Artykuły w czasopismach: „Orbitofrontal cortex”

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Rudebeck, Peter H., i Erin L. Rich. "Orbitofrontal cortex". Current Biology 28, nr 18 (wrzesień 2018): R1083—R1088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.018.

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Jellinger, K. A. "The Orbitofrontal Cortex". European Journal of Neurology 15, nr 1 (13.12.2007): e7-e7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2007.01897.x.

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Wade, Natasha E., Kara S. Bagot, Claudia I. Cota, Aryandokht Fotros, Lindsay M. Squeglia, Lindsay R. Meredith i Joanna Jacobus. "Orbitofrontal cortex volume prospectively predicts cannabis and other substance use onset in adolescents". Journal of Psychopharmacology 33, nr 9 (19.06.2019): 1124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881119855971.

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Background: Identifying neural characteristics that predict cannabis initiation is important for prevention efforts. The orbitofrontal cortex is critical for reward response and may be vulnerable to substance-induced alterations. Aims: We measured orbitofrontal cortex thickness, surface area, and volume prior to the onset of use to predict cannabis involvement during an average nine-year follow-up. Methods: Adolescents ( n=118) aged 12–15 years completed baseline behavioral assessment and magnetic resonance imaging scans, then were followed up to 13 years with annual substance use interviews. Logistic regression examined baseline (pre-substance use) bilateral medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex characteristics (volume, surface area, or cortex thickness) as predictors of regular cannabis use by follow-up. Post-hoc multinomial logistic regression assessed whether orbitofrontal cortex characteristics significantly predicted either alcohol use alone or cannabis+alcohol co-use. Brain-behavior relationships were assessed through follow-up correlations of baseline relationships between orbitofrontal cortex and executive functioning, reward responsiveness, and behavioral approach traits. Results: Larger left lateral orbitofrontal cortex volume predicted classification as cannabis user by follow-up ( p=0.025, odds ratio=1.808). Lateral orbitofrontal cortex volume also predicted cannabis+alcohol co-user status ( p=0.008, odds ratio=2.588), but not alcohol only status. Larger lateral orbitofrontal cortex volume positively correlated with greater baseline reward responsiveness ( p=0.030, r=0.348). There were no significant results by surface area or cortex thickness ( ps>0.05). Conclusions: Larger left lateral orbitofrontal cortex measured from ages 12–15 years and prior to initiation of substance use was related to greater reward responsiveness at baseline and predicted classification as a cannabis user and cannabis+alcohol co-user by final follow-up. Larger lateral orbitofrontal cortex volume may represent aberrant orbitofrontal cortex maturation and increasing vulnerability for later substance use.

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Sequeira, Michelle K., i Shannon L. Gourley. "The stressed orbitofrontal cortex." Behavioral Neuroscience 135, nr 2 (kwiecień 2021): 202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/bne0000456.

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Schoenbaum, Geoffrey, Mehdi Khamassi, Mathias Pessiglione, Jay A. Gottfried i Elisabeth A. Murray. "The magical orbitofrontal cortex." Behavioral Neuroscience 135, nr 2 (kwiecień 2021): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/bne0000470.

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Rolls, Edmund T., Wei Cheng, Jingnan Du, Dongtao Wei, Jiang Qiu, Dan Dai, Qunjie Zhou, Peng Xie i Jianfeng Feng. "Functional connectivity of the right inferior frontal gyrus and orbitofrontal cortex in depression". Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 15, nr 1 (styczeń 2020): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsaa014.

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Abstract The orbitofrontal cortex extends into the laterally adjacent inferior frontal gyrus. We analyzed how voxel-level functional connectivity of the inferior frontal gyrus and orbitofrontal cortex is related to depression in 282 people with major depressive disorder (125 were unmedicated) and 254 controls, using FDR correction P < 0.05 for pairs of voxels. In the unmedicated group, higher functional connectivity was found of the right inferior frontal gyrus with voxels in the lateral and medial orbitofrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, temporal lobe, angular gyrus, precuneus, hippocampus and frontal gyri. In medicated patients, these functional connectivities were lower and toward those in controls. Functional connectivities between the lateral orbitofrontal cortex and the precuneus, posterior cingulate cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the angular and middle frontal gyri were higher in unmedicated patients, and closer to controls in medicated patients. Medial orbitofrontal cortex voxels had lower functional connectivity with temporal cortex areas, the parahippocampal gyrus and fusiform gyrus, and medication did not result in these being closer to controls. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the orbitofrontal cortex is involved in depression, and can influence mood and behavior via the right inferior frontal gyrus, which projects to premotor cortical areas.

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Rolls, Edmund T., Wei Cheng, Weikang Gong, Jiang Qiu, Chanjuan Zhou, Jie Zhang, Wujun Lv i in. "Functional Connectivity of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Depression and in Health". Cerebral Cortex 29, nr 8 (12.11.2018): 3617–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhy236.

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Abstract The first voxel-level resting-state functional connectivity (FC) neuroimaging analysis of depression of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) showed in 282 patients with major depressive disorder compared with 254 controls, some higher, and some lower FCs. However, in 125 unmedicated patients, primarily increases of FC were found: of the subcallosal anterior cingulate with the lateral orbitofrontal cortex, of the pregenual/supracallosal anterior cingulate with the medial orbitofrontal cortex, and of parts of the anterior cingulate with the inferior frontal gyrus, superior parietal lobule, and with early cortical visual areas. In the 157 medicated patients, these and other FCs were lower than in the unmedicated group. Parcellation was performed based on the FC of individual ACC voxels in healthy controls. A pregenual subdivision had high FC with medial orbitofrontal cortex areas, and a supracallosal subdivision had high FC with lateral orbitofrontal cortex and inferior frontal gyrus. The high FC in depression between the lateral orbitofrontal cortex and the subcallosal parts of the ACC provides a mechanism for more non-reward information transmission to the ACC, contributing to depression. The high FC between the medial orbitofrontal cortex and supracallosal ACC in depression may also contribute to depressive symptoms.

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Miguel-Hidalgo, José Javier, Mohadetheh Moulana, Preston Hardin Deloach i Grazyna Rajkowska. "Chronic Unpredictable Stress Reduces Immunostaining for Connexins 43 and 30 and Myelin Basic Protein in the Rat Prelimbic and Orbitofrontal Cortices". Chronic Stress 2 (styczeń 2018): 247054701881418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2470547018814186.

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Background Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are pathologically altered in dorsolateral prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices in major depressive disorder. In rat models of stress (major depressive disorder risk factor) astrocyte gap junction protein connexin 43 (Cx43) is reduced in the prelimbic cortex. Astrocyte connexins are recognized to strongly influence myelin maintenance in the central nervous system. However, it is unknown whether stress-related changes in Cx43 and the other major astrocyte connexin, Cx30, occur in the orbitofrontal cortex, or whether connexin changes are concurrent with disturbances in myelination. Methods Frozen sections containing prelimbic cortex and orbitofrontal cortex of rats subjected to 35 days of chronic unpredictable stress and controls (n = 6/group) were immunolabeled for Cx43, Cx30, and myelin basic protein. Density of Cx43 or Cx30 immunoreactive puncta and area fraction of myelin basic protein immunoreactivity were measured in prelimbic cortex and orbitofrontal cortex and results analyzed with t test or Pearson correlations. Results Density of Cx43- and Cx30-positive puncta in both prelimbic cortex and orbitofrontal cortex was lower in chronic unpredictable stress-treated than in control rats. In both regions, the area fraction of myelin basic protein immunoreactivity was also lower in chronic unpredictable stress animals. Myelin basic protein area fraction was positively correlated with the density of Cx43-positive puncta in orbitofrontal cortex, and with Cx30 puncta in prelimbic cortex. Conclusion Low Cx43 and Cx30 after chronic unpredictable stress in rat prelimbic cortex and orbitofrontal cortex suggests that reduced astrocytic gap junction density may generalize to the entire prefrontal cortex. Concurrent reduction of Cx43-, Cx30-, and myelin basic protein-immunolabeled structures is consistent with a mechanism linking changes in astrocyte gap junction proteins and disturbed myelin morphology in depression.

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Khundakar, Ahmad, Christopher Morris, Arthur Oakley i Alan J. Thomas. "A morphometric examination of neuronal and glial cell pathology in the orbitofrontal cortex in late-life depression". International Psychogeriatrics 23, nr 1 (18.06.2010): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610210000700.

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ABSTRACTBackground: The orbitofrontal cortex has been implicated as a key component in depression by several imaging studies. This study aims to examine morphometrically glial cell and neuronal density and neuronal volume in the orbitofrontal cortex of late-life major depression patients.Methods: Post mortem tissue from 13 patients with major depression and 11 matched controls was obtained and analyzed using the optical disector and nucleator methods.Results: No changes were found in glial cell, pyramidal or non-pyramidal neuron density, or in non-pyramidal and pyramidal neuron volume in the orbitofrontal cortex.Conclusions: Based on previous findings, this study suggests variability in morphological changes within the orbitofrontal cortex, as well as the prefrontal cortex as a whole.

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Kringelbach, Morten L., i Kristina M. Rapuano. "Time in the orbitofrontal cortex". Brain 139, nr 4 (24.03.2016): 1010–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/aww049.

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Cavada, C. "The Mysterious Orbitofrontal Cortex. Foreword". Cerebral Cortex 10, nr 3 (1.03.2000): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/10.3.205.

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Rolls, E. T. "The Orbitofrontal Cortex and Reward". Cerebral Cortex 10, nr 3 (1.03.2000): 284–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/10.3.284.

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Frey, Stephen, i Michael Petrides. "Orbitofrontal Cortex and Memory Formation". Neuron 36, nr 1 (wrzesień 2002): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00901-7.

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Bellani, Marcella, Stefania Cerruti i Paolo Brambilla. "Orbitofrontal cortex abnormalities in schizophrenia". Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 19, nr 1 (marzec 2010): 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1121189x00001561.

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AbstractThe magnetic resonance imaging studies investigating the volumes of the orbitofrontal cortex in patients suffering from schizophrenia are here presented, trying to elucidate its role for the pathophysiology and for the cognition of the disease.

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Seo, Hyojung, i Daeyeol Lee. "Orbitofrontal Cortex Assigns Credit Wisely". Neuron 65, nr 6 (marzec 2010): 736–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.03.016.

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Rolls, Edmund T. "Sensory processing in the brain related to the control of food intake". Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 66, nr 1 (luty 2007): 96–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665107005332.

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Complementary neurophysiological recordings in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and functional neuroimaging in human subjects show that the primary taste cortex in the rostral insula and adjoining frontal operculum provides separate and combined representations of the taste, temperature and texture (including viscosity and fat texture) of food in the mouth independently of hunger and thus of reward value and pleasantness. One synapse on, in the orbitofrontal cortex, these sensory inputs are for some neurons combined by learning with olfactory and visual inputs. Different neurons respond to different combinations, providing a rich representation of the sensory properties of food. In the orbitofrontal cortex feeding to satiety with one food decreases the responses of these neurons to that food, but not to other foods, showing that sensory-specific satiety is computed in the primate (including the human) orbitofrontal cortex. Consistently, activation of parts of the human orbitofrontal cortex correlates with subjective ratings of the pleasantness of the taste and smell of food. Cognitive factors, such as a word label presented with an odour, influence the pleasantness of the odour, and the activation produced by the odour in the orbitofrontal cortex. Food intake is thus controlled by building a multimodal representation of the sensory properties of food in the orbitofrontal cortex and gating this representation by satiety signals to produce a representation of the pleasantness or reward value of food that drives food intake. Factors that lead this system to become unbalanced and contribute to overeating and obesity are described.

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Beer, Jennifer S., Oliver P. John, Donatella Scabini i Robert T. Knight. "Orbitofrontal Cortex and Social Behavior: Integrating Self-monitoring and Emotion-Cognition Interactions". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18, nr 6 (czerwiec 2006): 871–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.6.871.

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The role of the orbitofrontal cortex in social behavior remains a puzzle. Various theories of the social functions of the orbitofrontal cortex focus on the role of this area in either emotional processing or its involvement in online monitoring of behavior (i.e., self-monitoring). The present research attempts to integrate these two theories by examining whether improving the self-monitoring of patients with orbitofrontal damage is associated with the generation of emotions needed to guide interpersonal behavior. Patients with orbitofrontal damage, patients with lateral prefrontal damage, and healthy controls took part in an interpersonal task. After completing the task, participants' self-monitoring was increased by showing them a videotape of their task performance. In comparison to healthy controls and patients with lateral prefrontal damage, orbitofrontal damage was associated with objectively inappropriate social behavior. Although patients with orbitofrontal damage were aware of social norms of intimacy, they were unaware that their task performance violated these norms. The embarrassment typically associated with inappropriate social behavior was elicited in these patients only after their self-monitoring increased from viewing their videotaped performance. These findings suggest that damage to the orbitofrontal cortex impairs self-insight that may preclude the generation of helpful emotional information. The results highlight the role of the orbitofrontal cortex in the interplay of self-monitoring and emotional processing and suggest avenues for neurorehabilitation of patients with social deficits subsequent to orbitofrontal damage.

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Rolls, Edmund T. "Brain mechanisms underlying flavour and appetite". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 361, nr 1471 (15.06.2006): 1123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1852.

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Complementary neurophysiological recordings in macaques and functional neuroimaging in humans show that the primary taste cortex in the rostral insula and adjoining frontal operculum provides separate and combined representations of the taste, temperature and texture (including viscosity and fat texture) of food in the mouth independently of hunger and thus of reward value and pleasantness. One synapse on, in the orbitofrontal cortex, these sensory inputs are for some neurons combined by learning with olfactory and visual inputs. Different neurons respond to different combinations, providing a rich representation of the sensory properties of food. In the orbitofrontal cortex, feeding to satiety with one food decreases the responses of these neurons to that food, but not to other foods, showing that sensory-specific satiety is computed in the primate (including human) orbitofrontal cortex. Consistently, activation of parts of the human orbitofrontal cortex correlates with subjective ratings of the pleasantness of the taste and smell of food. Cognitive factors, such as a word label presented with an odour, influence the pleasantness of the odour and the activation produced by the odour in the orbitofrontal cortex. These findings provide a basis for understanding how what is in the mouth is represented by independent information channels in the brain; how the information from these channels is combined; and how and where the reward and subjective affective value of food is represented and is influenced by satiety signals. Activation of these representations in the orbitofrontal cortex may provide the goal for eating, and understanding them helps to provide a basis for understanding appetite and its disorders.

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Dom, G., B. Sabbe, W. Hulstijn i W. van Den Brink. "Substance use disorders and the orbitofrontal cortex". British Journal of Psychiatry 187, nr 3 (wrzesień 2005): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.187.3.209.

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BackgroundOrbitofrontal cortex dysfunctions have been frequently documented in people with substance use disorders. The exact role of this cortical region, however, remains unspecified.AimsTo assess the functionality of the orbitofrontal cortex in people with substance use disorders.MethodReports of studies using behavioural decision-making tasks and/or neuroimaging techniques to investigate orbitofrontal cortex functioning in cases of substance misuse were reviewed. Studies focusing exclusively on tobacco-smoking and gambling were excluded.ResultsFifty-two research articles were evaluated. Most studies showed significant deficits in decision-making in people with substance use disorders. A consistent finding in the neuroimaging studies was hypoactivity of the orbitofrontal cortex after detoxification. The association between hyperactivity of this region and craving or cue reactivity was not consistent across studies.ConclusionsThe orbitofrontal cortex has an important role in addictive behaviours. Further studies are needed to elucidate the underlying neuronal substrates of cue reactivity, craving and decision-making, and the implications for treatment and relapse prevention.

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Critchley, H. D., i E. T. Rolls. "Olfactory neuronal responses in the primate orbitofrontal cortex: analysis in an olfactory discrimination task". Journal of Neurophysiology 75, nr 4 (1.04.1996): 1659–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.75.4.1659.

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1.The primate orbitofrontal cortex receives inputs from the primary olfactory (pyriform) cortex and also from the primary taste cortex. To investigate how olfactory information is encoded in the orbitofrontal cortex, the responses of single neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex and surrounding areas were recorded during the performance of an olfactory discrimination task. In the task, the delivery of one of eight different odors indicated that the monkey could lick to obtain a taste of sucrose. If one of two other odors was delivered from the olfactometer, the monkey had to refrain from licking, otherwise he received a taste of saline. 2. Of the 1,580 neurons recorded in the orbitofrontal cortex, 3.1% (48) had olfactory responses and 34 (2.2%) responded differently to the different odors in the task. The neurons responded with a typical latency of 180 ms from the onset of odorant delivery. 3. Of the olfactory neurons with differential responses in the task, 35% responded solely on the basis of the taste reward association of the odorants. Such neurons responded either to all the rewarded stimuli, and none of the saline-associated stimuli, or vice versa. 4. The remaining 65% of these neurons showed differential selectivity for the stimuli based on the odor quality and not on the taste reward association of the odor. 5. The findings show that the olfactory representation within the orbitofrontal cortex reflects for some neurons (65%) which odor is present independently of its association with taste reward, and that for other neurons (35%), the olfactory response reflects (and encodes) the taste association of the odor. The additional finding that some of the odor-responsive neurons were also responsive to taste stimuli supports the hypothesis that odor-taste association learning at the level of single neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex enables such cells to show olfactory responses that reflect the taste association of the odor.

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Wikenheiser, Andrew M., Matthew P. H. Gardner, Lauren E. Mueller i Geoffrey Schoenbaum. "Spatial Representations in Rat Orbitofrontal Cortex". Journal of Neuroscience 41, nr 32 (1.07.2021): 6933–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0830-21.2021.

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Rich, Erin L., i Jonathan D. Wallis. "Decoding subjective decisions from orbitofrontal cortex". Nature Neuroscience 19, nr 7 (6.06.2016): 973–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.4320.

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Van Hoesen, G. W. "Orbitofrontal Cortex Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease". Cerebral Cortex 10, nr 3 (1.03.2000): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/10.3.243.

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Hernandez, John S., i David E. Moorman. "Orbitofrontal Cortex Encodes Preference for Alcohol". eneuro 7, nr 4 (lipiec 2020): ENEURO.0402–19.2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/eneuro.0402-19.2020.

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Spiro, John E. "Reward and punishment in orbitofrontal cortex". Nature Neuroscience 4, nr 1 (styczeń 2001): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/82844.

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Carmichael, Gillian. "Orbitofrontal cortex necessary to experience regret". Lancet Neurology 3, nr 7 (lipiec 2004): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(04)00796-3.

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van Wingen, Guido, Claudia Mattern, Robbert Jan Verkes, Jan Buitelaar i Guillén Fernández. "Testosterone reduces amygdala–orbitofrontal cortex coupling". Psychoneuroendocrinology 35, nr 1 (styczeń 2010): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.09.007.

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Schoenbaum, Geoffrey, i Matthew Roesch. "Orbitofrontal Cortex, Associative Learning, and Expectancies". Neuron 47, nr 5 (wrzesień 2005): 633–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.07.018.

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Sharpe, Melissa J., Andrew M. Wikenheiser, Yael Niv i Geoffrey Schoenbaum. "The State of the Orbitofrontal Cortex". Neuron 88, nr 6 (grudzień 2015): 1075–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.12.004.

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Kanahara, Nobuhisa, Yoshimoto Sekine, Tadashi Haraguchi, Yoshitaka Uchida, Kenji Hashimoto, Eiji Shimizu i Masaomi Iyo. "Orbitofrontal cortex abnormality and deficit schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Research 143, nr 2-3 (luty 2013): 246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2012.11.015.

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Costa, Vincent D. "Of Pathways, Processes, and Orbitofrontal Cortex". Neuron 103, nr 4 (sierpień 2019): 556–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2019.07.034.

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Rolls, Edmund T. "The functions of the orbitofrontal cortex". Brain and Cognition 55, nr 1 (czerwiec 2004): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-2626(03)00277-x.

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ROBERTS, A. "Primate orbitofrontal cortex and adaptive behaviour". Trends in Cognitive Sciences 10, nr 2 (luty 2006): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2005.12.002.

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Watson, Karli K., i Michael L. Platt. "Social Signals in Primate Orbitofrontal Cortex". Current Biology 22, nr 23 (grudzień 2012): 2268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.016.

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Ishai, Alumit. "Sex, beauty and the orbitofrontal cortex". International Journal of Psychophysiology 63, nr 2 (luty 2007): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2006.03.010.

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Hodgson, T. L., D. Mort, M. M. Chamberlain, S. B. Hutton, K. S. O’Neill i C. Kennard. "Orbitofrontal cortex mediates inhibition of return". Neuropsychologia 40, nr 12 (styczeń 2002): 1891–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00064-7.

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Rolls, Edmund T. "The functions of the orbitofrontal cortex". Neurocase 5, nr 4 (lipiec 1999): 301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13554799908411984.

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Schoenbaum, Geoffrey, Yuji Takahashi, Tzu-Lan Liu i Michael A. McDannald. "Does the orbitofrontal cortex signal value?" Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1239, nr 1 (grudzień 2011): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06210.x.

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Young, James J., i Matthew L. Shapiro. "The orbitofrontal cortex and response selection". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1239, nr 1 (grudzień 2011): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06279.x.

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Frey, Stephen, Veronika Zlatkina i Michael Petrides. "Encoding touch and the orbitofrontal cortex". Human Brain Mapping 30, nr 2 (2.01.2008): 650–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20532.

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Rodrigues, Thiago Pereira, Mariana Athaniel Silva Rodrigues, Daniel de Araújo Paz, Marcos Devanir Silva da Costa, Ricardo Silva Centeno, Feres Eduardo Chaddad Neto i Sergio Cavalheiro. "Orbitofrontal sulcal and gyrus pattern in human: an anatomical study". Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 73, nr 5 (maj 2015): 431–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20150048.

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The anatomical characterization of the orbitofrontal cortex in human is limited in literature instead of many functional and clinical studies involving it. Objective Anatomically define the orbitofrontal region aiming to possible neurosurgical treatments and unify the scientific nomenclature as well. Method We analyze eighty four human hemispheres using a surgical microscope. Then we chose four hemispheres and dissect them according to Klinger’ technique. Results We found five main sulcus: olfatory sulcus, orbital medial sulcus, orbital lateral sulcus, orbital transverse sulcus and orbital intermediate sulcus. These sulcus, excluding the intermediate sulcus, delimit five gyrus: rectus gurys, orbital medial gyrus, orbital anterior gyrus, orbital lateral gyrus and orbital posterior gyrus. The main sulcal configuration can be divided on four more frequently patterns. Conclusion Orbitofrontal cortex is associated with many psychiatric disorders. Better anatomical and functional characterization of the orbitofrontal cortex and its connections will improve our knowledge about these diseases.

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Roesch, Matthew R., Donna J. Calu, Guillem R. Esber i Geoffrey Schoenbaum. "All That Glitters … Dissociating Attention and Outcome Expectancy From Prediction Errors Signals". Journal of Neurophysiology 104, nr 2 (sierpień 2010): 587–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00173.2010.

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Initially reported in dopamine neurons, neural correlates of prediction errors have now been shown in a variety of areas, including orbitofrontal cortex, ventral striatum, and amygdala. Yet changes in neural activity to an outcome or cues that precede it can reflect other processes. We review the recent literature and show that although activity in dopamine neurons appears to signal prediction errors, similar activity in orbitofrontal cortex, basolateral amygdala, and ventral striatum does not. Instead, increased firing in basolateral amygdala to unexpected outcomes likely reflects attention, whereas activity in orbitofrontal cortex and ventral striatum is unaffected by prior expectations and may provide information on outcome expectancy. These results have important implications for how these areas interact to facilitate learning and guide behavior.

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O'Doherty, J., E. T. Rolls, S. Francis, R. Bowtell i F. McGlone. "Representation of Pleasant and Aversive Taste in the Human Brain". Journal of Neurophysiology 85, nr 3 (1.03.2001): 1315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.85.3.1315.

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In this study, the representation of taste in the orbitofrontal cortex was investigated to determine whether or not a pleasant and an aversive taste have distinct or overlapping representations in this region. The pleasant stimulus used was sweet taste (1 M glucose), and the unpleasant stimulus was salt taste (0.1 M NaCl). We used an on/off block design in a 3T fMRI scanner with a tasteless solution delivered in the offperiod to control for somatosensory or swallowing-related effects. It was found that parts of the orbitofrontal cortex were activated ( P < 0.005 corrected) by glucose (in 6/7 subjects) and by salt (in 6/7 subjects). In the group analysis, separate areas of the orbitofrontal cortex were found to be activated by pleasant and aversive tastes. The involvement of the amygdala in the representation of pleasant as well as aversive tastes was also investigated. The amygdala was activated (region of interest analysis, P< 0.025 corrected) by the pleasant taste of glucose (5/7 subjects) as well as by the aversive taste of salt (4/7 subjects). Activation by both stimuli was also found in the frontal opercular/insular (primary) taste cortex. We conclude that the orbitofrontal cortex is involved in processing tastes that have both positive and negative affective valence and that different areas of the orbitofrontal cortex may be activated by pleasant and unpleasant tastes. We also conclude that the amygdala is activated not only by an affectively unpleasant taste, but also by a taste that is affectively pleasant, thus providing evidence that the amygdala is involved in effects produced by positively affective as well as by negatively affective stimuli.

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de Araujo, Ivan E. T., Morten L. Kringelbach, Edmund T. Rolls i Francis McGlone. "Human Cortical Responses to Water in the Mouth, and the Effects of Thirst". Journal of Neurophysiology 90, nr 3 (wrzesień 2003): 1865–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00297.2003.

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In an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study in humans it was shown, first, that water produces activations in cortical taste areas (in particular the frontal operculum/anterior insula which is the primate primary taste cortex, and the caudal orbitofrontal/secondary taste cortex) comparable to those produced by the prototypical tastants salt and glucose. Second, the activations in the frontal operculum/anterior insula produced by water when thirsty were still as large after the subjects had consumed water to satiety. Third, in contrast, the responses to water in the caudal orbitofrontal cortex were modulated by the physiological state of the body, in that responses to the oral delivery of water in this region were not found after the subjects had drunk water to satiety. Fourth, further evidence that the reward value or pleasantness of water is represented in the orbitofrontal cortex was that a positive correlation with the subjective ratings of the pleasantness of the water was found with activations in the caudal and anterior orbitofrontal cortex, and also in the anterior cingulate cortex. Fifth, it was found that a region of the middle part of the insula was also activated by water in the mouth, and further, that this activation only occurred when thirsty. Sixth, analyses comparing pre- and postsatiety periods (i.e., when thirsty and when not thirsty) independently of stimulus delivery revealed higher activity levels in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex. The activity of the rostral anterior cingulate cortex thus appears to reflect the thirst level or motivational state of the subjects.

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Rolls, E. T., S. Yaxley i Z. J. Sienkiewicz. "Gustatory responses of single neurons in the caudolateral orbitofrontal cortex of the macaque monkey". Journal of Neurophysiology 64, nr 4 (1.10.1990): 1055–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1990.64.4.1055.

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1. In recordings made from 3,120 single neurons, a secondary cortical taste area was found in the caudolateral part of the orbitofrontal cortex of the cynomolgus macaque monkey, Macaca fascicularis. The area is part of the dysgranular field of the orbitofrontal cortex and is situated anterior to the primary cortical taste areas in the frontal opercular and adjoining insular cortices. 2. The responses of 49 single neurons with gustatory responses in the caudolateral orbitofrontal taste cortex were analyzed using the taste stimuli glucose, NaCl, HCl, quinine HCl, water, and blackcurrant juice. 3. A breadth-of-tuning coefficient was calculated for each neuron. This is a metric that can range from 0.0 for a neuron that responds specifically to only one of the four basic taste stimuli to 1.0 for one that responds equally to all four stimuli. The mean coefficient for 49 cells in the caudolateral orbitofrontal cortex was 0.39. This tuning is much sharper than that of neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract of the monkey, and sharper than that of neurons in the primary frontal opercular and insular taste cortices. 4. A cluster analysis showed that at least seven different groups of neurons were present. For each of the taste stimuli glucose, blackcurrant juice, NaCl, and water, there was one group of neurons that responded much more to that tastant than to the other tastants. The other groups of neurons responded to two or more of these tastants, such as glucose and blackcurrant juice. In this particular region neurons were not found with large responses to HCl or quinine HCl, although such neurons could be present in other parts of the orbitofrontal cortex. 5. On the basis of this and other evidence it is concluded that in the caudolateral orbitofrontal cortex there is a secondary cortical taste area in which the tuning of neurons has become finer than in early areas of taste processing, in which foods, water, and NaCl are strongly represented and where motivation dependence first becomes manifest in the taste system.

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Nopoulos, Peg, Ian Choe, Stephanie Berg, Duane Van Demark, John Canady i Lynn Richman. "Ventral Frontal Cortex Morphology in Adult Males with Isolated Orofacial Clefts: Relationship to Abnormalities in Social Function". Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 42, nr 2 (marzec 2005): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/03-112.1.

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Objective In a previous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study, men with nonsyndromic clefts of the lip and/or palate (NSCLP) were found to have abnormalities in the structure of the frontal lobe of the brain. Moreover, many subjects with nonsyndromic clefts of the lip and/or palate have been described as being socially inhibited. A subregion of the frontal lobe, the ventral frontal cortex (VFC), has been shown to be related to social function. This study was designed to evaluate the morphology of the ventral frontal cortex in men with nonsyndromic clefts of the lip and/or palate, and the morphology's relationship to social function. Methods Subjects were 46 men with nonsyndromic clefts of the lip and/or palate and 46 sex matched controls. Social function was assessed using a standardized scale. The morphology of the ventral frontal cortex (composed of the orbitofrontal cortex [OFC] and the straight gyrus [SG]) was obtained from magnetic resonance imaging scans using the software BRAINS. Results After controlling for frontal lobe gray matter, the patient group had significant reductions in orbitofrontal cortex volume and area. The straight gyrus was not morphologically abnormal. Measures of orbitofrontal cortex morphology were significantly correlated to measures of social function—the greater the structural abnormality, the greater the social dysfunction. Conclusion Compared with healthy controls, subjects with nonsyndromic clefts of the lip and/or palate showed morphologic abnormalities in the cortical surface anatomy of a brain region known to govern social function, the orbitofrontal cortex. Moreover, the structural abnormality in this brain region was directly correlated with social function.

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Kaufmann, Elisabeth, Philine Rojczyk, Valerie J. Sydnor, Jeffrey P. Guenette, Yorghos Tripodis, David Kaufmann, Lisa Umminger i in. "Association of War Zone–Related Stress With Alterations in Limbic Gray Matter Microstructure". JAMA Network Open 5, nr 9 (16.09.2022): e2231891. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.31891.

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ImportanceMilitary service members returning from theaters of war are at increased risk for mental illness, but despite high prevalence and substantial individual and societal burden, the underlying pathomechanisms remain largely unknown. Exposure to high levels of emotional stress in theaters of war and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) are presumed factors associated with risk for the development of mental disorders.ObjectiveTo investigate (1) whether war zone–related stress is associated with microstructural alterations in limbic gray matter (GM) independent of mental disorders common in this population, (2) whether associations between war zone–related stress and limbic GM microstructure are modulated by a history of mTBI, and (3) whether alterations in limbic GM microstructure are associated with neuropsychological functioning.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study was part of the TRACTS (Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders) study, which took place in 2010 to 2014 at the Veterans Affair Rehabilitation Research and Development TBI National Network Research Center. Participants included male veterans (aged 18-65 years) with available diffusion tensor imaging data enrolled in the TRACTS study. Data analysis was performed between December 2017 to September 2021.ExposuresThe Deployment Risk and Resilience Inventory (DRRI) was used to measure exposure to war zone–related stress. The Boston Assessment of TBI-Lifetime was used to assess history of mTBI. Stroop Inhibition (Stroop-IN) and Inhibition/Switching (Stroop-IS) Total Error Scaled Scores were used to assess executive or attentional control functions.Main Outcomes and MeasuresDiffusion characteristics (fractional anisotropy of tissue [FAT]) of 16 limbic and paralimbic GM regions and measures of functional outcome.ResultsAmong 384 male veterans recruited, 168 (mean [SD] age, 31.4 [7.4] years) were analyzed. Greater war zone–related stress was associated with lower FAT in the cingulate (DRRI-combat left: P = .002, partial r = −0.289; DRRI-combat right: P = .02, partial r = −0.216; DRRI-aftermath left: P = .004, partial r = −0.281; DRRI-aftermath right: P = .02, partial r = −0.219), orbitofrontal (DRRI-combat left medial orbitofrontal cortex: P = .02, partial r = −0.222; DRRI-combat right medial orbitofrontal cortex: P = .005, partial r = −0.256; DRRI-aftermath left medial orbitofrontal cortex: P = .02, partial r = −0.214; DRRI-aftermath right medial orbitofrontal cortex: P = .005, partial r = −0.260; DRRI-aftermath right lateral orbitofrontal cortex: P = .03, partial r = −0.196), and parahippocampal (DRRI-aftermath right: P = .03, partial r = −0.191) gyrus, as well as with higher FAT in the amygdala-hippocampus complex (DRRI-combat: P = .005, partial r = 0.254; DRRI-aftermath: P = .02, partial r = 0.223). Lower FAT in the cingulate-orbitofrontal gyri was associated with impaired response inhibition (Stroop-IS left cingulate: P < .001, partial r = −0.440; Stroop-IS right cingulate: P < .001, partial r = −0.372; Stroop-IS left medial orbitofrontal cortex: P < .001, partial r = −0.304; Stroop-IS right medial orbitofrontal cortex: P < .001, partial r = −0.340; Stroop-IN left cingulate: P < .001, partial r = −0.421; Stroop-IN right cingulate: P < .001, partial r = −0.300; Stroop-IN left medial orbitofrontal cortex: P = .01, partial r = −0.223; Stroop-IN right medial orbitofrontal cortex: P < .001, partial r = −0.343), whereas higher FAT in the mesial temporal regions was associated with improved short-term memory and processing speed (left amygdala-hippocampus complex: P < .001, partial r = −0.574; right amygdala-hippocampus complex: P < .001, partial r = 0.645; short-term memory left amygdala-hippocampus complex: P < .001, partial r = 0.570; short-term memory right amygdala-hippocampus complex: P < .001, partial r = 0.633). A history of mTBI did not modulate the association between war zone–related stress and GM diffusion.Conclusions and RelevanceThis study revealed an association between war zone–related stress and alteration of limbic GM microstructure, which was associated with cognitive functioning. These results suggest that altered limbic GM microstructure may underlie the deleterious outcomes of war zone–related stress on brain health. Military service members may benefit from early therapeutic interventions after deployment to a war zone.

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Beer, Jennifer S., Robert T. Knight i Mark D'Esposito. "Controlling the Integration of Emotion and Cognition". Psychological Science 17, nr 5 (maj 2006): 448–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01726.x.

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Emotion has been both lauded and vilified for its role in decision making. How are people able to ensure that helpful emotions guide decision making and irrelevant emotions are kept out of decision making? The orbitofrontal cortex has been identified as a neural area involved in incorporating emotion into decision making. Is this area's function specific to the integration of emotion and cognition, or does it more broadly govern whether emotional information should be integrated into cognition? The present research examined the role of orbitofrontal cortex when it was appropriate to control (i.e., prevent) the influence of emotion in decision making (Experiment 1) and to incorporate the influence of emotion in decision making (Experiment 2). Together, the two studies suggest that activity in lateral orbitofrontal cortex is associated with evaluating the contextual relevance of emotional information for decision making.

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Velasco, Francisco, Marcos Velasco, Fiacro Jiménez, Ana Luisa Velasco i Rafael Salin-Pascual. "Neurobiological Background for Performing Surgical Intervention in the Inferior Thalamic Peduncle for Treatment of Major Depression Disorders". Neurosurgery 57, nr 3 (1.09.2005): 439–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000172172.51818.51.

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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To present a review of evidence for an inhibitory thalamo-orbitofrontal system related to physiopathology of major depression disorders (MDDs) and to postulate that interfering with hyperactivity of the thalamo-orbitofrontal system by means of chronic high-frequency electrical stimulation of its main fiber connection, the inferior thalamic peduncle (ITP), may result in an improvement in patients with MDD. METHODS: Experimentally, the thalamo-orbitofrontal system has been proposed as part of the nonspecific thalamic system. Under normal conditions, the nonspecific thalamic system induces characteristic electrocortical synchronization in the form of recruiting responses that mimic some sleep stages. It also inhibits input of irrelevant sensory stimuli, thus facilitating the process of selective attention. Permanent disruption of the system, via lesioning or temporary inactivation through cooling of the ITP with cryoprobes, results in a state of hyperkinesia, increased attention, and cortical desynchronization. RESULTS: Surgical lesioning of the medial part of orbitofrontal cortex and white matter overlying area 13, which includes the ITP, may result in significant improvement in MDD. Imaging studies (functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography) consistently demonstrate hyperactivity in the orbitofrontal cortex and midline thalamic regions during episodes of MDD. This hyperactivity decreases with efficient control of MDD by medical treatment, indicating that orbitofrontal cortex and midline thalamic overactivity are related to the depressive condition. Conversely, noradrenergic and serotoninergic systems in the frontal lobes have been implicated in the pathophysiology of MDD. Although noradrenergic receptor density in the frontal lobe is consistently increased in depressed patients who commit suicide, 5-hydroxytryptamine reuptake blockers, which are potent antidepressive drugs, decrease hypermetabolism in the orbital frontal cortex in MDD. Therefore, the serotonin hypothesis for depression postulates that norepinephrine and serotonin in the frontal lobes are required to maintain antidepressive responsiveness. Dysregulation of the secretion of both neurotransmitters initiates overactivity of orbitofrontal cortex, resulting in depression. It is possible that surgical interventions in this region, including electrical stimulation of ITP, disrupt adrenergic and serotoninergic dysregulation in patients with MDD. CONCLUSION: Circumscribed lesions or electrical stimulation of the ITP, a discrete target easily identified by electrophysiological studies, may improve MDD. Electrical stimulation may have the advantage of being less invasive and more adjustable to patient needs.

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Banerjee, Abhishek, Giuseppe Parente, Jasper Teutsch, Christopher Lewis, Fabian F. Voigt i Fritjof Helmchen. "Value-guided remapping of sensory cortex by lateral orbitofrontal cortex". Nature 585, nr 7824 (3.09.2020): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2704-z.

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