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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Organic eutectics"
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Rai, Uma Shanker, Manjeet Singh i Rama Nand Rai. "Crystal growth and some physicochemical studies on an organic intermolecular compound of anthranilic acid and N,N-dimethylamino benzaldehyde". European Journal of Chemistry 9, nr 4 (31.12.2018): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5155/eurjchem.9.4.303-310.1720.
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The phase diagram of anthranilic acid and N,N-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde system gives two eutectics (E1 and E2) and a 1:1 intermolecular compound with congruent melting point. The mole fractions of anthranilic acid at E1 and E2 are 0.10 and 0.95, respectively. The negative values of heat of mixing of eutectics suggest that there is clustering of molecules in their eutectic liquid melt. The positive values of excess free energy for eutectics indicate that the interactions between the like molecules are stronger than those of unlike molecules. It can be inferred from single crystal X-ray analysis of the intermolecular compound that it crystallized in monoclinic unit cell with C2/c space group and a reasonably large sized intermolecular compound crystal was grown by slow evaporation technique at room temperature. The optical studies on the intermolecular compound give two strong emission bands with two lmax values one at 380 nm and second at 450 nm with total quantum efficiency 0.49.
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Yoshikawa, Shinichi, Shimpei Watanabe, Yoshinori Yamamoto i Fumitoshi Kaneko. "Binary Phase Behavior of 1,3-Distearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol (SOS) and Trilaurin (LLL)". Molecules 25, nr 22 (14.11.2020): 5313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225313.
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This paper reports the precise analysis of the eutectic mixing behavior of 1,3-distearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol (SOS) and trilaurin (LLL), as a typical model case of the mixture of cocoa butter (CB) and cocoa butter substitute (CBS). SOS was mixed with LLL at several mass fractions of LLL (wLLL); the mixtures obtained were analyzed for polymorphic phase behavior using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and synchrotron radiation X-ray diffractometry (SR-XRD). In melt crystallization with constant-rate cooling, SOS and LLL formed eutectics in their metastable polymorphs, allowing the occurrence of a compatible solid solution at wLLL ≥ 0.925. With subsequent heating, the resultant crystals transformed toward more stable polymorphs, then melted in a eutectic manner. For mixtures aged at 25 °C after melt crystallization, eutectics were found in the extended wLLL region, even at wLLL = 0.975. These results indicate that phase separation between SOS and LLL progressed in their solid solution under stabilization. The crystal growth of the separated SOS fraction may cause fat-bloom formation in compound chocolate containing CB and CBS. To solve this problem, the development of retardation techniques against phase separation is expected.
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Araya-Sibaja, Andrea, José Vega-Baudrit, Teodolito Guillén-Girón, Mirtha Navarro-Hoyos i Silvia Cuffini. "Drug Solubility Enhancement through the Preparation of Multicomponent Organic Materials: Eutectics of Lovastatin with Carboxylic Acids". Pharmaceutics 11, nr 3 (9.03.2019): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11030112.
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Lovastatin (LOV) is a drug used to treat hypercholesterolemia. Recent studies have identified its antioxidant effects and potential use in the treatment of some types of cancer. However, the low bioavailability related to its poor water solubility limits its use in solid oral dosage forms. Therefore, to improve the solubility of LOV three eutectic systems of LOV with the carboxylic acids benzoic (BEN), salicylic (SAL) and cinnamic (CIN) were obtained. Both binary phase and Tammann diagrams were constructed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data of mixtures prepared from 0.1 to 1.0 molar ratios. Binary mixtures and eutectics were prepared by liquid-assisted grinding. The eutectics were further characterized by DSC and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The LOV-BEN, LOV-SAL and LOV-CIN system formed a eutectic at an LOV mole fraction of 0.19, 0.60 and 0.14, respectively. The systems exhibited improvements in LOV solubility, becoming more soluble by five-fold in the LOV-SAL system and approximately four-fold in the other two systems. Considering that the solubility enhancements and the carboxylic acids used are generally recognized as safe by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the LOV eutectic systems are promising materials to be used in a solubility enhancement strategy for pharmaceutical product formulation.
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Gupta, R. K., S. K. Singh i R. A. Singh. "Some physicochemical studies on organic eutectics". Journal of Crystal Growth 300, nr 2 (marzec 2007): 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2006.12.017.
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Rai, U. S., i K. D. Mandal. "Some physicochemical studies on organic eutectics and 1:1 addition compound; p-phenylenediamine – benzoic acid system". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 67, nr 2 (1.02.1989): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v89-039.
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The phase diagram of p-phenylenediamine – benzoic acid system, determined by the thaw–melt method, shows the formation of two eutectics and a 1:1 addition compound. The linear velocity of crystallization of pure components, eutectics and addition compound, determined by measuring the movement of growth front in a capillary, suggests that crystallization data obey the Hillig–Turnbull equation. Using experimental values of heats of fusion, entropy of fusion and excess thermodynamic functions were calculated and the results are explained on the basis of cluster formation in the melts. X-ray diffraction data infer that these eutectics are not simply the mechanical mixture of the two components and there is preferential ordering of atomic planes during their formation. The infrared spectral studies suggest the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the components forming the molecular complex. Keywords: organic eutectics, growth kinetics, phase diagram, thermochemistry, X-ray diffraction studies.
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Nahar, Yeasmin, i Stuart C. Thickett. "Greener, Faster, Stronger: The Benefits of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Polymer and Materials Science". Polymers 13, nr 3 (30.01.2021): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13030447.
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Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) represent an emergent class of green designer solvents that find numerous applications in different aspects of chemical synthesis. A particularly appealing aspect of DES systems is their simplicity of preparation, combined with inexpensive, readily available starting materials to yield solvents with appealing properties (negligible volatility, non-flammability and high solvation capacity). In the context of polymer science, DES systems not only offer an appealing route towards replacing hazardous volatile organic solvents (VOCs), but can serve multiple roles including those of solvent, monomer and templating agent—so called “polymerizable eutectics.” In this review, we look at DES systems and polymerizable eutectics and their application in polymer materials synthesis, including various mechanisms of polymer formation, hydrogel design, porous monoliths, and molecularly imprinted polymers. We provide a comparative study of these systems alongside traditional synthetic approaches, highlighting not only the benefit of replacing VOCs from the perspective of environmental sustainability, but also the materials advantage with respect to mechanical and thermal properties of the polymers formed.
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Pramanik, Titas, Ashish Anand, Janaky Sunil, Anjana Joseph, Chandrabhas Narayana, Somnath Dutta i Tayur N. Guru Row. "Organic eutectics: characterization, microstructural evolution and properties". Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 77, a2 (14.08.2021): C121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767321095593.
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Rai, U. S., i H. Shekhar. "Some physicochemical studies on binary organic eutectics". Thermochimica Acta 175, nr 2 (marzec 1991): 215–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(91)80068-t.
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Rai, U. S., i Santhi George. "A physicochemical study on organic eutectics and addition compound; benzidine–pyrogallol system". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 70, nr 12 (1.12.1992): 2869–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v92-366.
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The phase diagrams of the binary organic system of benzidine–pyrogallol was determined by the thaw–melt method. The solidification behaviour of the pure components, their eutectics, and the addition compound were studied by measuring the movement of growth front in a capillary. From the data on X-ray diffraction, thermal and microscopic investigations it can be inferred that the eutectics are not simple mechanical mixtures of the components involved. The IR and NMR spectral investigations were carried out to throw light on the nature of bonding between the two components forming the addition compound.
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Alhadid, Ahmad, Liudmila Mokrushina i Mirjana Minceva. "Design of Deep Eutectic Systems: A Simple Approach for Preselecting Eutectic Mixture Constituents". Molecules 25, nr 5 (28.02.2020): 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25051077.
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Eutectic systems offer a wide range of new (green) designer solvents for diverse applications. However, due to the large pool of possible compounds, selecting compounds that form eutectic systems is not straightforward. In this study, a simple approach for preselecting possible candidates from a pool of substances sharing the same chemical functionality was presented. First, the melting entropy of single compounds was correlated with their molecular structure to calculate their melting enthalpy. Subsequently, the eutectic temperature of the screened binary systems was qualitatively predicted, and the systems were ordered according to the depth of the eutectic temperature. The approach was demonstrated for six hydrophobic eutectic systems composed of L-menthol and monocarboxylic acids with linear and cyclic structures. It was found that the melting entropy of compounds sharing the same functionality could be well correlated with their molecular structures. As a result, when the two acids had a similar melting temperature, the melting enthalpy of a rigid acid was found to be lower than that of a flexible acid. It was demonstrated that compounds with more rigid molecular structures could form deeper eutectics. The proposed approach could decrease the experimental efforts required to design deep eutectic solvents, particularly when the melting enthalpy of pure components is not available.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Organic eutectics"
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MELI, Alessandro. "DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS E LIQUIDI IONICI: SOLVENTI PER LO SVILUPPO DI PROCESSI ECO-COMPATIBILI". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10447/395244.
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L’obiettivo di questi tre anni di Dottorato è stato lo studio e l’utilizzo nuovi solventi di reazione in grado di sostituire i solventi organici classici. In particolare sono stati studiati i Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) e le miscele di Liquidi Ionici (IL).
I DES sono stati utilizzati come solventi per lo studio di reazioni organiche, usate per la formazione di nuovi legami C-C. Nello specifico sono state studiate la reazione di Diels-Alder, e diverse reazioni di coupling C-C catalizzate da Pd.
In seguito, i DES sono stati utilizzati per la formazione di nuovi gel supramolecolari, chiamati eutectogel. Questi gel sono stati formati usando come gelator amminoacidi naturali, consentendo quindi di ottenere gel interamente costituiti da composti non tossici. Questi materiali sono stati usati come fasi adsorbenti per la rimozione di coloranti cationici da soluzioni acquose.
Infine, miscele di IL sono state utilizzate per la conversione di tre diversi carboidrati in 5-HMF, ottenendo rese soddisfacenti specialmente per la conversione del fruttosio.
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Massolo, E. "NOVEL SYNTHETIC ORGANOCATALYTIC METHODOLOGIES". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/330262.
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The objective of this PhD study was to apply organocatalytic synthetic methods for the regio- and stereoselective synthesis of highly functionalized compounds. We exploited different organocatalytic activation modes to peculiar substrates we identified as suitable building blocks for versatile products in enantiomerically enriched form. In particular the developed projects relied on stereoselective amino- and hydrogen bonding organocatalysis, employing beta-nitroacrylates, beta-trifluoromethylated nitroalkenes and 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl 2-[(1,3-dithian)-2-yl]-ethanthioate in combination with various reaction partners, thus finding entries to valuable intermediates suitable for further subsequent transformations.
The first Chapter of this thesis aim to give a general overview on those fields of organocatalysis related to the research topics studied in this PhD program, the second Chapter offers a literature background of the employed substrates. Following five Chapters (3-7) and Appendix report the discussion on the obtained results.
According to our opinion, this PhD study offers solid examples of robustness, versatility and effectiveness of stereoselective organocatalytic strategies, which have been applied to interesting starting materials and in innovative reaction media, thus giving a reliable contribution to expand the boundaries of this field.
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Moufawad, Tarek. "Développement de nouveaux solvants de lavage pour l'absorption des Composés Organiques Volatils". Thesis, Littoral, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019DUNK0534.
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L(objectif de cette thèse a été de développer de nouveaux solvants d'absorption des composés organiques volatils (COV). Ces derniers sont des polluants atmosphériques primaires généralement utilisés comme solvants et émis directement par les industries. Ils induisent des effets nocifs pour la santé, et certains d'entre eux, sont classés comme cancérogènes. La réduction des émissions de ces polluants reste donc une préoccupation majeure. L'objectif de notre travail a été d'évaluer les solvants eutectiques profonds (DES) comme absorbants pour les COV. Les DES représentent une nouvelle génération de solvants. Ils sont formés par simple mélange de 2 ou plusieurs composés. Ils peuvent être produits à partir de composés économiques, naturels et biodégradables. La préparation de ces solvants est facile et permet une économie d'atome de 100%. Le travail a été divisé en trois parties.La première partie a été consacrée à la caractérisation des propriétés physico-chimiques des DES, telles que la densité et la viscosité. L'analyse des spectres infrarouge des DES et de leurs composés purs a montré une implication des liaisons hydrogène dans la formation des DES. La polarité a été étudiée à l'aide de la sonde Nile red. Enfin, la solubilité de gaz (CO₂, CH₄ and Ar) a été mesurée dans les DES en fonction de la température. La deuxième partie a porté sur l'évaluation de la capacité d'absorption des DES en utilisant la technique d'headspace statique couplée à la chromatographie en phase gazeuse. Ceci nous a permis de déterminer le coefficient de partage gaz/liquide pour les COV dans les DES à différentes températures. L'influence des mélanges de COV sur les capacités d'absorption des DES a été également déterminée. Ces derniers ont montré des capacités d'absorption élevées pour la variété de COV, sans saturation même à forte concentration. Un nouveau système DES-cyclodextrine a également été évalué. Les capacités d'absorption ont été améliorées grâce au rôle de molécule cage de la cyclodextrine. La deuxième partie a été tournée vers l'application industrielle. Nous avons évalué les capacités d'absorption des DES à l'aide d'un montage dynamique qui simule une colonne d'absorption industrielle. Cette installation permet de moduler le débit du COV, les teneurs en eau ainsi que la température de la colonne. Enfin, la régénération des DES a été effectuée par plusieurs cycles absorption/désorption sans perte de capacité d'absorption. En conclusion, l'ensemble des résultats obtenus a montré que les DES possédaient de nombreux atouts leur permettant d'être considérés comme des solvants prometteurs pour l'absorption des COVThe aim of this thesis was to develop new solvents for the absorption of volatile organic compounds (VOC). VOC are primary air pollutants generally used as solvents and emitted directly from industries. They have adverse health effects and some of them are classified as carcinogenic. Consequently, the reduction of the emissions of these pollutants remains a major challenge to reduce air pollution. Hence, our objective was to evaluate deep eutectic solvants (DES) as absorbents for VOCs. DESs represent a new generation of solvents that is formed by simply mixing two or more compounds. They can be produced from cheap, natural and biodegradable compounds. The preparation of these solvents is easy and is 100% atom efficient. This work was divided into three parts.The first part focused on the physicochemical properties of DES, such as density and viscosity. Analysis of the infrared spectra of DES and their pure compounds showed that hydrogen bonds are essential for the formation of DES. Their polarity was studied using the Nile red probe. In addition, solubility of various gases (CO₂, CH₄ and Ar) was measured as a function of temperature. The second part dealt with the evaluation of the aborsption capacity of DESs using static headspace coupled with gas chromatography. The determination of gas/liquid partition coefficient was performed for various VOC and DES at different temperatures. In addition, the influence of VOC mixtures on DES absorption capacities was determined. DES showed high absorption capacities for a variety of VOCs, without saturation even at high concentration. A new DES-cyclodextrin system was developed and showed improved absorption capacities due to the complexation ability of the cyclodextrin. The last part was oriented towards the industrial application of DESs. The absorption capacities of DESs were evaluated using a dynamic set-up which simulated an industrial absorption column. This set-up allows the modulation of the VOC flow rate, water content and column temperature. Finally, the regeneration of the absorbent was carried out by several absorption/desorption cycles without loss of absorption capacity. In conclusion, the overall results showed that DES have characteristics that allow them to be considered as promising solvents for VOC absorption
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Kaur, Ramanpreet. "Structure-Function Control in Organic Co-Crystals/Salts Via Studies on Polymorphism, Phase Transitions and Stoichiometric Variants". Thesis, 2015. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/2005/3729.
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The thesis entitled “Structure-function control in organic co-crystals/salts via studies on polymorphism, phase transitions and stoichiometric variants” consists of five chapters.
The main emphasis of the thesis is on two aspects, one to characterize co-crystal polymorphism in terms of propensity of intermolecular interactions to form co-crystals/salts or eutectics. The other aspect is to explore the feasibility of using such co-crystals/salts to exhibit properties like proton conduction, dielectric and ferroelectric behaviour. Gallic acid and its analogues possess functionalities to provide extensive hydrogen bonding capabilities and are chosen as the main component while the coformers are carefully selected such that they either accept or reject the hydrogen bonding offered. Such co-crystallization experiments therefore provide an opportunity to unravel the intricate details of the formation of crystalline polymorphs and/or eutectics at the molecular level. Further these co-crystal systems have been exploited to evaluate proton conductivity, dielectric and ferroelectric features since the focus is also on the design aspect of functional materials. In the context of identifying and utilizing Crystal Engineering tools, the discussions in the following chapters address not only the structural details but identify the required patterns and motifs to enable the design of multi-component co-crystals/salts and eutectics. In particular, the presence/absence of lattice water in gallic acid has been evaluated in terms of importing the required physical property to the system.
Chapter 1 discusses the structural features of tetramorphic anhydrous co-crystals (1:1; which are synthon polymorphs) generated from a methanolic solution of gallic acid monohydrate and acetamide, all of which convert to a stable form on complete drying. The pathway to the stable form (1:3 co-crystal) is explained based on the variability in the hydrogen bonding patterns followed by lattice energy calculations.
Chapter 2A studies the presence/absence and geometric disposition of hydroxyl functionality on hydroxybenzoic acids to drive the formation of co-crystal/eutectic in imide-carboxylic acid combinations. In Chapter 2B the crystal form diversity of gallic acid-succinimide co-crystals are evaluated with major implications towards the design and control of targeted multi-component crystal forms. The co-crystal obtained in this study shows a rare phenomenon of concomitant solvation besides concomitant polymorphism and thus making it difficult to obtain a phase-pure
crystal form in bulk quantity. This issue has been resolved and formation of desired target solid form is demonstrated. Thus, this study addresses the nemesis issues of co-crystallization with implications in comprehending the kinetics and thermodynamics of the phenomenon in the goal of making desired materials.
Chapter 3 focuses on the systematic co-crystallization of hydroxybenzoic acids with hexamine using liquid assisted grinding (LAG) which show facile solid state interconversion among different stoichiometric variants. The reversible interconversion brought about by varying both the acid and base components in tandem is shown to be a consequence of hydrogen bonded synthon modularity present in the crystal structures analyzed in this context.
In Chapter 4A, the rationale for the proton conduction in hydrated/anhydrous salt/co-crystal of gallic acid - isoniazid is provided in terms of the structural characteristics and the conduction pathway is identified to follow Grotthuss like mechanism which is supplemented by theoretical calculations. Chapter 4B describes an extensive examination of the hydrated salt of gallic acid-isoniazid which unravels the irreversible nature of the dielectric property upon dehydration and suggests that the “ferroelectric like” behaviour is indeed not authenticated. This chapter brings out the significance role of lattice water in controlling the resulting physical property (dielectric/ferroelectric in this case).
Chapter 5 describes the structural features of two hydrated quaternary salts of hydroxybenzoic acids-isoniazid-sulfuric acid and the phase transitions at both low and high temperatures are shown to be reversible. Single Crystal to Single Crystal (SCSC) in situ measurement corroborated by thermal and in situ Powder X-ray Diffraction studies proves the claim. Further, the properties exhibited by these materials are also governed by lattice water content.
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Ju, Yi-Jen, i 朱翊禎. "The Application of Deep Eutectic Solvents and Organic Electrolytes for EDLCs and DSSCs". Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/27379851247401249044.
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Jhang, Pei-Ci, i 張佩琪. "Syntheses and Characterizations of Novel Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials from Deep Eutectic Solvents". Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/82659458259458702482.
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Nkosi, Nkululeko. "Infinite dilution activity coefficient measurements of organic solutes in selected deep eutectic solvents by gas-liquid chromatography". Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/3058.
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Submitted in fulfillment of the academic requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2018.Many separation processes in the chemical and petrochemical industries are energy intensive, and unfortunately, involve a range of solvents that are environmentally harmful and destructive. Alternative, sustainable separation techniques are desired to replace these conventional methods used in the separation of azeotropic as well as close-boiling mixtures, with the intention of reducing energy costs and adverse impact on the environment. In the present study, a new class of solvents called deep eutectic solvents (DESs) of Type III were investigated as alternatives to conventional solvents currently employed in separation processes. DESs are classified as ‘green’ solvents because of a range of favourable properties including lower cost, desirable solubility properties and reduced environmental impact (Abbott et al., 2003b; Smith et al., 2014). The infinite dilution activity coefficients (IDACs) values of 24 solutes – including alk-1-anes, alk-1-enes, alk-1-ynes, cycloalkanes, alkanols, alkylbenzenes, heterocyclics, esters, and ketones – were measured at 313.15, 323.15, 333.15 and 343.15 K by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) in DESs. The four investigated DESs were as follows: 1) Tetramethylammonium chloride + Glycerol (DES1); 2) Tetramethylammonium chloride + Ethylene Glycerol (DES2); 3) Tetramethylammonium chloride + 1,6 Hexanediol (DES3); and 4) Tetrapropylammonium bromide + 1,6 Hexanediol (DES4). This work focused on the performance of DESs as extractive solvents for selected azeotropic and close-boiling binary mixtures. The two key performance criteria for these extractive solvents – selectivity and capacity – were determined from experimental infinite dilution activity coefficients (IDACs) of various solutes. The effect of solute molecular structure on IDAC values was investigated. Moreover, the effect of varying the hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) in DESs on IDAC values was examined. Partial excess molar enthalpies at infinite dilution were determined from the experimental IDAC data. Moreover, common industrial separation problems were selected to investigate DES potential to separate various mixtures by determining selectivity and capacity at infinite dilution. The results obtained in this study indicate that the use of a long carbon chain HBDs greatly decreases miscibility of DESs with organic solutes. For systems such as n-heptane - toluene, acetone - ethanol, cyclohexane - benzene and n-hexane - benzene systems, DES4 was the best solvent regarding the separation performance index. However, further investigation for DES4 by measurements of vapour-liquid equilibria (VLE) and liquid-liquid equilibria (LLE) data is suggested, as these data would provide additional pertinent information regarding the separation of such mixtures using DES4. The data produced from this study can be used to extend the applicability range of predictive models such as Universal Quasi- Chemical Functional Group Activity Coefficients (UNIFAC) and modified UNIFAC (Do) which are already incorporated in some chemical engineering process simulators.
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Jaihindh, Dhayanantha Prabu, i Dhayanantha Prabu Jaihindh. "Bismuth Vanadate -Based Visible-Light Driven Photocatalysts with Hierarchical Nanostructures Synthesized through Deep Eutectic Solvents for Organic Pollutant Removal". Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/e7c6dh.
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博士國立東華大學
材料科學與工程學系
107
Photocatalysis is a series of advanced light-induced redox reaction processes resulting in the degradation and mineralization of organic pollutants in the presence of oxygen and water. Due to their capability to destroy contaminants under mild conditions, photocatalytic processes have attracted considerable attention in the field of waste-water treatment. However, photocatalytic reactions using the traditional pure TiO2 photocatalyst suffer from low energy efficiencies under solar irradiation. This low efficiency in the utilization of solar energy lies in its incapability in absorbing visible lights and also the high recombination rate of photo-excited species in photocatalysts. In addition, difficulties in the separation of fluids from micro- or nano-scale catalysts in large scale systems substantially impact cost efficiency in practice. In this thesis, strategies are explored which address these issues in order to improve the feasibility of solar photocatalysis. The preparation photocatalytic transition metal-oxide semiconductor materials are investigated, namely bismuth-based heterogeneous photocatalysts using Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as green solvents. This research is focused on the design of visible-light-active metal-oxide photocatalysts to increase the absorption of visible light and to decrease the rates of electron-hole recombination, resulting in a high photocatalytic efficiency in regards to the degradation of organic pollutants. In First study deals synthesis of BiOCl/BiVO4 n- p heterojunction photocatalysts was synthesized using DESs reline (Choline chloride: Urea, 1:2) via simple one-pot sol-gel method at room temperature. BiOCl/BiVO4 sheet like structure was characterized and experimentally investigated for the degradation of Methylene blue, rhodamine B under visible light irradiation and also the mechanism was investigated using scavenger experiment. To improve the photocatalytic activity and electron-hole pair recombination time, the silver nanowires combined with BiOCl/BiVO4. Here, we report a one dimensional (1D) AgNWs combined with BiOCl/BiVO4 photocatalysts. The BiOCl/BiVO4@5% Ag NWs photocatalysts exhibited the highest photoactivity, and the degradation efficiency of MB and RhB was 97% and 96% as compared to bare BiVO4 and BiOCl/BiVO4, respectively. The appearance of elemental AgNWs during the photocatalytic reaction would be in favor to enhanced visible light absorption, the facilitated photoinduced electrons transfer, and the enhanced separation of photoinduced electron−hole pairs contributed to the improvement of photocatalytic activities. Also, BiOCl/BiVO4@AgNWs photocatalysts are attributed to the formation of p-n heterojunctions between BiOCl and BiVO4, leading to an effective separation of photo-generated electron hole pair. The significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity should be ascribed to the fabrication of a BiOCl/BiVO4 heterojunction, which can result in an efficient interfacial charge transfer, and it can be proved by Photoluminescence, Linear Sweep Voltammetry and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. The second study proposed, the preparation of hierarchically nanostructured shuriken like bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) as a bifunctional catalyst for photocatalytic degradation and electrochemical detection of highly toxic hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) using the green Deep Eutectic Solvent reline by Solvothermal method, which allows morphology control in one of the less energy-intensive routes. The reline solvents leads the role of a latent supramolecular catalysts where the enhance in reaction rate from solvent driven pre-organization of the reactant is most remarkable. The SEM results showed a good dispersion of BiVO4 catalyst and the HR-TEM revealed an average particle size of ca. 5–10 nm. As a result, the BiVO4 exhibited good photocatalytic activity under UV-light about 95% reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) was observed in 160 min. The recyclability of BiVO4 catalyst exhibited an appreciable reusability and stability of the catalyst towards the photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI). Also, the BiVO4-modified screen printed carbon electrode (BiVO4/SPCE) displayed an excellent electrochemical performance towards the electrochemical detection of Cr(VI). Besides, the BiVO4/SPCE demonstrated tremendous electrocatalytic activity, lower linear range (0.01–264.5 µM), detection limit (0.0035 µM) and good storage stability towards the detection of Cr(VI). Importantly, the BiVO4 modified electrode was also found to be a good recovery in water samples for practical applications. The shape dependent nanostructured BiVO4 catalyst could also be used an effective electrode material for energy storage and hybrid capacitor in future. Keywords: Deep eutectic solvents, Bismuth based photocatalysts, p-n heterojunction, organic pollutant removal, Cr(VI) removal, electrochemical sensing
Części książek na temat "Organic eutectics"
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Guazzelli, Lorenzo, i Christian Silvio Pomelli. "CHAPTER 12. Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents". W Sustainable Organic Synthesis, 339–61. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781839164842-00339.
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García-Álvarez, Joaquín. "Deep Eutectic Solvents: Environmentally Friendly Media for Metal-Catalyzed Organic Reactions". W ACS Symposium Series, 37–52. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2014-1186.ch003.
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Ansu, Alok Kumar, Pooja Singh i Ravi Kumar Sharma. "Development and Testing of Binary Organic Eutectic Mixture for Thermal Energy Storage". W Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 787–94. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0159-0_69.
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Yang, Peng, Xiaoping Liang, Guodong Cui i Chen Yang. "Experimental Study on Solubility of Metal Oxides in Novel Deep Eutectic Solvents of Choline Chloride-Organic Acid". W The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 321–30. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22765-3_29.
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Radhakrishnan, Neeshma, i C. B. Sobhan. "Investigations on the Thermophysical Properties of an Organic Eutectic Phase Change Material Dispersed with GNP–AG Hybrid Nanoparticles". W Advances in Heat Transfer and Thermal Engineering, 817–21. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4765-6_138.
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Bumbaugh, Robin E., i Lisa S. Ott. "Preparing and Testing Novel Deep Eutectic Solvents from Biodiesel Co-Product Glycerol for Use as Green Solvents in Organic Chemistry Teaching Laboratories". W Environmental Research Literacy: Classroom, Laboratory, and Beyond, 113–30. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2020-1351.ch007.
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"Pyrrole Synthesis". W Greener Organic Transformations, 125–28. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781837670895-00125.
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Pyrroles are prominent heterocycles with a central role in life processes. Two important natural pigments, haem and chlorophyll, contain a porphyrin core that contains four modified pyrrole subunits. This chapter discusses the uses and industrial synthesis of pyrroles. Green chemistry developments, including solvent-free approaches, the use of ionic liquids and the use of deep eutectic fluids, are covered.
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"Organometallic Addition Reactions to Ketones". W Greener Organic Transformations, 96–99. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781837670895-00096.
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The formation of a carbon–carbon σ-bond via nucleophilic addition of an organometallic reagent to a carbonyl compound constitutes one of the most elementary transformations in organic synthesis. The great value of nucleophilic addition of organometallic reagents is its general applicability for the development of building blocks for an impressive range of different structures. This chapter looks at alternatives to the Grignard reaction, mechanochemical methods and the use of deep eutectic solvents.
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Handy, Scott. "Deep Eutectic Solvents in Organic Synthesis". W Ionic Liquids - Current State of the Art. InTech, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/59254.
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Nageswar, Yadavalli Venkata Durga, Katla Ramesh i Katla Rakhi. "Chapter 5 Deep eutectic solvent-mediated organic transformations". W Ionic Liquids, Deep Eutectic Solvents, Crown Ethers, Fluorinated Solvents, Glycols and Glycerol, 107–44. De Gruyter, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110788129-005.
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Jo, Byeongnam, i Debjyoti Banerjee. "Enhanced Specific Heat Capacity of Molten Salts Using Organic Nanoparticles". W ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-64001.
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In this study we explore the material properties of carbonate salt eutectics that melt at high temperatures (exceeding 480 °C). These salt eutectics demonstrated anomalous enhancement in the specific heat capacity in both solid and liquid phases — when mixed with carious organic nanoparticles such as carbon nanotubes (CNT) and graphite nanoparticles. Theses experimental measurements are compared with previous reports in the literature for exploring the effect of the synthesis protocol on the resulting thermo-physical properties of these nanomaterials. The enhancement of the thermo-physical properties on mixing with nanoparticles is of significant interest in reducing the cost of thermal energy storage (TES) devices and systems. TES can be utilized for levelizing peaks in cyclical energy demands (or duties) that is typical of renewable energy applications where the input energy source may be intermittent (e.g., solar thermal); as well as in geothermal and nuclear energy applications.
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Shin, Donghyun, Byeongnam Jo, Hyun-eun Kwak i Debjyoti Banerjee. "Investigation of High Temperature Nanofluids for Solar Thermal Power Conversion and Storage Applications". W 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-23296.
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The aim of this study is to investigate the enhancement of thermal properties of various high temperature nanofluids for solar thermal energy storage application. In concentrating solar power (CSP) systems, the thermo-physical properties of the heat transfer fluids (HTF) and the thermal energy storage (TES) materials are key to enhancing the overall system efficiency. Molten salts, such as alkali nitrates, alkali carbonates, or eutectics are considered as alternatives to conventional HTF to extend the capabilities of CSP. However, there is limited usage of molten salt eutectics as the HTF material, since the heat capacity of the molten salts are lower than that of conventional HTF. Nanofluid is a mixture of a solvent and nanoparticles. Well dispersed nanoparticles can be used to enhance thermo-physical properties of HTF. In this study, silica (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles as well as carbon nanotubes (CNT) were dispersed into a molten salt and a commercially available HTF. The specific heat capacity of the nanofluids were measured and applicability of such nanofluid materials for solar thermal storage applications were explored. Measurements performed using the carbonate eutectics and commercial HTF that are doped with inorganic and organic nano-particles show specific heat capacity enhancements exceeding 5–20% at concentrations of 0.05% to 2.0% by weight. Dimensional analyses and computer simulations were performed to predict the enhancement of thermal properties of the nanofluids. The computational studies were performed using Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations.
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Hayyan, Adeeb. "Eutectic solvent as co-solvent for oil extraction from plant seeds". W 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/niod6594.
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In this study, oil extraction form flaxseeds using n-hexane and novel co-solvent called deep eutectic solvents (DESs). DES is relativity green solvent in comparison to ionic liquids and they are alternative to organic solvent. Different organic solvents were screened and oil extraction operating conditions were optimized. The addition of DES to n-hexane can significantly reduce extraction temperature in comparison to n-hexane alone. Application of green solvents in oil extraction field can reduce the energy consumption and operational risks associated with the use of flammable organic solvents.
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Boldrini, Chiara Liliana, Norberto Manfredi, Filippo Maria Perna, Vito Capriati i Alessandro Abbotto. "Introducing eco-friendly hydrophilic and hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent electrolyte solutions for dye-sensitized solar cells". W 13th Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics. València: Fundació Scito, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.hopv.2021.055.
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Bhutani, Garima, Vivek Yadav, Anita Yadav i Arijit K. De. "Impulsive Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy Reveals Synergistic Effects in Binary Mixture of Deep Eutectic Solvents and an Organic Co-solvent". W Laser Science. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ls.2022.lw6f.4.
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In this work, synergistic effects or hydrogen bond acceptor - donor (HBA - HBD) interactions in the binary mixture of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with organic co-solvent, are investigated using impulsive stimulated Raman spectroscopy (ISRS).
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Verevkin, S. P. "THERMOCHEMISTRY OF ADVANCED MATERIAL: LIQUID ORGANIC HYDROGEN CARRIERS, IONIC LIQUIDS, AND DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS". W XV Симпозиум с международным участием "Термодинамика и материаловедение". NIIC SB RAS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.26902/therm_2023_108.
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Nagaraj, Vishal, Saket Karajgikar, Dereje Agonafer i Senol Pekin. "Bump Electromigration and Back End Design Rules". W ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-43766.
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As there is continuous demand for miniaturization of electronic devices, flip chip technology is predominantly used for high density packaging. The technology offers several advantages like excellent electrical performance and better heat dissipation ability. Original invention of flip chip packaging utilized ceramic substrates and high lead bumps. Low cost commercialization of this packaging technology, however, required organic laminate substrates coupled with SnPb eutectic bumped interconnects on the die side. While organic laminate flip chip packaging may be a good option for many low power applications, current carrying capability of the eutectic bumped interconnect causes a catastrophic failure mechanism called electromigration. Previously, researchers have identified and addressed few issues regarding electromigration. Electomigration leads to the formation of metal voids in the conductors which eventually increases the resistance drop across the conductor causing electrical opens. Electromigration is very significant at high current densities. Temperature is the other parameter of concern for electromigration. High current density causes temperature to rise due to Joule heating, there by reducing the life of package. In order to determine the factors responsible for high current densities, we formed a full factorial design of experiments (DOE) that contained parameters such as passivation opening, UBM size, UBM thickness and trace width. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was performed in order to study the effect of above parameters on current crowding and temperature in the bumped interconnects. Based on the results, hierarchy of the most important parameters to be considered while selecting the appropriate flip chip technology is proposed.
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Fasoro, Abiodun A., Praveen Pandojirao-S., Dan O. Popa, Harry E. Stephanou i Dereje A. Agonafer. "Die and Wafer-Level Hermetic Sealing for MEMS Applications". W ASME 2007 InterPACK Conference collocated with the ASME/JSME 2007 Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2007-33850.
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Two of the primary causes of MEMS failure are stiction of the moving microparts due to moisture from environment and particulate contamination due to the degradation of organic materials. The use of getters such as sputtered Ti and Ba to maintain a moisture free environment within the MEMS package has been proposed and is well documented. Though getters ensure a moisture free environment within the package, they do not ensure hermeticity over long periods of time. Hermetic packaging is sometimes desirable for MEMS and optical MEMS (especially those that require long shelf lives) in order to guarantee operational reliability. This paper presents a hermetic fluxless die and wafer-level sealing process with adequate bond strength, assessed using the MIL-STD-883E standard. The hermetic sealing process is achieved via 80%Au-20%Sn eutectic solder rectangular seal rings deposited around the top die perimeter via evaporation and sputtering. We chose 80%Au-20%Sn eutectic solder for sealing because of its high resistance to surface oxide film formation as a result of its high gold content thereby eliminating the use of organic materials such as flux, and at the same time, providing hermetic seal at the die bond interface. The paper also discusses the use of linear regression analysis in packaging process development for our devices. The focus here is identifying process variables that significantly affect the process using as few packaged MEMS samples as available for reliability testing due to their high cost. The process parameters investigated in this paper apply to the shear strength of the resulting die stack, and include the applied bonding pressure, the maximum reflow temperature and the dwell time at the maximum reflow temperature. Conclusions are drawn based on experimental measurements conducted at the Texas Microfactory™ at UT Arlington, and at the Bennington Microtechnology Center (BMC) in Vermont, USA.
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Subbarayan, Guhan, Robert Kinyanjui, Pei Fang Tsai i Krishnaswami Srihari. "Mechanical Reliability Evaluation of Stripped and Replated Component Termination Finishes". W ASME 2007 InterPACK Conference collocated with the ASME/JSME 2007 Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2007-33666.
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The termination finish of Small Output Integrated Circuit (SOIC) and Small Output Transistor (SOT) chip components were converted from Pb-free to Sn-Pb (backward conversion) and vice versa (forward conversion). The motivation for these conversions is due to a combination of factors such as the supply chain constraints on component availability, European Union’s (EU) legislation on “Restriction of Hazardous Substances” (or RoHS), and the growth of tin whiskers on matte tin finish components. The conversions were performed using a “Robotic Stripping and Solder Dipping Process”, and the mechanical reliability of the converted components was evaluated through lead pull testing. In this experiment, a 100% (all finishes are given in weight percentage unless otherwise specified) matte tin finish was first stripped and re-plated with an eutectic Sn-Pb finish. Then, components with 100% matte tin and eutectic Sn-Pb termination finish were replaced with a Pb-free Sn-3.5%Ag-0.5%Cu (SAC305) finish. Three Printed Circuit Board (PCB) surface finishes namely Immersion Silver (ImAg), Organic Solderable Preservative (OSP), and Electroless Nickel/Immersion Gold (ENIG), were evaluated with Sn-Pb and Pb-free processes. All the assembled boards were subjected to an initial analysis, which includes visual inspection with an optical microscope and X-Ray analysis. Subsequently, a time zero analysis was performed which includes cross sectioning, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis and lead pull testing. The pull testing was performed on a Chatillon TCM 201-SS equipment. All the leads were pulled orthogonal to the surface of the PCB. After isothermal aging at 150°C for a time period of 10 days (240 hours), cross sectioning and pull testing were performed to study its effect on Intermetallic Compound (or IMC) growth and reliability.
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Lee, Jeffrey C. B., Sting Wu, H. L. Chou i Yi-Shao Lai. "Development of Lead-Free Flip Chip Package and Its Reliability". W ASME 2003 International Electronic Packaging Technical Conference and Exhibition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2003-35046.
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SnAgCu solder used in laminate package like PBGA and CSP BGA to replace eutectic SnPb as interconnection has become major trend in the electronic industry. But unlike well-known failure mode of wire bonding package, flip chip package with SnAgCu inner solder bump and external solder ball as electrical interconnection present a extremely different failure mode with wire-bonding package from a point of view in material and process. In this study, one 16mm×16mm 3000 I/O SnAgCu wafer bumping using screen-printing process was explored including the effects of reflow times, high temperature storage life (HTSL) and temperature cycle test (TCT) on bump shear strength. Furthermore, the qualified wafer bumping is assembled by flip chip assembly with various underfill material and specific organic build-up substrate, then is subject to MSL4/260°C precondition and temperature cycle test to observe the underfill effect on SnAgCu bump protection and solder joint life. Various failure modes in the flip chip package like solder bump, underfill and UBM and so on, will be scrutinized with SEM. And finally, best material combination will be addressed to make the lead free flip package successful.