Artykuły w czasopismach: „On-Farm experimentation”

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Roques, Susie E., Daniel R. Kindred, Pete Berry i Jonathan Helliwell. "Successful approaches for on-farm experimentation". Field Crops Research 287 (październik 2022): 108651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2022.108651.

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Piepho, Hans-Peter, Christel Richter, Joachim Spilke, Karin Hartung, Arndt Kunick i Heinrich Thöle. "Statistical aspects of on-farm experimentation". Crop and Pasture Science 62, nr 9 (2011): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp11175.

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This paper reviews options for the design and analysis of on-farm experiments. It covers both older approaches that have been popular since the Green Revolution, and more recent developments made possible by the availability of online monitoring systems as used in precision farming. The roles of randomisation as well as of geostatistical methods of analysis for these kinds of experiments are critically discussed. Two case studies are provided for illustration.

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Lacoste, Myrtille, Simon Cook, Matthew McNee, Danielle Gale, Julie Ingram, Véronique Bellon-Maurel, Tom MacMillan i in. "On-Farm Experimentation to transform global agriculture". Nature Food 3, nr 1 (23.12.2021): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00424-4.

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Hegedus, Paul B., i Bruce D. Maxwell. "Rationale for field-specific on-farm precision experimentation". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 338 (październik 2022): 108088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2022.108088.

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Bullock, David S., Maria Boerngen, Haiying Tao, Bruce Maxwell, Joe D. Luck, Luciano Shiratsuchi, Laila Puntel i Nicolas F. Martin. "The Data‐Intensive Farm Management Project: Changing Agronomic Research Through On‐Farm Precision Experimentation". Agronomy Journal 111, nr 6 (listopad 2019): 2736–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2019.03.0165.

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Thornton, P. K. "The planning stage of on-farm research: Identifying factors for experimentation". Agricultural Systems 32, nr 4 (styczeń 1990): 393–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-521x(90)90101-u.

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Rotili, Diego Hernán, Peter de Voil, Joseph Eyre, Loretta Serafin, Darren Aisthorpe, Gustavo Ángel Maddonni i Daniel Rodríguez. "Untangling genotype x management interactions in multi-environment on-farm experimentation". Field Crops Research 255 (wrzesień 2020): 107900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2020.107900.

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HOCKETT, MICHELE, i ROBERT B. RICHARDSON. "EXAMINING THE DRIVERS OF AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTATION AMONG SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN MALAWI". Experimental Agriculture 54, nr 1 (11.10.2016): 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479716000673.

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SUMMARYSmallholder farmers in Malawi are faced with the challenge of managing complex and dynamic farming systems while also adapting to change within volatile agroecological conditions. Moreover, management decisions are influenced by a combination of local knowledge, expert recommendations and on-farm experimentation. Although many smallholder farmers actively experiment with new crops and technologies, little is known about the prevalence of experimentation or the types of experiments farmers conduct. This study examined the decision-making processes of experimenting farmers to explore the drivers of on-farm experimentation. Using a mixed-methods design that incorporated field observations, survey data and in-depth interviews, we identified numerous examples of experiments with new crops, varieties and techniques that had been executed either independently or through participation in an agricultural development project. Results of quantitative and qualitative analysis reveal that smallholder farmers in Malawi across a range of socioeconomic characteristics are inclined to experiment, and gender roles in agricultural experimentation vary widely. While experimental methods differ between farmers, there are commonalities in the drivers of experimentation, including adapting to climate change, improving soil health, improving nutrition and generating income. Smallholders have a great capacity for experimentation, and their knowledge, experience, preferences and priorities – if properly understood and incorporated – could ultimately benefit both future agricultural development projects and their participants.

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RILEY, JANET. "DESIGN PERSPECTIVES IN LONG-TERM EXPERIMENTATION". Experimental Agriculture 36, nr 2 (kwiecień 2000): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700002039.

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The aims and design features of historic long-term experiments are discussed and modern perceptions are presented of long-term studies to address sustainability and research impact in farming communities. A research strategy is proposed combining on-station and on-farm research whose results influence dynamically the directions of the component studies. Guidelines are given for choosing well-controlled designs, appropriate data and sampling procedures and for maintaining quality control in data collection and indicator formation over anticipated lengthy periods of time.

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Singh, Maharaj, P. S. Pathak, Shivahdar ., Sunil Kumar i S. K. Sharma. "Experiences with farmers under on farm experimentation in Bundelkhand region of India". International Journal of Agricultural Invention 1, nr 01 (30.06.2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.46492/ijai/2016.1.1.1.

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An investigation on integrating horti-pastoral systems into prevalent farming systems in central India was undertaken by the team of scientists in Bundelkhand region of India. The preference of fruit species was done through matrix ranking by the farmers and experiments conducted at their fields. The study indicated that majority of farmers following mixed farming, growing crops and rearing farm animals for their livelihood. The maize, groundnut, sesame, black gram, sorghum and pearl millet were found mostly grown in kharif season and wheat, gram, lentil in rabi. However, the mono cropping is still in practice in the area. The acute shortage of quality green fodder has been noticed during summer. The fresh stalk and stover of maize, sorghum and pearl millet in kharif, straw of wheat, gram and green fodder of Egyptian clover was found main source of fodder in winter. The survival of animals managed by the farmers but their production level was much below to their potential. Mostly the farmers have large families as well as animals, small holdings and comparatively better literacy. The farmers did not utilize the land earlier for any purpose, now utilizing and producing quality fodder. The production from fruits expected in succeeding years will contribute additional source of income in the years to come and improvements of degraded lands.

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Hamoda, Mohamed F., i Saed M. Al-Awadi. "Wastewater management in a dairy farm". Water Science and Technology 32, nr 11 (1.12.1995): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0387.

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Field sampling and laboratory experimentation were conducted on wastewater effluent generated at a dairy farm in order to characterise the wastewater, evaluate existing primary treatment facilities, and examine an appropriate wastewater treatment system to produce good quality effluents. It has been found that the farm contributes effluents containing considerable loads of organics, solids and nutrient pollutants. Existing treatment facilities which are limited to batch-operated primary settling tanks, are not capable of producing good quality effluent. Experimentation on an aerobic, suspended growth, biological system using sequencing batch reactors (SBR) indicated that the pollutant loads in the primary-treated effluent could be substantially reduced. The study showed that a wastewater treatment system involving primary settling tanks combined with additional aerobic biological treatment is capable of removing about 94% COD and 96% SS from the farm effluents. This system could be easily integrated and coordinated with existing facilities. A wastewater management scheme has been proposed to include waste minimisation, waste treatment and effluent reuse in irrigation.

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Kool, Hanna, Jens A. Andersson i Ken E. Giller. "Reproducibility and external validity of on-farm experimental research in Africa". Experimental Agriculture 56, nr 4 (17.07.2020): 587–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479720000174.

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AbstractAgronomists have increasingly conducted experiments on-farm, in an attempt to increase the wider applicability (external validity) of their experimental findings and their relevance for agricultural development. This review assesses the way in which on-farm experimental studies address the scope or generalisability of their findings when based on a limited number of farms. A central question is how on-farm studies define the environment or research population in which the on-farm trial findings are valid, or are valuable for. Such an assessment is, of course, conditional on the (internal) validity of the experimental findings. We therefore first analyse how authors of on-farm experimental studies describe the factors that may shape experimental outcomes. As agronomic experiments often use ‘yield’ as dependent variable to assess treatment effects, we developed a procedure to score studies on their descriptions of yield-determining factors. Although experimental validity principally rests upon the reproducibility of the experiment and its findings, we found that on the basis of the information provided in published on-farm experimental studies, it is often difficult or impossible to reproduce the experimental design. Nutrient management, weed management and crop information are best described, whereas land preparation, field history and management of pests and water are rarely described. Further, on-farm experimental studies often compare treatments to a ‘farmer practice’ reference or control treatment which is assumed to be widely and uniformly practiced and known to the reader. The wider applicability or external validity is often poorly addressed in the reviewed studies. Most do not explicitly define the research population and/or environment in which (they expect) the experimental findings to work. Academic textbooks on agronomic experimentation are remarkably silent on both the internal and external validity of on-farm experimentation. We therefore argue for more systematic investigations and descriptions of the research population and settings to which on-farm experimental studies seek to generalise their findings.

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Kakimoto, Shunkei, Taro Mieno, Takashi S. T. Tanaka i David S. Bullock. "Causal forest approach for site-specific input management via on-farm precision experimentation". Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 199 (sierpień 2022): 107164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2022.107164.

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Hegedus, Paul B., Bruce Maxwell, John Sheppard, Sasha Loewen, Hannah Duff, Giorgio Morales-Luna i Amy Peerlinck. "Towards a Low-Cost Comprehensive Process for On-Farm Precision Experimentation and Analysis". Agriculture 13, nr 3 (22.02.2023): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13030524.

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Few mechanisms turn field-specific ecological data into management recommendations for crop production with appropriate uncertainty. Precision agriculture is mainly deployed for machine efficiencies and soil-based zonal management, and the traditional paradigm of small plot research fails to unite agronomic research and effective management under farmers’ unique field constraints. This work assesses the use of on-farm experiments applied with precision agriculture technologies and open-source data to gain local knowledge of the spatiotemporal variability in agroeconomic performance on the subfield scale to accelerate learning and overcome the bias inherent in traditional research approaches. The on-farm precision experimentation methodology is an approach to improve farmers’ abilities to make site-specific agronomic input decisions by simulating a distribution of economic outcomes for the producer using field-specific crop response models that account for spatiotemporal uncertainty in crop responses. The methodology is the basis of a decision support system that includes a six-step cyclical process that engages precision agriculture technology to apply experiments, gather field-specific data, incorporate modern data management and analytical approaches, and generate management recommendations as probabilities of outcomes. The quantification of variability in crop response to inputs and drawing on historic knowledge about the field and economic constraints up to the time a decision is required allows for probabilistic inference that a future management scenario will outcompete another in terms of production, economics, and sustainability. The proposed methodology represents advancement over other approaches by comparing management strategies and providing the probability that each will increase producer profits over their previous input management on the field scale.

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PILLAY, K. P. "Adoption of new sugarcane varieties by the non-miller-planters in Mauritius: the importance of on-farm trials". Experimental Agriculture 35, nr 4 (październik 1999): 417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479799354041.

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One of the major research activities of the Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute (MSIRI) is the breeding and selection of sugarcane varieties adapted to the different agro-climatic environments. Most of the on-farm experimentation is carried out in the fields of miller-planters (planters who own the sugar mills), where resources in terms of land, labour and other inputs are usually easily available. The non-miller-planters are operating in environments which are not always similar to those of the miller-planters. There is a need for on-farm experimentation under these conditions in order to improve productivity. Variety trials, observation plots and industrial trials to compare commercial varieties with promising and newly released ones have been established on-farm in order to improve the adoption rate of new varieties. The paper elaborates on the objectives of this major extension activity during the last decade. A major inference is that the planters obtain first-hand information on promising varieties prior to their release for commercial plantation, hence influencing their decision for adoption or rejection. Moreover, additional information on the performance and behaviour of these promising varieties is made available to research staff.

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Kummer, Susanne, Friedrich Leitgeb i Christian R. Vogl. "Farmers’ Own Research: Organic Farmers’ Experiments in Austria and Implications for Agricultural Innovation Systems". Sustainable Agriculture Research 6, nr 1 (12.01.2017): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v6n1p103.

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Farmers’ experiments can be defined as the autonomous activities of farmers to try or introduce something new at the farm, and include evaluation of success or failure with farmers’ own methods. Experiments enable farmers to adapt their farms to changing circumstances, build up local knowledge, and have resulted in countless agricultural innovations. Most research on the topic has been conducted in countries of the south. In this paper, however, we present experiments of randomly sampled organic farmers in Austria, and we discuss implications for agricultural innovation systems. In 76 structured questionnaire interviews we investigated topics, motives, methods and outcomes of farmers’ experiments, and factors related to the frequency of experimentation. From the interviewed farmers, 90% reported experiments, and the majority of experiments (94%) involved monitoring and evaluation strategies. Farmers who reported a high frequency of experimentation showed a significantly higher propensity to plan, document and repeat their experiments, and had a more positive attitude towards experimenting than farmers that rarely experimented. We conclude that experimenting is a common activity among organic farmers in Austria, and that farmers have their own methods to conduct and assess their experiments. The most significant outcome is the creation of new knowledge, stressing the importance of experimentation for learning and adaptive farm management. Farmers’ experiments are significant on two levels, i.e. at individual farm level and at the level of agricultural innovation systems. Taking full advantage of this innovative potential requires a better involvement of farmers as co-researchers into the development of agricultural innovations.

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Gunadi, N., M. J. Potts, R. Sinung-Basuki i Greta A. Watson. "On-farm Development of Potato Production from True Seed in Indonesia". Experimental Agriculture 28, nr 1 (styczeń 1992): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700022985.

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SummaryThree seasons of on-farm experimentation to develop potato production from botanical or true potato seed (TPS) under cool fertile conditions in West Java, Indonesia, are described. Twenty-three farmers experimented with two production systems: use of transplants, and use of seedling tubers produced in nursery beds. There was little yield difference between the systems, but an apparent progeny × system × season interaction was observed. All progenies were more resistant to late blight than the present cultivars grown from tubers. Appropriate matching of progeny and system gave seed of comparable quality with, but total yields slightly less than, certified imported seed of cv. Granola. Ware quality was slightly better than that of cv. Granola. Production costs were markedly less than for a tuber crop, making TPS ideal for small, resource-poor farmers.

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Byerlee, Derek, Bernard Triomphe i Michel Sebillotte. "Integrating Agronomic and Economic Perspectives into the Diagnostic Stage of On-farm Research". Experimental Agriculture 27, nr 2 (kwiecień 1991): 95–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700018767.

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SummaryCrop production surveys, which integrate the collection of data on both agronomic and economic variables, are increasingly common in on-farm research. A conceptual framework for designing and analysing such surveys is provided. Methodological issues in conducting crop production surveys are reviewed with respect to type of information collected, level of field observation, degree of quantification, frequency of observation, sampling, measurement of yields and yield components, and analysis of yield limiting factors. It is concluded that, while better integration of agronomic and economic perspectives in diagnosis may increase costs, the information and analysis obtained have considerable potential to improve the efficiency of experimentation.

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Kummer, Susanne, Rebecka Milestad, Friedrich Leitgeb i Christian R. Vogl. "Building Resilience through Farmers’ Experiments in Organic Agriculture: Examples from Eastern Austria". Sustainable Agriculture Research 1, nr 2 (29.07.2012): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v1n2p308.

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<p class="StandardTextkrperSAR">Farmers have always lived in changing environments where uncertainty and disturbances are inevitable. Therefore, farmers need the ability to adapt to change in order to be able to maintain their farms. Experimentation is one way for farmers to learn and adapt, and may be a tool to build farm resilience. Farmers’ experiments as defined in this paper are activities where something totally or partially new is introduced at the farm and the feasibility of this introduction is evaluated. The theoretical framework applied to study farmers’ experiments is the concept of resilience. Resilience is the capacity of social-ecological systems to cope with change, and is a framework used to assess complex systems of interactions between humans and ecosystems.</p> <p class="StandardTextkrperSAR">This paper explores to which extent farmers’ experimentation can help build farm resilience. In addition to arguments found in the literature, five organic farms in Eastern Austria are used to illustrate this potential. The farmers were interviewed in 2007 and 2008. The respective farmers all worked fulltime on their farms, were between 34 and 55 years old, and owned farms between 15 and 76 ha. These farmers experimented in ways that enhance resilience – at the farm and in the region. The outcome of experiments can be management changes, new insights, or technology that can be passed on and potentially be built into education and advisory institutions. To encourage farmers’ experiments, it is important to develop conditions that support farmers in their experimenting role.</p>

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Guthman, Julie. "Willing (White) Workers on Organic Farms? Reflections on Volunteer Farm Labor and the Politics of Precarity". Gastronomica 17, nr 1 (2017): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2017.17.1.15.

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Many young, university-educated adults these days go to work on organic farms as volunteers and interns, despite that this work is extremely demanding, painful, and has been historically demeaning. Through interviews and discussions with students, I have learned that many who participate in these ventures do so to travel, gain experience, and support organic farms yet rarely consider the impact of their voluntary labor on waged labor. I suggest that their interest in DIY experimentation more generally reflects different relationships to work than their middle-class parents enjoyed, as middle-class jobs become less desirable and attainable. I then juxtapose their chosen precarity with the situation of migrant farmworkers who are valued for their labor but do not receive biopolitical recognition. I conclude this research-inspired thought piece by positing that young adults who volunteer on farms and engage in other acts of self-provisioning may indeed be engaged in a politics of work reconfiguration but not one of solidarity.

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L, ARUNACHALAM. "EFEFCT OF PLANTING DATES AND POPULATION LEVELS ON THE YIELD OF SESAMUM (Sesamum indicum L.)". Madras Agricultural Journal 76, February (1989): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a02036.

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To find out the effect of sowing dates and plant population on the yield of sesamum, field experiments were conducted over a period of three years from 1980-81 to 1982-83 in the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University farm at Coimbatore. The results showed that early sowing viz.. immediately after the onset of monsoon was superior over the rest of planting dates. Among the different population levels, two lakh plants per hectare (30x15 cm) recorded higher yield's than the other population levels in all the three years of experimentation.

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Cho, Jason B., Joseph Guinness, Tulsi Kharel, Ángel Maresma, Karl J. Czymmek, Jan van Aardt i Quirine M. Ketterings. "Proposed Method for Statistical Analysis of On-Farm Single Strip Treatment Trials". Agronomy 11, nr 10 (12.10.2021): 2042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11102042.

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On-farm experimentation (OFE) allows farmers to improve crop management over time. The randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with field-length strips as individual plots is commonly used, but it requires advanced planning and has limited statistical power when only three to four replications are implemented. Harvester-mounted yield monitor systems generate high resolution data (1-s intervals), allowing for development of more meaningful, easily implementable OFE designs. Here we explored statistical frameworks to quantify the effect of a single treatment strip using georeferenced yield monitor data and yield stability-based management zones. Nitrogen-rich single treatment strips per field were implemented in 2018 and 2019 on three fields each on two farms in central New York. Least squares and generalized least squares approaches were evaluated for estimating treatment effects (assuming independence) versus spatial covariance for estimating standard errors. The analysis showed that estimates of treatment effects using the generalized least squares approach are unstable due to over-emphasis on certain data points, while assuming independence leads to underestimation of standard errors. We concluded that the least squares approach should be used to estimate treatment effects, while spatial covariance should be assumed when estimating standard errors for evaluation of zone-based treatment effects using the single-strip spatial evaluation approach.

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Spaner and A. G. Todd, D. "Farmer-directed on-farm experimentation examining the impact of companion planting barley and oats on timothyalfalfa forage establishment in central Newfoundland". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84, nr 1 (1.01.2004): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p03-020.

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Oats (Avena sativa L.) or barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) sown at increasing seeding rates of 23, 45 and 68 kg ha-1 with a timothy (Phleum pratense L.)-alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) mixture (harvested at cereal soft dough) resulted in increasing forage yields containing decreasing alfalfa, crude protein, P and Ca percentage in the planting year. Barley out-yielded oats by 11% in the planting year. Oats or barley sown at seeding rates up to 68 kg ha-1 do not impede underseeded forage establishment or forage production in the subsequent year in central Newfoundland. The implications of farmer-directed on-farm experimentation are discussed. Key words: Hordeum vulgare L., Avena sativa L., Phleum pratense L, Medicago sativa L., underseeding

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McCown, R. L., i K. A. Parton. "Learning from the historical failure of farm management models to aid management practice. Part 2. Three systems approaches". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57, nr 2 (2006): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar05052.

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Part 1 analysed the difficulties experienced in the field of academic Farm Management in making complex theoretical models relevant to farming. This paper highlights the important connections developed between the field of Farm Management economics and 3 key ‘systems’ ideas and tools in agricultural science in response to difficulties and opportunities. The first systems approach reviewed is the 20-year experiment by agricultural economists in using crop and animal production simulation models in management analyses. The second systems approach reviewed is Farming Systems Research (FSR), an approach characterised by on-farm experimentation with a management orientation. Many pioneers of FSR were Farm Management economists disenchanted by the inapplicability of economic theory to farm management. The FSR that emerged is interpreted as a scion of the early era of Farm Management prior to the coup by economics theorists in the 1940s. A third systems approach reviewed is a ‘soft’ intervention to facilitate farmer learning. Although evolving from FSR, this approach has surprising similarities to the ‘goal adjusting’ consulting performed by the legendary Australian Farm Management consultant cum academic, Jack Makeham. The paper concludes with discussion of a recent innovation that combines these 3 approaches. It uses a soft intervention approach that features farmers shaping their goals and expectations by ‘experimenting’ in a local, but virtual, environment provided by simulation of the production system using ‘hard’ models.

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Llewellyn, Rick S., Michael J. Robertson, Richard C. Hayes, David Ferris, Katrien Descheemaeker i Clinton Revell. "Developing the role of perennial forages for crop–livestock farms: a strategic multi-disciplinary approach". Crop and Pasture Science 65, nr 10 (2014): 945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14111.

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Developing new and improved grazing systems for crop–livestock farms where crop production is the major driver of farm management decisions presents a unique research and development challenge. In southern Australia, a substantial proportion of animal production from grazing comes from regions and farms where cropping is the major enterprise. In this paper, we describe a multi-disciplinary farming-systems research approach (EverCrop) aimed at improving farm profitability, risk management and environmental impacts through the development and integration of new grazing options with an emphasis on perennial species. It has been used to analyse and target new opportunities for farmers to benefit from perennial species across dry Mediterranean-type and temperate regions of southern Australia. It integrates field experimentation, on-farm trialling, farmer participatory research, soil–plant–climate biophysical modelling, whole-farm bioeconomic analysis and evaluations of adoptability. Multi-functional roles for summer-active grasses with winter cropping, integration of forage shrubs and establishment of new mixes of perennial grasses in crop rotations to improve farming system performance are identified, along with an analysis of factors likely to affect rate of uptake by farmers.

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MICHENI, A. N., F. KANAMPIU, O. KITONYO, D. M. MBURU, E. N. MUGAI, D. MAKUMBI i M. KASSIE. "ON-FARM EXPERIMENTATION ON CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE IN MAIZE-LEGUME BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS IN KENYA: WATER USE EFFICIENCY AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS". Experimental Agriculture 52, nr 1 (11.02.2015): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479714000556.

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SUMMARYConservation agriculture (CA) is a promising technology for controlling soil degradation, mitigating drought, increasing crop yield and reducing production costs. We hypothesized that adopting CA system would improve system productivity and efficiency, hence resulting in higher profits. To test the hypothesis, we designed a study to evaluate water use efficiency (WUE) and the economic benefits (yield and gross margins) of CA in the upper and lower midlands agro-ecological zones of eastern Kenya. Four tillage treatments, including farmers’ practice (residues removed), conventional tillage (residues removed) and two CA practices with residue retention (zero tillage and furrow–ridge), were laid out in 22 farmers’ fields where each farm was treated as a replicate. The results are based on four consecutive seasons farmer–researcher managed trials during the period 2010 and 2012. CA significantly improved crop yields after the first season of experimentation. Joint use of zero tillage and furrow–ridge provided higher WUE and yield advantage (25–34%) in the third and fourth seasons compared to the conventional practices. The lower midlands zone gave higher WUE values, which can be explained by the effects of water harvesting and retention for longer period on CA treatments. CA practices have increased income on average by 12% resulted from labour cost reduction and yield increment. Weeding costs for conventional tillage were USD 88 ha−1 compared to USD 24 ha−1 for herbicide application under CA. Practicing CA will certainly increase crop yields, WUE, generate more revenue and diversify risks during poor seasons. However, these benefits may not necessarily be earned in the first season, but will accrue in subsequent seasons.

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Tanaka, Takashi S. T. "Assessment of design and analysis frameworks for on-farm experimentation through a simulation study of wheat yield in Japan". Precision Agriculture 22, nr 5 (25.03.2021): 1601–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11119-021-09802-1.

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Marfo-Ahenkora, E., K. J. Taah, E. Owusu Danquah i E. Asare-Bediako. "On-Farm Experimentation with Improved Maize Seed and Soil Amendments in Southern Ghana: Productivity Effects in Small Holder Farms". International Journal of Agronomy 2023 (10.04.2023): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/1882121.

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Maize production in Ghana is limited by several factors including inadequate use of improved varieties and poor soil fertility management. To contribute to addressing these challenges in maize production, two on-farm experiments were conducted each in the semi deciduous forest and coastal savannah agroecological zones (AEZs) of Ghana during the major and minor cropping seasons of 2017. The study adopted a 3 × 4 factorial arranged in an RCBD with four replications in the major season. The factors were three maize varieties (Omankwa, Obatanpa, and Ahomatea) and four soil amendments (goat manure at 5 t·ha−1; inorganic fertilizer (N-P2O5-K2O at 95-37.5–37.5 kg·ha−1); 50% goat manure (2.5 t·ha−1) + 50% inorganic fertilizer (N-P2O5-K2O at 47.5–18.75–18.75 kg·ha−1); and the control (no soil amendment)).To evaluate the residual implications of these soil amendments in the minor season, each plot used in the major season was further divided into two except for the control plot, resulting in a split plot design with factorial of 3 maize varieties × 7 soil amendments. The results revealed a significant interaction between maize variety and soil amendment in both seasons with the use of sole inorganic fertilizer resulting in significantly higher ( p < 0.05 ) grain yields for all varieties in both AEZs in the major cropping season. In the minor season, the combined treatment of 50% goat manure + 50% inorganic fertilizer resulted in higher grain yields for all the varieties in both AEZs with improved maize (Omankwa and Obatanpa) having significantly higher ( p < 0.05 ) grain yields (33–40%) than the landrace (Ahomatea). The significantly lower ( p < 0.05 ) performance of maize varieties on the residual plots in both AEZs suggests that there were minimal residual effects from the major season. Thus, in continuously cropped fields, the use of inorganic fertilizer + goat manure is required in addition to improved seeds for sustainable maize production.

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Evans, Fiona H., Angela Recalde Salas, Suman Rakshit, Craig A. Scanlan i Simon E. Cook. "Assessment of the Use of Geographically Weighted Regression for Analysis of Large On-Farm Experiments and Implications for Practical Application". Agronomy 10, nr 11 (5.11.2020): 1720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111720.

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On-farm experimentation (OFE) is a farmer-centric process that can enhance the adoption of digital agriculture technologies and improve farm profitability and sustainability. Farmers work with consultants or researchers to design and implement experiments using their own machinery to test management practices at the field or farm scale. Analysis of data from OFE is challenging because of the large spatial variation influenced by spatial autocorrelation that is not due to the treatment being tested and is often much larger than treatment effects. In addition, the relationship between treatment and yield response may also vary spatially. We investigate the use of geographically weighted regression (GWR) for analysis of data from large on-farm experiments. GWR estimates local regressions, where data are weighted by distance from the site using a distance-decay kernel. It is a simple approach that can be easily explained to farmers and their agronomic advisors. We use simulated data to test the ability of GWR to separate yield variation due to treatment from any underlying spatial variation in yield that is not due to treatment; show that GWR kernel bandwidth can be based on experimental design to accurately separate the underlying spatial variability from treatment effects; and demonstrate a step-wise model selection approach to determine when the response to treatment is global across the experiment or locally varying. We demonstrate our recommended approach on two large-scale experiments conducted on farms in Western Australia to investigate grain yield response to potassium fertiliser. We discuss the implications of our results for routine practical application to OFE and conclude that GWR has potential for wide application in a semi-automated manner to analyse OFE data, improve farm decision-making, and enhance the adoption of digital technologies.

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Reddy, Karnati Jahnavi, Biswarup Mehera i Prateek Kumar. "Effect of Biofertilizers and Foliar Application of Zinc on Growth and Yield of Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.)". International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35, nr 7 (28.03.2023): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i72868.

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A field experiment was conducted during Zaid 2022 at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, SHUATS, Prayagraj (U.P). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with ten treatments each replicated thrice on the basis of one year experimentation. The results showed that application of PSB 20g/kg seed + 0.75% ZnSO4 was recorded significantly higher plant height (97.37 cm), Number of nodules/plant (112.60), Plant dry weight (18.41 g/plant), Pods/plant (31.2), Seeds/pod (2.20), Test weight (38.46 g), Pod yield (3.00 t/ha), Seed yield (2.46 t/ha), Haulm yield (4.94 t/ha), Harvest index (49.83%), Shelling percentage (82.13%), gross returns (Rs.98,508.00/ha), net return (Rs.71,388.00/ha) and benefit cost ratio (2.63).

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Samuel, S. T. Prem, i Joy Dawson. "Effect of Sulphur and Foliar Application of Thiourea on Growth and Yield of Cluster Bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.)". International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, nr 9 (9.08.2023): 3264–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i92576.

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The field experiment was conducted during Zaid 2023 at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, SHUATS, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India. The soil of the experimental plot was sandy loam in texture, nearly neutral in soil reaction (pH 7.3). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with nine treatments each replicated thrice based on one year of experimentation. The application of Sulphur at 45 kg/ha + Thiourea at 1500 ppm, recorded Significant maximum pods/plant (41.00), Seeds/pod (14.00), Seed index (31.80 g), Seed yield (1.84 t/ha), stover yield (3.66 t/ha), Harvest index (33.45 %) were recorded with the treatment of Sulphur at 45 kg/ha + Thiourea at 1500 ppm.

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Argent, Neil. "Rural geography II: Scalar and social constructionist perspectives on climate change adaptation and rural resilience". Progress in Human Geography 43, nr 1 (22.11.2017): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309132517743115.

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This report considers rural geography scholarship in relation to the field of climate change adaptation. While applied perspectives on the modelling and mapping of the potential impacts of climate change-related hazard events on rural localities continue to be an important research theme, more theoretically sophisticated and interpretivist approaches are providing more challenging understandings of the multi-scalar nature of climate change adaptation processes, from the micro-scale of the farm operator to the global scale of shifting climate regimes. Social constructivism is being deployed to critique taken-for-granted interpretations of the natural processes underlying regionally-specific climate change impacts, further broadening the ontological and epistemological lens of the sub-discipline. Rural geography continues to be a fertile sub-disciplinary field for theoretical and methodological experimentation.

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Kraaijvanger, R., i A. Veldkamp. "The importance of local factors and management in determining wheat yield variability in on-farm experimentation in Tigray, northern Ethiopia". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 214 (grudzień 2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.08.003.

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Kumar, Badavath Vamshi, Biswarup Mehera i Prateek Kumar. "Effect of Boron on Yield of Different Varieties of Mustard (Brassica juncea L.)". International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, nr 10 (28.08.2023): 1517–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i102807.

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The field experiment was conducted during Rabi 2022 at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, SHUATS, Prayagraj (U.P). The soil of the experimental plot was sandy loam in texture, nearly neutral in soil reaction (pH 7.2), low in organic carbon (0.22 %), available N (171.48 kg/ha), available P (12.3 kg/ha) and available K (235.7 kg/ha). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with nine treatments and one control plot each replicated three based on one-year experimentation. The results showed that treatment with the application of Laxmi + Boron at 20 kg/ha recorded a significantly higher number of Siliquae/plant (259.00), Number of seeds/siliquae (15.00), Test weight (6.12 g), Seed yield (2.05 t/ha) and Stover yield (6.30 t/ha).

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Tuck, Nancy. "Animals in Moral Limbo: How Literary Pigs May Help Lab-Generated Ones". Animals 10, nr 4 (6.04.2020): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10040629.

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When considering that artistic and literary artifacts reflect the cultural views and mores of a particular time period, there is a significant misalignment between stories depicting increased moral status of pigs (e.g., vis-à-vis human-porcine relationships) and ongoing practices of pig consumption, commodification, and medical experimentation. In fact, there has been increased industrial farm meat production and biotechnological experimentation. Xenotransplantation trials, for example, are being heralded “the answer” to organ shortages needed for human transplantation, while significant ethical concerns persist. In this paper, I posit that literary reflections add a valuable dimension to animal ethics deliberations, providing a meta-narrative against which to assess normative practices. Beginning with synopses of three books: E.B. White’s Charlotte’s Web (1952), Robert Newton Peck’s A Day No Pigs Would Die (1972), and Paul Griffin’s Saving Marty (2017), I illustrate a shifting moral status view of human–pig relationships. Next, I discuss personhood attributions through biological, philosophical, and legal frameworks; review benefits and risks of xenotransplantation; reflect on the moral status of non-human animals; and offer concluding thoughts.

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Yadav, Shankar Lal, Samir Ebson Topno, Vijay Bahadur, V. M. Prasad i Anita Kerketta. "Effect of Different Organic Manure and Inorganic Fertilizer on Growth, Yield and Quality of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)". International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, nr 8 (20.06.2023): 1990–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i82156.

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The experimentation entitled Effect of different organic manure and inorganic fertilizer on growth, yield and quality of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) during kharif (Rainy) season at Horticulture Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, and PRAYAGRAJ (UP) during 2022. Due to the heavy application of chemical and fertilizer, land and water bodies are getting polluted So, to reduce the degradation of soil, we have used combination of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications and thirteen treatment combinations. F1 Hybrid Covi Plus was selected for this study. We have found that application of 75% NPK and 25% of vermicompost respectively gave highest yield (19.57 t/ha).

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Naushabayev, Askhat, Nurzikhan Seitkali, Karlyga Karayeva, Shynar Mazkirat, Meirambay Toilybayev i Tursunay Vassilina. "Effective strategies for reclaiming soda-saline soils: Field experimentation and practical applications in Southeast Kazakhstan". EURASIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE (EJSS) 13, nr 3 (23.05.2024): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18393/ejss.1491206.

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Soda-saline soils pose significant challenges to agricultural productivity, particularly in regions like the foothill plain of the Ili Alatau in southeast Kazakhstan. In this study, we examined the effectiveness of different ameliorants, including phosphogypsum, elemental sulfur, and sulfuric acid, in reclaiming soda-saline soils and enhancing crop yields. The study was conducted under real climatic and production conditions at the "Amiran" LLP farm. Using a randomized complete block design, we assessed the impact of these ameliorants on soil composition and alfalfa yield over two cutting cycles. The experiment involved the application of phosphogypsum, elemental sulfur, and sulfuric acid to designated plots within the farm, each covering an area of 15m2. Soil samples were collected before and after treatment to assess changes in soil composition and salinity. Alfalfa, a resilient perennial crop, was selected for cultivation due to its tolerance to adverse soil conditions. Our findings reveal that all tested ameliorants successfully neutralized the toxic environment of soda-saline soils, resulting in improved soil conditions and increased crop productivity. Phosphogypsum treatment led to a reduction in bicarbonate and carbonate ions, an increase in sulfate ion concentration, and improved soil structure. Elemental sulfur incubation decreased bicarbonate and carbonate ions, further reducing absorbed sodium levels and enhancing soil fertility. Sulfuric acid treatment provided rapid results in reducing alkalinity and increasing sulfate ion concentration, leading to significant improvements in soil quality and crop yield. However, the reclamation of soda-saline solonetzes presented challenges related to soil heterogeneity and poor water permeability. To address these challenges, we recommend the implementation of mechanical destruction of the solonetz soil horizon and deep soil loosening, accompanied by the addition of ameliorants. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the potential of phosphogypsum, elemental sulfur, and sulfuric acid as effective ameliorants for reclaiming soda-saline soils and improving agricultural productivity in challenging environments. By adopting recommended reclamation strategies, farmers can overcome soil limitations and achieve sustainable crop production in regions affected by soda-saline soil degradation.

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Franceschi, Piero, Massimo Malacarne, Paolo Formaggioni, Michele Faccia i Andrea Summer. "Effects of Milk Storage Temperature at the Farm on the Characteristics of Parmigiano Reggiano Cheese: Chemical Composition and Proteolysis". Animals 11, nr 3 (19.03.2021): 879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030879.

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Parmigiano Reggiano is a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) cheese whose official production protocol provides that milk cannot be stored at less than 18 °C at the farm. The possibility of refrigerating milk at the farm is highly debated, since it should allow for the limiting of bacterial growth, thus improving the quality of the cheese. The present research aimed to study the influence of storing the milk at 9 °C on the chemical composition and proteolysis during the ripening of Parmigiano Reggiano cheese. The experimentation considered six cheese-making trials, in which both evening and morning milks were subdivided into two parts that were maintained at 9 and 20 °C. After Parmigiano Reggiano cheese-making, one of the twin wheels obtained was analyzed after 21 months of ripening. From each cheese, two different samples were taken, one from the inner zone, and the other from the outer zone. The results of the chemical analyses evidenced that milk storage at 9 °C significantly (p ≤ 0.05) influenced fat, crude protein, soluble nitrogen and peptone nitrogen contents. Nevertheless, the differences observed with respect to the cheese obtained with milk stored under standard condition were very small and should be considered within the “normal variations” of Parmigiano Reggiano chemical characteristics.

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Saji, Jobin, i Joy Dawson. "Effect of Application of Iron and Zinc on Growth and Yield of Cluster Bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.)". International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, nr 9 (5.08.2023): 2961–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i92535.

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A field experiment was conducted during Zaid 2023 at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, SHUATS, Prayagraj (U.P). The soil of the experimental plot was sandy loam in texture, nearly neutral in soil reaction (pH 7.1), low in organic carbon (0.36 %), available N (171.48 kg/ha), available P (15.2 kg/ha) and available K (232.5 kg/ha). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with nine treatments each replicated thrice based on one year of experimentation. The application of Iron at 15000 ppm + Zinc 20 kg/ha, recorded significantly higher Plant height (102.80 cm), number of nodules per plant (47.57) Plant dry weight (55.04 g/plant). Significantly maximum pods/plant (44.50), Seeds/pod (14.31) were recorded with the treatment of Iron at 15000 ppm + Zinc 20 kg/ha.

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Kumar, Priya Ranjan, Sudarshan Maurya, Asit Chakrabarti, V. K. Yadav, Soumen Naskar, Sanju Gupta, Sonal Kumari, Arun Kumar Singh, B. P. Bhatt i Bikash Das. "Farm diversification options for ensuring livelihood security of peri-urban farmers in eastern plateau and hill region: Learnings from Farmer FIRST Project". Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90, nr 3 (22.06.2020): 643–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i3.101508.

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The research work was undertaken in four villages near Ranchi, Jharkhand under the Farmer FIRST Project to test the effectiveness of the technological options in improving the profitability of peri-urban agriculture system. Based on Principal Component Analysis of data on agri-economic conditions of farmers, the farm households could be classified into five broad typologies, viz. 1: Marginal farmers and landless labourers, 2: Cereal dominated small farmers, 3: IFS based small farmers, 4: Livestock based marginal farmers and 5: Cereal based medium farmers. Results of two years of experimentation indicated promising technological options like rainy season cultivation of solanaceous vegetables, cultivation of crops like wheat, chickpea and other rabi and summer season vegetables in rice fallow, management of ecto- and endo parasite in the animals and supplementation of area specific mineral mixture, cultivation of oyster mushroom for increasing income from agricultural production system. The project has resulted in increase in income of all typologies of farmers with a maximum increase in case of small farmers practising integrated farming and minimum increase in case of marginal farmers and landless labourers. Notably, income from non-farm sources saw a decrease in all five typologies.

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Reddy, Rachamallu Yogitha, Biswarup Mehera i Mallela Nikitha Rani. "Influence of Zinc and Boron Application on Growth and Yield of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)". International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, nr 10 (22.08.2023): 859–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i102727.

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This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the response of boron and its interaction in maximizing the growth and yield performance of French beans. A field experiment was conducted during Rabi 2022 at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, SHUATS, Prayagraj (U.P), India. To find out the influence of Zinc and Boron on the growth and yield attributes of French bean. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with ten treatments including control each replicated thrice based on one year of experimentation. The application of Zinc 45 kg/ha-1 + Boron 0.5% @ 15 DAS, recorded significantly higher Plant height (44.00 cm), Plant dry weight (29.31 g/plant). Significantly maximum pods/plant (17.40), Seeds/pod (7.00), Seed index (44.04 g), Seed yield (1.37 t/ha), stover yield (3.21 t/ha) were recorded with the treatment of Zinc 45 kg/ha-1 + Boron 0.5% @ 15 DAS.

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Filauro, G., R. Prati, C. Marchesini i A. Coppi. "Bio-P Removal from High Phosphorus Wastewaters: Pilot Testing Confirms Applicability of the Process". Water Science and Technology 23, nr 4-6 (1.02.1991): 603–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0510.

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The performance of biological phosphorus removal from combined wastewaters of municipal and pig farm origin containing up to 100 mg/l initial phosphorus was investigated on a PhoStrip semi-industrial size pilot plant. Objective of the experimentation was to assess the applicability of Bio-P removal to high strength liquors in association with biological nitrification/denitrification. The experimental results indicate that high combined phosphorus and nitrogen removal efficiencies can be obtained, while still operating at practicable process conditions. The operation of the pilot plant demonstrated that the dual phosphorous “sink” - with phosphorus-enriched waste activated sludge and with chemically precipitated HAP - is a key factor to consistently achieve low effluent phosphorus concentrations in activated sludge systems operating at high phosphorus loading.

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MONAGHAN, R. M., i C. A. M. DE KLEIN. "Integration of measures to mitigate reactive nitrogen losses to the environment from grazed pastoral dairy systems". Journal of Agricultural Science 152, S1 (31.01.2014): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859613000956.

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SUMMARYThe need for nitrogen (N) efficiency measures for dairy systems is as great as ever if we are to meet the challenge of increasing global production of animal-based protein while reducing N losses to the environment. The present paper provides an overview of current N efficiency and mitigation options for pastoral dairy farm systems and assesses the impact of integrating a range of these options on reactive N loss to the environment from dairy farms located in five regions of New Zealand with contrasting soil, climate and farm management attributes. Specific options evaluated were: (i) eliminating winter applications of fertilizer N, (ii) optimal reuse of farm dairy effluent, (iii) improving animal performance through better feeding and using cows with higher genetic merit, (iv) lowering dietary N concentration, (v) applying the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) and (vi) restricting the duration of pasture grazing during autumn and winter. The Overseer®Nutrient Budgeting model was used to estimate N losses from representative farms that were characterized based on information obtained from detailed farmer surveys conducted in 2001 and 2009. The analysis suggests that (i) milk production increases of 7–30% were associated with increased N leaching and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission losses of 3–30 and 0–25%, respectively; and (ii) integrating a range of strategic and tactical management and mitigation options could offset these increased N losses. The modelling analysis also suggested that the restricted autumn and winter grazing strategy resulted in some degree of pollution swapping, with reductions in N leaching loss being associated with increases in N loss via ammonia volatilization and N2O emissions from effluents captured and stored in the confinement systems. Future research efforts need to include farm systems level experimentation to validate and assess the impacts of region-specific dairy systems redesign on productivity, profit, environmental losses, practical feasibility and un-intended consequences.

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Tiwari, Abhishek, Anil Kumar, R. K. Pathak, Sanjeev Sharma, Hanuman Prasad Pandey, Ravindra Sachan, Veerendra Singh i Shubham Pandey. "Impact of Organic Manure, Inorganic Fertilizers and Bioinoculants on Production and Economics of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)". International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, nr 9 (11.08.2023): 3534–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i92643.

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Field trials were undertaken to investigate the impact of integrated nutrient management on wheat yield and economic aspects during the Rabi season of 2021-22 and 2022-23. The experimentation took place at the student's instructional farm of Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology in Kanpur. The study encompassed 11 treatment combinations, organized in a randomized block design with three replications. These treatments involved varying combinations of inorganic fertilizers, organic manure, and biofertilizers. The cultivation of wheat variety HD-2967 was carried out in accordance with the suggested agronomic practices. Based on the outcomes derived from the investigation, it can be deduced that among the various productivity parameters, the treatment labeled as T10 [100 % NPK + S40 + Zn5 + Fe10 + Azotobacter + PSB + 5 ton FYM] exhibited the highest grain yield of 48.60 and 49.93 quintals per hectare, straw yield of 63.15 and 67.53 quintals per hectare, and biological yield of 111.75 and 117.46 quintals per hectare across both years of experimentation. For economic factors, the treatment T10 also yielded the highest gross returns of ₹ 1,40,190 and ₹154,632 during the first year (2021-22) and second year (2022-23) of the experiment, respectively. Moreover, the treatment T7 [100 % NPK + Zn5] showcased the maximum benefit-cost ratio (B:C ratio) of 2.26 and 2.39. It is noteworthy that the highest costs of cultivation were observed in the treatment T10, amounting to ₹ 53,805 in the first year and ₹ 55,561 in the second year. This treatment encompassed a combination of 100 % NPK, S40, Zn5, Fe10, Azotobacter, PSB, and 5 tons of FYM.

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Mekete Manjura Suntebo i Ayano Abera Gagebo. "Performance evaluation of selected exotic chicken breeds under farmers management in Derashe and Konso Zones, SNNPR, Ethiopia". International Journal of Science and Research Archive 10, nr 2 (30.11.2023): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2023.10.2.0903.

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This study was conducted under on-farm conditions, as farmer-led experimentation; in two target areas (Karat town and Gidole town) of Konso Zone and Derashe Zone, South Ethiopia with the objective of evaluating and comparing the production performance of Koekoek and Sasso chicken breeds under different locations and on farm management systems to establish breed suitability under varying conditions. In this study, the growth of chickens was mostly affected by the environment which reflects their differences in response to location factors. In general, the observed final bodyweight attained by Sasso during the growing phase in the present study was 2.5± 14.9 gram. The current study's findings regarding the egg production attribute indicate that the interplay between location and breed has an impact on the age at which the first egg is laid. Koekoek chickens matured around 11 days earlier than Sasso chickens in the Karat town whereas Sasso chickens matured about 13 days earlier in the Gidole town. In the current study, both the growing and laying stages showed higher chicken mortality rates in the low land area than in the highland area. Poor management techniques (inadequate feeding) of the birds observed in the lowland areas as opposed to the highland areas may be to blame for this.

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Farrington, J. "The Planning Stage of On-Farm Research: Identifying Factors for Experimentation. By R. Tripp and J. Woolley. Mexico: CIMMYT (1989), pp. 85, $15.00." Experimental Agriculture 26, nr 2 (kwiecień 1990): 243–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700018317.

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Kottala, Nikitha, Umesha C. i Vandana Boyapati. "Influence of Phosphorus and Foliar Spraying of Zinc on Growth and Yield of Summer Groundnut". Environment and Ecology 41, nr 3 (lipiec 2023): 1444–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.60151/envec/lnad9368.

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A field experiment was conducted during Zaid 2022 at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, SHUATS, Prayagraj (UP). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with ten treatments which are replicated thrice based on one-year of experimentation. The treatments consist of 3 different levels of phosphorus (40, 50, 60 kg/ha) and chelated zinc (0.5, 1g, 2 g/liter) as a foliar spray and a control. The results revealed that the application of 60 kg/ha P2O5 + 2 g/liter chelated zinc (EDTA) was recorded significantly higher plant height (36.80 cm), No. of Nodules/plant (117.5), Plant dry weight (26.06 g/plant), Number of pods per plant (37.6), Seeds/pod (2.37), Test weight (38.00 g), Seed yield pod yield (3.80 t/ha), Seed yield (2.74 t/ha), Haulm yield (4.87 t/ha), Harvest index (46.00%), Shelling percent (59.07%), Gross returns (Rs 89,600.00/ha), Net return (Rs 62,340.00/ha) and Benefit-cost ratio (2.28).

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Navale, Nilesh Dagadu, Ravindra Babasaheb Nagare, Pravin Babasaheb Khakale i Shubham Bapurao Gavhane. "Onion Weed Classification System through Deep Learning". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, nr 5 (31.05.2022): 4031–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.42806.

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Abstract: Agriculture is one of the most essential and highly critical aspects of human survival on Earth. Farming allows for creating large stockpiles of food that can feed and nourish the population effectively. India is largely based on farming and other consumable products that are even exported to the rest of world. This makes agriculture and important part of the Indian subcontinent as it allows for an effective growth and provides nourishment to the nation as well as the dependent countries. The main problems associated with the detection of presence of weed in the farm is usually done manually and takes a lot of the farmer’s time and energy and can be almost impossible for a single farmer if the farm is large. This takes up a lot of labor time which can be used for other and more important tasks. The improvement in the technology can be implemented to improve weed detection and identification. Therefore, for providing a solution for this problem this approach proposes an effective and useful mechanism for weed classification using Convolutional Neural Networks along with Decision Making. The approach has been evaluated effectively through experimentation which has been crucial in the realization of the performance of the methodology. Keywords: Open CV, Convolutional Neural Network, Decision Making.

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Jasso-Ruiz, Ubaldo, Juan Ramón Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Edgar Mendoza, Carlos Echeverría i Nadia Maria Salgado-Herrera. "Real-Time Co-Simulation and Grid Integration of PMSG-Based Hydrokinetic Energy Conversion Systems via Power-Hardware-in-the-Loop Technics". Energies 17, nr 11 (30.05.2024): 2662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17112662.

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Ocean energy sources are a promising source of energy. However, simulating a hydrokinetic farm with multiple units requires significant computational resources, while physical experimentation on site is expensive. Therefore, the scientific challenge is to develop analytical and experimental tools that consider real aspects of areas with generation potential in a controlled laboratory environment. This paper presents a theoretical and experimental tool for analysing the interconnection of a hydrokinetic energy farm comprising 20 generation units. The test bench is a Power Hardware in the Loop type, consisting of one physical prototype generator to scale and 19 discrete averaged models operating in real-time. The system allows generators to interact through an amplifier, emulating the impact of power injection in a small electrical network. This is based on the variability of the marine resource, specifically the current velocities in the Cozumel-Mexico channel. Unlike other publications, the most significant contribution of this work is a complete feasible emulation of a marine current plant interconnected to an electrical grid, where the objective is to have a global analysis of the operation of each generation unit and the impact of the interconnection as a whole, considering that such information is of utmost importance for the execution of future projects of power generation from the sea.

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Jaysawal, Peeyush Kumar, Sunil Kumar Verma, Deepak Kumar Yadav, Vijay Pratap, Jaya Bharti i Piyush Kumar Bhargaw. "Effect of herbicides on weed dynamics in transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Eastern U.P., India". Ecology, Environment and Conservation 28, nr 08 (2022): S42—S46. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2022.v28i08s.007.

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A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, India during kharif-2017 and 2018 to evaluate effect of herbicides on weed population and weed dry weight in transplanted rice in eastern UP. There were ten treatments in the combination of herbicides in varying doses, arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. Among dominant weed flora narrow leaf weeds like Cynodon dactylon, Echinochloa colona and Echinochloa crusgalli, sedges like Cyperus rotundus, Cyperus iria and Fimbristylis miliacea and broad-leaved weeds like Eclipta alba and Caesulia axillaris were recorded in the time of experimentation. Combined application of Bispyribac-Na 9.1% @ 24.57 g ha-1 + Metsulfuran methyl 1.2% @ 3.24 g ha-1 + Chlorimuron ethyl 1.2% SC @ 3.24 g ha-1 was recorded minimum weeds density and weeds dry weight and maximum weed control efficiency after weed free treatment at all the crop growth stage 30, 60 and 90 days after transplanting.

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