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Kim, Mincheol, Taeho Choi, Minhwa Kim, Sungsoo Han i Jayong Koo. "Optimal operation efficiency and control of water pumps in multiple water reservoir system: case study in Korea". Water Supply 15, nr 1 (19.08.2014): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2014.079.
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Pumping regimes for water distribution systems have been established to reduce pump operation costs. Optimization of water reservoir networks has been studied extensively for operating pumps efficiently. According to research, optimization reduces pump operation costs by approximately 10–20%. However, comparing economic benefits per country would be too complex because the effects of optimization differ depending on the power cost estimation system of each country and the existing operations. This study presents an optimization algorithm to minimize the operating costs of an entire system via the application of dynamic programming. Case studies were conducted to apply the algorithm to real values in four scenarios. By setting cost minimization as an objective, an optimum water pump operation plan was derived that encompasses operating conditions, variations in water demand, and energy costs. Results showed that operating a standby pump in an existing system can increase the system's efficiency. In addition, even if hourly water consumption remains constant, each case requires its own operating method, because each case has different operational costs. By considering various conditions such as those mentioned in this study, future pump operation schedules can be optimized and stabilized to maintain economic water supply.
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Ziajka-Poznańska, Ewelina, i Jakub Montewka. "Costs and Benefits of Autonomous Shipping—A Literature Review". Applied Sciences 11, nr 10 (17.05.2021): 4553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11104553.
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The development of autonomous ship technology is currently in focus worldwide and the literature on this topic is growing. However, an in-depth cost and benefit estimation of such endeavours is in its infancy. With this systematic literature review, we present the state-of-the-art system regarding costs and benefits of the operation of prospective autonomous merchant ships with an objective for identifying contemporary research activities concerning an estimation of operating, voyage, and capital costs in prospective, autonomous shipping and vessel platooning. Additionally, the paper outlines research gaps and the need for more detailed business models for operating autonomous ships. Results reveal that valid financial models of autonomous shipping are lacking and there is significant uncertainty affecting the cost estimates, rendering only a reliable evaluation of specific case studies. The findings of this paper may be found relevant not only by academia, but also organisations considering to undertake a challenge of implementing Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships in their operations.
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Sayadi, Ahmad Reza, Ali Lashgari, Mohammad Majid Fouladgar i Miroslaw J. Skibniewski. "ESTIMATING CAPITAL AND OPERATIONAL COSTS OF BACKHOE SHOVELS". Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 18, nr 3 (29.06.2012): 378–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2012.692705.
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Material loading is one of the most critical operations in earthmoving projects. A number of different equipment is available for loading operations. Project managers should consider different technical and economic issues at the feasibility study stage and try to select the optimum type and size of equipment fleet, regarding the production needs and project specifications. The backhoe shovel is very popular for digging, loading and flattening tasks. Adequate cost estimation is one of the most critical tasks in feasibility studies of equipment fleet selection. This paper presents two different cost models for the preliminary and detailed feasibility study stages. These models estimate the capital and operating cost of backhoe shovels using uni-variable exponential regression (UVER) as well as multi-variable linear regression (MVLR), based on principal component analysis. The UVER cost model is suitable for quick cost estimation at the early stages of project evaluation, while the MVLR cost function, which is more detailed, can be useful for the feasibility study stage. Independent variables of MVLR include bucket size, digging depth, dump height, weight and power. Model evaluations show that these functions could be a credible tool for cost estimations in prefeasibility and feasibility studies of mining and construction projects.
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Childers, Christopher P., i Melinda Maggard-Gibbons. "Estimation of the Acquisition and Operating Costs for Robotic Surgery". JAMA 320, nr 8 (28.08.2018): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.9219.
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Sun, Jing, Yonggang Peng, Di Lu, Xiaofeng Chen, Weifeng Xu, Liguo Weng i Jun Wu. "Optimized Configuration and Operating Plan for Hydrogen Refueling Station with On-Site Electrolytic Production". Energies 15, nr 7 (23.03.2022): 2348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072348.
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Hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs) are critical for the popularity of hydrogen vehicles (fuel cell electric vehicles—FCEVs). However, due to high installation investment and operating costs, the proliferation of HRSs is difficult. This paper studies HRSs with on-site electrolytic production and hydrogen storage devices and proposes an optimization method to minimize the total costs including both installation investment and operating costs (OPT-ISL method). Moreover, to acquire the optimization constraints of hydrogen demand, this paper creatively develops a refueling behavior simulation method for different kinds of FCEVs and proposes a hydrogen-demand estimation model to forecast the demand with hourly intervals for HRS. The Jensen–Shannon divergence is applied to verify the accuracy of the hydrogen-demand estimation. The result: 0.029 is much smaller than that of the estimation method in reference. Based on the estimation results and peak-valley prices of electricity from the grid, a daily hydrogen generation plan is obtained, as well as the optimal capacities of electrolyzers and storage devices. As for the whole costs, compared with previous configuration methods that only consider investment costs or operating costs, the proposed OPT-ISL method has the least, 8.1 and 10.5% less, respectively. Moreover, the proposed OPT-ISL method shortens the break-even time for HRS from 11.1 years to 7.8 years, a decrease of 29.7%, so that the HRS could recover its costs in less time.
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Widyaningsih, U., Sutoyo, A. A. N. P. Yuda, A. Mirianto, Z. Zuhri i N. V. Harini. "The Design of Ship Operation Cost Estimation Simulator Uses a Case Study of The Bung Tomo Trainer Ship". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1081, nr 1 (1.09.2022): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1081/1/012008.
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Abstract Calculation of ship operating costs is the main element in determining tariffs, since determining the high and low rates is very important in the shipping business. In other words, determining the right ship operating costs is the key to the success of the shipping business. Vessel operating costs are determined by direct and indirect operational costs. Direct operational costs include capital costs, insurance costs, insurance premiums, crew costs, fuel costs, lubricant costs, grease costs, fresh water costs, port costs and Repair, Maintenance, Supply (RMS) costs. The indirect operational costs include branch office costs and admin costs. Calculation of ship operating costs can actually be done manually, but it will take a lot of time. So, we need a way to calculate the operational costs of ships that are easy and efficient. In this study we developed an application to calculate ship operating costs. Then we call this application a simulator. From the simulations carried out, the results obtained that the results of calculations using the simulator are the same as the results of manual calculations, namely the total cost in rupiah. The advantage of this simulator is that it saves calculation time, so that the results obtained are easier and more efficient. In addition, the appearance of the simulator is very good in accordance with the demands of the digitalization of sea transportation and this simulator can be used by all groups because it is easy to operate.
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Holm, Stefan, Fritz Frutig, Renato Lemm, Oliver Thees i Janine Schweier. "HeProMo: A decision support tool to estimate wood harvesting productivities". PLOS ONE 15, nr 12 (31.12.2020): e0244289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244289.
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In the field of forestry, one of the most economically important ecosystem service is the provision of timber. The need to calculate the economic effects of forest management in the short, medium, and long term is increasing. Forest operations or timber harvesting, which comprises felling, processing, and transport of trees or timber, are responsible for a large part of the costs and environmental impacts associated to forest management or enterprises. From a decision maker’s perspective, it is essential to estimate working productivity and production costs under given operating conditions before any operation is conducted. This work addresses the lack of a valid collection of models that allows estimating time, productivities, and costs of labor and machinery for the most important forest operations in forest stands under Central European conditions. To create such models, we used data from forest enterprises, manual time studies, and the literature. This work presents a decision support tool that estimates the wood harvesting productivities of 12 different kinds of forest operations under Central European conditions. It includes forest operations using chainsaws, harvesters, skidders, forwarders, chippers, cable and tower yarders, and helicopters. In addition, the tool covers three models for wood volume estimation. The tool is written in Java and available open-source under the Apache License. This work shows how the tool can be used by describing its graphical user interface (GUI) and its application programming interface (API) that facilitates bulk processing of scientific data. Carefully selected default values allow estimations without knowing all input variables in detail. Each model is accompanied by an in-depth documentation where the forest operation, input variables, formulas, and statistical background are given. We conclude that HeProMo is a very useful tool for applications in forest practice, research, and teaching.
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Minnullina, Anna, i Alla Larkina. "Estimating cost of using a rotation system when operating in rigorous climate regions". MATEC Web of Conferences 265 (2019): 07013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926507013.
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Basic cost estimation techniques concerning the use of a rotation system in operation consider particular characteristics of rigorous climate regions. By means of the offered recommendations the following indicators are defined: an average number of workers for operation; an amount of salary supplements; standard working hours for personnel on rotating assignments; equipment relocation costs, rotation camp maintenance and rotation worker transportation costs. In the situation when a building contractor has to prove camp accomplishment costs in details most road builders face the difficulties in cost sheet formation. The offered technique of cost estimation is approved at the road section being influenced by Arctic Extremes and confirmed its operational flexibility.
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Beaton, Aaron J., Kevin C. Dhuyvetter, Terry L. Kastens i Jeffery R. Williams. "Per Unit Costs to Own and Operate Farm Machinery". Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 37, nr 1 (kwiecień 2005): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s107407080000715x.
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With increasingly thin margins and new technologies, it is important that farm managers know their cost of field operations on a per unit basis (e.g., acre, ton, bale). Accurate per unit costs give confidence when constructing enterprise budgets and evaluating new technologies, such as no-till. Custom rates are often used as a proxy for per unit costs; however, this research, using entropy and jackknife estimation procedures, found that custom rates understate total ownership and operating costs by approximately 25% for an average Kansas farm. Estimates from these models are then used to benchmark actual costs against expected cost.
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Guerrieri, Mirko, Marco Fedrizzi, Francesca Antonucci, Federico Pallottino, Giulio Sperandio, Mauro Pagano, Simone Figorilli, Paolo Menesatti i Corrado Costa. "An innovative multivariate tool for fuel consumption and costs estimation of agricultural operations". Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 14, nr 4 (2.12.2016): e0209. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2016144-9490.
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The estimation of operating costs of agricultural and forestry machineries is a key factor in both planning agricultural policies and farm management. Few works have tried to estimate operating costs and the produced models are normally based on deterministic approaches. Conversely, in the statistical model randomness is present and variable states are not described by unique values, but rather by probability distributions. In this study, for the first time, a multivariate statistical model based on Partial Least Squares (PLS) was adopted to predict the fuel consumption and costs of six agricultural operations such as: ploughing, harrowing, fertilization, sowing, weed control and shredding. The prediction was conducted on two steps: first of all few initial selected parameters (time per surface-area unit, maximum engine power, purchase price of the tractor and purchase price of the operating machinery) were used to estimate the fuel consumption; then the predicted fuel consumption together with the initial parameters were used to estimate the operational costs. Since the obtained models were based on an input dataset very heterogeneous, these resulted to be extremely efficient and so generalizable and robust. In details the results show prediction values in the test with r always ≥ 0.91. Thus, the approach may results extremely useful for both farmers (in terms of economic advantages) and at institutional level (representing an innovative and efficient tool for planning future Rural Development Programmes and the Common Agricultural Policy). In light of these advantages the proposed approach may as well be implemented on a web platform and made available to all the stakeholders.
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Gis, Wojciech, Jerzy Waśkiewicz, Maciej Menes i Maciej Gis. "Comparative Preliminary Unit Costs Analysis of the Operation of Passenger Cars with Combustion Engines and Fuel Cell Vehicles Powered by Hydrogen". Journal of KONES 26, nr 4 (1.12.2019): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kones-2019-0091.
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AbstractThe article presents political and legal aspects regarding the recommendation for the development of hydrogen technology in the economy and in transport. The development of electric cars with hydrogen-powered fuel cells, which took place in recent years in the world, has been outlined. The principles of calculation of average vehicle operating costs applicable in the transport economics are discussed. The estimated average unit operating costs of a statistical passenger car using conventional energy carriers, estimated in the studies of the Motor Transport Institute are quoted. The assumptions and results of the estimation of the average cost per 1 vehicle-kilometre of the electric passenger car’s mileage (BEV) have been presented, as well as the assumptions and results of the estimation of the average unit operating costs of a hydrogen powered passenger car (FCEV). The average unit costs of the mileage of these vehicles have been compared. The predictions regarding the future changes in the average prices of FCEV vehicles have been cited and the average unit costs of operating electric cars with fuel cells by the 2050 have been estimated. The project of administrative support for the development of low-emission transport in Poland was indicated.
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Duncombe, William, i John Yinger. "Does School District Consolidation Cut Costs?" Education Finance and Policy 2, nr 4 (październik 2007): 341–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/edfp.2007.2.4.341.
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Consolidation has dramatically reduced the number of school districts in the United States. Using data from rural school districts in New York, this article provides the first direct estimation of consolidation's cost impacts. We find economies of size in operating spending: all else equal, doubling enrollment cuts operating costs per pupil by 61.7 percent for a 300-pupil district and by 49.6 percent for a 1,500-pupil district. Consolidation also involves large adjustment costs, however. These adjustment costs, which are particularly large for capital spending, lower net cost savings to 31.5 percent and 14.4 percent for a 300-pupil and a 1,500-pupil district, respectively. Overall, consolidation makes fiscal sense, particularly for very small districts, but states should avoid subsidizing unwarranted capital projects.
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Xiao, Rongyang, i Yan Huang. "SVG Loss Estimation Method Based on Extreme Gradient Boosting". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2661, nr 1 (1.12.2023): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2661/1/012022.
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Abstract Static Var Generator (SVG) consumes large amounts of electrical energy during its operation, generating high equipment operating costs. Therefore, it is necessary to quantify the operating SVG loss. However, the existing methods of loss estimation generally have notable problems, such as large deviations in loss estimation results. In this paper, we propose a method for calculating SVG loss and establish an SVG loss estimation model based on the extreme gradient boosting algorithm under different operating conditions. First, some data obtained by simulation experiments are input into the algorithm model for training, and the hyperparameters of the model are adjusted by the Bayesian optimization algorithm. Then, a new test set is constructed by superimposing the measurement errors with different signal-to-noise ratio noises on the test set data. Finally, the test set is fed into the trained model for testing to validate the effect of the present model. The experimental results show that the model can quickly and accurately achieve loss estimation of SVG devices with good engineering practicality.
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Obradović, Dino, Saša Marenjak i Marija Šperac. "Estimating Maintenance Costs of Sewer System". Buildings 13, nr 2 (12.02.2023): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020500.
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Maintenance costs of all types of buildings are most often ignored since they are incurred in the future. Potential investors are interested in capital costs—construction costs—while maintenance costs are considered as unimportant in the life cycle of a building. If there were a larger number of maintenance cost estimation models, it would be possible to estimate these costs and present them to potential investors more easily, thus making it easier and more effective to apply life cycle cost methods. A study on the characteristics and costs of the maintenance of sewer systems in the Republic of Croatia was conducted, wherein questionnaires were sent to companies operating public sewer systems. The data requested in the questionnaires were general data on enterprises, maintenance, data on sewer systems, quantities of sewer discharge, sewer pipes and data on maintenance costs of sewer systems. It was established that it is possible to use linear regression when creating a model for estimating the maintenance costs of a sewer system.
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Ma, Jie, Yu Zhu, Dawei Chen, Chenhao Zhang, Maocan Song, Honggang Zhang, Jingxu Chen i Kai Zhang. "Analysis of Urban Electric Vehicle Adoption Based on Operating Costs in Urban Transportation Network". Systems 11, nr 3 (13.03.2023): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems11030149.
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Electric vehicles (EVs) are one of the most promising applications that are reshaping the future urban mobility market and benefitting the urban environment. Analyzing the adoption of EVs helps both vehicle sales market management and urban transportation-related environmental cost estimation. Previous studies have shown that EV adoption is mostly affected by the economic environment and users’ psychological factors; however, both factors vary among specific urban transportation networks. This paper thus proposes network-related vehicle operating cost functions and a logit-based choice model, which considers both the economic environment and users’ psychological factors at a network level. The model can thus estimate the vehicle adoption for specific networks. Numerical experiments and sensitivity analyses were conducted to illustrate the proposed method and provide practical insights in estimating EV adoption, respectively. The results suggest that EV adoption greatly varies among different cities.
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Chuck, Anderson, Philip Jacobs, J. Wayne Logus, Donald St Hilaire, Chester Chmielowiec i Alexander J. B. McEwan. "Marginal cost of operating a positron emission tomography center in a regulatory environment". International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 21, nr 4 (październik 2005): 442–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462305050610.
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Objectives: Cost studies of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging are important for resource and operational planning; the most relevant cost analysis in this regard is the marginal cost. Operating within a regulatory environment can add considerably to the costs of providing PET services. Previously published research has not examined the marginal cost structure of PET nor have they described the implications of regulatory compliance to operational costs. The purpose of this study was to conduct a comprehensive cost estimation of PET imaging with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) to better identify the fixed and variable cost components, the marginal cost structure, and the added costs of satisfying regulatory requirements.Methods: Financial data on capital and operating expenses were collected for the PET center at the Cross Cancer Institute in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.Results: The total per-service cost for clinical operations ranged between $7,869 (400 annual scans) and $1,231 (3,200 annual scans). The marginal cost for the center remained steady as volume increased up to the throughput capacity.Conclusions: Results indicate that economies from increased volumes did not arise. Regulatory requirements added significant costs to operating an 18F-FDG-PET center.
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IDZIASZEK, Zdzisław. "An Ordnance Reliability and Life Model for the Estimation of the Component Kits in Preventive Replacement in Terms of Production and Operating Costs". Problems of Mechatronics Armament Aviation Safety Engineering 10, nr 2 (30.06.2019): 103–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2119.
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This paper presents an outline of a method of optimising the service life of aircraft guns at the stage of design engineering and retrofitting. The essence of this method is a selection of service lives and quantities of preventively replaced components and the service parts of non-reconditionable components resulting in an overall reduction of gun production and operating costs (including the costs of replacement parts stocks) with an improvement of the service life of the whole gun assembly. The method assumes that the service lives to be selected must meet a criterion of predefined reliability, maximum service availability when installed aboard a combat platform (i.e. an aircraft) and the minimum time to re-use. It is pointed out that in the design engineering of preventive component replacement and the assessment of the gun selection, a criterion of total gun cost reduction shall apply; the total gun cost is construed as the cost of production/purchase and maintenance applicable to the operating mode (with the costs and time to provide replacement parts). The total gun cost should be decisive in the definition of service lives and the number of components in preventive replacement. To analyse and select the service life and the MTBR (Mean Time Between Replacements), examples of reliability and life models of guns were developed in reference to the applicable operating standards and changes in total costs. This was followed by a demonstration of an innovative model of mapping gun (production/purchase and operating) costs with a complex number plane. The method presented herein facilitates analysing and assessing the feasibility for improvement of a gun’s availability in combat field and training operations.
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GHODRATI, BEHZAD, ALIREZA AHMADI i DIEGO GALAR. "SPARE PARTS ESTIMATION FOR MACHINE AVAILABILITY IMPROVEMENT ADDRESSING ITS RELIABILITY AND OPERATING ENVIRONMENT — CASE STUDY". International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 20, nr 03 (czerwiec 2013): 1340005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539313400056.
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Industrial operation cost analysis shows that, in general, maintenance represents a significant proportion of the overall operating costs. Therefore, the improvement of maintenance follows the final goal of any company, namely, to maximize profit. This paper studies spare parts availability, an issue of the maintenance process, which is an important way to improve production through increased availability of functional machinery and subsequent minimization of the total production cost. Spare parts estimation based on machine reliability characteristics and operating environment is performed. The study uses an improved statistical-reliability (S-R) approach which incorporates the system/machine operating environment information in systems reliability analysis. For this purpose, two methods of Poisson process and renewal process are introduced and discussed. The renewal process model uses a multiple regression type of analysis based on Cox's proportional hazards modeling (PHM). The parametric approaches with baseline Weibull hazard functions and time-independent covariates are considered, and the influence of operating environment factors on this model is analyzed. The outputs represent a significant difference in the required spare parts estimation when considering or ignoring the influence of the relevant system operating environment. The difference is significant in the sense of spare parts forecasting and inventory management which can enhance the parts and consequently machine availability, leading to economical operation and savings.
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Majstorovic, Branislava, Dragana Kastratovic, Dragan Vucovic, Branko Milakovic i Biljana Milicic. "Operating cost analysis of anaesthesia: Activity based costing (ABC analysis)". Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 139, nr 7-8 (2011): 501–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh1108501m.
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Introduction. Cost of anaesthesiology represent defined measures to determine a precise profile of expenditure estimation of surgical treatment, which is important regarding planning of healthcare activities, prices and budget. Objective. In order to determine the actual value of anaestesiological services, we started with the analysis of activity based costing (ABC) analysis. Methods. Retrospectively, in 2005 and 2006, we estimated the direct costs of anestesiological services (salaries, drugs, supplying materials and other: analyses and equipment.) of the Institute of Anaesthesia and Resuscitation of the Clinical Centre of Serbia. The group included all anesthetized patients of both sexes and all ages. We compared direct costs with direct expenditure, ?each cost object (service or unit)? of the Republican Health-care Insurance. The Summary data of the Departments of Anaesthesia documented in the database of the Clinical Centre of Serbia. Numerical data were utilized and the numerical data were estimated and analyzed by computer programs Microsoft Office Excel 2003 and SPSS for Windows. We compared using the linear model of direct costs and unit costs of anaesthesiological services from the Costs List of the Republican Health-care Insurance. Results. Direct costs showed 40% of costs were spent on salaries, (32% on drugs and supplies, and 28% on other costs, such as analyses and equipment. The correlation of the direct costs of anaestesiological services showed a linear correlation with the unit costs of the Republican Healthcare Insurance. Conclusion. During surgery, costs of anaesthesia would increase by 10% the surgical treatment cost of patients. Regarding the actual costs of drugs and supplies, we do not see any possibility of costs reduction. Fixed elements of direct costs provide the possibility of rationalization of resources in anaesthesia.
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Öztürk, Zübeyde, i Turgut Öztürk. "A simplified approach to determine the optimum operating speed on high-speed railway lines". Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 36, nr 2 (luty 2009): 196–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l08-107.
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In this study, cost–speed relationship for high speed railways was examined and optimum economic speed was investigated. The Eskişehir–Ankara section of the İstanbul–Ankara railway line, which is still under construction, was taken as the sample. This section has been completed and test runs are being conducted. The new line is constructed parallel to the old railway line and the operation speeds and operation forms of the trains on this line are not yet finalized. It is not yet clear what the maximum operation speeds of the trains will be and whether the operation will be restricted to only high speed passenger trains or a combination of passenger and freight trains will be used. Therefore, cost changes associated with speed for both operations were examined in the study. The speed for the lowest cost was investigated for the benefit of the operating institute. The rail line is scheduled to begin operation in 2010, and as such demand estimation values for 2010 and unit cost values of Turkish State Railways (TCDD) were utilized. Only construction and operation costs were analyzed, societal costs were not included in the study. Several costs were formulated independent ofthe speed, whereas the majority of them were formulated and calculated based on speed. Finally, the contribution of each studied cost component, in the total cost, and variations in these costs and total cost for different speeds for both operation conditions were analyzed in this study. It was found that some cost components increased and some decreased as the speed increases. Total cost, which includes all the cost components studied, initially dropped off then rose up as the speed incrementally increases. Minimum cost occurred at 200 km/h in the case of operating with only passenger trains, while it occurred at the second speed level in combined operation (where passenger trains are at the speed of 200 km/h and freight trains are at the speed of 90 km/h).
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Bieberbach, Matthias. "BUSINESS JETS – A PROFOUND ESTIMATION OF HOURLY OPERATING COSTS DEPENDING ON AIRCRAFT CLASS". Anwendungen und Konzepte der Wirtschaftsinformatik, nr 13 (22.07.2021): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.26034/lu.akwi.2021.3295.
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Compared to airlines with a fixed schedule and direct flights only on busy routes, business jets provide an alternative to transport business leaders and other personnel on short-term notice and by direct air transport to nearly any destination worldwide. As hardly any specific numbers contributing to the total hourly rate are published in standard literature, this paper will analyze and unite data from all sorts of alternative resources, especially industry reports, publications of market operators and numerous branch publications on the internet. Some cost aspects adding up to the total hourly rate will be described more precisely, whereas other values will be presented in tables without detailed derivation for the purpose of keeping the extent of this paper within the required limit. However, it has been deemed important not to pool cost aspects but to demonstrate the full variety of all major influencing costs. Interested readers are encouraged to contact the author directly for additional information available in course of his doctoral thesis. The numbers presented within this study are part of this thesis and serve as the basis of a more detailed and individual evaluation whether it is economically reasonable for a corporation to operate an own aircraft rather than using third-party flight services.
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Seryi, Ruslan, i Vladimir Alekseev. "Estimation of operating costs and energy consumption in beneficiation of alluvial gold deposits". E3S Web of Conferences 192 (2020): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019201007.
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There are many scientific and practical works related to the identification and assessment of factors affecting the efficiency of beneficiation of placer sands at the sluice box, while the energy consumption of the beneficiation process, as well as assessing the efficiency of the sand screening process and the cost of maintaining the devices, is given little attention. Studies of the energy consumption of sand washing, carried out at several alluvial deposits, made it possible to identify the most energyconsuming devices, as well as to compare the energy expended for transporting rock through processing plants and to provide solid to liquid ratio during beneficiation at sluice boxes.
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Mohd Yunos, Siti Nur Mariani, Mohammad Fahmi Abdul Ghafir i A. A. Wahab. "An Evaluation of Economic Model for Assessing Aviation Environmental Impacts towards Airline Operations". Applied Mechanics and Materials 629 (październik 2014): 338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.629.338.
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Environmental concerns due to aviation emissions and noise have resulted in introduction of emission and noise charges imposed by airports to airline operators. In order to assess the impact of emission and noise towards the airline's operating costs, this paper presents the initial work in developing an economic model and explains the validation and application of the direct operating cost (DOC) estimation used by the model. A comparison with another two DOC estimation methods has also been performed. The results indicate that the estimated cost is in a good agreement with the data from the public domain despite the differences with data from other estimation methods due to the variation of approach adopted by each model. Finally, an inclusion of environmental charges in DOC is also presented, which shows the amount is relatively small. Nonetheless, in order to ensure a sustainable airline operations, further actions in reducing aviation emission and noise are essential.
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Sanchez, Ignacio Enrique. "Optimal threshold estimation for binary classifiers using game theory". F1000Research 5 (25.11.2016): 2762. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.10114.1.
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Many bioinformatics algorithms can be understood as binary classifiers. They are usually trained by maximizing the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. On the other hand, choosing the best threshold for practical use is a complex task, due to uncertain and context-dependent skews in the abundance of positives in nature and in the yields/costs for correct/incorrect classification. We argue that considering a classifier as a player in a zero-sum game allows us to use the minimax principle from game theory to determine the optimal operating point. The proposed classifier threshold corresponds to the intersection between the ROC curve and the descending diagonal in ROC space and yields a minimax accuracy of 1-FPR. Our proposal can be readily implemented in practice, and reveals that the empirical condition for threshold estimation of “specificity equals sensitivity” maximizes robustness against uncertainties in the abundance of positives in nature and classification costs.
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Sanchez, Ignacio Enrique. "Optimal threshold estimation for binary classifiers using game theory". F1000Research 5 (15.12.2016): 2762. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.10114.2.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Many bioinformatics algorithms can be understood as binary classifiers. They are usually trained by maximizing the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. On the other hand, choosing the best threshold for practical use is a complex task, due to uncertain and context-dependent skews in the abundance of positives in nature and in the yields/costs for correct/incorrect classification. We argue that considering a classifier as a player in a zero-sum game allows us to use the minimax principle from game theory to determine the optimal operating point. The proposed classifier threshold corresponds to the intersection between the ROC curve and the descending diagonal in ROC space and yields a minimax accuracy of 1-FPR. Our proposal can be readily implemented in practice, and reveals that the empirical condition for threshold estimation of “specificity equals sensitivity” maximizes robustness against uncertainties in the abundance of positives in nature and classification costs.
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Sanchez, Ignacio Enrique. "Optimal threshold estimation for binary classifiers using game theory". F1000Research 5 (8.02.2017): 2762. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.10114.3.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Many bioinformatics algorithms can be understood as binary classifiers. They are usually compared using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. On the other hand, choosing the best threshold for practical use is a complex task, due to uncertain and context-dependent skews in the abundance of positives in nature and in the yields/costs for correct/incorrect classification. We argue that considering a classifier as a player in a zero-sum game allows us to use the minimax principle from game theory to determine the optimal operating point. The proposed classifier threshold corresponds to the intersection between the ROC curve and the descending diagonal in ROC space and yields a minimax accuracy of 1-FPR. Our proposal can be readily implemented in practice, and reveals that the empirical condition for threshold estimation of “specificity equals sensitivity” maximizes robustness against uncertainties in the abundance of positives in nature and classification costs.
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Roma´n, Francisco J. "A Case Study on Cost Estimation and Profitability Analysis at Continental Airlines". Issues in Accounting Education 26, nr 1 (1.02.2011): 181–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/iace.2011.26.1.181.
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ABSTRACT: This case exposes students to the application of regression analyses to be used as a tool pursuant to understanding cost behavior and forecasting future costs using publicly available data from Continental Airlines. Specifically, the case focuses on the harsh financial situation faced by Continental as a result of the recent financial crisis and the challenges it faces to remain profitable. It then highlights the importance of reducing and controlling costs as a viable strategy to restore profitability and how regression analysis can assist in this pursuit. Students are next presented with quarterly data for various categories of costs and several potential cost drivers, which they must use to perform regressions on operating costs using a variety of cost drivers. They must then use their regression results to forecast operating costs and conduct a profitability analysis to project quarterly profits for the upcoming fiscal year. Finally, students must summarize the main results of their analysis in a memorandum addressed to Continental’s management, providing recommendations to restore profits. In particular, the concept of mixed cost functions is reinforced, as is the understanding of the steps required to perform regression analysis in Excel, interpreting the regression output, and the underlying standard assumptions in regression analysis. The case has been tested and well received in an intermediate cost accounting course and it is suitable for both undergraduate and graduate students.
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Pekanov Starčević, Dubravka, Boris Crnković i Ivana Fosić. "Investing in CHP plants". Ekonomski vjesnik 34, nr 2 (2021): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.51680/ev.34.2.8.
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Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to identify and evaluate the environmental impacts and estimate the external costs and benefits of building and operating a combined heat and power (CHP) plant. This research will contribute to the scientific literature in the field of public capital investments in CHP plants and facilitate the evaluation of similar assessments and studies by identifying relevant factors that affect society and the environment. Methodology: The ExternE methodology and Impact Pathway Approach (IPA) were used to estimate the externalities of building and operating the plant. The ExternE methodology considers environmental impacts, global warming impacts and accidents, and it is widely accepted in the estimation of externalities of CHP plants. Results: The main external benefits refer to the savings from the reduction of CO2 emissions per unit of energy produced, savings from the reduction of energy losses in the transmission of electricity, reduction of Croatia’s dependence on electricity imports, improvement of the balance of payments, and fiscal benefits. The main external costs arise from Croatia’s increasing import dependence on natural gas and changes in the use of agricultural land. Conclusion: It is estimated that the external benefits are higher than the external costs. In addition to the estimation of external costs, their internalization is done through various taxes and fees, thus affecting the unit cost of electricity. Further research should extend the estimation of external benefits and costs to consider broader social impacts and conduct a full cost-benefit analysis.
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Zhao, Xinyue, Fangxu Gui, Heng Chen, Lanxin Fan i Peiyuan Pan. "Life Cycle Cost Estimation and Analysis of Transformers Based on Failure Rate". Applied Sciences 14, nr 3 (31.01.2024): 1210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14031210.
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Transformers, as the hub equipment of the power system, are highly valued by engineering and scientific researchers in production practice and scientific research. The goal of transformer research is to ensure the safe operation of transformers while considering their economic benefits, arrange transformer inspections reasonably to reduce inspection costs, and save labor and maintenance costs reasonably. This study first provides a brief analysis of the life cycle cost of transformers. The life cycle of transformers is divided into initial cost, operating cost, maintenance cost, fault cost, and scrap cost. Based on the distribution of transformer failure rate, the corresponding life cycle cost of transformers is calculated. Taking 110 kV transformers as an example, the differences in the impact of key factors on the full life cycle cost are analyzed to achieve high quality, high reliability, economically optimal equipment procurement.
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Bilgili, Levent, i Volkan Şahin. "Emission and environmental cost estimation of ferries operating in Lake Van". Maritime Technology and Research 5, nr 3 (6.02.2023): 262215. http://dx.doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2023.262215.
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Ships, which are the essential elements of maritime transportation, have an indispensable role in world freight and passenger transportation. Besides sea routes, the role played by ships in inland water transport is also very important. In addition to these important economic effects, ships are also a major pollutant source. These emissions have negative effects on human health, cities, and the environment, as well as causing atmospheric pollution. Lake Van is Turkey's largest inland lake, with an area of 3,713 km2, and is an important inland waterway, with an active ferry network operating between Van and Tatvan-Bitlis. In this study, emission calculations of these ferries operating in Lake Van were carried out; it was aimed to develop an emission inventory for ship-related air pollution on Lake Van. Additionally, the environmental (social) costs of these emissions were estimated to assess the total impacts. One year of ship operation data was used for the calculations, and the engine power method was preferred, according to the available data. According to the calculations, the ship-originated emission inventory on Lake Van was determined to be 36,140.54, 107.84, 29.15, 17.49, 990.95, and 11.66 t for CO2, SO2, CO, HC, NOx, and PM, respectively. The total environmental costs of these emissions were calculated to be 40,046,340 €. These results are important in terms of determining the environmental effects of transportation activities in Lake Van, which have not been studied before. Highlights The study covers the emission and environmental cost estimation of maritime transportation in Lake Van The total emissions are estimated at 37,297.63 t The total environmental cost is estimated at 40,046,340 € It is recommended that IMO regulations should strictly implemented in inland waters
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Haling, Daniel, i Harry Cohen. "Residential Noise Damage Costs Caused by Motor Vehicles". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1559, nr 1 (styczeń 1996): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196155900111.
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An estimate of noise damage costs caused by motor vehicles has been performed. The damage calculation is based on the reduction of property values caused by vehicle noise emissions. Noise emission models are used to determine the noise levels emitted by various vehicle types, dependent on speed, volume of traffic on the roadway, and type of housing development that surrounds the roadway. The cost estimation illustrates the large variation in noise damage caused by different vehicle types, operating conditions, and location of the roadway in relation to residential areas.
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Pascoe, R. D. "Capital and operating costs of minerals engineering plants - a review of simple estimation techniques". Minerals Engineering 5, nr 8 (sierpień 1992): 883–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0892-6875(92)90255-8.
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Kaborogo, Fulmence Stanslaus, Emily Barnabas Kiswaka i Masolwa Benjamin Lazaro. "Cost Estimation Proxy Models for Economic Evaluations in Petroleum Projects". Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology 42, nr 4 (23.02.2024): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.52339/tjet.v42i4.867.
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Petroleum economic evaluation involves estimating revenues from forecasted production profiles and field costs including capital expenditures (CAPEX), drilling expenses (DRILLEX), and operating expenses (OPEX). The existing cost-estimating tool requires several inputs making it time-intensive and difficult to use with few data during the early stages of projects. Majority of the previously developed time saving cost estimations proxy models rely on unrealistic assumptions that include uniform operational costs for different fields with a different number of wells, casings, and drilled depths. This work focused at developing proxy models that consider the variability of the development costs with different parameters. The developed models benefited from a three-step approach for CAPEX, DRILLEX, and OPEX estimations based on datasets from three wells from a gas field in southern coastal Tanzania. Firstly, cost sensitivity analysis was performed using QUE$TOR v15.1.0.18, a cost estimating commercial software to determine the most influential field parameters of the field costs. Secondly, the field cost models were generated based on historical cost data from the gas field using multivariable regression analysis with the help of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software (SPSS) v22.0. Lastly, errors analysis was done for checking the predictive reliability of the models. Based on the analysis, the CAPEX and OPEX were found to be strongly linearly dependent on the size of processing facilities, number of producing wells in the gas field and production capacity, respectively. On the other hand, a nonlinearity relation was revealed on of the DRILLEX which was strongly dependent on drilled well depth and number of installed well casing. Results show that the developed models are useful and their reliability becomes robust when more data is used. A stochastic modeling approach was further recommended for the models to incorporate uncertainties associated with the parameters used to quantify the cost estimates.
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Krasheninin, A. "ESTIMATION OF VEHICLE OPERATING TIME TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE INFLUENCE OF A NUMBER OF FACTORS". Collection of scientific works of the State University of Infrastructure and Technologies series "Transport Systems and Technologies" 1, nr 37 (29.06.2021): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.32703/2617-9040-2021-37-9.
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Modern vehicles operated on the railways of Ukraine have almost exhausted or exceeded their resource. The overuse of financial and material resources for their maintenance continues. The standard service life of vehicles was calculated on stable economic conditions of use of vehicles and their timely updating in process of aging. The service life of modern vehicles is determined by the influence of many factors, the disregard of which can lead to significant costs, even in compliance with the standard service life. For railway transport, these factors need modern clarification, as in operation their service life often exceeds the standard or, as for intermodal transport, the service life does not have a strict justification. Accordingly, the article analyzes the issues of assessing the impact on the service life of vehicles of the components of the cost of its maintenance and average daily mileage. It is shown that, firstly, the definition of the service life of vehicles must be linked to the cost of vehicle development, its creation, testing and production, the cost of operation and storage, as well as additional costs, and secondly , with the optimal average daily mileage, at which all the costs are minimal.
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Shaik, Sofia Rani, P. Muthukumar i Pratul Chandra Kalita. "Techno-Economic Assessment of LPG operated Porous Radiant Burner based Cook-stoves for Commercial Cooking Applications". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1084, nr 1 (1.10.2022): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1084/1/012014.
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Abstract The present study is to conduct a Techno-economic Assessment of a 5-7 kW Porous Radiant Burner (PRB) – based LPG cook-stove operating in eateries and restaurants. Process flow study has been performed primarily to understand the technological process involved in the PRB and also to estimate the cost of manufacturing. The cost estimation has been done considering direct costs such as material costs and labor costs, and indirect costs such as factory costs, works costs and administration costs. Sensitivity analysis has been performed considering the production capacity of 50, 250 and 500 cook-stoves each day. An economic feasibility study of PRB cook-stoves has been done by estimating the Pay Back Period, Net Present Value and Internal Rate of Return. For a manufacturing capacity of 250 cook-stoves per day, PRB yields a 51.4% return on the investment with a payback period of 0.68 years. Adopting PRB-based cook-stoves in small, medium and large-scale eateries results in an annual saving of Rs. 77500, Rs. 235000 and Rs. 1170000, indicating that PRB-based cook-stoves are undoubtedly economically viable.
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Charoentanaworakun, Chanapol, Komsoon Somprasong, Anusak Duongkaew, Panita Wongchai, Ploypailin Katunyoo i Purin Thanaphanyakhun. "Minimum Carbon Credit Cost Estimation for Carbon Geological Storage in the Mae Moh Basin, Thailand". Energies 17, nr 9 (6.05.2024): 2231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17092231.
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Carbon geological storage (CGS) is one of the key processes in carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies, which are used to reduce CO2 emissions and achieve carbon-neutrality and net-zero emissions in developing countries. In Thailand, the Mae Moh basin is a potential site for implementing CGS due to the presence of a structural trap that can seal the CO2 storage formation. However, the cost of CGS projects needs to be subsidized by selling carbon credits in order to reach the project breakeven. Therefore, this paper estimates the economic components of a CGS project in the Mae Moh basin by designing the well completion and operating parameters for CO2 injection. The capital costs and operating costs of the process components were calculated, and the minimum carbon credit cost required to cover the total costs of the CGS project was determined. The results indicate that the designed system proposes an operating gas injection rate of 1.454 MMscf/day, which is equivalent to 29,530 tCO2e per year per well. Additionally, the minimum carbon credit cost was estimated to be USD 70.77 per tCO2e in order to achieve breakeven for the best case CGS project, which was found to be much higher than the current market price of carbon credit in Thailand, at around USD 3.5 per tCO2e. To enhance the economic prospects of this area, it is imperative to promote a policy of improving the cost of carbon credit for CGS projects in Thailand.
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Zelentsov, V. A., i A. P. Kovalev. "Estimation of operating costs when calculating the total cost of ownership of distributed technical complexes". Izvestiâ vysših učebnyh zavedenij. Priborostroenie 65, nr 11 (30.11.2022): 789–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17586/0021-3454-2022-65-11-789-795.
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Lebediev, Oleh, i Valentyn Lebediev. "Analysis of risks methodology in information systems". Advanced Information Systems 5, nr 4 (20.12.2021): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2522-9052.2021.4.09.
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A method of risk analysis in information systems is being developed. The ways of ensuring the efficiency of control systems in the conditions of information confrontation with the use of the game theory apparatus are investigated. The desire to ensure high efficiency of modern management information systems, minimize financial costs, provide energy and information protection of the management system, highlights the creation of a system of analysis and risk management in information systems. It is assumed that the control system can implement the following behavioral strategies in a conflict situation: the control system does not change the algorithm, but changes the class of algorithms used to achieve the maximum value of the average quality by choosing the probability Pij for a given set of countermeasures, the control system changes the algorithm operation, the class of operating algorithms used to maximize the average quality of fixed countermeasures, the control system changes the operating algorithm and the class of operating algorithms used depending on the countermeasure strategy in order to achieve maximum quality. Using the apparatus of game theory, an analysis was performed and a method for estimating the average value of the quality of the communication system with different strategies of the conflicting parties was developed. The technique of estimation of average value of an indicator of quality of functioning of a control system is developed and expressions for an estimation of average value of an indicator at various strategies of behavior are received. It is shown that the solution to the problem of improving the quality of the control system is possible through the use of a mixed strategy of system behavior and the choice of structure and parameters of the control system that increase the partial quality of its operation.
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Smolyak, S. A. "A Modified Model to Estimate Building Rental Multipiers Accounting for Advalorem Operating Expenses". Real Estate Management and Valuation 24, nr 3 (1.09.2016): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/remav-2016-0018.
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Abstract To develop ideas on building element valuation contained in the first article on the subject published in REMV, we propose an elaboration of the approach accounting for ad valorem expenses incidental to property management, such as land taxes, income/capital gains tax, and insurance premium costs; all such costs, being of an ad valorem nature in the first instance, cause circularity in the logic of the model, which, however, is not intractable under the proposed approach. The resulting formulas for carrying out practical estimation of building rental multipliers and, in consequence, of building values, turn out to be somewhat modified, and we demonstrate the sensitivity of the developed approach to the impact of these ad valorem factors. On the other hand, it is demonstrated that (accounting for) building depreciation charges, which should seemingly be included among the considered ad valorem factors, cancel out and do not have any impact on the resulting estimates. However, treating the depreciation of buildings in quantifiable economic terms as a reduction in derivable operating benefits over time (instead of mere physical indications, such as age), we also demonstrate that the approach has implications for estimating the economic service lives of buildings and can be practical when used in conjunction with the market-related approach to valuation – from which the requisite model inputs can be extracted as shown in the final part of the paper.
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Kehily, Dermot, Barry McAuley i Alan Hore. "Leveraging Whole Life Cycle Costs When Utilising Building Information Modelling Technologies". International Journal of 3-D Information Modeling 1, nr 4 (październik 2012): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ij3dim.2012100105.
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Building Information Modelling (BIM) is now being increasingly used as a technology tool to assist design professions in conceiving, designing, constructing, and operating the built environment in many countries. The BIM model provides design professions with the framework to perform exercises in design, programming, cost and value management, and concept energy analysis, in order to achieve the most economical and sustainable building solution. The BIM model though sophisticated is not extensively used to provide estimation software with the data requirements for Life Cycle Costing (LCC), such as, escalation of future expenditure and/or present value costs, discount rates, and study periods. Without incorporating LCC functionality within the BIM model or in an external application with a BIM interface a complete picture of the Whole Life Cycle Costs (WLCC) cannot be generated from the outputs of the model. The authors demonstrate the potential ability to customise traditional estimating packages with BIM take-off and database management interfaces, in order to find the best solution to provide complete Whole Life Cycle Costs Analysis (WLCCA). A template was produced in consultation with one of the internationally established methodologies in Life Cycle Costing (LCC) and provides the user with the financial tools to select the most economical advantageous solution, possibly without investing in new estimating software.
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Yakovlev, Andrei, Olga Balaeva i Andrey Tkachenko. "Estimation of procurement costs incurred by public customers: a case study of a Russian region". Journal of Public Procurement 18, nr 1 (5.03.2018): 68–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jopp-03-2018-005.
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Purpose This paper aims to measure the cost of procurement because public procurement procedures prescribed by legislation not only enhance transparency and competition but also entail certain transaction costs for both customers and suppliers. Design/methodology/approach These costs are important to the efficiency of the procurement system. However, very few previous studies have focused on estimating procurement costs. This paper proposes a methodology for public procurement cost evaluation. Findings This paper shows how procurement costs can be calculated using a formalized survey of public customers. This methodology was tested with a representative group of public customers operating in one region of the Russian Federation. Originality/value The authors formulate the policy implications of this paper, as they relate to the improvement of public procurement regulations and argue that this methodological approach can be applied in other developing and transitioning economies.
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Mısır, Oğuz, i Mehmet Akar. "Efficiency and Core Loss Map Estimation with Machine Learning Based Multivariate Polynomial Regression Model". Mathematics 10, nr 19 (9.10.2022): 3691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10193691.
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Efficiency mapping has an important place in examining the maximum efficiency distribution as well as the energy consumption of designed electric motors at maximum torque and speed. Performing analysis at all operating points with FEM analysis in the motor design process requires high processing costs and time. In this article, a machine learning-based multivariate polynomial regression estimation model was developed to overcome these costly processes from FEM analysis. With the proposed method, the operating points of the motors in different conditions during the design process can be predicted in advance with high accuracy. In the study, two different models are developed for efficiency map and core loss estimation of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor design. The developed models use few parameters and predict with high accuracy. Estimation models shorten the design process and offer a less complex model. Obtained results are validated by comparison with FEM analysis.
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Doundoulakis, Emmanouil, i Spiros Papaefthimiou. "Estimation of Air Emissions Externalities Due to Shipping: Analytical Methodological Framework". Climate 10, nr 7 (1.07.2022): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli10070100.
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The main objective of this paper is to present an analytical methodological framework for the estimation of the external costs of air emissions from passenger ships. We used as a case study the two main ports of Crete (Souda and Heraklion) and studied all passenger ferries and cruise vessels that visited these ports in the last 5 years (2017–2021). A detailed inventory was created containing all technical details for 10 passenger ferries (owned by three different shipping companies) operating every day, following various itineraries all year around, and 88 different cruise vessels (which approached both ports mainly during the summer period). The estimated external costs due to air emissions cover health effects, materials and building damages, biodiversity and crop losses. Two levels of calculations for the total external costs per pollutant were implemented. At the first level, a bottom-up approach was applied to accurately calculate the total annual air emissions (CO2, SOX, NOX, PM2.5, PM10), while for the second level, the cost factors per pollutant were used as input values to estimate the annual total external costs. One of the most important findings is that externalities comprise a significant amount of shipping companies’ revenues (about 25–35%), thus, implying a substantial revenue loss in the case that they would be asked to bear these costs. Assuming that ship owners will pass these costs on to ticket fares, an attempt is made to allocate the “externalities surcharge” (i.e., the burden of external costs) to ticket fares per transportation category.
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Lewis, Bridget A., Valerie J. Gawron, Ehsan Esmaeilzadeh, Ralf H. Mayer, Felipe Moreno-Hines, Neil Nerwich i Paulo M. Alves. "Data-Driven Estimation of the Impact of Diversions Due to In-Flight Medical Emergencies on Flight Delay and Aircraft Operating Costs". Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance 92, nr 2 (1.02.2021): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3357/amhp.5720.2021.
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INTRODUCTION: In-flight medical emergencies (IFMEs) average 1 of every 604 flights and are expected to increase as the population ages and air travel increases. Flight diversions, or the rerouting of a flight to an alternate destination, occur in 2 to 13% of IFME cases, but may or may not be necessary as determined after the fact. Estimating the effect of IFME diversions compared to nonmedical diversions can be expected to improve our understanding of their impact and allow for more appropriate decision making during IFMEs.METHODS: The current study matched multiple disparate datasets, including medical data, flight plan and track data, passenger statistics, and financial data. Chi-squared analysis and independent samples t-tests compared diversion delays and costs metrics between flights diverted for medical vs. nonmedical reasons. Data were restricted to domestic flights between 1/1/2018 and 6/30/2019.RESULTS: Over 70% of diverted flights recover (continue on to their intended destination after diverting); however, flights diverted due to IFMEs recover more often and more quickly than do flights diverted for nonmedical reasons. IFME diversions introduce less delay overall and cost less in terms of direct operating costs and passenger value of time (averaging around 38,000) than do flights diverted for nonmedical reasons.DISCUSSION: Flights diverted due to IFMEs appear to have less impact overall than do flights diverted for nonmedical reasons. However, the lack of information related to costs for nonrecovered flights and the decision factors involved during nonmedical diversions hinders our ability to offer further insights.Lewis BA, Gawron VJ, Esmaeilzadeh E, Mayer RH, Moreno-Hines F, Nerwich N, Alves PM. Data-driven estimation of the impact of diversions due to in-flight medical emergencies on flight delay and aircraft operating costs. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2021; 92(2):99105.
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Abdulateef, Mustafa Yaseen, Mohammed Hasan Ali i Maher Alwan Hussen. "Estimation of loads for off-grid solar photovoltaic systems". International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 13, nr 2 (1.06.2022): 918. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v13.i2.pp918-925.
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Solar power is a renewable energy technology that turns sunlight into electricity using solar panels. The generated electricity can be stored or utilized immediately, returned to the grid, or combined with a renewable electricity source or several renewable technologies solar energy systems are a supply that is both dependable and environmentally friendly of energy that may be used for a range of applications, including commercial, industry, farming, and livestock needs. The system requires practically no maintenance, making it perfect for isolated locations. The near-zero operating costs outweigh the initial hefty installation costs. When evaluated at an ambient temperature of 25°C, a typical photovoltaic (PV) module outputs power with a maximum output voltage of roughly 17V. However, on a very warm day, it can drop to around 15V, and on a very freezing day, it can drop to around 15V, it can soar to 18V.
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Banker, Rajiv D., Dmitri Byzalov, Shunlan Fang i Yi Liang. "Cost Management Research". Journal of Management Accounting Research 30, nr 3 (1.11.2017): 187–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jmar-51965.
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ABSTRACTThe traditional view of cost behavior assumes a simple mechanistic relation between cost drivers and costs. In contrast, contemporary cost management research recognizes that costs are caused by managers' operating decisions subject to various constraints, incentives, and psychological biases. This conceptual innovation opens up the “black box” of cost behavior and gives researchers a powerful new way to use observed cost behavior as a lens to study the determinants and the consequences of managers' operating decisions. Banker and Byzalov (2014) presented an overview of the economic theory of cost behavior and major estimation issues. The research literature on cost management has grown rapidly in the past few years and has enhanced the understanding of how managerial decisions influence observed costs. In this study, we provide a comprehensive review of recent findings and insights, with a particular emphasis on the implications of cost management for understanding issues in cost, managerial, and financial accounting, and challenges and opportunities for future research.
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Lorenzoni, Arturo, i Laura Bano. "Renewable electricity costs in Italy: an estimation of the cost of operating in an uncertain world". International Journal of Environment and Pollution 39, nr 1/2 (2009): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijep.2009.027145.
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Kumalaningrum, Della, i Rinaldy Dalimi. "Estimation of Health Impacts and Externality Costs with the Robust Uniform World Model in the Muara Karang Generation Units". Jurnal Pendidikan Teknologi Kejuruan 6, nr 2 (21.06.2023): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jptk.v6i2.33423.
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To encourage national economic growth, efforts are made to maintain electricity availability in Indonesia. Until now, the need for electrical energy in Indonesia is still supplied by fossil fuel power plants, especially Steam Power Plants and Gas Steam Power Plants. One of the negative impacts arising from electricity generation activities is air pollution. Air pollution is produced in the form of waste gases such as PM10, SO2, NO2, and these gases causes global warming and impact of human health. In this study, the magnitude of the negative impact calculated based on the impact on public health, which will then be limited to economic value (cost of externalities). Cost of externalities are conditions when the effect of the production of goods or services imposes costs or benefits on other parties, and these costs are not reflected in the price charged for the goods or services produced. The estimation of public health impacts and externality costs calculated in this study comes from power plants operating at the Muara Karang Generation Unit using Robust Uniform World Model (RUWM). The research results show that the amount of health and externality costs obtained for each power plant are different because each power plant has different operating conditions. In PLTGU Block 1, the resulting externality cost was 18,51 cents USD/kWh, PLTGU Block 2 was 3,05 cents USD/kWh, and PLTGU Block 3 was 1,75 cents USD/kWh. The two Unit of PLTU Muara Karang generate different externality costs, namely 1,52 cents USD/kWh for PLTU Unit 4 and PLTU Unit 5 of 1,10 cents USD/kWh.
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Alzhanova, Raushan, Kirill Romanov, Alisher Akhatuly i Pavel Grigorev. "Estimation of Economic Efficiency in Selection of Mast Hoist Equipment, Based on Technical Characteristics". Applied Mechanics and Materials 725-726 (styczeń 2015): 1031–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.725-726.1031.
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This paper presents an economic comparison of using two different types of lifting. As an example we consider object with 15-storey and 25-storey building. Calculation of operating costs and purchase or rent, including all technical specifications for each of lifts in 15-storey and 25-storey buildings. Comparative analysis results show advantage of purchasing or renting of equipment
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Bushuev, Anton. "Energy and resource costs during the operation of softening filters on Ural water". Energy Systems 7, nr 2 (20.12.2022): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/es.2022.2.003.
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The main points of the regeneration of Na-cationite filters of the first stage with pre-connected "hungry" H-cationite filters in the conditions of operation on the Ural water at the intake near the city of Orsk, Orenburg region, are considered. The energy and resource costs of the filter cycle and the regeneration of the Na-cationite filter in the conditions of operation on the Ural water are estimated. The estimation of energy consumption for the regeneration of "hungry" H-cationite filters operating as the first stage in the chain of chemical purification of Ural water at the enterprise was made. The dependence of the specific consumption of salt, as a material resource, on the regeneration of the Na-cationite filter in relation to the size of the filter cycle is functionally shown. The specific consumption of sulfuric acid used for the "hungry" regeneration of H-cationite filters installed at the beginning of the water treatment chain is also analyzed. Averaging of all performance indicators of H-cationite and Na-cationite filters was carried out selectively for 12 months over the last 3 years of filter operation. The analysis of the features of the operation of these filters on Ural water was carried out under the conditions of using sulfocarbon in "hungry" H-cationite filters and KU-2-8 kathionite in Na-cationite filters.