Artykuły w czasopismach: „Opcwk”

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Witarti, Denik Iswardani, i Anggun Puspitasari. "Analysis Of The Failure Of Organizations For Prohibited of Chemical Weapon (OPCW) As The Organization For Disarmament On The Conflict Of Syria". Jurnal Pertahanan 4, nr 1 (12.04.2018): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33172/jp.v4i1.253.

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This paper analyzes the failure of the Organization for Prohibited of Chemical Weapon (OPCW) in handling chemical weapon disarmament in Syria. The use of chemical weapons by the Syrian government against its own citizens poses a challenge for OPCW in its role to ban the use and development of chemical weapons worldwide. OPCW itself formed in 1997 is an implementation of Chemical Weapon Convention (CWC) in 1993. The main problem of this study is OPCW failure factors to ban the use and development of chemical weapons in Syrian conflict. The study results show that the chemical weapon disarmament efforts in Syria by the OPCW by sending and destroying government-owned chemical weapons has failed. Although OPCW has claimed Syria has been freed from chemical weapons, it is still encountered the use of chemical weapons by ISIS terrorist groups and unofficial opposition groups. In conclusion, the role of the OPCW according to the concept of disarmament and the international organization is still not fully successful. OPCW is only able to detect the use of chemical weapons committed by the Syrian government. This organization has no authority in overcoming the problem of the misused chemical weapons committed by non-state actors.Keywords: Chemical weapons, Syrian conflict, OPCW, Disarmament.

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Kang, Seungmin, Seonhee Kim, David G. Churchill, Kang Ku i Yoonjeong Jang. "Review of recently reported Ricin detection techniques focusing on combined immunoassay detection with abrin and saxitoxin in human plasma". Journal of Advances in Military Studies 6, nr 2 (11.09.2023): 197–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.37944/jams.v6i2.191.

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Increasing non-traditional threats from biological or chemical weapons, the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) have tried to perform the preliminary analysis of biotoxin sample to standardize analysis methods and strengthen analytical capabilities among OPCW member countries. With the changes of new analysis, ROK CBRN Defense Research Institute (CDRI) established enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and cytotoxicity analysis methods for ricin, abrin, and saxitoxin through the OPCW exercise on Biotoxin sample analysis. Thus, this study aims to established analytical methods (ELISA and cytotoxicity analysis) for the biological toxins called ricin, abrin and saxitoxin according to recent OPCW Biotoxin detection exercise. In particular, to refine practical and effective methods of biological analysis, we reviewed recent research on scientific analysis of ricin as a potential bioterror weapon, letter with ricin sent in White House, and suggested future agendas for preparedness testing.

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Konopski, Leszek, Pingfeng Liu, Wuri Wuryani i Maciej Śliwakowski. "OPCW Proficiency Test: A Practical Approach Also for Interlaboratory Test on Detection and Identification of Pesticides in Environmental Matrices". Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/542357.

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An overview of general strategy, standard procedures, and critical points, which may be found during carrying out an OPCW Proficiency Test concerning detection and identification of scheduled compounds relevant to Chemical Weapon Convention, has been presented. The observations have been illustrated following the case of the Eight OPCW Designated Laboratories Proficiency Test, which was performed in the OPCW Laboratory in Rijswijk in November and December 2000. Various useful hints, comments, and practical observations concerning the case study have been included as well. The same methodology and procedures may be also applied for detection, identification, and environmental analyses of pesticides and biocides, especially organophosphorus compounds.

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Forman, Jonathan E., Christopher M. Timperley, Siqing Sun i Darcy van Eerten. "Chemistry and diplomacy". Pure and Applied Chemistry 90, nr 10 (25.10.2018): 1507–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0902.

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AbstractThe Chemical Weapons Convention is a science-based international treaty for the disarmament and non-proliferation of chemical weapons. The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) serves as its implementing body. The treaty bans chemicals weapons, includes a verification mechanism to monitor compliance, and requires scientific and technical expertise for effective implementation. This necessitates a continuous engagement with scientific communities, whether informal or institutionalized (as demonstrated by the Designated Laboratories, Validation Group, and Scientific Advisory Board (SAB), of the OPCW), to ensure operation of the treaty keeps pace with scientific advances, and that enabling opportunities to meet challenges through scientific advances can be seized. The effective use of science for treaty implementation demands scientific literacy for decision making. Herein, the Convention, its scientific basis, need for scientific expertise, and mechanisms through which the OPCW engages scientists, are described. The function of the OPCW SAB, its review of science and technology to advise disarmament and non-proliferation policymakers, and its role in raising awareness of science within the world of international diplomacy, are reviewed.

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Belford, Robert E., i Jonathan E. Forman. "Preface: Science, disarmament and diplomacy in chemical education: the example of the organisation for the prohibition of chemical weapons – The Spring 2016 Confchem". Pure and Applied Chemistry 89, nr 2 (1.02.2017): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2016-1115.

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AbstractIn May and June of 2016 the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), IUPAC and the ACS CHED Committee on Computers in Chemical Education (CCCE) collaboratively ran an online conference hosted with the online ConfChem conference system on “Science, Disarmament and Diplomacy in Chemical Education.”This ConfChem Online Conference was designed to highlight the work of the OPCW and the important contribution of scientists and educators to achieving its goals, the science that underpins the Chemical Weapons Convention, and how scientific and technological advances will help to better implement the Convention in the future.The OPCW is the implementing body for Chemical Weapons Convention, an international disarmament treaty banning chemical weapons. The organisation is now approaching the 20th anniversary of the entry into force of the Chemical Weapons Convention in 1997. Twenty years that have seen the destruction of more than 67 000 metric ton of the world’s declared military stockpiles of chemical weapons and a Nobel Peace Prize in 2013. With 192 States Parties (the governments that have agreed to uphold the norms and obligations required by the treaty), the Chemical Weapons Convention is the most widely subscribed disarmament treaty in history.Despite the aforementioned successes, the OPCW is not widely recognized outside disarmament-focused diplomatic circles. This is in spite of the fact that the science of chemistry played a critical role in informing the negotiations that lead to the signing of the Chemical Weapons Convention, and underpinning the articles of implementation. Science represents an important dimension in international disarmament policy and diplomacy, requiring that organizations like the OPCW interact with the scientific communities – especially in the field of chemistry. In order to achieve its goals in the future, the OPCW will need to reach out to new stakeholders and strengthen its ties with its existing partners. To this end, the OPCW has been placing increasing priority on education and engagement to raise awareness of its work and the contributions both from and to science in chemical disarmament.The objective of this internationally open access ConfChem online conference was to bring forth educational material that could usefully introduce chemistry educators and students to the nexus of science and multilateral diplomacy in chemical disarmament. To this end, we introduce the seven papers of the ConfChem and their authors. We hope you enjoy this collection of papers at the intersection of science and international disarmament policy. A collection that looks to stimulate interest in the role of scientists and educators, especially chemists in making the world a safer place.

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Sossai, Mirko. "Identifying the Perpetrators of Chemical Attacks in Syria". Journal of International Criminal Justice 17, nr 2 (1.05.2019): 211–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqz013.

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Abstract In June 2018, the Conference of States Parties of the 1993 Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction (Chemical Weapons Convention) decided to create an Investigation and Identification Team. This is a new mechanism within the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) Technical Secretariat ‘to identify the perpetrators of the use of chemical weapons in the Syrian Arab Republic’. This article analyses the background and main features of this decision and draws some preliminary conclusions on the role of the Investigation and Identification Team and its potential impact for the investigation and prosecution of crimes linked to the use of chemical weapons in Syria. Thus, after describing the events surrounding various fact-finding missions in Syria under the auspices of the OPCW and the United Nations, it considers the legal basis to interpret the Chemical Weapons Convention as enabling the OPCW to put in place arrangements to identify the perpetrators of the use of chemical weapons in Syria and elsewhere.

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Trapp, Ralf, i Lisa Tabassi. "The first OPCW Review Conference of the Chemical Weapons Convention". Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 5 (grudzień 2002): 407–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1389135900001173.

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The First Special Session of the Conference of the States Parties to Review the Operation of the Chemical Weapons Convention (the First Review Conference) was convened by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) from 28 April to 9 May 2003 in The Hague, the Netherlands. This article examines the mandate of the Review Conference, as stipulated by the Chemical Weapons Convention (Convention or CWC), the preparations undertaken by the OPCW and its Member States, the issues that could have been raised, and those that were addressed in the Political Declaration and the Report adopted by the First Review Conference.

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Orakhelashvili, Alexander. "The Attribution Decision Adopted by the opcw’s Conference of States Parties and Its Legality". International Organizations Law Review 17, nr 3 (9.12.2020): 664–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15723747-2019015.

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This contribution examines the legal merit of the Decision Addressing the Treat from Chemical Weapons, adopted by the 89th Session of the General Conference of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (‘opcw’) on 27 July 2018. While relating to matters of high political importance, this Decision still raises important issues of the constitutionality of international organizations’ use of their delegated powers. This contribution pursues the detail of this matter, by focusing, among others, on the scope of the opcw’s authority under the Chemical Weapons Convention and the relationship between the opcw and the United Nations.

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Patel, Bimal N. "The Accountability of International Organisations: A Case Study of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons". Leiden Journal of International Law 13, nr 3 (wrzesień 2000): 571–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156500000364.

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The law of international organisations needs to address comprehensively, the legal question of the accountability of such Organisations. In the contemporary world, whereas states, multinational corporations, and individuals can be held accountable under applicable systems of law, there is no equivalent set of rules that applies to international organisations. The OPCW, a global disarmament Organisation, is a good model of an accountable Organisation. The Chemical Weapons Convention embodies various sets of rules and provisions, which ensure the accountable functioning of the Organisation. This article examines the concept of the accountability of international organisations as envisioned by the International Law Association, and analyses the concept in the context of the OPCW.

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Laura Howes. "OPCW starts construction of new ChemTech Centre". C&EN Global Enterprise 99, nr 36 (4.10.2021): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-09936-polcon2.

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Parshall, G. W. "Trends in processing and manufacturing that will affect implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention". Pure and Applied Chemistry 74, nr 12 (1.01.2002): 2259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200274122259.

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Several new developments in synthesis science and manufacturing technology may affect the task of implementing the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) constraints on the production of toxic agents for military or terrorist purposes. The combination of automated synthesis methods and high-throughput screening protocols could potentially yield new toxic agents not specifically proscribed by the CWC, but such approaches are unlikely to seriously impact the work of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) in the near future. On the other hand, new developments in manufacturing may have a serious impact on the work of the OPCW inspectors. The wide use of versatile, multipurpose production facilities in making fine chemicals complicates the task of discerning whether a particular facility is used only for nonprohibited purposes under the CWC. New catalytic processes and automated process control permit production of toxic chemicals with fewer emissions that contaminate the environment and might provide clues to the nature of the processes being conducted. Tiny microreactors operated continuously under computer control can produce significant quantities of toxic chemicals (including CWC scheduled compounds) with a very small “footprint”within a larger production facility. These technical developments together with the dispersal of chemical production facilities and skills may seriously complicate the tasks of the OPCW inspectors.

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Ballard, Joseph, i Jonathan E. Forman. "Education, outreach and the OPCW: growing partnerships for a global ban". Pure and Applied Chemistry 89, nr 2 (1.02.2017): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2016-0903.

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AbstractThe Chemical Weapons Convention remains a landmark international treaty. It was the first multilateral agreement to ban an entire class of weapons of mass destruction and include a strict verification regime to monitor compliance. Scientists were not only deeply engaged in the negotiation of the Chemical Weapons Convention, but have been central to the life of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) ever since it came into existence almost 20 years ago. Over that time, during which the OPCW focused primarily on its mission to oversee the destruction of chemical weapons stockpiles, the organization has relied on a very committed core of scientific expertise – from within and outside – to help guide it. As that core task comes to a close, the Organization faces a new challenge: ensuring that chemical weapons do not return. Meeting that challenge will require new approaches to the OPCW’s mission.

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Pearson, Graham S., i Peter Mahaffy. "Education, outreach, and codes of conduct to further the norms and obligations of the Chemical Weapons Convention (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 78, nr 11 (1.01.2006): 2169–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200678112169.

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The 2002 IUPAC evaluation of scientific and technological advances relevant to the operation of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) included a recommendation that greater efforts are required in education and outreach to the worldwide scientific and technical community to increase awareness of the CWC and its benefits. In 2004, the President of IUPAC and the Director-General of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) agreed on a proposal for a joint project on chemistry education, outreach, and the professional conduct of chemists. This led to a joint IUPAC/OPCW international workshop held in Oxford, UK on 9-12 July 2005 with 27 participants from 18 different countries. This report sets out the background to the workshop, the scope of the presentations and discussions, the outcomes of the workshop, and the recommended steps to further chemical education, outreach, and codes of conduct in regard to the obligations of the CWC.

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Grigoriu, Nicoleta, Constantin Nicolae Toader, Panaghia Deliu i Dănuț Moșteanu. "Challenges for Sample Preparation and Analysis of New Matrices During the OPCW Proficiency Tests". International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 23, nr 3 (27.06.2017): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2017-0171.

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Abstract In the OPCW Proficiency Tests usually two sets of three samples each (test sample, control, blank) are sent for analysis, with no indication for the type of the sample. Each set of samples can be prepared in a different matrix, with organic solvent, water and soil as the most frequent ones. Thus each sample has to be analyzed like a test sample. Participants are requested to identify any chemical contained in the schedules of the Chemical Weapons Convention plus all the degradation products that can originate from them; this involves millions of possible chemicals. Usually, a spiking level of ≈10 ppm is applied. Only chemicals that are considered relevant within the scenario of the proficiency test are to be reported. The choice of sample preparation method strongly depends on the composition of the sample and on the requirements for the different analytical techniques employed in the screening and analysis. Because the sample composition of proficiency test samples is unknown, no target compound sample preparation methods can be applied. New matrices, never used in a PT before, required participants to develop new or to adopt existing sample preparation methods. The new matrices from the 38th OPCW PT were linked to food, biodiesel like used cooking oil methyl ester and a 2% Agar-agar solution (solid gel). Aluminium metal and artificial rainwater chosen to provide matrix challenge for the 40th OPCW PT. The paper provides the challenges that are generated by the new and complex matrices, how to work up gel sample, the tendency of biodiesel to form emulsions, how to sub-sample “metal fragments”, and the method of extractions.

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Forman, Jonathan E., Christopher M. Timperley, Pål Aas, Mohammad Abdollahi, Isel Pascual Alonso, Augustin Baulig, Renate Becker-Arnold i in. "Innovative technologies for chemical security". Pure and Applied Chemistry 90, nr 10 (25.10.2018): 1527–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0908.

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AbstractAdvances across the chemical and biological (life) sciences are increasingly enabled by ideas and tools from sectors outside these disciplines, with information and communication technologies playing a key role across 21st century scientific development. In the face of rapid technological change, the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), the implementing body of the Chemical Weapons Convention (“the Convention”), seeks technological opportunities to strengthen capabilities in the field of chemical disarmament. The OPCW Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) in its review of developments in science and technology examined the potential uses of emerging technologies for the implementation of the Convention at a workshop entitled “Innovative Technologies for Chemical Security”, held from 3 to 5 July 2017, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The event, organized in cooperation with the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine of the United States of America, the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, and the Brazilian Chemical Society, was attended by 45 scientists and engineers from 22 countries. Their insights into the use of innovative technological tools and how they might benefit chemical disarmament and non-proliferation informed the SAB’s report on developments in science and technology for the Fourth Review Conference of the Convention (to be held in November 2018), and are described herein, as are recommendations that the SAB submitted to the OPCW Director-General and the States Parties of the Convention. It is concluded that technologies exist or are under development that could be used for investigations, contingency, assistance and protection, reducing risks to inspectors, and enhancing sampling and analysis.

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Hartshorn, Richard M., i Jonathan Forman. "Building Broader and Deeper Links Between OPCW and IUPAC". Chemistry International 41, nr 2 (1.04.2019): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ci-2019-0210.

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Cesa, Mark C., Vitor Francisco Ferreira, Jonathan E. Forman, Cheng Tang, Christopher M. Timperley, Camly Tran i Bernard West. "OPCW-IUPAC Workshop on Innovative Technologies for Chemical Security". Pure and Applied Chemistry 90, nr 10 (25.10.2018): 1501–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0701.

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AbstractThe Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), The National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine of the USA, the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, and the Brazilian Chemical Society held a workshop: “Innovative Technologies for Chemical Security”, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 3 to 5 July 2017. This event was part of a four workshop series held to inform the report of the OPCW Scientific Advisory Board on developments in science and technology to the Fourth Review Conference of the Chemical Weapons Convention, which will be held in November 2018. The workshop explored the potential of new technologies to enhance capabilities for the implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention. There is a continuing need for recognition that emerging scientific developments can have beneficial applications with respect to implementation of the Convention, particularly in prevention of re-emergence of chemical weapons. The objectives of this workshop were to present, discuss and critically evaluate the emergence and practical applications of new and existing technologies – as tools for detecting biochemical change in complex environments – and the applications of these technologies in support of chemical disarmament and chemical security. This issue of Pure and Applied Chemistry presents a series of papers that originate from topics discussed in the workshop. This preface describes the scientific review process for the Chemical Weapons Convention and how it was supported by the Rio de Janeiro workshop, as well as introducing the papers in the collection and their corresponding authors.

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Brown, Clarence. "Role of the OPCW in Response to Chemical Accidents". Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, S1 (marzec 2003): S17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00057861.

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Tsatsakis, Aristidis. "Promoting the work of the OPCW through toxicology societies". Toxicology Letters 258 (wrzesień 2016): S33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.06.1225.

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Wickremasinghe, Chanaka. "Casenote: The Bustani Case Before the ILOAT". International Organizations Law Review 1, nr 1 (2004): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1572374043242358.

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AbstractOn one reading the decision of the International Labour Organisation Administrative Tribunal (ILOAT) on the complaint of Jose Bustani against Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) appears to take the law of international organisations in new directions in relation to the vexed question of judicial review of the acts of the political organs of international organisations. The judgment purports to set aside a decision of the plenary organ of the OPCW to remove its Director-General before the expiry of his fixed-term employment contract. However, the position of the chief administrative officer of an international organisation has a dual aspect, in that as well as being an employee of the organisation he or she also plays a significant "constitutional" role as part of the structure of the organisation, with significant responsibilities contributing to the fulfilment of its functions. The judgment of the ILOAT seeks as far as possible to treat the Director-General as simply an employee of the organisation and only occasionally focuses on his broader role within the organisation.

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Parshall, G. W., G. S. Pearson, T. D. Inch i Edwin D. Becker. "Impact of scientific developments on the Chemical Weapons Convention (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 74, nr 12 (1.01.2002): 2323–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200274122323.

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This document was prepared as a report from IUPAC to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) to provide an evaluation of scientific and technological advances in the chemical sciences relevant to the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). The report is intended to assist OPCW and its Member States in preparation for the First Review Conference to be held on 28 April 2003. The CWC, now ratified by 145 nations and in effect since 1997, totally prohibits the production, storage, or use of toxic chemicals as weapons of war. This report is based on an IUPAC Workshop held in Bergen**, Norway, 30 June to 3 July 2002. The report highlights developments in organic synthesis and changes in chemical plant design that will pose new challenges to the Convention, but it also describes recent and probable future developments in analytical chemistry that should assist in implementation of the Convention. The key issues identified at the Workshop are listed, and the findings and observations are summarized in 18 points.

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Trapp, Ralf. "Novičok, die Skripal Affäre und das Chemiewaffenübereinkommen". SIRIUS – Zeitschrift für Strategische Analysen 2, nr 3 (3.09.2018): 219–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sirius-2018-3002.

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KurzfassungDer versuchte Mord an Sergei und Yulia Skripal in Salisbury am 4. März 2018 enthüllte öffentlich ein Problem, das bereits viele Jahre unter der Oberfläche gebrütet hatte: das Fehlen von Novičoks bei den Umsetzungsprozessen des Chemiewaffenübereinkommens. Dieser Beitrag erinnert an das, was öffentlich über diese Gruppe von Nervenkampfstoffe der nächsten Generation bekannt ist, die am Ende des Kalten Krieges in der Sowjetunion und in Russland entwickelt wurden. Anschließend wird untersucht, wie sich die Kontroverse um die Skripal-Affäre entwickelt hat. Es werden die ihr zugrundeliegenden Bedenken der westlichen Staaten hinsichtlich der von ihnen als lückenhaft wahrgenommenen russischen Erklärung unter dem Chemiewaffenübereinkommen erklärt, die zur Verfügung stehenden Mechanismen, die diese Kontroverse lösen könnten, diskutiert und einige Auswirkungen für das globale Verbot von chemischen Waffen identifiziert, falls sich die Angelegenheit nicht lösen lässt. Der Beitrag stellt diese Diskussion in einen breiteren Kontext: das Klima in der OPCW hat sich in den letzten Jahren angesichts der anhaltenden Besorgnis über die Situation im Nahen Osten verschlechtert, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die mutmaßliche Nichteinhaltung der Kernbestimmungen des Chemiewaffenübereinkommens durch Syrien. Abschließend bietet das Papier einige Denkanstöße, wie bevorstehende Ereignisse (die Amtseinführung eines neuen Generaldirektors bei der OPCW und die vierte Überprüfungskonferenz des CWÜ) helfen können, den Schaden zu begrenzen.

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Kim, Hyunsuk, Changhee Jung i Yonghan Lee. "Analysis Study on 32^nd OPCW Proficiency Test Sample with GC-TSQ CI". Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology 17, nr 6 (5.12.2014): 828–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.9766/kimst.2014.17.6.828.

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Brett, Christopher M. A., i Hugh D. Burrows. "IUPAC and the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 92, nr 4 (28.04.2020): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2020-0110.

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Makdisi, Karim, i Coralie Pison Hindawi. "Exploring the UN and OPCW Partnership in Syrian Chemical Weapons Disarmament". Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations 25, nr 4 (10.12.2019): 535–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19426720-02504003.

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Abstract After reviewing recent literature on international organizations’ autonomy and cooperation, this article explores the unprecedented partnership between the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons—implementing body for the Chemical Weapons Convention—and the UN Secretariat during the 2013–2014 chemical weapons disarmament in Syria. The article explores how this collaboration, embodied on the ground through the creation of a Joint Mission, evolved from hesitant, bureaucratic rivalry to an increasingly intense relationship in the aftermath of a large-scale attack near Damascus in August 2013. The research is based on wide-ranging interviews with senior OPCW and UN staff, and relevant state officials. The article shows how international shocks, high-level support from key Member States, and leadership at the Secretariat level produced requisite intra- and interorganizational consensus to mitigate turf wars. Relative autonomy of mission staff and bureaucratic flexibility further allowed skilled boundary spanners to build trust and increase the mission’s leeway, allowing it to navigate complex political challenges.

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Budiman, Harry. "ANALYSIS AND IDENTIFICATION SPIKING CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS RELATED TO CHEMICAL WEAPON CONVENTION IN UNKNOWN WATER SAMPLES USING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY ELECTRON IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY". Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 7, nr 3 (20.06.2010): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21672.

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The identification and analysis of chemical warfare agents and their degradation products is one of important component for the implementation of the convention. Nowadays, the analytical method for determination chemical warfare agent and their degradation products has been developing and improving. In order to get the sufficient analytical data as recommended by OPCW especially in Proficiency Testing, the spiking chemical compounds related to Chemical Weapon Convention in unknown water sample were determined using two different techniques such as gas chromatography and gas chromatography electron-impact ionization mass spectrometry. Neutral organic extraction, pH 11 organic extraction, cation exchanged-methylation, triethylamine/methanol-silylation were performed to extract the chemical warfare agents from the sample, before analyzing with gas chromatography. The identification of chemical warfare agents was carried out by comparing the mass spectrum of chemicals with mass spectrum reference from the OPCW Central Analytical Database (OCAD) library while the retention indices calculation obtained from gas chromatography analysis was used to get the confirmation and supported data of the chemical warfare agents. Diisopropyl methylphosphonate, 2,2-diphenyl-2-hydroacetic acid and 3-quinuclidinol were found in unknown water sample. Those chemicals were classified in schedule 2 as precursor or reactant of chemical weapons compound in schedule list of Chemical Weapon Convention. Keywords: gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, retention indices, OCAD library, chemical warfare agents

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Nur Auliya Chasanah. "ANALISI RELIGI DALAM ALBUM SEMESTA BERTASBIH KARYA OPICK". Buana Bastra 4, nr 2 (3.02.2022): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.36456/bastra.vol4.no2.a5021.

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Kajian penyanyi ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji menganalisis nilai-nilai religi yang ada di hati Album The Universe Bertasbih Karya Opcik. Obyek Penelitian Penyanyi Opcik yang bertajuk Album Of The Universe Mengagungkan di dalamnya ada 10 lirik yang akan dianalisis. Penelitiaan penyanyi menggunakan Teori Religiusitas yang meliputi 3 Hubungan, Yaitu: (1) Hubungan Manusia dengan Tuhan, (2) Hubungan Manusia dengan Manusia, dan (3) Hubungan Manusia dengan Alam. Namun di dalam hati Peneliti Peneliti Peneliti hanya menemukan 2 Hubungan Saja, Yaitu : (1) Hubungan Manusia dengan Tuhan, dan (2) Hubungan Manusia Hubungan Manusia. Teknik Penelitian Penyanyi menggunakan teknik analisis data yang bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan unsur religiositas yang ada di hati album. Religiositas adalah penyatuan hati sastra Cocok Untuk menulis keadaan pikiran dan penghayatan agama Manusia terapan atau yang ditulis melalui karya sastra yaitu hati sebuah lagu. Teori religiositas penyanyi menghubungkan fakta dengan kualitas Menurunnya apresiasi orangutan terhadap hati religius atau dengan hilangnya ketagwaan terkait kedalaman dan hakikat dasar-dasar agama universal. Dari 10 judul lagu Peneliti menemukan 60 Data Religiusitas Yang Meliputi Hubungan Manusia Dengan Tuhan, Dan Manusia Dengan Manusia. Dari 60 peneliti mengklasifikasikan data berdasarkan lagu yang telah dianalisis. tentang pengelompokan keangungan Tuhan Peneliti menemukan 22 Data, 7 Data asma Tuhan, 5 Data pengelompokan kalimat dosa, 1 Data kesombongan, 1 Data kata-kata memuji Tuhan, 5 Data Perlindungan, 7 Data takdir, 4 Data Waktu, 5 Data tentang kesabaran, 2 Data Ketenangan, dan 4 Data kasih sayang. Penyampaian kajian literatur agama dapat menjadi sarana untuk memperluas pemahaman manusia tentang ilmu agama hanya doa Dengan begitu mensyiarkan hati dengan sebuah karya sastra berupa lagu agar masyarakat lebih tertarik untuk menyimaknya.

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Herman, David, Alžběta Dlabková, Nela Váňová, Lukáš Prchal, Marie Vajrychová, Rafael Doležal, Petr Bzonek i Daniel Jun. "OPCW BIOMEDICAL PROFICIENCY TEST IN THE LABORATORY OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AT THE DEPARTMENT OF TOXICOLOGY AND MILITARY PHARMACY". Military Medical Science Letters 89, nr 3 (4.09.2020): 126–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31482/mmsl.2020.011.

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Glotov, E. N., V. P. Kotov, I. A. Lozanov, M. L. Makarov, О. М. Nikitin, А. М. Fleyer i N. I. Shilo. "International Terrorism Using Toxic Chemicals as an Element of Hybrid Warfare". Journal of NBC Protection Corps 7, nr 1 (4.08.2023): 36–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-1-36-52.

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Modern terrorism is a complex system that consists of a complex of complementary processes – ideological, criminal, military, political, religious and nationalistic. Chemical terrorism is one of the elements of hybrid warfare – a new technology in the fight for the reorganization of the world at the present stage. The purpose of this article is to consider one of the elements of hybrid wars – chemical terrorism. Sources and informational basis of the research, methodology. In this work, the sources published by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) were used. The publications available through the databases PubMed, Google Scholar, eLibrary, etc. were also studied. Research method – system analysis. The probability of the use of chemical warfare agents and toxic chemicals by terrorists of various ideological orientations as part of a hybrid war strategy has been studied. The discussion of the results. Hybrid military conflicts of a non-classical nature involve the participation of international terrorist organizations in hostilities. The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction (CWC) does not explicitly prohibit non-state actors from obtaining and using chemical weapons. This situation is very convenient for the states that have signed the CWC and use terrorist organizations as part of the strategy of indirect action. In such cases the information and psychological operations are aimed at the collapse and fragmentation of countries, undermining their ability to resist, discrediting their leaders, and causing a split in the ranks of the allies. This was most clearly shown in the incidents with the use of toxic chemicals in Syria. Conclusion. Working groups under the auspices of the UN and the OPCW, sent to Syria to investigate incidents with the use of sarin, proved unable to conduct objective investigations. They usually ended up on the side of the sponsors of chemical terrorist attacks, despite the evidence of falsification. This, in turn, can lead to serious military conflicts, for which the role of casus belli will be played by false news from the global media. The only mechanism that made it possible to stop such provocations in Syria was a public warning from the Russian side about the place and time of the planned false flag attack. At the same time, such a selective position of the UN and the OPCW can at any moment lead to the loss of the control over chemical weapons in certain regions of the world.

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Revelo, Herman Alberto, Vincenzo Landi, Diana López-Alvarez, Yineth Alexandra Palacios, Samuel R. Paiva, Concepta McManus, Elena Ciani i Luz Ángela Alvarez. "New Insight into the Genome-Wide Diversity and Admixture of Six Colombian Sheep Populations". Genes 13, nr 8 (9.08.2022): 1415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13081415.

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Creole sheep represent a strategic genetic resource for populations living in marginal areas under financial restrictions on the American continent. Six Colombian sheep breeds (two wool (BCL-Boyacá and NCL-Nariño, 12 and 14 samples) and four hair (OPCE-Ethiopian, 54 samples; OPCS-Sudan, 74 samples; OPCP-Pelibeuy, 59 samples; OPCW-Wayúu, 24 samples) were genotyped using the Illumina Ovine SNP50 BeadChip. Data was also included from international 44 breeds from International Sheep Genomics Consortium (ISGC) and from data published in previous a previous work on the Caribbean and African breeds. Although geographically separated, wool (NCL, BCL) and hair types (OPCE, OPCS, OPCW) presented little genetic differentiation (FST 0.05) at a global level but several groups of animals separated suggesting local clustering due to geographical isolation. The OPCP underwent a recent crossing with Mexican Pelibuey, explaining its differentiation. Findings in this work such as the proximity to West African Djallonké (WAD) and Barbados Black Belly (BBB), suggest different introductions of African type animals from the Caribbean region on a pre-existing genetic basis formed by animals deriving from the first importations coming from Europe in colonial times. As expected, Colombian wool breeds showed, in particular in Admixture software results, a greater genomic component in common with European breeds and in particular with Iberian ones (Churra). This study provides a basis for future research into the genetic diversity within and between the Colombian sheep breeds analysed, and scientific data for policy decisions on Farm Animal Genetic Resources (FAnGR).

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Boes, Evita, Dyah Styarini, Nuryatini Nuryatini i Harry Budiman. "Analisis senjata kimia melalui uji profisiensi organisation prohibition of chemical weapon (OPCW)". Jurnal Standardisasi 11, nr 1 (15.03.2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.31153/js.v11i1.12.

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Gee, John. "Advances in science and technology. Maintaining the effectiveness of the Chemical Weapons Convention". Pure and Applied Chemistry 74, nr 12 (1.01.2002): 2229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200274122229.

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A truly chemical weapons-free world can be achieved only with the active support and backing of the international scientific community. With input from the scientific and industrial communities, the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) was finalized in 1992 and entered into force in 1997. This paper provides a summary of the operations of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), describes some of the major challenges facing the Convention, and suggests ways in which scientific advances might be able to improve the implementation of the Convention.

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Balali-Mood, Mahdi, Pieter S. Steyn, Leiv K. Sydnes i Ralf Trapp. "Impact of scientific developments on the Chemical Weapons Convention (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 80, nr 1 (1.01.2008): 175–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200880010175.

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This report summarizes the findings and recommendations of an international workshop that was organized jointly by IUPAC and the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), and held in Zagreb, Croatia, from 22 to 25 April 2007. It was held to assist with preparation for the Second Review Conference of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), which will commence in April 2008. The CWC has been in force since 29 April 1997, and today 182 States have joined the Convention. The CWC aims at the total prohibition of all chemical weapons (CW) and the destruction of all CW stockpiles and production facilities by 2007. Extensions have been agreed upon and, for some CW stockpiles, the deadline is now 2012. This disarmament is subject to strict international verification by the OPCW. The CWC also prohibits the development, production, acquisition, stockpiling, and retention of CW and requires national implementation measures, including legislation, together with the international verification of chemical industry facilities. Furthermore, the CWC aims to strengthen States Parties' capacities in the field of protection against CW, and encourages international cooperation in the peaceful application of chemistry. The CWC requires that reviews of the operation of the Convention are carried out at five-year intervals and specifies that such reviews "shall take into account any relevant scientific and technological developments", so as to ensure the continued effectiveness of the treaty and of its verification and implementation systems. This report has been prepared to assist the parties of the CWC with that review.

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Dojas, Alberto E. "The Privileges and Immunities of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons". International Organizations Law Review 12, nr 1 (20.11.2015): 237–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15723747-01201009.

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This practice note describes the privileges and immunities legal framework of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. This legal regime shows a certain complexity derived for the peculiar character of a disarmament and verification institution, whose intrusiveness poses many challenges to States Parties, particularly on the privileges and immunities of inspection teams and the protection of confidential information. The opcw managed to protect its privileges and immunities adequately, without almost no legal conflicts both at the domestic and international level. The disputes settlement mechanisms play an important role in providing ways to avoid legal controversies.

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Dunworth, Treasa. "Towards a Culture of Legality in International Organizations: The Case of the OPCW". International Organizations Law Review 5, nr 1 (2008): 119–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157237408x327759.

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Silva, T. C., C. N. Ferreira, M. Cardozo i R. L. de Paula. "Participation on official proficiency test of the OPCW: case study of Brazilian Army – IDQBRN". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 975 (marzec 2018): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/975/1/012016.

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Borrett, Veronica, Christopher M. Timperley, Jonathan E. Forman i Cheng Tang. "Investigative science and technology supporting the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)". Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences 51, nr 6 (26.12.2018): 611–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00450618.2018.1559356.

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Zhou, Qifeng. "Keeping Momentum up and Looking Forward". Chemistry International 40, nr 1 (1.01.2018): 2–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ci-2018-0101.

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Abstract At the beginning of a new biennium, the first thing is always to have a look at what we have accomplished, where we are, and to think about what to do next. I thank the volunteers and the staff of the Union for their excellent work over the last two years. Highlights include the naming of four new elements, progress on the revision of IUPAC’s “color books,” the release of several IUPAC Recommendations, the granting of many awards, the establishment of the Interdivisional Committee on Green Chemistry for Sustainable Development, and strengthened cooperation with other international organizations, including the Organization for Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) and the International Younger Chemists Network.

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Grigoriu, Nicoleta, Gabriel Epure, Raluca Ginghina i Danut Mosteanu. "An Overview Of The OPCW’s Programme For Biomedical Samples Analysis". International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 21, nr 3 (1.06.2015): 815–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2015-0138.

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Abstract Since 2009 the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) has been organizing and conducting confidence-building exercises for biomedical samples analysis. The purpose of the exercises was to begin and continue building expertise in the analysis of biomedical samples relevant to the investigation of incidents of alleged use of chemical weapons. The exercise consists of a number of samples for which the laboratory will be request to identify and determine the approximate concentration of a specified set of metabolic products of Chemical Weapons Convention scheduled chemicals. The paper provides an overview of the current status of the confidence-building exercises and the implication of the Scientific Research Centre for CBRN Defence and Ecology to the OPCW’s programme for biomedical samples analysis.

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Rajah, Trevor Michael, Grant Dawson i Lydia Aylett. "The Chemical Weapons Convention and the Contribution of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons to Sustainable Development". Journal of Conflict and Security Law 24, nr 3 (2019): 617–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcsl/krz023.

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Abstract The concepts of disarmament, counter-terrorism, and sustainable development are interdependent and inextricably linked. In order to achieve the goals set out in the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, states must abandon the competitive ‘arms culture’, cooperate to prevent violence by non-state actors, and divert resources towards peace and security. This article examines the past, present and future role of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) in furthering sustainable development through disarmament and counter-terrorism. As the Organisation considers its future priorities and focuses on promoting the peaceful use of chemistry and preventing the re-emergence of chemical weapons, the links between peace, security, and development will continue to be of critical importance.

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Sakovich, Marina V., Oksana Yu Khaibulina i Natalya A. Pavlova. "NMR spectroscopy application for the alkylphosphonic asids detection and identification in OPCW professional test samples". Chemistry and Technology of Organic Substances, nr 1 (2021): 56–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54468/25876724_2021_1_56.

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Prakoso, Lorie Tegar. "LAW ENFORCEMENT IN THE USE OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS IN ARMED CONFLICT". E-Jurnal SPIRIT PRO PATRIA 5, nr 2 (30.03.2019): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.29138/spirit.v5i2.1000.

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Despite the declaration of St. Petersburg in 1868, Brussels Declaration of 1874, Hague Convention of 1899. Chemical weapons were used even in warfare which resulted in the deaths of more than one hundred thousand people and around one million people injured. The 1925 Geneva Protocol prohibits the use of biological weapons and chemical weapons, but does not prohibit the development, production, stockpiling or distribution, and does not regulate the handling mechanisms and procedures in the event of a violation. Then the Chemical Weapon Convention (CWC) was formed which regulates the use of chemical weapons in general, which means during times of peace or armed conflict. There are several forms of sanctions that can be imposed on parties to disputes in the internal Syrian conflict, namely non-military sanctions and military sanctions. In the context of international law, non-military sanctions are regulated in Article 41 of the UN Charter while military sanctions are regulated in Article 42 of the UN Charter which determines the authority of the UN Security Council to impose sanctions. The involvement of OPCW as an international organization in disarming chemical weapons by terrorist IS and opposition groups that are not recognized by the Syrian government has limited operations. Therefore, OPCW as an international organization based on CWC in world chemical disarmament requires greater authority and fluency in upholding its rules. According to article 13 letter b of the Rome Statute it has been stipulated that the UN Security Council based on its authority under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter has the right to submit to the Court through the Prosecutor for crimes that have not or have not ratified the Statute. Article 13 letter b of the ICC is a strong and legal juridical basis to legitimize the UN Security Council in making policies to hand over cases of gross human rights violations in the Syrian conflict to the ICC.

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43

Manley, R. G. "Verification under the Chemical Weapons Convention. A reflective review". Pure and Applied Chemistry 74, nr 12 (1.01.2002): 2235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200274122235.

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The verification regime of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) has now been in operation for more than five years. Its two principal components are the declarations to be made by States Parties and the on-site inspections carried out by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) inspectors to verify these declarations. Its implementation has proved to be a resounding success - more than 1200 on-site inspections have been carried out in ver 50 of the Convention ’s 145 States Parties and many practical lessons have been learned. To ensure the continued success of the verification regime, some problems -particularly in relation to industry declarations, the updating of the approved list of inspection equipment, on-site sampling and analysis, and off-site analysis- need to be resolved.

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Leguizamón S, María Angélica. "The Organization for Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) and its hard work for peace and global security". Memorias del Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud 14, nr 2 (15.09.2016): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18004/mem.iics/1812-9528/2016.014(02)04-007.

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Abzianidze, Victoria V., Yulia V. Chelusnova, Georgy V. Karakashev, Dmitrii M. Kochura, Michael A. Leninskii, Alexander Yu. Gorbunov, Mariya D. Shachneva, Denis V. Krivorotov i Anton I. Ukolov. "Synthesis of a tripeptide biomarker of exposure to sulfur mustard for support of OPCW biomedical proficiency tests". Mendeleev Communications 31, nr 6 (listopad 2021): 867–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mencom.2021.11.033.

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Hayashi, Mika. "Benefits of a Legally Non-Binding Agreement: The Case of the 2013 US-Russian Agreement on the Elimination of Syrian Chemical Weapons". International Community Law Review 20, nr 2 (17.04.2018): 252–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341375.

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Abstract The deal struck between the United States and Russia in September 2013, the ‘Framework for Elimination of Syrian Chemical Weapons,’ amounts to a legally non-binding agreement, and not a treaty. The objective of this agreement – namely, that of averting the pending crisis in Syria at that time – highlights what a non-binding agreement, as opposed to a treaty, can do. Somewhat curiously, various actors kept referring to the 2013 agreement even when binding instruments covering the same questions were in place. Thus, this note also explores the distinct benefits of the 2013 agreement even in the presence of the binding instruments. In some cases, the preference for the 2013 agreement can be explained as a search for leverage against Russia. In other cases, the rhetorical preference for the non-binding agreement could indicate a desire to discuss the question of enforcement without addressing institutional requirements of the OPCW or the UN Security Council.

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Akhmetov, A. I., A. I. Glushakov i T. G. Mamedova. "HISTORICAL ANALYSIS, ASSESSMENT AND GLOBAL TRENDS IN HEALTHY LIFE EXPECTANCY". EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 6/8, nr 147 (2024): 192–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2024.06.08.028.

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The expected duration of a healthy life (hereinafter referred to as the life expectancy) estimates the number of years that a person is expected to live with good health. This concept is important to take into account the quality of life, not just its duration. Sullivan’s method of assessment of HPP combines data on mortality and health status. However, there are limitations such as subjectivity in the definition of “healthy”, data quality, and complexity of interpretation. Historically, the criterion of HPA has evolved, taking into account improvements in health and social conditions, including a more complete assessment of aspects of health and quality of life. Globally, there is a positive trend associated with the development of healthcare and medical technologies. There are differences in HPP between developed, developing and African countries. In Russia, there are also differences in health insurance by region related to socio-economic factors, access to medical care and lifestyle. Cities have a higher rate of HPP than rural areas and individual regions such as Siberia and the Caucasus. The analysis of the literature data revealed positive changes in healthy life expectancy in various countries. Japan, South Korea, the Scandinavian countries, Costa Rica, Iceland, Australia, Norway, and New Zealand showed significant increases in HDI associated with improved health care, socio-economic conditions, and health promotion programs. However, in Russia, problems such as health inequalities and health infrastructure constraints pose obstacles. Effective preventive measures, vaccinations, health promotion and lifestyle improvements are key factors in improving the world’s health. It is important to influence the social, economic and environmental aspects of health, strengthen health systems and promote healthy lifestyles for sustainable improvement of the HHS. Objective: to carry out a historical analysis, identify trends in the change of the GPI indicator and the main factors that contribute to the improvement of this indicator. Methods of work: critical analysis of scientific literature. Results: a review of the literature on the study of OPCW is conducted and the main factors of the change in OPCW are presented. Scope of application: proof of the need for the use of the indicator of the HPP. Summary conclusions: The analysis of global trends in HHS highlights the importance of continuous efforts to improve access to health care, socio-economic conditions, public health measures and lifestyle choices.

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van der Schans, M. J., A. Fidder, D. van Oeveren, A. G. Hulst i D. Noort. "Verification of Exposure to Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Generic Detection of OPCW Schedule 1 Nerve Agent Adducts to Human Butyrylcholinesterase". Journal of Analytical Toxicology 32, nr 1 (1.01.2008): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/32.1.125.

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Ananda, Ar Raffi Ridho, i Retno Kusniati. "Urgensi Larangan Penggunaan Senjata Kimia di Suriah menurut The Chemical Weapon Convention 1993". Uti Possidetis: Journal of International Law 3, nr 1 (26.02.2022): 83–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/up.v3i1.15449.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis penerapan The Chemical Weapons Convention 1993 “CWC” dalam larangan Penggunaan Senjata Kimia dan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis perlindungan korban terhadap dampak penggunaan senjata kimia di Suriah. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah tipe penelitian yuridis normatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan The Chemical Weapons Convention 1993 “CWC” dalam larangan penggunaan senjata kimia bahwa pelanggaran Suriah terhadap ketentuan-ketentuan yang sudah diatur oleh Hukum Humaniter Internasional dan penyelesaian yang dilakukan oleh OPCW dan PBB dalam kerja sama mereka yang diselesaikan hanya sebatas pemusnahan senjata yang dimiliki oleh Suriah lagi-lagi tidak ditemukannya pemberian sanksi pidana terhadap pelaku pelanggaran Hukum Humaniter Internasional. Perlindungan korban terhadap dampak penggunaan senjata kimia di Suriah dilakukan menurut Konvensi Jenewa 1949 berdasarkan Pasal 27 Konvensi Jenewa IV 1949 yaitu Orang yang dilindungi berhak, dalam segala keadaan, untuk memperoleh penghormatan atas dirinya, martabatnya, hak-hak keluarganya, keyakinan dan ibadah keagamaannya, dan kebiasaan serta adat-istiadatnya. Mereka setiap saat diperlakukan secara manusiawi dan dilindungi, terutama terhadap segala bentuk kekerasan atau ancaman kekerasan dan terhadap penghinaan dan keingintahuan publik.

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Mathews, Robert J. "Central Nervous System-acting chemicals and the Chemical Weapons Convention: A former Scientific Adviser’s perspective". Pure and Applied Chemistry 90, nr 10 (25.10.2018): 1559–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0502.

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AbstractThe term Incapacitating Chemical Agents (or Incapacitants) was chosen to describe different classes of chemical warfare agents that were being developed in the 1950s. This article considers some of the types of chemicals and their properties that have been discussed more recently under the terminology of Incapacitating Chemical Agents, including opioids of the fentanyl class, and how these psychochemicals are relevant to the Chemical Weapons Convention. This article argues that the term Incapacitating Chemical Agents is inaccurate and misleading and will be a potential cause of confusion when Member States of the Chemical Weapons Convention are discussing the types of toxic chemicals which are permitted for use for various law enforcement purposes including domestic riot control. This article then argues that the term Central Nervous System-acting chemicals is a more accurate and appropriate description of psychochemicals such as the fentanyls, and use of this term will hopefully facilitate a more constructive discussion within the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). In other words, it is important to ‘get the science clearly understood first’, to enable a more constructive discussion by policy-makers, lawyers and military experts.

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