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Kumar, Jagdesh, Aushiq Ali Memon, Lauri Kumpulainen, Kimmo Kauhaniemi i Omid Palizban. "Design and Analysis of New Harbour Grid Models to Facilitate Multiple Scenarios of Battery Charging and Onshore Supply for Modern Vessels". Energies 12, nr 12 (19.06.2019): 2354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12122354.
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The main objective of this study is to develop and analyse different harbour grid configurations that can facilitate the charging of batteries for modern vessels and supply onshore power. The use of battery energy storage systems in modern hybrid or entirely electric vessels is rapidly increasing globally in order to reduce emissions, save fuel and increase energy efficiency of ships. To fully utilise their benefits, certain technical issues need to be addressed. One of the most important aspects is to explore alternative ways of charging batteries with high power capacities for modern vessels. The paper presents a comprehensive overview of battery-charging configurations and discusses the technical challenges of each design from the perspective of their practical implementation, both onshore and onboard a vessel. It is found that the proposed models are suitable for vessels operating either entirely on battery storage or having it integrated into the onboard power system. Moreover, the proposed charging models in a harbour area can solve the problem of charging batteries for future hybrid and electric vessels and can open new business opportunities for ship owners and port administrators. The performance of the proposed models is validated by simulating two case studies in PSCAD: slow charging (based onshore) and fast charging (based onboard).
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Gaona-Cárdenas, Luis-Fernando, Nimrod Vázquez-Nava, Omar-Fernando Ruíz-Martínez, Alejandro Espinosa-Calderón, Alejandro-Israel Barranco-Gutiérrez i Martín-Antonio Rodríguez-Licea. "An Overview on Fault Management for Electric Vehicle Onboard Chargers". Electronics 11, nr 7 (31.03.2022): 1107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11071107.
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Onboard charging systems (OBCs) convert AC power from an external charging source into a DC voltage used to charge the battery pack of an electric vehicle (EV). OBCs are versatile since they can convert energy from almost every AC source, including standard household electrical receptacles, without needing wall chargers or charging stations. Since the same motor-drive electronics are reconfigured for onboard charging, weight and cost barely increase. However, the power quality and reliability of the OBCs are essential elements for proper grid interconnection. This article reviews the failures of power electronic converters that can be used for onboard charging and their most prominent fault-tolerance techniques. The various fault-tolerance methods are evaluated and compared in terms of complexity, cost, and performance to provide insights for future developments and research directions.
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Gooding, Richard. "Taking Charge". Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technology International 2021, nr 2 (lipiec 2021): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/s1467-5560(22)60203-3.
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Higher charging power reduces electric vehicle battery top-up times but creates other more complicated issues for onboard charging technology. However, charger design is changing to deal with, and future-proof against, these increasingly complex demands
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MALAR, JASMINE GNANA, VENKATRAMAN THIYAGARAJAN, NATARAJAN BALASUBRAMANIAN MUTHU SELVAN i MANI DEVESH RAJ. "ELECTRIC VEHICLE ONBOARD CHARGING VIA HARRIS HAWKS OPTIMIZATION-BASED FRACTIONAL-ORDER SLIDING MODE CONTROLLER". REVUE ROUMAINE DES SCIENCES TECHNIQUES — SÉRIE ÉLECTROTECHNIQUE ET ÉNERGÉTIQUE 68, nr 1 (1.04.2023): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.59277/rrst-ee.2023.68.1.5.
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Electric vehicles (EVs) have become more popular due to their excellent efficiency and pollution-free benefits. The technology requirements for onboard chargers are increasing as the number of electric vehicles increases. This research proposes a fractional-order sliding mode controller (FOSMC) for power converters to improve the efficiency of the onboard battery charger. The Harris Hawks optimization (HHO) algorithm chooses the FOSMC parameters. Independent controllers are used in a two-stage charging scheme. The grid-side ac–dc converter helps to smooth the current and voltage in the dc bus while reducing the harmonic frequency in the grid. A dc-dc converter with a constant current–constant voltage curve regulates the charging parameters of the battery on the battery side. Experiments show that HHO-based FOSMC improves the overall dynamic response of the onboard battery charger. Moreover, the proposed method performs with a current total harmonic distortion (THD) of less than 2 %. The proposed method improves 98% efficiency than existing methods such as SSA-PID and SSA- FOAFPIDF controllers.
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Bommana, Babji, J. S. V. Siva Kumar, Ramakrishna S. S. Nuvvula, Polamarasetty P. Kumar, Baseem Khan, Suresh Muthusamy i Ravikiran Inapakurthi. "A Comprehensive Examination of the Protocols, Technologies, and Safety Requirements for Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure". Journal of Advanced Transportation 2023 (15.06.2023): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/7500151.
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Electric vehicles (EVs) have various advantages over traditional internal combustion engines (ICEs), including reduced carbon emissions, greater energy efficiency, and a lessened reliance on petroleum supplies. The use of EV charging infrastructure and power levels are reviewed in this article. Battery performance is affected by the design of the battery as well as the charger parameters and infrastructure. In this paper, the off-board and on-board charging methods with bidirectional and unidirectional power flow are compared. Hardware restrictions and connectivity concerns are eased with a unidirectional charger. The bidirectional charger enables both battery energy injection back into the grid and the vehicle. Power is constrained by the onboard charger due to its size, weight, and price. Both conductive and inductive onboard chargers are viable. For high current rates, which are not supported by EVs, it is feasible to develop an off-board charger. The time required for charging, amount of power, cost, equipment, location, infrastructure configurations, and other parameters are provided, compared, and reviewed for different power level chargers, such as level-1 (slow), level-2 (semi-fast), and level-3 (fast).
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NODA, Yoshichika, i Masafumi MIYATAKE. "3E24 Rational placement of charging-station for Lithium-ion battery onboard of rail vehicles(Electrical-Vehicle)". Proceedings of International Symposium on Seed-up and Service Technology for Railway and Maglev Systems : STECH 2015 (2015): _3E24–1_—_3E24–11_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmestech.2015._3e24-1_.
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Malhotra, Sanjiv. "Onboard battery charging with Oorja's DMFC for material handling vehicles". Fuel Cells Bulletin 2012, nr 3 (marzec 2012): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1464-2859(12)70084-6.
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Suvvala, Jayaprakash, i Kannaiah Sathish Kumar. "Implementation of EFC Charging Station by Multiport Converter with Integration of RES". Energies 16, nr 3 (3.02.2023): 1521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16031521.
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Electric vehicles (EVs) are gradually becoming an integral part of the drive to accomplish sustainable energy standards. Due to their limited onboard battery capacity, EVs’ expanding popularity creates a need for widespread charging stations. However, fast charging stations, particularly Extreme Fast Charging (EFC), may impose a hassle on the electrical system due to overload during peak hours, frequent power gaps, and voltage sag. To flatten the power supply, the photovoltaic (PV) Hybrid Energy Storage Systems (HESS) and the uncertain and variable nature of PV systems always include solar and hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) such as batteries and supercapacitors. This research suggests a multi-port DC-DC converter (MPC) with a bidirectional DC-DC converter for battery ESS-integrated PV systems. The MPC can regulate the majority of active power through PV to a battery, PV to an EV charging station, HESS to an EV charging station, and PV to AC grid. Additionally, a PI controller is used for the MPC, taking both the PV and battery voltage variations into account. Therefore, the presented configuration can achieve the key benefits of greater integration, more efficiency, and reduced cost. Simulation results show the advantages of this multiport EV charging circuit with PV-HESS and design in different modes.
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Yan, Yian, Jiuchun Jiang, Weige Zhang, Mei Huang, Qiang Chen i Huang Wang. "Research on Power Demand Suppression Based on Charging Optimization and BESS Configuration for Fast-Charging Stations in Beijing". Applied Sciences 8, nr 8 (24.07.2018): 1212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8081212.
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In order to reduce the recharging time of electric vehicles, the charging power and voltage are becoming higher, which has led to a huge distribution capacity demand and load fluctuation, especially in pure electric buses (PEBs) with large onboard batteries. Based on one actual direct current (DC) fast-charging station, a two-step strategy for the suppression of the peak charging power was developed in this paper, which combined charging optimization and a battery energy storage system (BESS) configuration. A novel charging strategy was proposed, with the PEBs fast-charging during operating hours and normal charging at night, based on a new charging topology. Then, a charging sequence optimization model was established, according to the operation characteristics analysis of the DC fast-charging station. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is applied to optimize the charging sequence, which is disordered at present. Linear programming is used to configure the battery energy storage system in order to further decrease the peak charging power and satisfy the distribution capacity constraint. The two-step strategy was simulated by the dataset from the real station. The results show that the distribution capacity demand, charging load fluctuation, electricity cost, and size of the BESS were significantly decreased.
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Li, Guangyao, i Dong-Hee Kim. "A Wireless Power Transfer Charger with Hybrid Compensation Topology for Constant Current/Voltage Onboard Charging". Applied Sciences 11, nr 16 (18.08.2021): 7569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167569.
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Compared with plugged-in chargers, wireless power transfer (WPT) systems for battery chargers have numerous advantages, e.g., safety, efficiency, and convenience. To satisfy the important wireless charging requirements of efficiency and safety of the battery, this paper proposes a constant current/voltage (CC/CV) charging compensation topology with near-communication based on receiving-side hybrid topology switching, which is unaffected by the dynamic loads. The proposed hybrid topology is systematically analyzed by using the M-mode, and the system parameters are designed to satisfy the constraints of zero phase angle (ZPA) and the specified CC output. In the CV mode, one shunt capacitor is employed to the compensation topology for the CV output and ZPA realization. Both the CC and CV modes are operated under the conditions of zero voltage switching (ZVS) for reducing the loss of the WPT systems. The proposed hybrid compensation topology is controlled by the receiving side and does not require real-time communication to avoid sophisticated control logic. Finally, a 1.1-kW experimental prototype charger based on DS-LCC and LCC-S topologies was established to verify the charging performance of the proposed WPT systems. The maximum efficiency of the proposed WPT charger was found to be approximately 91%. The experimental results were consistent with those of the theoretical analysis.
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Jaman, Shahid, Sajib Chakraborty, Dai-Duong Tran, Thomas Geury, Mohamed El Baghdadi i Omar Hegazy. "Review on Integrated On-Board Charger-Traction Systems: V2G Topologies, Control Approaches, Standards and Power Density State-of-the-Art for Electric Vehicle". Energies 15, nr 15 (25.07.2022): 5376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155376.
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This article reviews the different topologies compatible with V2G feature and control approaches of integrated onboard charger (iOBC) systems for battery electric vehicles (BEVs). The integrated topologies are presented, analyzed, and compared in terms of component count, switching frequency, total harmonic distortion (THD), charging and traction efficiencies, controllability, reliability and multifunctionality. This paper also analyzes different control approaches for charging and traction modes. Moreover, the performance indices such as setting time, rise time, overshoot, etc., are summarized for charging and traction operations. Additionally, the feasibility of a Level 3 charging (AC fast charging with 400 Vac) of up to 44 kW iOBC is discussed in terms of converter efficiencies with different switching frequencies and switch technologies such as SiC and GaN. Finally, this paper explores the power density trends of different commercial integrated charging systems. The power density trend analysis could certainly help researchers and solution engineers in the automotive industry to select the suitable converter topology to achieve the projected power density.
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Aydin, Emrullah, Mehmet Timur Aydemir, Ahmet Aksoz, Mohamed El Baghdadi i Omar Hegazy. "Inductive Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Charging Applications: A Comprehensive Review". Energies 15, nr 14 (6.07.2022): 4962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15144962.
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Nowadays, Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) technology is receiving more attention in the automotive sector, introducing a safe, flexible and promising alternative to the standard battery chargers. Considering these advantages, charging electric vehicle (EV) batteries using the WPT method can be an important alternative to plug-in charging systems. This paper focuses on the Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) method, which is based on the magnetic coupling of coils exchanging power from a stationary primary unit to a secondary system onboard the EV. A comprehensive review has been performed on the history of the evolution, working principles and phenomena, design considerations, control methods and health issues of IPT systems, especially those based on EV charging. In particular, the coil design, operating frequency selection, efficiency values and the preferred compensation topologies in the literature have been discussed. The published guidelines and reports that have studied the effects of WPT systems on human health are also given. In addition, suggested methods in the literature for protection from exposure are discussed. The control section gives the common charging control techniques and focuses on the constant current-constant voltage (CC-CV) approach, which is usually used for EV battery chargers.
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Campi, Tommaso, Silvano Cruciani, Francesca Maradei i Mauro Feliziani. "Innovative Design of Drone Landing Gear Used as a Receiving Coil in Wireless Charging Application". Energies 12, nr 18 (10.09.2019): 3483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12183483.
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A near-field wireless power transfer (WPT) technology is applied to recharge the battery of a small size drone. The WPT technology is an extremely attractive solution to build an autonomous base station where the drone can land to wirelessly charge the battery without any human intervention. The innovative WPT design is based on the use of a mechanical part of the drone, i.e., landing gear, as a portion of the electrical circuit, i.e., onboard secondary coil. To this aim, the landing gear is made with an adequately shaped aluminum pipe that, after suitable modifications, performs both structural and electrical functions. The proposed innovative solution has a very small impact on the drone aerodynamics and the additional weight onboard the drone is very limited. Once the design of the secondary coil has been defined, the configuration of the WPT primary coil mounted in a ground base station is optimized to get a good electrical performance, i.e., high values of transferred power and efficiency. The WPT design guidelines of primary and secondary coils are given. Finally, a demonstrator of the WPT system for a lightweight drone is designed, built, and tested.
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Chernov, A. E., i A. V. Akimov. "SYSTEMS OF VEHICLE ELECTRICAL POWER SUPPLY WITH INTELLECTUAL ALGORITHMS PROVIDING INCREASE OF ECOLOGICAL AND POWER INDICATORS". Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 6, nr 1 (10.01.2012): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-69917.
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The article examines the intellectual systems of electrical supply of the vehicles, using optimal algorithms of operation providing decrease of engine exhaust gases toxicity and fuel consumption by the engine for generator drive, stability of onboard network voltage and specified charging state of the battery. There is given the classification of intellectual adaptive systems of electrical supply depending on solved problems. The authors present the examples of the algorithms reducing emissions into the atmosphere and vehicle fuel consumption.
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Yan, Yian, Huang Wang, Jiuchun Jiang, Weige Zhang, Yan Bao i Mei Huang. "Research on Configuration Methods of Battery Energy Storage System for Pure Electric Bus Fast Charging Station". Energies 12, nr 3 (12.02.2019): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030558.
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With the pervasiveness of electric vehicles and an increased demand for fast charging, stationary high-power fast-charging is becoming more widespread, especially for the purpose of serving pure electric buses (PEBs) with large-capacity onboard batteries. This has resulted in a huge distribution capacity demand. However, the distribution capacity is limited, and in some urban areas the cost of expanding the electric network capacity is very high. In this paper, three battery energy storage system (BESS) integration methods—the AC bus, each charging pile, or DC bus—are considered for the suppression of the distribution capacity demand according to the proposed charging topologies of a PEB fast-charging station. On the basis of linear programming theory, an evaluation model was established that consider the influencing factors of the configuration: basic electricity fee, electricity cost, cost of the energy storage system, costs of transformer and converter equipment, and electric energy loss. Then, a case simulation is presented using realistic operation data, and an economic comparison of the three configurations is provided. An analysis of the impacts of each influence factor in the case study is discussed to verify the case results. The numerical results indicate that the appropriate BESS configuration can significantly reduce the distribution demand and stationary cost synchronously.
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Abdel-Wahed, Ahmed T., Zia Ullah, Ayman S. Abdel-Khalik, Mostafa S. Hamad, Shehab Ahmed i Noha A. Elmalhy. "Design and Finite-Element-Based Optimization for a 12-Slot/10-Pole IPM Motor with Integrated Onboard Battery Charger for Electric Vehicle Applications". Machines 11, nr 5 (8.05.2023): 534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines11050534.
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Permanent magnet (PM) machines with fractional slot concentrated windings (FSCW) constitute a notably remarkable proposition for electric vehicles. Additionally, an integrated onboard battery charger (IOBC) provides another superiority as it exploits the components of the powertrain to charge the battery without any additional components. Interior permanent magnet (IPM) motor arises as a credible choice due to its high torque density, resulting from the high saliency ratio. The optimal design of an IPM motor has been extensively presented from different perspectives, but the optimal design of a motor employed for IOBC application for both propulsion and charging modes has not been studied extensively. In this paper, the design and optimization of a 12-slot/10-pole IPM motor with IOBC are studied under both propulsion and charging modes. A finite-element-based optimization with the aid of a genetic algorithm technique is proposed to obtain the optimal machine by maximizing the average torque and minimizing the torque ripple, core losses, and magnet size.
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Wu, Xiaogang, Jiuyu Du, Haoqi Guo, Mingshan Qi, Fangfang Hu i N. I. Shchurov. "Boundary conditions for Onboard thermal-management system of a battery pack under ultrafast charging". Energy 243 (marzec 2022): 123075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.123075.
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Baba, Atsushi, Akihiro Miyasaka, Masato Takahashi i Kohei Takagi. "Experimental Estimation for Thermal Control of Onboard Battery during Charging at the Launch Site". JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES 52, nr 602 (2004): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2322/jjsass.52.121.
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Nguyen, Hoang Vu, i Dong-Choon Lee. "Integrated low-voltage charging circuit with active power decoupling function for onboard battery chargers". Journal of Power Electronics 20, nr 5 (3.07.2020): 1130–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s43236-020-00117-4.
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Tian, Yong, Qianyuan Dong, Jindong Tian i Xiaoyu Li. "Capacity Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Multiple Small Voltage Sections and BP Neural Networks". Energies 16, nr 2 (6.01.2023): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020674.
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Accurate capacity estimation of onboard lithium-ion batteries is crucial to the performance and safety of electric vehicles. In recent years, data-driven methods based on partial charging curve have been widely studied due to their low requirement of battery knowledge and easy implementation. However, existing data-driven methods are usually based on a fixed voltage segment or state of charge, which would be failed if the charging process does not cover the predetermined segment due to the user’s free charging behavior. This paper proposes a capacity estimation method using multiple small voltage sections and back propagation neural networks. It is intended to reduce the requirement of the length of voltage segment for estimating the complete battery capacity in an incomplete charging cycle. Firstly, the voltage segment most possibly covered is selected and divided into a number of small sections. Then, sectional capacity and skewness of the voltage curve are extracted from these small voltage sections, and severed as health factors. Secondly, the Box–Cox transformation is adopted to enhance the correlation between health factors and the capacity. Thirdly, multiple back propagation neural networks are constructed to achieve capacity estimation based on each voltage section, and their weighted average is taken as the final result. Finally, two public datasets are employed to verify the accuracy and generalization of the proposed method. Results show that the root mean square error of the fusion estimation is lower than 4.5%.
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Liu, Yiqun, Y. Gene Liao i Ming-Chia Lai. "Transient Temperature Distributions on Lithium-Ion Polymer SLI Battery". Vehicles 1, nr 1 (25.07.2019): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vehicles1010008.
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Lithium-ion polymer batteries currently are the most popular vehicle onboard electric energy storage systems ranging from the 12 V/24 V starting, lighting, and ignition (SLI) battery to the high-voltage traction battery pack in hybrid and electric vehicles. The operating temperature has a significant impact on the performance, safety, and cycle lifetime of lithium-ion batteries. It is essential to quantify the heat generation and temperature distribution of a battery cell, module, and pack during different operating conditions. In this paper, the transient temperature distributions across a battery module consisting of four series-connected lithium-ion polymer battery cells are measured under various charging and discharging currents. A battery thermal model, correlated with the experimental data, is built in the module-level in the ANSYS/Fluent platform. This validated module thermal model is then extended to a pack thermal model which contains four parallel-connected modules. The temperature distributions on the battery pack model are simulated under 40 A, 60 A, and 80 A constant discharge currents. An air-cool thermal management system is integrated with the battery pack model to ensure the operating temperature and temperature gradient within the optimal range. This paper could provide thermal management design guideline for the lithium-ion polymer battery pack.
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Diego-Ayala, U., P. Martinez-Gonzalez, N. McGlashan i K. R. Pullen. "The mechanical hybrid vehicle: An investigation of a flywheel-based vehicular regenerative energy capture system". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 222, nr 11 (1.11.2008): 2087–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto677.
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Capturing braking energy by regeneration into an onboard energy storage unit offers the potential to reduce significantly the fuel consumption of vehicles. A common technique is to generate electricity in the motors of a hybrid electric vehicle when braking, and to use this to charge an onboard electrochemical battery. However, such batteries are costly, bulky, and generally not amenable to fast charging as this affects battery life and capacity. In order to overcome these problems, a mechanical energy storage system capable of accepting and delivering surges of power is proposed and investigated. A scale physical model of the system, based around a flywheel, a planetary gear set, and a brake, was built and operated in a laboratory. Tests showed that the proposed system could be used to store and provide braking energy between a flywheel and a vehicle, the latter emulated by an air-drag dynamometer. This validated the operating principle of the system and its computational model. Further, a computational analysis of a full-size vehicle incorporating the mechanical energy storage system was conducted. The results showed that the utilization of this system in a vehicle, when compared with a conventional vehicle, led to reductions in emissions and fuel consumption.
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Shantaram Jadhav, Shantanu Kalurkar i Srikanth T.S. "Vibration Analysis of an On-Board Charger Assembly for Electrical Mobility". ARAI Journal of Mobility Technology 3, nr 3 (10.08.2023): 658–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ajmt.3.3.3.
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This article deals with the vibration analysis of an On-Board Charger assembly to check the strength of its components with respect to vibrational load. On-Board Charger (OBC) is a system which is built for electrical vehicles to charge high-voltage battery packs by converting AC power from an external charging source into a DC voltage. The primary role of an onboard charger is to manage the flow of electricity from the grid to the battery. This means that the OBC should fit the necessities of the grid in locations wherever it will be used. Onboard chargers enable plug-in hybrid and battery electric vehicles (BEV) to charge anywhere, not just at designated charging locations, wherever there is AC power. The OBC which is studied in this article is used in three-wheeler vehicles and the weight of this assembly is quite more because of the heat sink and other electronic components; so it is important to check its strength through a vibrational point of view, as induced vibrational load in the vehicle is more while driving the vehicle. Here, the focus will be on all housing and its internal components such as PCB (Printed Circuit Board) and its electrical components. Electrical components connect with PCB with solder joints which provide mechanical and electrical connections between components and PCB. Simulation of an OBC assembly is done by using the ANSYS tool in which modal and harmonic analysis is carried out to check assembly’s strength. The main focus will be on the natural frequencies of the assembly; the aim is to increase the natural frequencies of the assembly above 150 Hz to avoid the resonating condition. The frequency response analysis was done for the range of 50-150 Hz for the acceleration of 15g and stresses and deformation of OBC assembly components are observed after frequency response analysis.
Keywords: On-Board Charger; Solder joint; Frequency; Vibration, Harmonic analysis, Electrical Mobility, Materials, NVH, Simulation
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He, Wei, Olve Mo, Alfred Remøy, Lars O. Valøen, Helge Såtendal, Aaron Howie i Preben J. S. Vie. "Accelerating Efficient Installation and Optimization of Battery Energy Storage System Operations Onboard Vessels". Energies 15, nr 13 (5.07.2022): 4908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134908.
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Emerging large battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are key enablers in the electrification of the shipping sector. With huge government investments in BESSs, there are large gaps between the government supported BESS initiatives and actual BESS integration results on vessels. This study aims to close these gaps, allowing BESSs to become the preferred solution for ship owners without needing government support. Firstly, this industry-driven study reviews both the industrial approaches to achieve CO2 emission reductions and the fuel savings and emission reductions from 500 BESS installations on various vessels. Secondly, a 630 kWh BESS retrofitted onto a hybrid-electric vessel is used to quantitively identify the improvement requirements for installations and operations. The installations required many custom designs that were expensive and have high failure risks. The standardization of interfaces’ between BESSs and vessels is thus urgently required. The BESS was intended for spinning reserve capacity and peak shaving but in practice was under-used in terms of energy throughput (shallow cycles and low equivalent full cycles of 80 versus the design specification of 480 yearly). Thirdly, this study develops new, integrated BESS operational models by learning from large operational data, balancing BESS degradation against fuel saving and utilizing onshore/offshore green power supply/charging. The R&D of BESS is required to deal with the increasing safety requirements and further CO2 emission reductions. Finally, four BESS acceleration scenarios were established to facilitate the technical and operational transferability through utilizing digitalization.
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Zander, Lennarth, Pontus Svens, Henrik Svärd i Petter Dahlander. "Evaluation of a Back-up Range Extender and Other Heavy-Duty BEV-Supporting Systems". World Electric Vehicle Journal 13, nr 6 (10.06.2022): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj13060102.
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Electric powertrains in terms of battery electric vehicles (BEV) are considered to be very interesting for heavy truck transportations. The challenge is the need for very large onboard energy and batteries. Long-term fuel cells (FCs) are considered an interesting support system for heavy-duty BEV, but in the short term, a range extender (REX) is also interesting. A heavy-duty BEV with 970 kWh batteries installed can handle 27% of all possible missions for the Scania fleet considering daily recharging. The back-up range extender (BUREX) can expand this figure to 55% utilized 20 days per year. If a customer has a few very energy-demanding use cases each year and does not want to pay for all the batteries needed, the BUREX may be an especially good option. The BUREX reduces life-cycle CO2 emissions, irrespective of the generation mix of the grid supplying the electricity used in vehicle manufacturing and battery charging. The BUREX reuse of the existing electric components of the BEV powertrain enables the installation of a 10% larger battery pack while being 80% less costly. The BUREX also adds redundancy to the BEV concept while recharging infrastructure improves, especially in rural places. These results indicate that the BUREX concept is a powerful short-term solution that could enable greater use of HD FC and BEV trucks while charging infrastructure and FC technologies gradually become more mature.
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Begovic, Ermina, Carlo Bertorello, Fabio De Luca i Barbara Rinauro. "KISS (Keep It Sustainable and Smart): A Research and Development Program for a Zero-Emission Small Crafts". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, nr 1 (24.12.2021): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10010016.
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This paper reviews a state-of-the-art zero emission propulsion system for a battery-powered small craft. The main aspects considered are the available propulsion systems, energy storage, and dock battery charging. This underlying activity is part of the KISS project, a research and development program in the frame of the EU-funded “Piano Operativo Regionale CALABRIA FESR-FSE 2014–2020 ASSE I–PROMOZIONEDELLA RICERCA E DELL’INNOVAZIONE”, which is aimed at designing and building a physical prototype. Its hull form is based on previous research conducted by the authors, and the powering performances were preliminarily predicted by CFD simulation. The KISS project represents a successful example of an electric small craft with performances and a mission profile comparable to competitors with conventional propulsion. Such a target has been achieved by a concurrent design that considers the hull form, engine, propulsion system, and energy storage onboard. Safety issues and the regulatory frame are also highlighted.
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Khalid, Umar, Muhammad Mansoor Khan, Muhammad Zahid Khan, Muhammad Ahmad Usman Rasool i Jianming Xu. "Pulse Width and Frequency Hybrid Modulated LLC Converter Adapted to Ultra Wide Voltage Range". Inventions 3, nr 4 (11.11.2018): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions3040077.
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In wide voltage range applications such as electric vehicles (EVs) onboard charging, conventional frequency modulated LLC topology has its intrinsic limitations. Its frequency span is extremely wide and the soft switching feature might get lost. To address this issue, this paper proposes a novel LLC resonant converter. The pulse width and frequency hybrid modulation are adopted to narrow down its switching frequency span. The operating principles, circuit modeling, and the design methodology are presented. A 1 kW rated prototype has been built to realize an efficient power flow between the 400 V DC bus and 200–440 V battery pack. The designed prototype validates the effectiveness of the proposed topology and modulation method. 96.8% peak efficiency is measured for the constructed experimental prototype.
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Noh, Jung-Hun, Seong-il Song i Deog-Jae Hur. "Numerical Analysis of the Cooling Performance in a 7.2 kW Integrated Bidirectional OBC/LDC Module". Applied Sciences 10, nr 1 (30.12.2019): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010270.
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To satisfy increasing demands for ecofriendly vehicles, researchers are now studying electric vehicle (EV)-related technologies. In particular, integrated bidirectional onboard battery charger (OBC)/low-voltage DC–DC converter (LDC) modules are being researched to improve the efficiency of onboard chargers for EV charging applications. In this study, a numerical analysis method is proposed that considers the power loss and heat flow characteristics in the design of a 7.2 kW integrated bidirectional OBC/LDC module. The developed module supports four operating modes depending on the service situation: OBC and LDC single operation, OBC/LDC simultaneous operation, and LDC operation. The mode is selected based on the power system flow. The characteristics of the circuit were analyzed in each of the four modes to compute the heat loss from the major heating elements. The results of a numerical analysis of the internal cooling characteristics showed that the internal temperature was higher in the OBC single operating mode than in the OBC and LDC simultaneous operating mode in which the power loss was the highest. The results emphasize the importance of ensuring that cooling designs consider the characteristics of various modes as well as the worst-case power loss.
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He, Hongpeng, Toshio Suzuki, Jessica Rehaag, Christian Junaedi, Saurabh Vilekar i Subir Roychoudhury. "Design of High Specific Power Solid Oxide Fuel Cells". ECS Transactions 111, nr 6 (19.05.2023): 525–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/11106.0525ecst.
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Fuel-Cell Electric-Vehicle demonstrated by PCI was fueled with military-spec F-24/JP-8 and does not require on-board hydrogen storage. An onboard fuel reformer with integrated sulfur trap was used for processing these fuels. The 10-kW electric generator included a SOFC and balance of plant components. It was hybridized with a rechargeable battery for startup, peak loads, and load following. The power produced was sufficient for vehicle propulsion and export power. Both 28-32 VDC and 110 VAC for charging batteries and supporting external load demands were available onboard. Initial off-road demonstrations were successfully conducted at PCI and customer sites. This prototype unit showed the feasibility of utilizing hydrocarbon fuels with on-board reforming and SOFC stack to generate power suitable for mobile applications while the system weight and start-up time still need to be improved. To reduce the system weight and start-up time, we are separately investigating advanced SOFC’s that show potential to address the known limitations of the state-of-the-art technology. These advanced SOFC’s demonstrated potential for fast start-up and high-power density on the cell level at 750-800°C of operating temperatures. By optimizing the configuration and design, the system performance is expected to be further improved.
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Kozłowski, Artur, i Łukasz Bołoz. "Design and Research on Power Systems and Algorithms for Controlling Electric Underground Mining Machines Powered by Batteries". Energies 14, nr 13 (5.07.2021): 4060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14134060.
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This article discusses the work that resulted in the development of two battery-powered self-propelled electric mining machines intended for operation in the conditions of a Polish copper ore mine. Currently, the global mining industry is seeing a growing interest in battery-powered electric machines, which are replacing solutions powered by internal combustion engines. The cooperation of Mine Master, Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Innovative Technologies EMAG and AGH University of Science and Technology allowed carrying out a number of works that resulted in the production of two completely new machines. In order to develop the requirements and assumptions for the designed battery-powered propulsion systems, underground tests of the existing combustion machines were carried out. Based on the results of these tests, power supply systems and control algorithms were developed and verified in a virtual environment. Next, a laboratory test stand for validating power supply systems and control algorithms was developed and constructed. The tests were aimed at checking all possible situations in which the battery gets discharged as a result of the machine’s ride or operation and when it is charged from the mine’s mains or with energy recovered during braking. Simulations of undesirable situations, such as fluctuations in the supply voltage or charging power limitation, were also carried out at the test stand. Positive test results were obtained. Finally, the power supply systems along with control algorithms were implemented and tested in the produced battery-powered machines during operational trials. The power systems and control algorithms are universal enough to be implemented in two different types of machines. Both machines were specially designed to substitute diesel machines in the conditions of a Polish ore mine. They are the lowest underground battery-powered drilling and bolting rigs with onboard chargers. The machines can also be charged by external fast battery chargers.
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Pinto Leite, José Pedro Soares, i Mark Voskuijl. "Optimal energy management for hybrid-electric aircraft". Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 92, nr 6 (4.05.2020): 851–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-03-2019-0046.
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Purpose In recent years, increased awareness on global warming effects led to a renewed interest in all kinds of green technologies. Among them, some attention has been devoted to hybrid-electric aircraft – aircraft where the propulsion system contains power systems driven by electricity and power systems driven by hydrocarbon-based fuel. Examples of these systems include electric motors and gas turbines, respectively. Despite the fact that several research groups have tried to design such aircraft, in a way, it can actually save fuel with respect to conventional designs, the results hardly approach the required fuel savings to justify a new design. One possible path to improve these designs is to optimize the onboard energy management, in other words, when to use fuel and when to use stored electricity during a mission. The purpose of this paper is to address the topic of energy management applied to hybrid-electric aircraft, including its relevance for the conceptual design of aircraft and present a practical example of optimal energy management. Design/methodology/approach To address this problem the dynamic programming (DP) method for optimal control problems was used and, together with an aircraft performance model, an optimal energy management was obtained for a given aircraft flying a given trajectory. Findings The results show how the energy onboard a hybrid fuel-battery aircraft can be optimally managed during the mission. The optimal results were compared with non-optimal result, and small differences were found. A large sensitivity of the results to the battery charging efficiency was also found. Originality/value The novelty of this work comes from the application of DP for energy management to a variable weight system which includes energy recovery via a propeller.
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Kemeny, Martin, Peter Ondrejka i Miroslav Mikolasek. "Comprehensive Degradation Analysis of NCA Li-Ion Batteries via Methods of Electrochemical Characterisation for Various Stress-Inducing Scenarios". Batteries 9, nr 1 (1.01.2023): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010033.
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Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries with Ni-based cathodes are leading storage technology in the fields of electric vehicles and power-grid applications. NCA (LiNiCoAlO2) batteries are known for their troublesome degradation tendencies, and this susceptibility to degradation raises questions regarding the safety of their usage. Hence, it is of vital importance to analyse the degradation of NCA batteries via methods which are applicable to onboard systems, so that the changes in the battery’s state of health can be addressed accordingly. For this purpose, it is crucial to study batteries stressed by various conditions which might induce degradation of different origins or magnitudes. Methods such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT), and incremental capacity analysis (ICA) have been used in battery research for years, however, there is a lack of published studies which would analyse the degradation of NCA batteries by simultaneous usage of these methods, which is essential for a comprehensive and confirmatory understanding of battery degradation. This study intends to fill this research gap by analysing the degradation of NCA batteries via simultaneous usage of EIS, GITT, and ICA methods for common stress-inducing operating conditions (over-charge, over-discharge, and high-current charging).
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Elmeseiry, Nourhan, Nancy Alshaer i Tawfik Ismail. "A Detailed Survey and Future Directions of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) with Potential Applications". Aerospace 8, nr 12 (25.11.2021): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace8120363.
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Recently, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also known as drones, have gained widespread interest in civilian and military applications, which has led to the development of novel UAVs that can perform various operations. UAVs are aircraft that can fly without the need of a human pilot onboard, meaning they can fly either autonomously or be remotely piloted. They can be equipped with multiple sensors, including cameras, inertial measurement units (IMUs), LiDAR, and GPS, to collect and transmit data in real time. Due to the demand for UAVs in various applications such as precision agriculture, search and rescue, wireless communications, and surveillance, several types of UAVs have been invented with different specifications for their size, weight, range and endurance, engine type, and configuration. Because of this variety, the design process and analysis are based on the type of UAV, with the availability of several control techniques that could be used to improve the flight of the UAV in order to avoid obstacles and potential collisions, as well as find the shortest path to save the battery life with the support of optimization techniques. However, UAVs face several challenges in order to fly smoothly, including collision avoidance, battery life, and intruders. This review paper presents UAVs’ classification, control applications, and future directions in industry and research interest. For the design process, fabrication, and analysis, various control approaches are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the challenges for UAVs, including battery charging, collision avoidance, and security, are also presented and discussed.
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Luna, Massimiliano, Giuseppe La Tona, Angelo Accetta, Marcello Pucci, Andrea Pietra i Maria Carmela Di Piazza. "Optimal Management of Battery and Fuel Cell-Based Decentralized Generation in DC Shipboard Microgrids". Energies 16, nr 4 (8.02.2023): 1682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16041682.
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This paper proposes an energy management system (EMS) that aims at managing the modular direct current (DC) microgrids (MGs) of a hybrid DC/AC power system onboard cruise ships. Each shipboard microgrid is an electrically self-sufficient system supplied only by a fuel cell (FC) and a Lithium battery, and it powers the ship’s hotel services. However, continuously varying power demand profiles negatively affect the FC. Thus, the proposed EMS aims to minimize the FC operating point excursion on the source’s characteristic. This goal is pursued by exploiting the battery capability to manage load fluctuations and compensate for power demand forecasting errors. Furthermore, it is accomplished while satisfying all the operational constraints of the shipboard microgrids and ensuring daily battery charging/discharging cycles. The proposed EMS is based on two subsystems: (1) a rule-based microgrid supervisor, which makes the EMS capable of managing black start, normal operating conditions, and transient or faulty conditions; (2) an energy management (EM) algorithm, which allows achieving the desired goal without oversizing the battery, thus granting the cost-effectiveness of the solution and a reduced impact on technical volumes/weights on board. The EMS was tested with specific reference to a real-world case study, i.e., a 48,000 gross tonnage cruise ship under different operating scenarios, including black start and multi-day period operation of shipboard MGs. Test results showed that the operating points of the FC were always in the neighborhood of the point chosen by the MG designer, that the voltage variations were always well below 5%, guaranteeing stable operation, and that the black start operation was suitably handled by the EMS. According to the obtained results, the effectiveness of the proposed approach was assessed.
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Samanta, Akash, i Sheldon S. Williamson. "A Comprehensive Review of Lithium-Ion Cell Temperature Estimation Techniques Applicable to Health-Conscious Fast Charging and Smart Battery Management Systems". Energies 14, nr 18 (20.09.2021): 5960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185960.
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Highly nonlinear characteristics of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are significantly influenced by the external and internal temperature of the LIB cell. Moreover, a cell temperature beyond the manufacturer’s specified safe operating limit could lead to thermal runaway and even fire hazards and safety concerns to operating personnel. Therefore, accurate information of cell internal and surface temperature of LIB is highly crucial for effective thermal management and proper operation of a battery management system (BMS). Accurate temperature information is also essential to BMS for the accurate estimation of various important states of LIB, such as state of charge, state of health and so on. High-capacity LIB packs, used in electric vehicles and grid-tied stationary energy storage system essentially consist of thousands of individual LIB cells. Therefore, installing a physical sensor at each cell, especially at the cell core, is not practically feasible from the solution cost, space and weight point of view. A solution is to develop a suitable estimation strategy which led scholars to propose different temperature estimation schemes aiming to establish a balance among accuracy, adaptability, modelling complexity and computational cost. This article presented an exhaustive review of these estimation strategies covering recent developments, current issues, major challenges, and future research recommendations. The prime intention is to provide a detailed guideline to researchers and industries towards developing a highly accurate, intelligent, adaptive, easy-to-implement and computationally efficient online temperature estimation strategy applicable to health-conscious fast charging and smart onboard BMS.
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Al Attar, Houssein, Mohamed Assaad Hamida, Malek Ghanes i Miassa Taleb. "LLC DC-DC Converter Performances Improvement for Bidirectional Electric Vehicle Charger Application". World Electric Vehicle Journal 13, nr 1 (23.12.2021): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj13010002.
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Electric Vehicle (EV) bidirectional charger technology is growing in importance. It defines the fact of returning the electricity stored in the batteries of EV to Grid (V2G), to Home (V2H), to Load (V2L), or in one word V2X mode. The EV onboard charger is divided into two parts: AC-DC and DC-DC converters. The isolated bidirectional DC-DC LLC resonant converter is used to improve the charger efficiency within both battery power and voltage ranges. It is controlled by varying the switching frequency based on a small signal modeling approach using the gain transfer function inversion method. The dimensions of the DC-DC LLC converter directly affect the charger cost. Moreover, they cause an important control frequency saturation zone, especially in V2X mode, where the switching frequency is out of the feasibility zone. The new challenge in this paper is to design an optimization strategy to minimize the LLC converter cost and improve the control frequency feasibility zone, for a wide variation of battery voltage and converter power, in the charging (G2V) and discharging (V2X) modes simultaneously. For our best knowledge, this optimization problem, in the case of a bidirectional (G2V and V2X) charger, is not yet considered in the literature. An optimal design that considers the control stability equations in the optimization algorithm is elaborated. The obtained results show a significant converter cost decrease and important expansion of control frequency feasibility zones. A comparative study between initial and optimized values, in G2V and V2X modes, is generated according to the converter efficiency.
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Mohan, Dr T. Murali. "Optimal Operation of Automotive Electrical System with Photovoltaic Generation and Three-level Battery Management Scheme". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, nr 1 (31.01.2022): 652–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.39889.
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Abstract: For many years, the electrical power requirements in Automotive Electrical System (AES) have been quickly increasing and are predicted to continue to climb. This trend is being pushed by the introduction of a slew of new vehicle features. The constant growth in power needs is stretching the limitations of current automotive power generation and control technologies, stimulating the development of higher-power and higher-voltage electrical systems and components. Electrical power on a vehicle is not free. It comes as a direct result of consuming fuel within the engine to drive the alternator. With a typical engine efficiency of 44% and with present fuel costs this leads to onboard electrical power costs 4 times more than a typical household utility rate. Global oil and gas resource depletion, as well as environmental concerns, have prompted the automobile industry to build more efficient and eco-friendly cars in order to minimize fuel use and safeguard the environment. In our proposed Automotive Electrical system configuration, we have an AES system which is powered by an automotive alternator and battery combination where the alternator is driven by an IC engine and we have a hybrid energy system using a Rooftop PV array with a battery management system (BMS). We discovered that during the off state, the whole load of the automobile is dependent on the 12Vlead acid battery for power, which causes the SOC to drop dramatically. As a result, the suggested model will include a flexible thin-film solar PV module positioned on the rooftop, which will be supported by a Maximum Power Point (MPPT) Tracking charge controller and will deliver energy to recharge the extra battery and meet the electrical requirements when the vehicle is stationary. When the vehicle is in motion, the existing alternator in the car's electrical system takes over the battery charging requirements, by this way, we can meet the electrical requirements of AES without running the engine for a long time by consuming fuel. The proposed model specialty is investigated using MATLAB/Simulink and compared with existing methods. Keywords: Automotive Electrical System (AES), Internal Combustion Engine (ICE), Hybrid Energy System, Rooftop PV array, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT).
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Huang, Wenxiao, Yusheng Ye, Hao Chen, Rafael A. Vilá, Andrew Xiang, Hongxia Wang, Fang Liu i in. "Onboard early detection and mitigation of lithium plating in fast-charging batteries". Nature Communications 13, nr 1 (19.11.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-33486-4.
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AbstractFast-charging is considered as one of the most desired features needed for lithium-ion batteries to accelerate the mainstream adoption of electric vehicles. However, current battery charging protocols mainly consist of conservative rate steps to avoid potential hazardous lithium plating and its associated parasitic reactions. A highly sensitive onboard detection method could enable battery fast-charging without reaching the lithium plating regime. Here, we demonstrate a novel differential pressure sensing method to precisely detect the lithium plating event. By measuring the real-time change of cell pressure per unit of charge (dP/dQ) and comparing it with the threshold defined by the maximum of dP/dQ during lithium-ion intercalation into the negative electrode, the onset of lithium plating before its extensive growth can be detected with high precision. In addition, we show that by integrating this differential pressure sensing into the battery management system (BMS), a dynamic self-regulated charging protocol can be realized to effectively extinguish the lithium plating triggered by low temperature (0 °C) while the conventional static charging protocol leads to catastrophic lithium plating at the same condition. We propose that differential pressure sensing could serve as an early nondestructive diagnosis method to guide the development of fast-charging battery technologies.
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Surjuse, Rajesh. "WIRELESS CHARGING OF BATTERY". INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 06, nr 04 (18.04.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem12345.
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In reaction to the depletion of natural resources, electric vehicles offer a viable alternative. Practical and dependable methods to charge EV batteries are crucial in order to boost the usage of EVs in daily life, and wireless power transfer (WPT) is being investigated as a solution to charge batteries. In this project, a wireless charger prototype system is built and implemented. The necessity for a cable and plug charger, galvanic separation of the onboard electronics, weight, and cost of this charger, and massive energy storage system (ESS) packs are all present in today's electric vehicles. This paper has designed and developed an antenna system suitable for vehicles using resonant magnetic coupled wireless power transfer technology to an electric vehicle charging system. The use of WPT in EVs provides a clean, convenient and safe operation. At the core of the WPT systems are two coils namely primary and secondary. For the safe and efficient transfer of energy the rated power, both sides have to be tuned by resonant capacitors. The selection of operating frequency is a key criterion for all applications as it affects the size and dimensions of the coils and the selection of the components for the power electronic circuit. Resonant wireless transmission systems for vehicle charging technology are being developed. Keywords— Wireless power transmission(WPT)
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Wang, Dule, Xiaohui Qu, Yunchang Yao i Ping Yang. "Hybrid Inductive-Power-Transfer Battery Chargers for Electric Vehicle Onboard Charging With Configurable Charging Profile". IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2020, 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tits.2020.2976647.
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Sivaperumal, Narthana, i Gnanavadivel Jothimani. "A single‐stage bridgeless isolated positive output Cuk configuration‐based unidirectional onboard battery charger". International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications, 3.08.2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cta.3757.
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SummaryAs power factor correction rectifiers play a key component of electric vehicle (EV) battery charger, the advancements in designing of improved power quality‐based EV charger become more significant in modern era. This article exposes a single‐stage bridgeless isolated positive output (BIPO) Cuk PFC converter with a noninverted output signal. The input diode rectifier present at the input is redeemed by the bridgeless topology that eliminates the serious power quality (PQ) issues and proffers the eminent charging solution for the light electric vehicles (LEV). Unlike the conventional Cuk converter, the noninverted outcome of the BIPO converter does not require a separate amplifier for converting negative to positive output voltage. The preferred charger utilizes a single voltage and current sensor to synchronize the battery charging control in the constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) phases of charging. Therefore, the converter encompasses intrinsic zero current switching (ZCS) and offers low‐cost solution to the charger with reduced control complexities. The extensive state space approach is executed to analyze the marginal stability of the presented system. Moreover, the detailed loss modeling is addressed to show the charger's efficacy curve at the standard conditions. A hardware prototype of 350 W, 60 V/4 A charger is implemented to validate its steady‐state and dynamic performance.
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Owais, Mr, i Krishna Tomar. "Control of Wireless Power Transfer System for Dynamic Charging of Electric Vehicle". International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer Science & Technology, 1.05.2022, 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.55524/ijircst.2022.10.3.5.
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In order to limit the production of pollutant gases, the transportation sector, both public and private, has turned its attention to Electric Vehicles (EVs). The most important barrier to commercializing and spreading EVs are the issues regarding the battery. The batteries are heavy, bulky, expensive, and have a limited lifetime. Furthermore, frequent charging and limited operating range due to the low energy density are other obstacles to developing EVs worldwide. Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) is a possible solution in order to solve the problems related to the battery. In this solution, the battery of the EV can be charged when the vehicle is in motion. In this kind of charging system, the transmitter coils are embedded into the ground and the receiver coil is installed underneath the vehicle. Through a sufficient charging infrastructure large enough to charge the electric vehicle during driving, the size of the battery onboard can be reduced and the driving range of the EV can be extended. EV and without any establishment of the communication between vehicle and ground, even in the case of lateral misalignment or variations of the air-gap. Subsequently, the complete simulation of the system in static and dynamic charging conditions is performed and the operation in different charging conditions such a variation of the operating frequency, power demand, lateral misalignment, vehicle speed, and air-gap, is studied. The procedure for the construction of the charging lane with the development of the coils, the embedding procedure and implementation of the power electronic converter is presented.
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Du, Xinyu, i Yilu Zhang. "Development of Robust Fault Signatures for Battery and Starter Failure Prognosis". Annual Conference of the PHM Society 10, nr 1 (24.09.2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.36001/phmconf.2018.v10i1.340.
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Battery and starter are crucial vehicle components, whose failures may cause customers to be stranded. To enhance customer satisfaction and improve dealership serviceability, the failure prognosis and fault isolation for battery or starter are very important. In order to develop a robust diagnostic and prognostic solution, in this work, the feature extraction algorithms are developed to extract two fault signatures, namely battery charging resistance equivalent and battery cranking resistance ratio. The algorithms are based on the equivalent circuit model for the battery and starter system, the battery empirical model, and the field knowledge about the driver’s behavior and battery management system. The proposed solution is a passive approach, and does not require any additional sensors for GM vehicles, or expensive computing hardware. Therefore, it is suitable for both onboard and off-board implementation. The solution has been validated with large fleet of vehicles under different scenarios, and implemented for selected GM vehicles through the OnStar™ Proactive Alerts service.
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"Mathematical Analysis and Simulation of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Electric Vehicle Application". Regular 9, nr 11 (10.09.2020): 379–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.k7852.0991120.
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Permanent magnet synchronous motors in electric vehicles are gaining more and more attention because of its high performance and high torque to inertia and high power density. PMSM Motor should operate in four quadrant operation at different driving characteristics the torque speed characteristics of the motor is observed. Battery and super capacitor is used for energy sources to the permanent magnet synchronous motor the design of electric vehicle is onboard charging system. Battery and supercapacitor are hybrid energy sources. PMSM motor is controlled by using field oriented control technique. Voltage source inverter is used to control the speed of the PMSMS motor at different frequencies. The control technique used for VSI is space vector control technique. Using MATLAB/Simulink.
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Abd El Baset Abd El Halim, Ahmed, Ehab Hassan Eid Bayoumi, Walid El-Khattam i Amr Mohamed Ibrahim. "Effect of Fast Charging on Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Review". SAE International Journal of Electrified Vehicles 12, nr 3 (4.04.2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/14-12-03-0018.
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<div>In recent years we have seen a dramatic shift toward the use of lithium-ion batteries (LIB) in a variety of applications, including portable electronics, electric vehicles (EVs), and grid storage. Even though more and more car companies are making electric models, people still worry about how far the batteries will go and how long it will take to charge them. It is common knowledge that the high currents that are necessary to quicken the charging process also lower the energy efficiency of the battery and cause it to lose capacity and power more quickly. We need an understanding of atoms and systems to better comprehend fast charging (FC) and enhance its effectiveness. These difficulties are discussed in detail in this work, which examines the literature on physical phenomena limiting battery charging speeds as well as the degradation mechanisms that typically occur while charging at high currents. Special consideration is given to charging at low temperatures. The consequences for safety are investigated, including the possible impact that rapid charging could have on the characteristics of thermal runaway (TR). In conclusion, knowledge gaps are analyzed, and recommendations are made as regards the path that subsequent studies should take. Furthermore, there is a need to give more attention to creating dependable onboard methods for detecting lithium plating (LP) and mechanical damage. It has been observed that robust charge optimization processes based on models are required to ensure faster charging in any environment. Thermal management strategies to both cool batteries while these are being charged and heat them up when these are cold are important, and a lot of attention is paid to methods that can do both quickly and well.</div>
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Nguyen, Hoang Vu, Dinh-Du To i Dong-Choon Lee. "Onboard Battery Chargers for Plug-in Electric Vehicles with Dual Functional Circuit for Low-Voltage Battery Charging and Active Power Decoupling". IEEE Access, 2018, 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2876645.
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Sahoo, Smruti, Mavroudis Kavvalos, Dimitra Diamantidou i Konstantinos G. Kyprianidis. "System-Level Assessment of a Partially Distributed Hybrid Electric Propulsion System". Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 29.09.2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4055827.
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Abstract Hybrid electric propulsion system based aircraft designs are paving the path toward a future greener aviation sector and thus, have been the major focus of the aeronautical community. The fuel efficiency improvements of such propulsion system configurations are realized at the aircraft level. In order to assess such benefits, a radical shift in the sub-system modeling requirements and an integrated conceptual aircraft design environment is necessary. This work highlights performance model development work pertaining to different hybrid electric propulsion system components and the development of a design platform that facilitates tighter integration of different novel propulsion system disciplines at the aircraft level. Furthermore, a serial/parallel partially distributed hybrid electric propulsion system is chosen as the candidate configuration to assess the potential benefits and associated trade-offs by conducting multidisciplinary design space exploration studies. It is established that the distributed hybrid electric configurations pose the potential for aircraft structural weight reduction benefits. The study further illustrates the impacts of onboard charging during the low thrust requirement segments, quantitatively. The provision of onboard charging lowers the potential for block fuel savings, and improvement in battery specific energy can make it more promising, which is also dependent on the hybridization power level. It is established that distributed propulsion system configurations particularly benefit from a high aspect ratio wing structure, which manifests in high hybridization power levels. A high voltage level transmission system with more efficient electrical components enhances opportunities for achieving block fuel saving benefits.
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Tscion Research i A. J. Elkhan. "Coming Electric Vehicle Era". Sustainable Desk 1, nr 1 (28.03.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.58525/tsd.v1i1.10.
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The urgency of sustainable, energy-efficient transportation has become extremely important as the US 1 and Global 2 energy sectors review their 2035-2040 phase-out of fossil fuel use. Top Global vehicle manufacturers have released a timeline to limit production for diesel and petrol-based three vehicles as early as 2024 4. The 2022 United States fuel costs increase reignited consumer interest in electric and hybrid transportation 5. Still, consumers are met with a limited understanding of the environmental impact expected with the fuel transition to electric transportation changes. CURRENTLY, the US has 275 million registered gas vehicles; 1.5 million electric vehicles 6. This means nearly 300 million electric automobiles will soon be introduced into the US Energy infrastructure within the next decade. Currently, the EPA approves two charging systems for residential EV charging options 7, SAE Electric Vehicle Conductive Charge Coupler (SAE J1772) Level 1, charging up to 120VAC, and Level 2, charging up to 240VAC. Level 3 direct-current (DC) Fast Charging, primarily provided by commercial providers, requires 480VAC and is not recommended for residential use due to its high energy costs 8. EPA regions in the United States experience increased electrical grid disturbances such as climate emergencies, seasonal infrastructure grid spikes, and commercial usage. The inevitable increase in EV charging raises concerns about current US federal and state policies based on the specific environmental impact of each US EPA region to support the eGrid subregion 9 preparations for expanding energy needs of an increased electric vehicle supply. Introduction By 2030, the electric vehicle will become a part of our daily necessities and social needs. The implementation of EVs can introduce similar culture-shifting changes seen with the expanded smartphone use in the 2000s or create many concerns that arose with social media in the late 2010s. Should EVs dramatically affect transportation patterns, environmental impact, energy needs, and economic changes? Can society understand the responsibility for equipment that can have profound implications if not understood? While we can assume these changes can create a greener outlook for vehicle emissions until we see the effects of gas-to-electric transitions, EVs' actual impact on our social patterns can verge on speculation. This review identifies the manufacturing impact, maintenance, and charging needs; as the economic and social equity factors for those who may lack the resources to maintain an electric vehicle responsibly. Furthermore, lastly, does the expansion of EV innovation inspire other technological and social improvements for inventors? Will this lead to re-engineering other appliances and equipment with the potential of a greener result? With the implementation of EVs, regulation must consider all aspects of accessibility to review if it improves or hinders social improvement. The maintenance of these vehicles, the accessibility of charging, the environmental regulatory needs for manufacturing, and safety are all things every potential consumer has to consider. When the expiration of gas-powered vehicles begins in 2030, regulators need to be prepared to transition prior vehicle concerns with expanded EV usage more seriously to ensure consumer safety and understand what risks come with greener expectations. Methods Regulations for electric vehicle (EV) manufacturers vary by country and region but generally aim to promote EV adoption and reduce transportation's environmental impact. Current regulations are the following: Emission standards: Local State and Federal regulations are to determine emission standards for EVs based on NEPA <> to reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions per US region. Zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) mandates: Some countries and states have ZEV mandates, which require a certain percentage of new vehicle sales to be zero-emission vehicles. Financial incentives: US Department of Energy tax credits or rebates <> encourage consumers to purchase EVs. Charging infrastructure: Governments may provide funding or require the installation of charging infrastructure to support the growth of the EV market. Battery recycling: Governments may set regulations for battery recycling to ensure the proper disposal of used batteries and reduce the environmental impact of battery production. In the European Union, the European Commission has set a target of at least 30 million EVs on the road by 2025 and 60-70% of new cars to be emissions-free by 2030. In the United States, the Biden Administration has announced plans to promote the deployment of 500,000 charging stations by 2030. In China, the government has set a target of 20% of new vehicle sales to be EVs by 2025. During 2021, approximately 60,000 public electric vehicle (EV) charging stations function within the United States. The number of charging stations has been proliferating in recent years due to increased demand for EVs and efforts by governments and private companies to build out charging infrastructure. The 2021-2024 United States Presidential Administration stated plans to provide consumer access to 500,000 charging stations by 2030 eventually. This is compared to 120,000 to 130,000 working gas stations within the United States<>. The maintenance requirements for an electric vehicle (EV) are typically different from those of a traditional internal combustion engine vehicle. As such, some specialized equipment may be needed to maintain an EV properly. Here are some examples of equipment that may be required for EV maintenance: High-Voltage Disconnect Tool: To safely disconnect the high-voltage battery in an EV, a unique tool is required to safely cut power to the battery while preventing any electrical arcing. Charging Equipment: Depending on the type of EV and charging system, specialized equipment may be needed to charge the battery, including charging cables, charging stations, and DC fast-charging equipment. Diagnostic Tools: To diagnose issues with the electrical and charging systems in an EV, specialized diagnostic tools are needed that can communicate with the vehicle's onboard computers. Brake System Tools: Electric vehicles typically use regenerative braking, which can wear the brake system more than traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. As such, specialized tools may be needed to service the brake system on an EV. Tire Changing Equipment: Electric vehicles can be heavy due to the battery's weight; specialized tire changing equipment may be needed to properly adjust the tires on an EV. Discussion The average cost of an electric vehicle (EV) can vary widely depending on the model and its features. In 2021, the average price of a new EV in the United States was around $55,000. Not including EV operating costs, costs for hybrid-fuel considerations, diagnostics, and general maintenance can offset the higher upfront cost compared to internal combustion engine vehicles over time. The Department of Energy has provided financial incentives, such as tax credits or rebates, to encourage EV purchases. The cost of recharging an electric vehicle (EV) can vary widely depending on several factors, including the local cost of electricity, the size of the battery, and the charging rate. As a rough estimate, it can cost anywhere from $5 to $15 to charge an EV, depending on the specific circumstances. This can range from $5 to $8 for a small, hatchback-style EV with a 30 kWh battery to $15 or more for a large SUV with a 100 kWh battery. It is important to note that the cost of charging an EV is still typically lower than the cost of fueling an internal combustion engine vehicle with gasoline. Additionally, many electric utilities offer time-of-use rates that allow EV owners to charge their cars during off-peak hours when electricity is less expensive. This helps minimize the cost of recharging an EV. The impact of electric vehicles (EVs) on electric bills will depend on several factors, including the electric utility's rate structure, the EV owner's driving habits, and the source of the electricity used for charging. The additional costs of an EV will increase a household's electric consumption and, therefore, its electric bill. However, the impact on the electric bill will be influenced by the cost of electricity in the local area, the size of the EV battery, and how often the EV is charged. It is estimated that charging an EV can add $30 to $50 per month to a household's electric bill. However, the actual cost can be higher or lower depending on the specific circumstances.
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Dan, Hayato, Takeshi Hatanaka, Junya Yamauchi, Takumi Shimizu i Masayuki Fujita. "Persistent Object Search and Surveillance Control With Safety Certificates for Drone Networks Based on Control Barrier Functions". Frontiers in Robotics and AI 8 (25.10.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2021.740460.
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In this paper, we address a persistent object search and surveillance mission for drone networks equipped with onboard cameras, and present a safe control strategy based on control barrier functions The mission for the object search and surveillance in this paper is defined with two subtasks, persistent search and object surveillance, which should be flexibly switched depending on the situation. Besides, to ensure actual persistency of the mission, we incorporate two additional specifications, safety (collision avoidance) and energy persistency (battery charging), into the mission. To rigorously describe the subtask of persistent search, we present a novel notion of γ-level persistent search and the performance certificate function as a candidate of a time-varying Control Barrier Function. We then design a constraint-based controller by combining the performance certificate function with other CBFs that individually reflect other specifications. In order to manage conflicts among the specifications, the present controller prioritizes individual specifications in the order of safety, energy persistency, and persistent search/object surveillance. The present controller is finally demonstrated through simulation and experiments on a testbed.
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Barbosa, Fábio C. "Battery only electric traction for freight trains - A technical and operational assessment". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit, 28.03.2023, 095440972311606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09544097231160613.
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The rail transport industry has been required to engage with the world effort to reduce the climate effects, as well as the reduction of criteria pollutant and noise emissions, which strongly affects the populations nearby the rail infrastructure. Electric powertrains have been widely used by railways, with its inherent efficiency and cleanliness. However, the required infrastructure has restricted its use to medium to large density traffic corridors, given the large infrastructure and maintenance costs involved. Light to medium loaded rail stretches and large freight rail corridors, running in rural areas, have adopted the diesel-electric powertrain approach, that relies on an onboard diesel generator, with the inherent environmental negative effects, especially to the rail nearby communities. In this context, alternative traction technologies, such as Hybrid-Electric Rail, Hydrogen Fuel Cell Rail and Battery Only Electric Rail, have been considered by the rail industry as potential alternatives. The BOER route, due to the recent battery technology breakthroughs (associated with performance improvements and reduced costs) is set as a promising alternative and has a potential do be used as a decarbonization strategy for both passenger and freight rail systems at low to medium density traffic lines. Nevertheless, the BOER technology sets great challenges, given the high energy and power required by rail vehicles, as well as the harsh rail operational environment, with huge effects on the performance, charging infrastructure requirements, fleet availability, costs, as well as the environmental sustainability associated with the mining and disposal of materials required by the battery chemistries. This paper presents, based on the state of the art available technical literature, an unbiased review of the BOER technology and an assessment of its potential for the freight rail industry, highlighting the associated technical, operational and environmental challenges.