Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Online manipulation”

Computer-mediated communication (CMC), or the communication that humans engage in via networked devices such as computers (December 1997; Ferris 1997; Herring 2003: 612), provides a rich area for the study of im/politeness and face -threat. Whilst CMC has many benefits, such as allowing quick and easy communication by those spatially and temporally separated (Herring, Job-Sluder, Scheckler & Barab 2002: 371), it is also predisposed towards higher levels of aggression than forms of interaction such as face-to-face communication (FtF). CMC can offer a degree of anonymity that may encourage deception, aggression, and manipulation due to a sense of impunity and a loss of empathy with the non-present recipient-an effect known as deindividuation (Kiesler, Siegel & McGuire 1984; Siegel, Dubrovsky, Kiesler & McGuire 1986; Sproull & Kiesler 1986). Using two WS_e_Q:e_t corpora with a combined wordcount of 86,412,727 words, I primarily investigate a negatively marked online behaviour (NMOB) known as trolling, which involves deliberately attempting to provoke online conflict. I secondarily investigate related NMOBs such as flaming (a reaction or over-reaction to perceived provocation), cyberbullying, cyberharassment, and cyberstalking. The analysis establishes that academia and legislation use these terms in vague, contradictory, or widely overlapping ways. This thesis aims to answer three research questions. The first (what is trolling?) formulates a definition of trolling, including its interrelationships with other NMOB, using a quantitative and qualitative corpus linguistic approach. The second (how is trolling carried out?) outlines the major trolling strategies found in the dataset, along with the user responses to those strategies, and the troller defences to those user responses. The third (how is trolling co-constructed?), which is closely related to the second, qualitatively investigates one extended example of trolling to see how this NMOB is co-constructed by the group via impoliteness, identity construction, and deception. Wordcount excluding front- and back-matter: 89,823

Online product reviews have become an important and influential source of information for consumers. Firms often manipulate online product reviews to influence consumer perceptions about the product, making it a research topic of urgent need for theory development and empirical investigation. In this thesis, we examine how consumers perceive and respond to the three commonly used manipulation tactics. Firstly, an exploratory pre-study via in-depth interviews with online shoppers indicates that consumers commonly have the knowledge for online review manipulations as well as for detecting them. In the first study, a survey was used to investigate the three popular manipulation tactics in terms of ethicality and deceptiveness. They rated hiding/deleting unfavorable messages as the most deceptive and unethical, followed by anonymously adding positive messages, and then offering incentives for posting favorable messages. In study 2, in a simulated field experiment, we introduce persuasion knowledge to further examine the negative influence of review manipulations on consumers’ attitudes. The results suggest that review manipulation increases suspicion of manipulations but can hardly reduce purchase intention of focal products. We also find that consumers’ persuasion knowledge enhances suspicion of manipulation, but lessens the negative impact of suspicion on purchase intention. The third study uses secondary data of a branded e-retailer and its third party website to cross-validate the effect of manipulations on product sales. The results confirm our hypotheses that review manipulation are effective in promoting sales; however, this influence would decrease over time. This research contributes to the online marketing literature by augmenting the Information Manipulation Theory and Persuasion Knowledge Model to examine the deceptive persuasion in the online context and its impact on consumer behavior. Furthermore, we also contribute to the literature of online WOM by empirically examining the influence of review manipulations on sales. Our findings provide valuable insights to practitioners and policy makers on the pitfalls of online manipulation activities and the need to ensure the healthy development of e-commerce.

Few studies have examined differences between online and offline gamblers, with no study to date enlisting the participation of online gamblers in a laboratory-based study. Moreover, research indicates that there is a link between escape and problem gambling, however, no study to date has examined this relationship in online gamblers using an experimental design. The current study is the first to address these gaps in the literature. All 420 participants participated in the non-experimental phase of the study, and 50 participants participated in the experimental phase. All participants completed a demographics form, SOGS, PGSI, GFA-R, BDI-SF, discounting task, and a gambling motivations questionnaire. In the experimental phase, participants' mood state was manipulated using hypothetical scenarios before gambling. The results indicated that online gamblers had a higher rate of problem-gambling severity than offline gamblers, and that online gamblers have used gambling to escape to a greater degree than offline gamblers. In terms of differences in the gambling behavior of online and offline gamblers, online gamblers were found to have played more hands and committed more errors than offline gamblers. No statistically significant results were found across mood conditions, or when the interaction between participants' gambler status and mood condition was examined, although trends in the hypothesized direction were observed. No statistically significant group differences were observed when online gamblers' rate of discounting certain outcomes was compared to offline gamblers' rates. Taken together, these results suggest that some of the differences between online and offline gamblers may help explain the higher prevalence of problem gambling among online gamblers. Although gambling to escape was found to be positively correlated with problem-gambling severity, the experimental results did not support this finding. Future studies should investigate the relationship between escape and problem gambling in online gamblers by using a different manipulation. A more knowledgeable understanding of the differences between online and offline gamblers will lead to better treatment outcomes for individuals who suffer from a gambling addiction.

This dissertation includes three approaches we have been designed to tackle threats and challenges in network, software, and mobile security. The first approach demonstrates a new class of content masking attacks against the Adobe PDF standard, causing documents to appear to humans dissimilar to the underlying content extracted by information-based services. The second work protects sensitive data in binaries from being corrupted by cyber attackers. The last work proposes a mechanism which utilizes the unique walking patterns inherent to humans and differentiate our work from other walking behavior studies by using it as first-order authentication and developing matching methods fast enough to act as an actual anti-theft system.

In online social networking sites, gaining popularity has become important. The more popular a company is, the more profits it can make. A way to measure a company's popularity is to check how many likes it has (e.g., the company's number of likes in Facebook). To instantly and artificially increase the number of likes, some companies and business people began hiring crowd workers (aka fake likers) who send likes to a targeted page and earn money. Unfortunately, little is known about characteristics of the fake likers and how to identify them. To uncover fake likers in online social networks, in this work we (i) collect profiles of fake likers and legitimate likers by using linkage and honeypot approaches, (ii) analyze characteristics of fake likers and legitimate likers, (iii) propose and develop a fake liker detection approach, and (iv) thoroughly evaluate its performance against three baseline methods and under two attack models. Our experimental results show that our cassification model significantly outperformed the baseline methods, achieving 87.1% accuracy and 0.1 false positive rate and 0.14 false negative rate.

L'intérêt pour la robotique a débuté dans les années 70 et depuis les robots n'ont cessé de remplacer les humains dans l'industrie. L'automatisation à outrance n'apporte cependant pas que des avantages, car elle nécessite des environnements parfaitement contrôlés et la reprogrammation d'une tâche est longue et fastidieuse. Le besoin accru d'adaptabilité et de ré-utilisabilité des systèmes d'assemblage force la robotique à se révolutionner en amenant notamment l'homme et le robot à interagir. Ce nouveau type de collaboration permet de combiner les forces respectives des humains et des robots. Cependant l'homme ne pourra être inclus en tant qu'agent actif dans ces nouveaux espaces de travail collaboratifs que si l'on dispose de robots sûrs, intuitifs et facilement reprogrammables. C'est à la lumière de ce constat qu'on peut deviner le rôle crucial de la génération de mouvement pour les robots de demain. Pour que les humains et les robots puissent collaborer, ces derniers doivent générer des mouvements sûrs afin de garantir la sécurité de l'homme tant physique que psychologique. Les trajectoires sont un excellent modèle pour la génération de mouvements adaptés aux robots collaboratifs, car elles offrent une description simple et précise de l'évolution du mouvement. Les trajectoires dîtes souples sont bien connues pour générer des mouvements sûrs et confortables pour l'homme. Dans cette thèse nous proposons un algorithme de génération de trajectoires temps-réel basé sur des séquences de segments de fonctions polynomiales de degré trois pour construire des trajectoires souples. Ces trajectoires sont construites à partir de conditions initiales et finales arbitraires, une condition nécessaire pour que les robots soient capables de réagir instantanément à des événements imprévus. L'approche basée sur un modèle à jerk-contraint offre des solutions orientées performance: les trajectoires sont optimales en temps sous contraintes de sécurité. Ces contraintes de sécurité sont des contraintes cinématiques qui dépendent de la tâche et du contexte et doivent être spécifiées. Pour guider le choix de ces contraintes, nous avons étudié le rôle de la cinématique dans la définition des propriétés ergonomiques du mouvement.[...]
It was in the 70s when the interest for robotics really emerged. It was barely half a century ago, and since then robots have been replacing humans in the industry. This robot-oriented solution doesn't come without drawbacks as full automation requires time-consuming programming as well as rigid environments. With the increased need for adaptability and reusability of assembly systems, robotics is undergoing major changes and see the emergence of a new type of collaboration between humans and robots. Human-Robot collaboration get the best of both world by combining the respective strengths of humans and robots. But, to include the human as an active agent in these new collaborative workspaces, safe and flexible robots are required. It is in this context that we can apprehend the crucial role of motion generation in tomorrow's robotics. For the emergence of human-robot cooperation, robots have to generate motions ensuring the safety of humans, both physical and physchological. For this reason motion generation has been a restricting factor to the growth of robotics in the past. Trajectories are excellent candidates in the making of desirable motions designed for collaborative robots, because they allow to simply and precisely describe the motions. Smooth trajectories are well known to provide safe motions with good ergonomic properties. In this thesis we propose an Online Trajectory Generation algorithm based on sequences of segment of third degree polynomial functions to build smooth trajectories. These trajectories are built from arbitrary initial and final conditions, a requirement for robots to be able to react instantaneously to unforeseen events. Our approach built on a constrained-jerk model offers performance-oriented solutions : the trajectories are time-optimal under safety constraints. These safety constraints are kinematic constraints that are task and context dependent and must be specified. To guide the choice of these constraints we investigated the role of kinematics in the definition of ergonomics properties of motions. We also extended our algorithm to cope with non-admissible initial configurations, opening the way to trajectory generation under non-constant motion constraints. [...]

Depuis 2004, les médias sociaux en ligne ont connu une croissance considérable. Ce développement rapide a eu des effets intéressants pour augmenter la connexionet l'échange d'informations entre les utilisateurs, mais certains effets négatifs sont également apparus, dont le nombre de faux comptes grandissant jour après jour.Les sockpuppets sont les multiples faux comptes créés par un même utilisateur. Ils sont à l'origine de plusieurs types de manipulations comme la création de faux comptes pour louer, défendre ou soutenir une personne ou une organisation, ou pour manipuler l'opinion publique. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons SocksCatch, un processus complet de détection et de groupage des sockpuppets composé de trois phases principales : la première phase a pour objectif la préparation du processus et le pré-traitement des données; la seconde phase a pour objectif la détection des comptes sockpuppets à l'aide d'algorithmes d'apprentissage automatique; la troisième phase a pour objectif le regroupement des comptes sockpuppets créés par un même utilisateur à l'aide d'algorithmes de détection de communautés. Ces phases sont déclinées en trois étapes : une étape "modèle" pour représenter les médias sociaux en ligne, où nous proposons un modèle général de médias sociaux dédié à la détection et au regroupement des sockpuppets ; une étape d'adaptation pour ajuster le processus à un média social spécifique, où nous instancions et évaluons le modèle SocksCatch sur un média social sélectionné ; et une étape en temps réel pour détecter et grouper les sockpuppets en ligne, où SocksCatch est déployé en ligne sur un média social sélectionné. Des expérimentations ont été réalisées sur l'étape d'adaptation en utilisant des données réelles extraites de Wikipédia anglais. Afin de trouver le meilleur algorithme d'apprentissage automatique pour la phase de détection de sockpuppet, les résultats de six algorithmes d'apprentissage automatique sont comparés. En outre, ils sont comparés à la littérature où les résultats de la comparaison montrent que notre proposition améliore la précision de la détection des sockpuppets. De plus, les résultats de cinq algorithmes de détection de communauté sont comparés pour la phase de regroupement de Sockpuppet, afin de trouver le meilleur algorithme de détection de communauté qui sera utilisé en temps réel
Since 2004, online social medias have grown hugely. This fast development had interesting effects to increase the connection and information exchange between users, but some negative effects also appeared, including fake accounts number growing day after day. Sockpuppets are multiple fake accounts created by a same user. They are the source of several types of manipulation such as those created to praise, defend or support a person or an organization, or to manipulate public opinion. In this thesis, we present SocksCatch, a complete process to detect and group sockpuppets, which is composed of three main phases: the first phase objective is the process preparation and data pre-processing; the second phase objective is the detection of the sockpuppet accounts using machine learning algorithms; the third phase objective is the grouping of sockpuppet accounts created by a same user using community detection algorithms. These phases are declined in three stages: a model stage to represent online social medias, where we propose a general model of social media dedicated to the detection and grouping of sockpuppets; an adaptation stage to adjust the process to a particular social media, where we instantiate and evaluate the SocksCatch model on a selected social media; and a real-time stage to detect and group the sockpuppets online, where SocksCatch is deployed online on a selected social media. Experiments have been performed on the adaptation stage using real data crawled from English Wikipedia. In order to find the best machine learning algorithm for sockpuppet's detection phase, the results of six machine learning algorithms are compared. In addition, they are compared with the literature, and the results show that our proposition improves the accuracy of the detection of sockpuppets. Furthermore, the results of five community detection algorithms are compared for sockpuppet's grouping phase, in order to find the best community detecton algorithm that will be used in real-time stage

Bakgrund: Det konsumenter oftast inte är medvetna om vid deras Internetanvändning är att de iakttas av företag. Företagen samlar avsiktligt in personlig information och spårar vilka hemsidor och produkter eller tjänster de intresserat sig av genom så kallade webb-spårningssystem. I samma takt som tekniker så som webb-spårningssystem börjat användas har också etisk marknadsföring på Internet blivit ett diskuterat och aktuellt ämne. Etisk marknadsföring på Internet handlar om vad som uppfattas som accepterat beteende av konsumenterna och företag måste ta hänsyn till konsumentens etiska koder. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka konsumenters uppfattningar om webbspårningssystem utifrån etiska koder. Forskningsfråga: Vad är etiskt accepterat användande av webb-spårningssystem från konsumentens perspektiv? Metod: I studien har en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi samt semi-strukturerade intervjuer tillämpats. Slutsats: Slutsatsen i studien är att konsumenters uppfattningar om webb-spårningssystem inte alltid uppfyller konsumentens etiska koder. Konsumenter har generellt sätt en negativ uppfattning om webb-spårningssystem men uppfattningarna skiljer sig beroende på vilken situation som konsumenten påverkas av webb-spårningssystem. Konsumenter har enbart positiva uppfattningar om webb-spårningssystem när tekniken används så att konsumenten gynnas av den.

Wie können Theodor W. Adornos medienkritische Thesen – als wohl prominentester Beitrag gilt das in Zusammenarbeit mit Max Horkheimer entstandene Kapitel „Kulturindustrie. Aufklärung als Massenbetrug (1944)“ – in ihrer Gesamtheit mit heute auf Basis algorithmischer Transformationen prozessierenden zeitkritischen Medien in Bezug gesetzt werden? Wo lässt sich der Begriff der „Manipulation“ erweitern, oder neu verorten, wenn Mediensysteme als „nicht-menschliche Akteure“ (Bruno Latour) im mikrotemporalen Bereich prozessieren, entscheiden und im technikepistemologisch orientierten medienwissenschaftlichen Diskurs eine Akzentverschiebung und gar Aktualisierung des Begriffs „Medien-Kritik“ beziehungsweise „Zeit-Kritik“ anregen? Und mit welchen Abhandlungen hat womöglich Adorno selbst bereits ein Denken eröffnet hinzu der Erörterung von Funktions- und Zeitwe(i)sen von Medien als Basis von Manipulation menschlicher Wahrnehmung auf subliminaler Ebene?
How can the aggregate of Theodor W. Adornos media-critical hypotheses be relativised to todays time-critical media which effect processes on the basis of algorithmic transformations – the most prominent contribution arguably being constituted by the chapter “The Culture Industry. Enlightenment as Mass Deception” (1944), formulated in collaboration with Max Horkheimer? Within which sphere can the concept of “manipulation” be expanded, or re-contextualised, if media systems – essentially “non-human actors” (Bruno Latour) – effect processes and decisions in the micro-temporal sphere and, thus, trigger a shift in emphasis and a re-definition of the concept of “critique of media” or “critique of time” even within technologically and epistemologically orientated scholarly media discourse? And which are the treatises by means of which Adorno may have himself already opened up a school of thought, supplementing the debate on the methods (and systems) of media functioning and media-specific temporal considerations as the basis for the manipulation of human perception at a subliminal level?

The submitted thesis focuses on the photograph and its role in the process of disseminating disinformation in the online environment. The thesis deals with the opinion that, despite the fundamental changes in the understanding of photography and its credibility, which together with the transition from its analogue form to digital one, photography retains the status of an authentic medium. For this reason photography is becoming a very powerful tool for spreading misinformation. The thesis deals with the theoretical basis of objectivity of photography, its documentary value and expectation of authenticity. The role of the context, which is crucial for understanding the photographic message, will be emphasized. The thesis also defines the basic concepts related to the phenomenon of disinformation. The strategies used to spread disinformation via photography is also presented. In the practical part of the thesis particular disinformative photographic messages is analyzed. Ways to verify the authenticity of particular photographic images are presented. Keywords: photography, authenticity, disinformation, hoax, fake news, online environment, manipulation

Although, review manipulation has shown to have a significant adverse impact on consumer welfare, there is yet little understanding of which economic incentives drive this behavior as most of the current research has focused on the characteristics that define a fake review. The present study investigates these incentives using the innovative approach of examining one-time contributor user reviews as an alternative measure of review manipulation. With a sample comprising 450 hotels, registered on TripAdvisor, from the cities of Amsterdam and Brussels two type of studies were developed encompassing both cross-sectional and panel data analyses. The empirical results obtained show that review manipulation is sufficiently economically important since agents with different economic incentives will indulge in review fraud in a dissimilar extent. These incentives were found to include: the type of organizational structure; the total number of reviews; and the attributed user bubble rating.

Гур’єв І. М. Порядок денний онлайн-видань як засіб впливу на громадську думку : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 061 "Журналістика" / наук. керівник П. В. Мірошниченко. Запоріжжя : ЗНУ, 2020. 77 с.
UA : Кваліфікаційна робота магістра: «Порядок денний онлайн-видань як засіб впливу на громадську думку». Сторінок основного тексту – 77, використаних джерел – 76. Мета роботи полягає в тому, щоб з’ясувати, як порядок денний влпливає на громадську думку та як українські медіа формують порядок денний . Завдання: 1. Визначити сутність понять «порядок денний» та «громадська думка». 2. Простежити функції порядку денного щодо впливу на громадську думку . 3. Дослідити процес формування порядку денного у онлайн-виданнях. 4. Проаналізувати публікації новинних всеукраїнських інтернет-ресурсів на предмет принципів формування порядку денного. 5. З’ясувати, чи допускають ЗМІ маніпуляції громадською думкою через порядок денний. Об’єкт дослідження – публікації новинних інтернет-ЗМІ «Цензор. Нет», «Плотина», «Форпост» з 01.09.2020 по 30.09.2020 року. Предмет дослідження – змістове наповнення всеукраїнських новинних інтернет-ресурсів на тему порядку денного. Методи дослідження: теоретичний аналіз літературних джерел, порівняльний аналіз методичних матеріалів, порівняння, моніторинг, та синтез. Теоретико-методологічна основа дослідження. Вивчення проблем порядку денного присвятили свої роботи такі автори: О. Піддубний. В. Іванов. Р. Лавлінский, Н. Яковлєва. Наукова новизна одержаних результатів полягає у цілісному дослідженні процесу формування порядку денного у медіа Запоріжжя. Вперше: – проаналізовано стрічки інтернет-ЗМІ в період 01.09.2019 року по 31.12.2019 року на предмет політичного порядку денного – принципи формування порядку денного виявлені не тільки на сайті видання, а й у його соцмережах. Удосконалено: – тлумачення поняття «порядок денний». Набуло подальшого розвитку: – принципи формування порядку денного в онлайн-виданнях. Практичне значення одержаних результатів. Результати дослідження можуть бути використані регіональними журналістами, рекламістами, редакторами та іншими співробітникам онлайн-медіа, які створюють контент для місцевих ЗМІ. Теоретичне значення дослідження. Матеріали магістерської роботи можуть бути використані під час подальших наукових розробок, при написанні курсових та дипломних робіт студентами факультету журналістики, а також для подальших розробок цієї теми науковцями у сфері журналістики та в навчальному процесі під час проведення пар, семінарів і спецкурсів у вищій школі з інтернет-журналістики.
EN : Master's qualification work: "Agenda of online publications as a means of influencing public opinion". Pages of the main text - 77, used sources - 76. The aim of the work is to find out how the agenda affects public opinion and how the Ukrainian media shape the agenda. Task: 1. Define the essence of the concepts "agenda" and "public opinion". 2. Trace the functions of the agenda in terms of influencing public opinion. 3. Investigate the process of forming the agenda in online publications. 4. Analyze the publication of news all-Ukrainian Internet resources on the principles of forming the agenda. 5. Find out whether the media allow the manipulation of public opinion through the agenda. The object of research - the publication of news online media "Censor. No "," Dam "," Outpost "from 01.09.2020 to 30.09.2020. The subject of the research is the content of all-Ukrainian news Internet resources on the topic of the agenda. Research methods: theoretical analysis of literature sources, comparative analysis of methodical materials, comparison, monitoring, and synthesis. Theoretical and methodological basis of the study. The following authors devoted their works to the study of the problems of the agenda: O. Piddubny. V. Ivanov. R. Lavlinsky, N. Yakovlev. The scientific novelty of the obtained results lies in a holistic study of the process of forming the agenda in the media of Zaporizhia. For the first time: - Internet media tapes in the period from September 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019 were analyzed for the political agenda - The principles of forming the agenda are revealed not only on the website of the publication, but also in its social networks. Improved: - interpretation of the concept of "agenda". Further developed: - principles of forming the agenda in online publications. The practical significance of the obtained results. The results of the study can be used by regional journalists, advertisers, editors and other online media workers who create content for local media. Theoretical significance of the study. The materials of the master's thesis can be used during further research, in writing term papers and dissertations by students of the Faculty of Journalism, as well as for further development of this topic by scientists in journalism and in the educational process during couples, seminars and special courses in high school online. -journalism.

This dissertation is comprised of three articles that build on and support each other. The first article is an extensive literature review, and the other two are empirical studies. In this literature review, the author discussed major theories about human learning processes to guide instructional designers about effective integration of multiple modes in interactive learning environments and explored the knowledge base on representations and manipulatives in mathematics education. The first empirical study?s purpose was to investigate effects of affordances provided with virtual learning environments at different treatment durations. Students from multiple sixth-grade classes were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups differed by allocated session time (10-, 20-, and 30-minute). The online manipulative tool (OMT), which was designed to scaffold learning in operations with rational numbers, allowed students to use the following three components in any order: (a) audio, (b) audio-visual, and (c) manipulatives. Analyses showed that students who used manipulatives most achieved highest; whereas, students who used audio-visual most achieved the second highest. Additionally, the 30-minute group used each component of OMT the least. A meaningful increase in standard algorithm use over manipulatives suggested a transition from concrete to abstract thinking. The second empirical study's purpose was to compare OMT's different representational aspects and to estimate OMT's effects on achievement and technology acceptance when compared to those of traditional classroom activities. Elementary- and middle-grade students were randomly assigned to the control group or one of three treatment groups: (a) audio-visual, (b) virtual-kinesthetic, and (c) dual-mode (virtual-kinesthetic and audio-visual combined). When the control group was compared with experimental groups, pre- and post-test results suggested that OMT was more effective than traditional classroom activities in improving students' understanding of operations with rational numbers. When the students' achievement on pre- and post-tests among experimental groups was compared, no substantial difference was found. However, students in the dual-mode group scored the highest on the technology acceptance survey. Students' technology acceptances also differed among different SES levels but not genders. The results suggested that virtual manipulatives provided additional affordances for conceptual understanding. However, students' acceptances of technology should be considered when implementing new technologies.