development of imidazole-based hole transporting materials for efficient perovskite solar cells". Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/gj6tmb.

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博士
國立中央大學
化學學系
105
During the initial development, the perovskite solar cells have suffered the issue of instability due to the liquid electrolyte system. In order to overcome the issue, Grätzel developed a solid electrolyte system in which spiro-MeOTAD is used as a hole transport material. Owing to his success, numerous research groups started working to find suitable hole transport materials for efficient perovskite solar cells. However, the designing principles and theory for efficient hole transport layer has yet to established. The main focus of this study was to try to explore the appropriate principles which can guide for designing efficient hole transport layers and to develop various templates for perovskite solar cells

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47

WANG, YI-TING, i 王怡婷. "New Hole Transporting Materials with Aryl Salt Functionality for Perovskite Solar Cells". Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/7xk9j8.

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碩士
國立臺北科技大學
分子科學與工程系有機高分子碩士班
107
The hole-transporting material plays an important role in perovskite solar cells. Nowadays, PEDOT:PSS is a popular material in p-i-n type perovskite solar cells, but PEDOT:PSS can result a low Open-Circuit Voltage (Voc) and its hygroscopicity and weak acidity can also effect the stability of perovskite solar cell. In this study, we designed and synthesized AI110, a small salt molecule, then compared its hole transporting capabilities to the PEDOT:PSS. Devices with AI110 as the hole-transporting layer showed high Voc up to 1.04V, better than those of the solar cells based on PEDOT:PSS. Furthermore, we compared these devices with the cells using the commercial hole-transporting material, Spiro-OMeTAD. New hole transporting material, AI110 exhibits the better power conversion efficiency than the commercial hole-transporting materials.

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48

Hao, Chang Chih, i 張志豪. "The lifetime study of crystalline hole transporting layer on organic light-emitting devices". Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97538295573191301211.

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碩士
國立海洋大學
光電科學研究所
91
Since the first demonstration of high-brightness, low-voltage electroluminescence (EL) from thin film organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs), intense interest has been focused on their potential applications as full-color flat panel displays. However OLEDs show relatively poor stability to decreases the lifetime of OLED devices .So we have interested on crystalline hole-transporting layer. And we do some experimental about I-V, L-V and lifetime test for crystalline hole-transporting layer. OLEDs with crystalline hole-transporting layer have been fabricated by depositing organic layer at elevated substrate temperatures. Such devices showed significant improvement in electroluminescent efficiency, morphological stability, storage stability and good lifetime of performance.

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49

Chen, Yu-Jyun, i 陳郁君. "The study of organic solar cell featuring hole transporting layer with rubbing process". Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/23735768952696452353.

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碩士
國立中山大學
光電工程學系研究所
99
In organic solar cell, the surface characteristic plays an important role in the power conversion efficiency of solar cell device. According to the literatures, the increased roughness can increase the contact area at the interface between PEDOT:PSS and active layer, improving hole extraction to the anode. Furthermore, a rough interface may cause a scattering effect on the incident light, which can reflect the out-lost-light back into the active layer and leads an efficient light absorbed. There are many ways to change the morphology of hole transporting layer, such as solvent-treated, or additives adding. However, the above process methods are easily affected by the external environmental conditions. It’s difficult to get the surface morphology been well controlled, resulting in a process instability and low reproducibility. In this research, we will create regular grooves on hole transporting layer by rubbing method. By changing baking temperature and rubbing pressure adjustment of PEDOT:PSS layer; we can precisely control the groove depth and surface morphology. This method makes the process simple and high stability. We found that the PEDOT:PSS hole transporting layer with a suitable depth grooves can enhance the power conversion efficiency. The power conversion efficiency of samples were measured under AM 1.5G 100mW/cm2 illumination. In our results, we found that the device possess about 14.52nm-depth of groove structure, the power conversion efficiency of devices can be increased from 2.03% to 2.36% (which is 17.6% improved). This consequence can be attributed to a short current density increasing from 5.67mA/cm2 to 6.67mA/cm2 based on the device structure is ITO(1500Å)/Rubbing-PEDOT:PSS(500Å)/P3HT:PCBM(800Å)/Al(2000Å).

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CHEN, TSUNG-YUEH, i 陳琮岳. "New Hole Transporting Materials with derivatized benzimidazole Moieties for Perovskite Solar Cell Applications". Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/fg8szk.

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碩士
國立臺北科技大學
分子科學與工程系有機高分子碩士班
107
Currently, perovskite solar cells become one of the most promising photovoltaic technologies due to rapid increase of photoelectric conversion efficiency in a very short period of time and the relative ease of their fabrication compared to traditional inorganic solar cells. The hole-transporting layer is a key component in the device and play an important role in perovskite solar cells. In the inverted device configuration, the lack of stability of perovskite solar cells might be attributed to the inclusion of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) as the hole transporting layer. In our study, we designed and synthesized two novel hole-transporting material, YJS001、YJS003, with an benzimidazole substituent which can be applied in very small amount to achieve good device efficiency. The power conversion efficiency of YJS001、YJS003 based cell is compared to that of PEDOT:PSS and 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9′ spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD), respectively.

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