Artykuły w czasopismach: „OPTICAL PON NETWORK”

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N, Subhashini, i Brintha Therese A. "Long Reach and High Capacity Hybrid Passive Optical Network". Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 11, nr 3 (1.09.2018): 891. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v11.i3.pp891-897.

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<p>A number of applications are growing day by day and so the traffic. The need for bandwidth is also increasing at a rapid rate. The bandwidth and speed with which data can be transferred was very less when compared to core networks. The access network which was once a bottleneck is no longer so because of use of optic fiber (FTTH networks). A number of variants of Passive Optical Network (PON) have been proposed like the WDM PON and the Hybrid PON. Hybrid PON is a combination of TDM PON and WDM PON and is advantageous over WDMPON. This paper focuses on high capacity networks that can provide high data rate and long reach in the access part of the network. NRZ modulation format is normally used for transmission. We consider the advantages provided by the advanced modulation formats like DPSK. This modulation format is used to here and its benefits are evaluated in Hybrid PON network to increase the capacity and the reach of the network. Parameters like the BER and the Q factors are analysed using Optisystem Software. Distortion and the phenomena of dispersion can limit the performance of such a system. Hence Dispersion compensation mechanisms like the Dispersion Compensation Fiber (DCF) are used in the system to transmit data over large distance.</p>

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Róka, Rastislav. "An Effective Evaluation of Wavelength Scheduling for Various WDM-PON Network Designs with Traffic Protection Provision". Symmetry 13, nr 8 (23.08.2021): 1540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13081540.

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Recently, metropolitan and access communication networks have markedly developed by utilizing a variety of technologies. Their bearer communication infrastructures will be mostly exploiting the optical transmission medium where wavelength division multiplexing techniques will play an important role. This contribution discusses the symmetric sharing of common optical network resources in wavelength and time domains. Wavelength-Division Multiplexed Passive Optical Networks (WDM-PON) attract considerable attention regarding the next generation of optical metropolitan and access networks. The main purpose of this contribution is presented by the analysis of possible scheduling of wavelengths for our novel hybrid network topologies considered for WDM-PON networks. This contribution briefly deploys adequate Dynamic Wavelength Allocation (DWA) algorithms for selected WDM-PON network designs with the provision of traffic protection when only passive optical components in remote nodes are utilized. The main part of this study is focused on the use of wavelength scheduling methods for selected WDM-PON network designs. For evaluation of offline and online wavelength scheduling for novel hybrid network topologies, a simulation model realized in the Matlab programming environment allows to analyze interactions between various metropolitan and access parts in the Optical Distribution Network (ODN) related to advanced WDM-PON network designs. Finally, wavelength scheduling methods are compared from a viewpoint of utilization in advanced WDM-PON networks designs.

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Subhashini, N., i A. Brintha Therese. "Performance Analysis of Different Electrical Filters in 10G Hybrid Passive Optical Network". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, nr 4 (4.07.2018): 6652. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.15758.

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With growing number of applications and network traffic, optic fibers are extensively used in the access part of the network. Passive Optical Networks (PON) in particular, Ethernet PON (EPON) networks based on Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) are more prominently used in many parts of the world. Though Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) PON has its own advantages, considering the cost and utilisation of such networks in the access part makes it less useful. On the other hand, Hybrid PON network combines the advantages of both EPON and WDM PON Networks. The objective of this paper is to identify suitable electrical filters for a 16-channel Hybrid Passive Optical Network with a transmission rate of 10Gbps per channel, by analysing their performance in terms of Q factor and Bit Error Rate. Different filters like the Bessel filter, Gaussian filter, Raised Cosine Filter, Rectangular filter, Butterworth filter, Chebyshev Filter are compared and their performances are evaluated. DB Modulation format that provides a longer reach is used at the transmitter to evaluate the different scenarios and the simulation is carried out using Optisystem.

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Huszaník, Tomáš, Ján Turán i Ľuboš Ovseník. "Simulation of Downlink of 10G-PON FTTH in the city of Košice". Carpathian Journal of Electronic and Computer Engineering 11, nr 1 (1.09.2018): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cjece-2018-0006.

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Abstract Optical fiber has the great advantages of capacity and reliability. That is why network providers started to deploy FTTx (Fiber-To-The-x) optical access using various PON (Passive Optical Network) architectures. The leading technology right now is Gigabit PON (GPON). However, with increasing amount of multimedia we need to further develop existing technologies to go on with these high demands. Fiber-To-The-Home (FTTH) using 10G-PON technology for broadband access application is effective solution for high speed networks with high capacity. In this paper, we look at the passive optical network in the city of Košice and based on the real network we created simulation model of downlink of 10G-PON based FTTH with triple-play service.

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Horvath, Tomas, Petr Munster i Ning-Hai Bao. "Lasers in Passive Optical Networks and the Activation Process of an End Unit: A Tutorial". Electronics 9, nr 7 (9.07.2020): 1114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9071114.

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It is 21 years since the first passive optical network (PON) was standardized as an asynchronous transfer mode passive optical network (APON) with same optical distribution network scheme as we know in current networks. A lot of PON networks were standardized in the following years and became an important part of telecommunication. The general principles of these PON networks are described in many papers and books, but only a little information about used lasers is available. The aim of this tutorial is to describe lasers used in PON networks and principles of their operation. The paper describes the principles of single longitudinal mode (SLM), multi longitudinal mode (MLM), distributed-feedback (DFB), and Fabry–Pérot (FP) lasers. Furthermore, the lasers are compared by their usage in optical line termination (OLT) for passive optical networks. The second part of this tutorial deals with activation process of optical network unit. The described principle is the same for connection of a new customer or blackout scenario. The end unit is not able to communicate until reach the operational state; each state is defined with physical layer operation and administration and maintenance (PLOAM) messages sequence and their processing.

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De Andrade, Marilet, Martin Maier, Michael P. McGarry i Martin Reisslein. "Passive optical network (PON) supported networking". Optical Switching and Networking 14 (sierpień 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.osn.2014.02.001.

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Huang, Chi-Yo, Shih-Yu Chang, Yu-Hsien Yang i Gwo-Hshiung Tzeng. "Next Generation Passive Optical Networking Technology Predictions by Using Hybrid MCDM Methods". Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 15, nr 4 (20.06.2011): 400–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2011.p0400.

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The evolution of broadband telecommunication technologies has enabled applications over networks, which, in turn, has enabled the emergence of novel network services and applications such as VoIP and video on demand in triggering demand for higher network bandwidth. Passive Optical Networking (PON) is suitable for eliminating bandwidth insufficiency, so national governments and communities are observing the emergence of Fiber-To-The-Home (FTTH) technologies. Ethernet-based Passive Optical Networks (EPON) and Gigabit-based PON (GPON) are two candidates for next-generation PON in bandwidth efficiency. To predict which is more suitable nationally, we define a foresight framework based on hybrid Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods for selecting the most suitable PON. The development of next-generation PON, including Ethernet PON (EPON) and Gigabit PON (GPON), is introduced and compared. Experts from industry and academia were invited to predict the most suitable next-generation PON for Japan and emerging economies such as Taiwan. Results showed that EPON is most suitable for Japan and GPON most suitable for Taiwan. Results for the technological foresight can serve as the basis for national telecommunication policy and business product definition.

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Arokkiam, Jerome A., Pedro Alvarez, Xiuchao Wu, Kenneth N. Brown, Cormac J. Sreenan, Marco Ruffini, Nicola Marchetti, Linda Doyle i David Payne. "Design, implementation, and evaluation of an XG-PON module for the ns-3 network simulator". SIMULATION 93, nr 5 (26.01.2017): 409–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037549716682093.

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10-gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network (XG-PON), one of the latest standards of optical access networks, is regarded as one of the key technologies for future Internet access networks. This paper presents the design and evaluation of our XG-PON module for the ns-3 network simulator. This module is designed and implemented with the aim to provide a standards-compliant, configurable, and extensible module that can simulate XG-PON with reasonable speed and support a wide range of research topics. These include analyzing and improving the performance of XG-PON, studying the interactions between XG-PON and the upper-layer protocols, and investigating its integration with various wireless networks. In this paper, we discuss its design principles, describe the implementation details, and present an extensive evaluation on both functionality and performance.

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Wu, Bin, Hongxi Yin, Jie Qin, Chang Liu, Anliang Liu, Qi Shao i Xiaoguang Xu. "Design and implementation of flexible TWDM-PON with PtP WDM overlay based on WSS for next-generation optical access networks". Modern Physics Letters B 30, nr 25 (20.09.2016): 1650324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984916503243.

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Aiming at the increasing demand of the diversification services and flexible bandwidth allocation of the future access networks, a flexible passive optical network (PON) scheme combining time and wavelength division multiplexing (TWDM) with point-to-point wavelength division multiplexing (PtP WDM) overlay is proposed for the next-generation optical access networks in this paper. A novel software-defined optical distribution network (ODN) structure is designed based on wavelength selective switches (WSS), which can implement wavelength and bandwidth dynamical allocations and suits for the bursty traffic. The experimental results reveal that the TWDM-PON can provide 40 Gb/s downstream and 10 Gb/s upstream data transmission, while the PtP WDM-PON can support 10 GHz point-to-point dedicated bandwidth as the overlay complement system. The wavelengths of the TWDM-PON and PtP WDM-PON are allocated dynamically based on WSS, which verifies the feasibility of the proposed structure.

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Yadav, Rajesh. "Passive-Optical-Network- (PON-) Based Converged Access Network [Invited]". Journal of Optical Communications and Networking 4, nr 11 (29.10.2012): B124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/jocn.4.00b124.

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Radoš, Katarina, i Ivan Radoš. "Availability Analysis of Diﬀerent PON Models". Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology 4 (20.12.2017): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2017.116517.

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Due to the increasing demands of individual users, Passive Optical Networks (PON) are a promising technology for future broadband access networks. Reliable access to network services is a very important feature, so the availability of the connection is becoming one of the most important requirements. Failure of the optical ﬁber occurring between the Optical Line Terminal (OLT) and the passive optical splitter can cause the services becoming unavailable for a large number of users, so it is necessary to prevent such an occurrence by providing backup resources – in this case a spare optical ﬁber. When constructing the spare path (protection ﬁber), it is important to keep in mind that, if possible, the working and the spare ﬁber should not be positioned within the same cable. Failure of the optical ﬁber between the passive splitter and the individual user also means a loss of service for that user. In that case, protection may be oﬀered by adding spare ﬁbers. The question is, however, whether such a solution is cost-eﬀective, as it would lead to a signiﬁcant cost increase in the construction of the access network. This paper presents the availability analysis conducted for diﬀerent PON models.

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Niazi, Shahab Ahmad, Xiaoguang Zhang, Lixia Xi, Abid Munir, Muhammad Idrees i Yousaf Khan. "A Viable Passive Optical Network Design for Ultrahigh Definition TV Distribution". Advances in OptoElectronics 2013 (16.05.2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/219271.

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International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has recently standardized ultrahigh definition television (UHD-TV) with a resolution 16 times more than the current high definition TV. An increase in the efficiency of video source coding or in the capacity of transmission channels will be needed to deliver such programs by passive optical network (PON). In this paper, a high capacity integrated PON infrastructure is proposed to overlay ultrahigh definition television by a complete passive coexistence of 10G-PON (XG-PON) and single carrier directly modulated, duo-binary 40G-PON (XLG-PON) signal. The simulation results show error-free transmission performance and further distribution to 32 optical network units (ONUs) on broadcast basis with negligible power penalty over 20 km of bidirectional standard single mode fiber.

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Hu, Qing, Zheng Hua Luo, Xiao Dan Du i Jin Wang. "The Research of a New Kind of Multi-Stage Wavelength-Division-Multiplexed Passive Optical Network Based on Engineering Materials". Advanced Materials Research 460 (luty 2012): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.460.193.

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The passive optical network (PON) is widely used in different kinds of fields in modern society. Among the PON technologies, Wavelength-division-multiplexed Passive Optical Network (WDM-PON), which has much higher bandwidth, is the important future direction of the optical fiber access. The Single-stage WDM-PON is commonly used from Central Office (CO) to concentrated user groups in a specific area, and the applied field is limited. In this paper, a new network structure and the key technologies of WDM-PON have been studied to increase the access range and number of users, reduce costs and accelerate the realistic applications of WDM-PON technology, which has expensive devices and equipment.

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Simatupang, Joni Welman, i Puspa Devi Pukhrambam. "THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-FIBER TRANSMISSION OVER WDM-PON SYSTEMS". Teknologi Indonesia 40, nr 2 (10.04.2018): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jti.v40i2.420.

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In this paper, a rigorous theoretical analysis on optical beat interferometric (OBI) noises caused by the Rayleigh backscattering (RB) and Fresnel reflection (FR) effects on the performance of a single-fiber single-wavelength WDM-PON (wavelength division multiplexing-passive optical network) transmission system has been presented. Two categories of PON are evaluated: a conventional and a long-reach WDM-PON system. The conventional WDM-PON took place in an access network for a typical transmission distance of 20 km without any optical amplification at the remote node (RN). In this case, the gain of the optimal reflective optical network unit (ONU) will depend on the relative RB power and also the FRs magnitudes and locations along the optical fiber channel/transmission link. However, in the cases of the long-reach WDM-PON deployed at a transmission distance of 100 km or further, the optical amplifiers are indispensable to enhance the optical power budget and to prevent the effect of fiber nonlinearities that may occur at high power injection levels. Although the presence of an optical amplifier (OA) in a long-reach WDM-PON will actually give some additional gain to the whole system, as a result it also produces the worse RB and FR effects to the system itself. A crosstalk to signal (C/S) ratio is used as a key performance indicator of whether the transmission system is in good working order or not. Therefore, this study may provide insight and relevant information in terms of transmission optimization for WDM-PON systems and developments in the future. To educate on the current technologies and developments surrounding conventional and long-reach WDM-PON, a brief overview is provided in the background part of the introduction.

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Lee, Hong-Sing, Chun-Liang Yang i Chien-Hsiang Chou. "Protection Scheme for a Wavelength-Division-Multiplexed Passive Optical Network Based on Reconfigurable Optical Amplifiers". Applied Sciences 12, nr 1 (31.12.2021): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12010365.

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This paper demonstrates a wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical network (WDM-PON) scheme based on novel reconfigurable optical amplifiers (ROAs). The measured switching characteristics of the ROA3 constructed with a 2 × 2 crossbar optical switch and a four-port reversible optical circulator (OC) and a conventional EDFA can meet the requirements of most network management and surveillance. The self-made four-port reversible OC’s response time is less than 2 ms, and its insertion losses are about 1 dB or less for all the transmission paths and switching states. An optimal design of ROAs is proposed and evaluated for bidirectional optical amplifier protection, in which ROA3 has an EDF length of 7.5 m long with a 1480 nm pump laser and possesses a backward or forward pumping configuration with the corresponding pump power of 200 mW or 50 mW. We verified the scheme’s feasibility through a simulation of WDM-PON systems with 40 downstream and upstream channels. This scheme enables the intelligent protection switching in practical operation scenarios for high-capacity multi-wavelength networks.

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Liu, Ji Hong, Yan Ping Ma, Shao Rui Ren, Yang Yang i Bin Zhang. "Long Reach 10-Gbps WDM-PON Based on Carrier Distribution and Coherent Detection for Upstream Transmission". Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (lipiec 2014): 3806–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.3806.

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The wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network (WDM-PON) incorporated with colorless optical network units (ONUs) and centralized light source is the most promising approach for next generation PON. A cost-effective architecture utilizing coherent detection for upstream (US) signal is proposed to enlarge the reach of such WDM-PON systems. Simulation results show that a symmetric 10-Gbps WDM-PON with 80km error-free transmission is realized without using any optical amplifiers.

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Sun, Wen Feng, i Yan Zhao Li. "Design of Optical Access Network Implementing DVB Business and IP Business". Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (październik 2011): 741–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.741.

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The paper illustrates the optical access network which includes AON (active optical network), PON (Passive optical network) and EOC (Ethernet over COAX) systems, implementing DVB business and IP business. The optimal optical access technology is selected according to different access situations in the project. The optical access network accomplishes the wire access and wireless access. In order to reduce the cost, the coax is efficiently used.

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Wu, Di Ying, Fan Bo Meng, Ran Li, Rong Sheng Liu i Fan Wu. "Passive Optical Network System Performance Analysis Using a 10 Gbit/s DML". Applied Mechanics and Materials 635-637 (wrzesień 2014): 1094–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.635-637.1094.

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As a promising technology for broadband communication, Passive Optical Network (PON) has been deployed to support the communication in smart grid system. This paper theoretically analyzes the influences on Directly Modulated Laser (DML)-based PON system performance including Bit Error Rate (BER) and power budget. First, we establish the DML-based PON system model, and then the system performances are simulated under different linewidth enhancement factor, received optical power and fiber length. Simulation results show the increase in received optical power to maintain a given BER due to fiber nonlinearities. This research provides a theoretical guidance on the PON system design.

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Sikora, Pavel, Tomas Horvath, Petr Munster i Vaclav Oujezsky. "Efficiency Tests of DBA Algorithms in XG-PON". Electronics 8, nr 7 (8.07.2019): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8070762.

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Sophisticated dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithms can dramatically improve or worsen throughput and delay in whole networks. It is very important to choose the right DBA algorithm. Our work tests static assignment and three DBA algorithms, namely GigaPON Access Network DBA, Hybrid Reporting Allocation, and modified Max–Min Fair. All tests were made on our simulator of ten-gigabit passive optical network DBA specially developed for testing DBA algorithms. The tests verify delay of each optical network unit and amount of waste with bandwidth. This paper describes how the used DBA algorithms work and the processes involved in DBA algorithms.

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Pinho, Cátia, Francisco Rodrigues, Ana Maia Tavares, Carla Rodrigues, Cláudio Emanuel Rodrigues i António Teixeira. "Photonic Integrated Circuits for NGPON2 ONU Transceivers (Invited)". Applied Sciences 10, nr 11 (10.06.2020): 4024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10114024.

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The development of photonic integrated circuits (PIC) for access network applications, such as passive optical networks (PON), constitutes a very attractive ecosystem due to PON’s potential mass market. The implementation of PIC solutions in this context is expected to facilitate the possibility of increasing the complexity and functionalities of devices at a potentially lower cost. We present a review addressing the prominent access network market requirements and the main restrictions stemming from its specific field of application. Higher focus is given to PON devices for the optical network unit (ONU) and the implications of designing a device ready for market by discussing its various perspectives in terms of technology and cost. The discussed PIC solutions/approaches in this paper are mainly based on indium phosphide (InP) technology, due to its monolithic integration capabilities. A comprehensive set of guidelines considering the current technology limitations, benefits, and processes are presented. Additionally, key current approaches and efforts are analyzed for PON next generations, such as next-generation PON 2 (NGPON2) and high-speed PON (HSP).

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Liu, Xiao Li. "Research of CMTS Based on Passive Optical Network". Applied Mechanics and Materials 241-244 (grudzień 2012): 2188–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.241-244.2188.

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This paper presents the implementation of CMTS (Cable Modem Termination System) with PON (Passive Optical Network) technology to transfer IP data in HFC (Hybrid Fiber-Coax) network. By describing the theoretical basis and main function of each module, we introduce work principle of this device: converted the format of data transmitting in HFC network so that it can transfer in IP network, then achieved the aggregation of IP data to transport layer device by PON technology. The results show that the SNR is high and the bandwidth achieves expected value, so this design scheme is feasible.

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Azmi, Farid Hazwan, Nani Fadzlina Naim, Norsuzila Ya'acob, Suzi Seroja Sarnin i Latifah Sarah Supian. "Design of time division multiplexing/wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network system for high-capacity network". International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 13, nr 4 (1.08.2023): 4152. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i4.pp4152-4158.

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This paper presents the design of time division multiplexing-wavelength division multiplexing-passive optical network (TDM-WDM PON). In this design, the current TDM PON is incorporated with the proposed WDM-PON in order to design a high-capacity network with lower loss requirements. The design has been simulated using OptiSystem software. The upstream wavelength for WDM is between 1,530.334 to 1,542.142 nm while for TDM is 1,310 nm. The downstream wavelength for WDM is from 1,569.865 to 1,581.973 nm, while for TDM is 1,490 nm. Based on the result, it is found that the proposed network is capable to support up to 64 customers with a bit rate of 2.5 Gbps.

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Abbas, Huda Saleh, i Mark A. Gregory. "Passive Optical Network Survivability: Protection, Detection and Restoration". International Journal of Information, Communication Technology and Applications 1, nr 1 (9.03.2015): 128–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17972/ajicta20151115.

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Passive optical network (PON) technologies have received increasing attention as demand for fibre access networks has grown. Enhancing fibre access network reliability provides lower operational costs, and improves customer satisfaction. This paper discusses PON survivability including protection schemes for the fiber link and the Optical Line Terminal (OLT), the exciting monitoring techniques of the fiber link, and the effect of reducing the restoration time on the network availability. The main contribution of this study is to provide two protection schemes namely OLT-only-protected and OLT-and-ring protected. The proposed schemes are designed to handle instances of single failure affecting all customers in the network. This work considers three key performance metrics- Failure Impact Robustness (FIR), cost, and availability. The objective of the proposed protection architectures is to guarantee high quality of service at low costs by protecting critical network elements such as OLT and fiber ring. The proposed architectures have been compared with other well-known protection schemes. The results postulate that OLT-and-ring protected approach has 99.993% availability with a 0.09% increase in cost compared to the ring-only protection architecture.

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Naik, Deepa, Soumyadeb Maity i Tanmay De. "Light Trail Based Cost Efficient Traffic Grooming in Optical WiMAX Hybrid Network". Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, nr 1 (1.01.2020): 425–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.8685.

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Integrating Passive Optical Network (PON) and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access network (WiMAX)achieves universal internet connectivity at a higher data rate. Here Passive Optical Networks (PONs) are used as the backbone. Base stations in WiMAX are connected to Optical Network Units. In this work cost, routing and resource allocation related issues in hybrid networks are investigated. Light trails are used for traffic grooming. Various network topologies are used for simulation and results are obtained, compared. and analyzed. The results confirm a lower cost solution by using hybrid networks for universal connectivity.

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V. Nguyen, Thang, Minh-Tu V. Pham, Hien T. T. Pham, Hai-Chau Le i Ngoc T. Dang. "A Performance Comparison of Gigabit-Capable Backhauling Solutions for 5G Cellular Networks". Journal of Science and Technology: Issue on Information and Communications Technology 3, nr 1 (31.03.2017): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31130/jst.2017.36.

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A high-capacity, flexible, cost, and energy efficient backhaul network based on the convergence of optical and wireless technologies is proposed this research work. The proposed backhaul network, which is deployed on wavelength-division multiplexing passive optical network (WDM-PON), supports three backhauling solutions including pure WDM-PON, hybrid WDM-PON/free-space optics (FSO), and hybrid WDM-PON/millimeter-wave (MMW) radio frequency (RF). We firstly have developed mathematical models for performance analysis of the downlink for three comparative backhaul solutions. We then theoretically and comprehensively analyzed the system performance while considering various system parameters such as the total distance, wireless link distance, splitting ratio, amplifier gain, and the bit rate as well as key environment parameters including rain attenuation and atmospheric turbulence. We have also compared the performance of the three alternative backhaul solutions to verify the trade-off between the system performance and the system flexibility/mobility. The numerical results verify the system performance of each backhaul solution. It is demonstrated that combination of these approaches can exploit PON, FSO and RF technologies to provide a flexible and gigabit-bandwidth-capable solution for the fifth generation (5G) backhaul networks.

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Belitsky, A. M., R. R. Ivanenko, A. V. Besedin i A. Y. Klochkov. "CUSTOMER ACCESS NETWORKING ON THE BASIS OF ETHERNET FTTH, PON TECHNOLOGIES". Proceedings of the Southwest State University 21, nr 1 (28.02.2017): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2017-21-1-8-15.

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Nowadays, one of the trends of information and communication networks development is the provision within the shortest time of a larger number of telecommunication services to network users. Currently, connection of subscribers to xDSL communication channels provided by public switched telephone networks (PSTN) is widespread. Providers of classic telephony make active use of these networks due to the low cost of the connection of a subscriber. An obvious disadvantage of this connection type is the limited data transfer rate. Some Internet providers rapidly develop ETTH (Ethernet To The Home) networks. The advantage of ETTH networks is the targeting of the delivery of communication services to subscribers. One of the disadvantages is the operation of a network at the Ethernet level with all typical for this protocol features. The practice of optical networking has existed for many years; however, the basic approach to optical networking is based on the use of active equipment from the access node to users. PON-based (Passive Optical Network) FTTH architecture (Fiber To The Home) is as a rule, compatible with the Ethernet Protocol. The article shows the advantages of the deployment of PON-based FTTH networks, in particular, saving of fiber-optic lines in the area from the optical splitters to the Central telephone exchange or access point by using relevant ports. The article provides the description of access networks architecture applying Ethernet FTTH and PON technologies, and also discusses the prospects for further development of the above mentioned networks.

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Guo, Lin, Pei Zhang i Yan Shao. "Use Case and Functional Requirements of Optical Time Domain Reflectometer". Applied Mechanics and Materials 543-547 (marzec 2014): 3696–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.543-547.3696.

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As the scalable deployment of PON network and the maturity of next generation PON technologies, optical link fault management should be well considered. OTDR is now under study in the industry. Based on our study and real network operation experience, we give an analysis on use case and functional requirements of OTDR, which could be used as a guide in OTDR development and implementation.

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Butt, Rizwan Aslam, M. Waqar Ashraf, M. Faheem i Sevia M. Idrus. "Processing efficient frame structure for passive optical network (PON)". Optical Switching and Networking 30 (listopad 2018): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.osn.2018.06.006.

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Kaur, Sanmukh, i Raj Kamal Kapur. "Performance analysis of optical distribution network for NG-PON". Journal of Optics 48, nr 4 (11.11.2019): 606–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12596-019-00574-6.

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Naim, Nani Fadzlina, Muhammad Amirul Hafiz Mohamed Hashim, Suzi Seroja Sarnin, Norsuzila Ya'acob i Latifah Sarah Supian. "Design of L-Band Multiwavelength Laser for TDM/WDM PON Application". Baghdad Science Journal 18, nr 4(Suppl.) (20.12.2021): 1365. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2021.18.4(suppl.).1365.

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This paper presents on the design of L-Band Multiwavelength laser for Hybrid Time Division Multiplexing/ Wavelength Division Multiplexing (TDM/WDM) Passive Optical Network (PON) application. In this design, an L-band Mulltiwavelength Laser is designed as the downstream signals for TDM/WDM PON. The downstream signals ranging from 1569.865 nm to 1581.973 nm with 100GHz spacing. The multiwavelength laser is designed using OptiSystem software and it is integrated into a TDM/WDM PON that is also designed using OptiSystem simulation software. By adapting multiwavelength fiber laser into a TDM/WDM network, a simple and low-cost downstream signal is proposed. From the simulation design, it is found that the proposed design is suitable to be used in TDM/WDM PON for up to 64 Optical Network Units (ONUs).

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Gao, Ge Jun, Xun Jie Li, Shuai Tao i Jian Hua Shen. "Reliability of Multiple-Stage Cascaded Passive Optical Networks: A Perspective". Applied Mechanics and Materials 701-702 (grudzień 2014): 994–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.701-702.994.

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Passive Optical Network (PON) technology has been widely accepted as main broadband access which can satisfy the rapid increasing bandwidth requirements. With the expansion of the number of users, as well as the variation of application scenarios, traditional single-stage cascaded or two-stage cascaded PON system can no longer meet users’ demands. This paper proposed four multiple-stage cascaded PON topologies with different protection schemes. Reliability and cost for each topology are presented with theoretical analysis and numerical simulations.

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Nyachionjeka, Kumbirayi, i Wellington Makondo. "Effects of Modulation Techniques (Manchester Code, NRZ or RZ) on the Operation of Hybrid WDM/TDM Passive Optical Networks". International Scholarly Research Notices 2014 (30.10.2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/984157.

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In this paper, the performance and feasibility of a hybrid wavelength division multiplexing/time division multiplexing passive optical network (WDM/TDM PON) system with 128 optical network units (ONUs) is analysed. In this system, triple play services (video, voice and data) are successfully communicated through a distance of up to 28 km. Moreover, we analysed and compared the performance of various modulation formats for different distances in the proposed hybrid WDM/TDM PON. NRZ rectangular emerged as the most appropriate modulation format for triple play transmission in the proposed hybrid PON.

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Kerpez, Ken, Yuanqiu Luo i Frank J. Effenberger. "Bandwidth Reduction via Localized Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Video". International Journal of Digital Multimedia Broadcasting 2010 (2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/562832.

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This paper presents recent research into P2P distribution of video that can be highly localized, preferably sharing content among users on the same access network and Central Office (CO). Models of video demand and localized P2P serving areas are presented. Detailed simulations of passive optical networks (PON) are run, and these generate statistics of P2P video localization. Next-Generation PON (NG-PON) is shown to fully enable P2P video localization, but the lower rates of Gigabit-PON (GPON) restrict performance. Results here show that nearlyallof the traffic volume of unicast video could be delivered via localized P2P. Strong growth in video delivery via localized P2P could lower overall future aggregation and core network bandwidth of IP video traffic by 58.2%, and total consumer Internet traffic by 43.5%. This assumes aggressive adoption of technologies and business practices that enable highly localized P2P video.

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Ab-Rahman, Mohammad Syuhaimi, Zulhedry Abd Manaf, Iszan Hana Kaharudin i I.-Shyan Hwang. "Customer Edge Downstream Detection for Automatic Restoration Scheme in FTTH-PON Distribution Network". Photonics 9, nr 8 (10.08.2022): 560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9080560.

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Fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) networks are seen as the most future-proof technology to offer increasing bandwidth to customers. By utilizing passive optical network (PON) technology, they provide flexibility and capability to carry higher bandwidths as compared to the legacy copper-based access network. Optical performance monitoring could potentially enable higher stability, reconfigurability, and flexibility in a self-managed optical network. This paper will describe the specific fiber impairments that affect the quality of service for fiber-to-the-home networks. The impairment needs to be monitored and restored. The proposed solution will utilize a photodiode and optical switch as the main components, can easily be integrated with the ONU through the optical interface, and will be referred to as ‘PROMO’. With this scheme, the protection and restoration mechanisms are archived through the detection and availability of the downstream signal from the OLT. The results show that the received power, BER values, and maximum Q factor are acceptable for both simulation and experimental conditions in the case of normal and protection conditions.

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Zhao, Hong Hao, Fan Bo Meng, Tai Yi Fu i Ming Shuang Gao. "Protection Approach against SRLG Failure for Survivable Long-Reach Passive Optical Network in Smart Grid". Advanced Materials Research 1049-1050 (październik 2014): 2131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1049-1050.2131.

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Long-Reach Passive Optical Network (LR-PON) is widely acknowledged as a promising solution for communication system in smart grid. Survivability is one of the key issues in the planning of LR-PON because massive high-rate traffic flows may be interrupted in case of network component failure. However, the survivability issue of LR-PON is addressed in few works. Most of previous works focus on single distribution fiber failure and remain untouched the simultaneous failure of multiple distribution fibers. In this paper, we focus on the survivability of LR-PON against single Shared-Risk Link Group (SRLG) failure. A reliability model is proposed to represent the probability of reliable connection for each Optical Network Unit (ONU). Based on this reliability model, we propose a novel Backup Fibers Protection (BFP) approach, aiming at the optimization of joint allocating backup capacity and deploying backup fibers. Through extensive simulation, we investigate the performance of BFP and demonstrate its effectiveness in different scenarios.

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Sun, Zhong Wei. "Design of Optical Fiber Communication Networks for Feeder Automation". Applied Mechanics and Materials 336-338 (lipiec 2013): 1823–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.336-338.1823.

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This paper focuses on design aspect of communication network for feeder automation applications. First, the business functional requirements of feeder automation and the supporting communication technologies are reviewed. Then, based on typical loop sectionalizing feeder connecting scheme, the communication infrastructure using Ethernet Passive Optical Networks (EPONs) is presented, and the redundant PON architecture is adopted.

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M Mohamed, Ibrahim M. "A Survey on Cost Effective Optical Network Unit Configurations". Jurnal Kejuruteraan 33, nr 4 (30.11.2021): 1019–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2021-33(4)-23.

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The technology of Wavelength division multiplexing-Passive optical networks WDM-PONs is basically developed based on the approach of broadcast-and-select in which an identical aggregation of wavelengths is directed to different destinations using a power splitter. Later, it was developed based on the approach of wavelength routing in which an aggregation of wavelengths is separated and directed in such a way that each individual wavelength in the aggregation can reach a specific destination using an arrayed waveguide grating (AWGs). It is one of the highly nominated technologies for next-generation optical access network NG-OAN. This is due to its ability to overcome the limitation imposed in the currently standardized TDM-PONs (E-PON, G-PON, 10G-EPON, and XG-PON), such as their shared-traffic nature and allowable power budget. However, the inventory of wavelength-specific transmitters needed in this technology especially at subscriber premises (i.e. optical network unit ONU) where cost is most sensitive, and their associated operation, administration, and management costs remains a major issue that needs to be settled before widespread commercial success can be achieved. This attracts many researchers to concentrate their efforts to develop a cost-effective ONU. Many proposals were found in the literature that aims to realize this desirable goal with most of them agreed up on that it can be achieved by enabling ONU mass production. They also agreed up on that enabling the ONU mass production can only be achieved by unifying its design. In this paper, the author provides a review of various state-of-the-art configurations, proposed to unify the ONU design.

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38

Salleh, M. S., A. S. M. Supa’at, S. M. Idrus, S. Yaakob i Z. M. Yusof. "Wavelength Tuning Free Transceiver Module in OLT Downstream Multicasting4λ × 10 Gb/s TWDM-PON System". Journal of Computer Networks and Communications 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/483249.

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We propose a new architecture of dynamic time-wavelength division multiplexing-passive optical network (TWDM-PON) system that employs integrated all-optical packet routing (AOPR) module using4λ×10 Gbps downstream signal to support 20 km fiber transmission. This module has been designed to support high speed L2 aggregation and routing in the physical layer PON system by using multicasting cross-gain modulation (XGM) to route packet from any PON port to multiple PON links. Meanwhile, the fixed wavelength optical line terminal (OLT) transmitter with wavelength tuning free features has been designed to integrate with the semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) and passive arrayed waveguide grating (AWG). By implementing hybrid multicasting and multiplexing, the system has been able to support a PON system with full flexibility function for managing highly efficient dynamic bandwidth allocation to support the4λ×10 Gb/s TWDM-PON system used to connect 4 different PON links using fixed wavelength OLT transceivers with maximum 38 dB link loss.

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Tsompanoglou, Polyxeni, Antonios Iliadis, Konstantinos Kantelis, Sophia Petridou i Petros Nicopolitidis. "Countermeasuring MITM Attacks in Solar-Powered PON-Based FiWi Access Networks". Electronics 12, nr 4 (20.02.2023): 1052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12041052.

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Solar power (SP) passive optical network (PON)-based fiber-wireless (FiWi) access systems are becoming increasingly popular as they provide coverage to rural and urban areas where no power grid exists. Secure operation of such networks which includes solar- and/or battery-powered devices, is crucial for anticipating potential network issues and prolong the life of the network operation. Since optical network units (ONUs) may be powered by SP-charged batteries, energy awareness becomes an important issue, particularly when it comes to reducing ONUs’ energy consumption and allowing them to operate in off-grid remote areas. With the PON as the fixed part of these networks, the optical line terminal (OLT) informs the ONUs through a message exchange mechanism when no traffic is present, allowing them to transition to a low-power-consumption sleep mode. However, man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks pose a serious threat to the message exchange mechanisms, which can eventually drain the energy of battery-powered ONUs resulting in their shutdown. Consequently, this paper introduces two novel mechanisms for reducing ONU energy consumption, namely the wake-up and time-out mechanisms, which can be used to mitigate the effectiveness of MITM attacks that may seek to affect the unit’s operation due to battery drain. The formal verification results show that these goals were effectively achieved.

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Tarsono, D., A. Ahmad, K. A. Sharif, M. H. Othman, K. Khairi, N. A. Ngah i Z. A. Manaf. "Optical and Network Performance Analysis of XGS-PON System over Active Co-Existence PON Systems". Optics and Photonics Journal 07, nr 08 (2017): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/opj.2017.78b007.

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41

Usman, Auwalu, Nadiatulhuda Zulkifli, Mohd Rashidi Salim i Kharina Khairi. "AN ENHANCED G-PON FAULT MONITORING TECHNIQUE USING OPTICAL SENSOR". Science Proceedings Series 1, nr 2 (24.04.2019): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/sps.v1i2.621.

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In this study a technique for a centralized fault monitoring and detection in Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network (G-PON) using fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor is proposed. The technique detects fault once it occurs at the vulnerable locations in the fiber optic distribution link by the proposed FBG devices. Monitoring signal in the C-band is reflected by a uniform FBG with different Bragg wavelengths and reflectivities. The FBGs serve as branch identifiers in the network. The reflected signal from the FBGs is analyzed at the Optical Line Terminal (OLT) in the Central Office (CO) by an Optical Spectrum Analyzer (OSA), to identify the branch with rupture in the network. The simulated result obtained shows that the system can monitor, and detect a fault in the physical layer of the optical distribution network with negligible effects on data signal transmission.

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Braunfelds, J., K. Zvirbule, U. Senkans, R. Murnieks, I. Lyashuk, J. Porins, S. Spolitis i V. Bobrovs. "Application of FWM-Based OFC for DWDM Optical Communication System with Embedded FBG Sensor Network". Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 60, nr 4 (1.08.2023): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2023-0025.

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Abstract Four-wave mixing optical frequency comb fibre-based setups (FWM-OFCs) have the potential to improve the combined dense wavelength division multiplexed passive optical network (DWDM-PON) and fibre Bragg grating (FBG) temperature sensors network providing easier application, broader technological opportunities for network development, and energy efficiency by substituting a power-demanding laser array. In this research, OFCs are generated for the purpose of combined network application of DWDM-PON and FBG optical sensors. The paper also investigates compatibility scenarios with OFCs in such systems. The mathematical simulation model has been developed and the performance of FWM-OFC based 8-channel 50 GHz spaced non-return-to-zero on-off keying (NRZ-OOK) modulated DWDM-PON transmission system, operating at 50 km single-mode fibre (SMF) with a bit rate of at least 10 Gbps embedded with 7 FBG optical temperature sensors, has been studied. As it is shown, FWM application results in OFC source that has fluctuations of the individual comb tones of less than 3 dB in power, and with an extinction ratio of about 33 dB for operation range of 192.9–193.25 THz, acting as a unified light source for all the data transmission channels. Embedded FBG optical sensors network causes negligible 0.3 dB power penalty.

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P, Bhargava K., Suyog P i G. S. Nagaraja. "Real-World Analysis of Smart City Integrated Services using High-Speed Network Technologies". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, nr 5 (31.05.2023): 932–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.51554.

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Abstract: Services for smart cities are required to improve productivity, sustainability, and quality of life. They can maximise resource usage, enhance public safety, accelerate economic growth, and promote civic engagement. In the past, cities relied on unreliable and limited-range radio and wired telephone networks. The capabilities of networked city services have significantly increased with the development of technologies like Ethernet and passive optical network (PON). These technologies enable real-time data collecting and analysis by delivering higher data transfer speeds and greater coverage areas. PON connections offer higher bandwidth, greater reliability, and longer lifetimes; 50 Gigabit-PON has the capacity to support different commercial services with notable performance to meet service requirements; and Ethernet networks have lower deployment costs as well as greater flexibility in terms of adding or removing devices. The various use-case scenarios of high-speed network technologies are evaluated. The technology ultimately chosen will be determined by the specific requirements and objectives of the smart city project.

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Singh, Ajmer, i Rosepreet Kaur Bhogal. "Performance Investigation of Back-Compatible Integrated TWDM/GPON System Using MDM And Pulse Shapes". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2327, nr 1 (1.08.2022): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2327/1/012036.

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Abstract Optical access networks are the prominent and promising cutting edge technology to provide high speed, and cost effective operation for meeting the requirements of ever-increasing demands of users. Multiple access techniques such as Wavelength and time division in passive optical networks are important innovations to provide high capacity. A mode division multiplexed back compatible integrated next generation PON2 (TWDM PON) and GPON is demonstrated with triple play supportability in this work. Proposed system offer pay as you grow feature and also provide enhanced performance by suppressing the inter-channel interference in TWDM-PON2. System successfully works on same optical distribution network unit for both PON standards without extra arrangements and has potential to support 62.5 Gbps in full duplex mode (Symmetrical downlink/uplink). Moreover, demonstrated back compatible system is analyzed by incorporating diverse modulations such as NRZ-DPSK, RZ-DPSK, RZ-DQPSK, NRZ-DPSK and linecodings NRZ, RZ. Received power, Optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR), BER and Q factor are noted at diverse link lengths and it is noteworthy that LP modes with NRZ in TWDM PON provide outstanding results.

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Chakraborty, Meenakshi, i Taraprasad Chattopadhyay. "A Novel Scheme for UDWDM-PON Broadband Access Network Using Injection-Locked Phase-to-Intensity Modulation Converter". Journal of Optical Communications 40, nr 4 (25.10.2019): 369–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2017-0085.

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Abstract In this paper, we have proposed and analyzed a novel cost-effective ultradense wavelength division multiplexed (UDWDM) passive optical network (PON) which uses phase modulation (PM) of the optical carriers in the optical line terminal (OLT) in order to achieve inherent noise immunity in the network. In the demodulation of the optical PM signal at the optical network unit (ONU), we have proposed to use a simple injection–locked Fabry–Perot (FP) laser diode (LD) for achieving PM to intensity modulation (IM) converter which is followed by a photodiode to recover the specific channel information. A detailed analysis of PM–IM conversion in an injection–locked FPLD has been carried out and the viability of the proposed scheme has been established. The proposed UDWDM–PON which is a broadband access network is cost-effective and long reach.

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Zhang, Na Na, Xian Zhou, Xiao Yun Wu, Li Min Xia, Dong Yan i Ke Ping Long. "A Novel Optical Network Units Source-Free Scheme Using Optical Frequency Comb Generator for OFDM-PON". Advanced Materials Research 760-762 (wrzesień 2013): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.760-762.255.

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The letter proposes a novel Optical Network Units (ONUs) source-free scheme for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple (OFDM)-based passive optical networks (PON), in which an optical frequency comb generator built by a conventional Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) is used to generate ultra-flat optical frequency comb spectra for the downstream and upstream transmission. The proposed architecture is presented and simulated to achieve simultaneously upstream transmission from multiple ONUs over the fiber. Simulation results show the receiver sensitivity reaches-18dBm for upstream transmission and-18.75dBm for downstream transmission.

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47

Rani, K. Sasi Kala, A. Renuga Devi i J. Suganthi. "Optimization of Disjoints Using WDM-PON in an Optical Network". Circuits and Systems 07, nr 09 (2016): 2207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/cs.2016.79192.

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Zhao, Haoran, Yuchen Fang, Yuxiang Zhao, Zheng Tian, Weinan Zhang, Xidong Feng, Li Yu, Wei Li, Hulei Fan i Tiema Mu. "Time-Series Representation Learning in Topology Prediction for Passive Optical Network of Telecom Operators". Sensors 23, nr 6 (22.03.2023): 3345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23063345.

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The passive optical network (PON) is widely used in optical fiber communication thanks to its low cost and low resource consumption. However, the passiveness brings about a critical problem that it requires manual work to identify the topology structure, which is costly and prone to bringing noise to the topology logs. In this paper, we provide a base solution firstly introducing neural networks for such problems, and based on that solution we propose a complete methodology (PT-Predictor) for predicting PON topology through representation learning on its optical power data. Specifically, we design useful model ensembles (GCE-Scorer) to extract the features of optical power with noise-tolerant training techniques integrated. We further implement a data-based aggregation algorithm (MaxMeanVoter) and a novel Transformer-based voter (TransVoter) to predict the topology. Compared with previous model-free methods, PT-Predictor is able to improve prediction accuracy by 23.1% in scenarios where data provided by telecom operators is sufficient, and by 14.8% in scenarios where data is temporarily insufficient. Besides, we identify a class of scenarios where PON topology does not follow a strict tree structure, and thus topology prediction cannot be effectively performed by relying on optical power data alone, which will be studied in our future work.

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Li, Ping, Zhen Ping Lan, Yu Ru Wang, Huan Lin Lv i Nian Yu Zou. "A Novel Multi-Service Passive Optical Network Based on the Wavelength-Division-Multiplexed Technology". Applied Mechanics and Materials 538 (kwiecień 2014): 490–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.538.490.

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The simulation diagram of WDM-PON is proposed, utilizing DFB laser diodes as light sources, array waveguide grating as multiplexer for signals’ split and amplifiers as gain generator, respectively, to realize networking for both sending and receiving units. WDM-PON system with 128 branches service signals and transmission rate of 210Gb/s is finally simulated and the system performances are analyzed and discussed.

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Li, X. B., H. B. Huang i L. C. Wang. "Discussion on Construction of OCDMA PON Address Code-(F,K,2) Optical Orthogonal Codes". Advanced Materials Research 216 (marzec 2011): 804–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.216.804.

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Optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) passive optical network (PON) can find wide applications in the next optical access network. One of its key techniques of is construction of address code. Aiming at the facts that(F,K,1) optical orthogonal code (OOC) possesses good performance but capacity is small, and number of users in OCDMA PON is not very big thereafter OOC auto-correlation or cross-correlation may not be very strict,(F,K,2) OOC can be used as address codes for OCDMA PON. In this paper, the method of constructingOOC based on block design is discussed. The algorithm of construction (F,K,2) of OOC from block design is presented and simulated; several groups of(F,K,2) OOC are gained. The results show that the algorithm has good astringency and simplicity. It can construct(F,K,2) OOC effectively. It is feasible.

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