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1
Higginson, Irene J., i Christina Victor. "Assessment and Screening of Older People: Needs Assessment for Older People". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 87, nr 8 (sierpień 1994): 471–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107689408700815.
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Assessments of need carried out so far have concentrated on single diseases or interventions rather than care groups or on people who have multiple pathologies. We therefore began a needs assessment for older people in a central London health authority. The health district - then called Parkside - covered 25 square miles in north London and had a resident population of 432 600 people, of which 7% were aged 75 years and over and 2% were aged 85 years and over. Estimates of the number of people with different disabilities and diseases were calculated using data from the General Household Survey, the Office of Population Census Survey (OPCS) Disability Survey or other national or reliable surveys. Although the majority of older people were well - indicating a need for health promotion and disease prevention - we estimated the number of disabled older people in the district was in excess of 25 000, with the most common types of disability being those concerned with locomotion, hearing and personal care. Using data from the OPCS survey we were able to estimate there were 7328 people aged 75 years and over who were in the OPCS top five severity ratings, which would mean that they probably required services. For mental health we estimated there would be approximately 6000 older people suffering from clinically significant depression, 6000 older people suffering from anxiety, and between 2740 and 4441 suffering moderate to severe dementia. A next step is to match an assessment of the prevalence of disease and disability, with an estimate of that being served locally.
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Singh, Amrandra Prasad. "Anti-inflammatory dietary supplements in prevention of diseases in geriatric people". International Journal of Advances in Medicine 6, nr 2 (25.03.2019): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20190562.
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As our age advances, many changes are seen in our body, such as cellular changes, cardiovascular problems, cerebrovascular diseases, including cancer mediated by inflammation and their mediators such as free radicals (ROS, RNS), cytokines, transcription factors (NF-KB, STAT3) due to altered dietary patterns and digestive disorders. The disease pattern can be suppressed by including anti-inflammatory dietary supplements in our diet to prevent various diseases in geriatric peoples associated with inflammation. Chronic activation of the inflammatory response, defined as inflammation, is the key physio-pathological substrate for anabolic resistance, sarcopenia and frailty in older individuals. Nutrients can theoretically modulate this phenomenon. This article briefs about anti-inflammatory dietary supplements in prevention of diseases associated with inflammation in geriatric people.
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Surinov, Daniil Vladimirovich. "PREVALENCE OF RISK FACTORS OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AMONG THE POPULATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION". Scientific medical Bulletin of Ugra 27, nr 1 (2021): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.25017/2306-1367-2021-27-1-24-32.
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Today, cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in the world’s population. It is generally known that disease prevention is the best method for maintaining human health. This article discusses the most common risk factors for CVD among young people, older people, as well as men and women, the prevention of which helps to increase the life expectancy of the population
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Montagnani, Andrea, Roberto Nardi, Michela Cercignani i Valerio Verdiani. "Potential role of vitamin D in prevention of skeletal and extraskeletal diseases in older people". Italian Journal of Medicine 10, nr 1 (5.11.2015): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/itjm.2015.597.
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Vitamin D and calcium are essential for bone health. An adequate calcium-phosphorus product determines a high quality mineralization long lifetime. In older people, both calcium and vitamin D levels may be lower causing osteomalacia and/or osteoporosis with a higher risk of fracture. Epidemiological data have clearly associated serum vitamin D lower levels (deficiency) with bone fracture in older people, however, not univocal data exist in regard to a beneficial effect of vitamin D supplementation in general population. Although not systematic, the present review aims to make a narrative synthesis of the most recent published data on vitamin D effect not only on bone, classical target associated with vitamin D studies, but namely on extraskeletal diseases. In fact, recently, there has been an increasing interest on this latter issue with surprising findings. Vitamin D, and in particular its deficiency, seems to have a role in pathophysiological pathways in several diseases involving cardiovascular, central nervous system and neoplastic process. On the other hand, vitamin D supplementation may modify the outcome of a wide range of illnesses. Up to date the data are conflicting mainly because of difficulty to establish a consensus on the threshold of vitamin D deficit. The US Institute of Medicine recommends to distinguish a level of insufficiency [defined as 30-50 nmol/L or 16-25 ng/mL of 25(OH)D] and another of deficiency identified by 25(OH)D levels lower than 30 nmol/L (or <16 ng/mL). This latter level is considered a minimum level necessary in older adults to minimize the risk of falls, fracture and probably to have some effects of vitamin D supplementation in extraskeletal diseases. Although there are no absolute certainties in such issue, the most recent data suggest that vitamin D deficiency, and its supplementation, may play an important role in a wide range of diseases other than in bone metabolic diseases in older but not in general population. For such reason a widespread measurement of vitamin D levels in general population, and not only in older, seems to be inappropriate and it could induce an overuse of vitamin D supplementation in situations in which its efficacy and cost-effectiveness have not been proven.
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Sobalska, Anna, Katarzyna Tomczyk i Beata Łabuz-Roszak. "ASSESSMENT OF ADULT EATING HABITS IN THE NUTRITIONAL PREVENTION OF STROKE". Wiadomości Lekarskie 73, nr 9 (2020): 1904–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202009203.
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Introduction: Lifestyle modification, including changing eating habits, plays an essential role in the prevention of stroke. The aim: The study aimed to assess the nutritional prevention of cerebrovascular diseases in adult inhabitants of Poland. Material and Methods: The study was conducted using the author’s questionnaire among 145 women and 76 men, aged 18 - 30 (53.9%) and 50 - 70 (46.1%) years. Results: The following stroke risk factors were found in the examined group: overweight or obesity (46.6%), lack of regular physical activity (48%), smoking (33%), hypertension (22.1%), dyslipidemia (8.6%), diabetes (5.9%), and cardiac arrhythmias (6.3%). The younger subjects compared to older ones more often declared the daily consumption of whole-grain cereal products and vegetables, fish at least once a week, and they preferred vegetable oils. On the other hand, older subjects declared the consumption of sweets, sweet drinks, salt, and fast food less frequently than younger ones. Also, fruits were more often chosen by older people. Both groups declared similar moderate consumption of milk and dairy products with reduced fat content, lean meat, and alcohol. Only 38% of respondents considered their eating habits to be appropriate. Conclusions: The eating habits of examined adults only partially met the recommendations regarding the nutritional prevention of stroke. In some elements, younger people were more likely to follow appropriate dietary recommendations, while older people were more appropriate in others. The education regarding the principles of the nutritional prevention of cerebrovascular diseases is still necessary and should be age-appropriate.
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Rooney, Eric. "Planning dental services for an ageing population". Faculty Dental Journal 2, nr 3 (lipiec 2011): 100–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/204268511x13064036473680.
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Older people are living longer, keeping their teeth for longer but increasingly facing diseases associated with ageing, including dementia. The ability of older people to maintain good oral health, and the ability of dental professionals to maintain their heavily restored dentitions, presents a challenge in planning services for the future. There needs to be a focus on personal prevention for those who will move into old age over the next 20 years. We must also develop services which address the complexity of delivering professional prevention and treatment to those who need to be supported in their later years.
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Zartaloudi, Afroditi. "529 - Suicide in elderly people". International Psychogeriatrics 33, S1 (październik 2021): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610221002246.
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Background:Suicide is a tragic and distressing phenomenon. The problem of suicide in late life is often neglected by medical professionals, policy makers and the general public. Suicidal behavior in older adults (65 years old and over) is a major public health issue in many countries. Suicide rates are highest among the elderly.Objective:To investigate the main factors associated with suicidal ideation, attempts and completed suicide among the elderly.Method:A literature review was carried out in PubMed and Scopus database.Results:Depression is the most relevant cause found, combined with chronic physical suffering, loss, bereavement, abandonment, loneliness, family conflicts and social exclusion. Differences in gender, ethnicity, the ageing process, social issues and cultural backgrounds are also major contributing factors. The major causal factors for attempted suicide are degenerative and chronic diseases, physical dependence and disability, physical and psychological pain, mental and neurocognitive disturbances and suffering. The issue of suicide prevention in the elderly is also addressed.Conclusions:The negative effects on families, friends and communities following a suicide reinforce the urgency for a better understanding and prevention of suicide. Suicide associated with depression in the elderly can be prevented, provided the person is properly treated. Innovative strategies should improve resilience and positive aging, engage family and community support networks, reach vulnerable older adults, and promote health professionals’ knowledge on elderly suicide.
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Kaskova, L. F., O. S. Pavlenkova, M. O. Sadovski i L. I. Amosova. "ASSESSMENT OF CITIZENS'AWARENESS REGARDING ORAL HYGIENE AND PREVENTION OF DENTAL DISEASES". Ukrainian Dental Almanac, nr 4 (23.12.2020): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2409-0255.4.2020.15.
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Recently, sanitary and educational work for the prevention of dental diseases in children is widely implemented, but the problem of awareness and oral hygiene in young and middle-aged people remains quite relevant.
Nowadays, the range of dental items and hygiene products is quite wide, so a person who does not receive the recommendations of a dentist is quite difficult to understand what and why it should be used.
Therefore, the aim of the study was to study the preventive knowledge of ordinary passers-by of young and middle age and their awareness of additional subjects and hygiene products.
Object and methods of research. To achieve this goal, 100 passers-by in the center of Poltava were interviewed. According to the age classification of the World Health Organization: the young age is from 25 to 44, middle age is 44-60, elderly age is 60-75, senile age is 75-90 and long-livers are after 90. Two age groups were selected for the results: young and middle-aged, as these groups are the most common. Age was determined by survey. 50 people aged 25-44 years and 50 people aged 44-60 years were elected. The gender was not taken into account when choosing a contingent.
Passers-by were asked 5 simple questions that characterized both the preventive habits of the respondents and knowledge about hygiene items and products.
Research results and their discussion. Analyzing the answers to the questions, we found that young people (25-44 years) are more aware of the rules of oral care than middle-aged respondents (44-60 years). Answering the first question - "How often do you visit the dentist?" respondents answered as follows: only 5 young people visit the dentist as needed, while among middle-aged people this number is seven times higher.
When answering the second question - "Do you pay attention to the composition of toothpaste when choosing?" respondents answered as follows: 42% of young people always pay attention to the composition, twice as many people - buy what the dentist advises, and the rest respondents were not interested in the components of the paste. The results of the second group were significantly worse.
The third issue concerned the frequency of toothbrush changes, which is very important for the quality of oral hygiene and cleaning efficiency. The results of the survey showed that people from the older age group of the study are less aware of this issue.
The answers to the fourth and fifth questions also showed a lower level of knowledge in middle-aged people.
Thus, after analyzing the answers of the respondents, it is clear that people of the younger age group (25-44 years) are more aware of oral hygiene and prevention of dental diseases. In our opinion, this situation is associated with the introduction of health education at different levels, available information on the Internet and various social platforms, more responsible attitude to their health and awareness of preventive measures.
It is necessary to pay attention to the education of middle-aged people regarding oral hygiene, as it is an integral part of the prevention of dental diseases.
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Olmedo-Aguirre, José Oscar, Josimar Reyes-Campos, Giner Alor-Hernández, Isaac Machorro-Cano, Lisbeth Rodríguez-Mazahua i José Luis Sánchez-Cervantes. "Remote Healthcare for Elderly People Using Wearables: A Review". Biosensors 12, nr 2 (27.01.2022): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12020073.
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The growth of health care spending on older adults with chronic diseases faces major concerns that require effective measures to be adopted worldwide. Among the main concerns is whether recent technological advances now offer the possibility of providing remote health care for the aging population. The benefits of suitable prevention and adequate monitoring of chronic diseases by using emerging technological paradigms such as wearable devices and the Internet of Things (IoT) can increase the detection rates of health risks to raise the quality of life for the elderly. Specifically, on the subject of remote health monitoring in older adults, a first approach is required to review devices, sensors, and wearables that serve as tools for obtaining and measuring physiological parameters in order to identify progress, limitations, and areas of opportunity in the development of health monitoring schemes. For these reasons, a review of articles on wearable devices was presented in the first instance to identify whether the selected articles addressed the needs of aged adults. Subsequently, the direct review of commercial and prototype wearable devices with the capability to read physiological parameters was presented to identify whether they are optimal or usable for health monitoring in older adults.
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Cristina, Neri Maria, i d’Alba Lucia. "Nutrition and Healthy Aging: Prevention and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Diseases". Nutrients 13, nr 12 (30.11.2021): 4337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13124337.
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Nutritional well-being is a fundamental aspect for the health, autonomy and, therefore, the quality of life of all people, but especially of the elderly. It is estimated that at least half of non-institutionalized elderly people need nutritional intervention to improve their health and that 85% have one or more chronic diseases that could improve with correct nutrition. Although prevalence estimates are highly variable, depending on the population considered and the tool used for its assessment, malnutrition in the elderly has been reported up to 50%. Older patients are particularly at risk of malnutrition, due to multiple etiopathogenetic factors which can lead to a reduction or utilization in the intake of nutrients, a progressive loss of functional autonomy with dependence on food, and psychological problems related to economic or social isolation, e.g., linked to poverty or loneliness. Changes in the aging gut involve the mechanical disintegration of food, gastrointestinal motor function, food transit, intestinal wall function, and chemical digestion of food. These alterations progressively lead to the reduced ability to supply the body with adequate levels of nutrients, with the consequent development of malnutrition. Furthermore, studies have shown that the quality of life is impaired both in gastrointestinal diseases, but especially in malnutrition. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of malnutrition in elderly people is necessary to promote the knowledge of age-related changes in appetite, food intake, homeostasis, and body composition in order to better develop effective prevention and intervention strategies to achieve healthy aging.
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Syukkur, Achmad, i Berliany Venny Sipollo. "Analysis of Factors and Situations Influencing Preventive Behaviours for the Spread of COVID-19 in Adults with Chronic Diseases and Older Adults". Babali Nursing Research 3, nr 3 (30.11.2022): 202–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.37363/bnr.2022.33127.
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Introduction: The older adults and people with comorbidities are more susceptible to the infected of the COVID-19 virus, and have a higher risk of mortality compared to other populations. Steps to prevent transmission have been taken by the government, such as socializing physical distancing movements, staying at home, wearing masks when leaving the house, to prohibiting people from going to village. This study wants to know the factors and situations that influence the behaviour of preventing COVID-19.
Methods: This research design uses observational design with correlation description approach. The total population is 148, obtained a sample of 126 respondents using the Slovin’s formula. Random sampling technique used with the help of the excel application. The older adult’s group was 63 respondents and the chronic disease group was 63 respondents. The researcher used 11 questionnaires and multivariate analysis test results using SEM with SmartPLS.
Results: The results of the multivariate analysis test using SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) with SmartPLS (Partial Least Square) showed that the factors that influenced COVID-19 prevention behaviour in the older adult’s group were knowledge, while in the chronic disease group was social support and attitude towards COVID-19.
Conclusion: It is hoped that it can improve preventive behaviour against COVID-19 by understanding what factors are weakening or factors that can increase the risk of COVID-19 transmission in the elderly and people with chronic diseases, and can be a policy reference in implementing the protocol of COVID-19 for the Village Government.
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Lobeev, Aleksej V. "New approaches to the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases in people of working age". Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology 60, nr 11 (3.12.2020): 821–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2020-60-11-821-823.
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Introduction. Chronic non-communicable diseases (CND) are a global health problem. In Russia, there is still a high mortality rate from CND, especially among the working-age population. A promising method of dealing with the chronic noninfectious diseases are school of health. For the working-age population, health schools can be one of the most effective and affordable methods of preventing CND. The aim of study is to analyze the attendance of the school of health for arterial hypertension. Consider alternatives to combat CND in the working-age population, similar to health schools. Materials and methods. During the work, we used data from the school of health on arterial hypertension, conducted on the basis of the GBUZ "City polyclinic No. 8" DZM. The study included all male and female patients who attended school in 2018. at the age of 18 and older. The assessment of school attendance, age and gender characteristics of students, test results, and analysis of systolic and diastolic blood pressure indicators at the control reception was carried out. Results. 140 people were trained, including 116 women (83%) and 24 men (17%). The average age of patients ranged from 43 to 90 (72.3±9) years. Among the students there were only 18 (12.9%) people of working age:14 women and 4 men. The age of women ranged from 43 to 90 years, men - from 60 to 89 years. During the training, the level of knowledge of patients increased from 6.3±1.7 (out of 10 possible) to 9.0±0.9 points (p<0.001). According to the results of the control measurement, the average SAP was 131.1±11.8 mm Hg, and the DAP was 78.6±9.0 mm Hg. For patients of working age, the average SAP was 130.4±15.1 mm Hg, and the DAP was 76.5±8.3 mm Hg. Conclusions. Training in the school of health significantly increases the level of medical awareness of patients about their disease. There is a need for greater promotion of health schools among the working-age population. Student and trade Union platforms for organizing preventive actions can serve as an alternative to health schools for able-bodied citizens. Remote methods of prevention and raising medical awareness can become a new stage in the development of CND prevention.
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Bakirova, E. A. "Problems of medical support for persons over working age (by the example of the Republic of Tatarstan)". Manager Zdravoochranenia, nr 10 (17.01.2023): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21045/1811-0185-2022-10-71-76.
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Currently, most countries are showing a demographic trend characterized by an increase in the number of older people. In Russia, there is also a significant aging of the population, in connection with which, the number of people older than working age seeking medical care is growing every year. At the same time, the need is growing not only for treatment and rehabilitation, but also for the prevention of diseases, the implementation of active longevity programs. All this emphasizes the relevance and necessity of high-quality and sufficient medical support for this category of people. Purpose: to study the features of medical support for people older than working age on the example of the Republic of Tatarstan. Materials and methods: the data of official statistics, including those of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tatarstan, were used in the work. Analytical, statistical, mathematical research methods were used. Findings: To create optimal resource provision in the provision of medical care to people older than working age, it is necessary to: introduce new indicators of the state of health, increase the number of geriatricians, increase the number of geriatric beds, not reduce therapeutic beds, constantly increase the coverage of preventive medical examinations, medical examinations of people older than working age age, based on their share in the population structure (at least 25%).
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Vetter, Norman J. "The impact of smoking in elderly people". Reviews in Clinical Gerontology 9, nr 3 (sierpień 1999): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959259899009387.
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Smoking has been closely implicated in many cardiovascular, lung and other diseases which are prevalent in the elderly, but most prevention programmes tend to be aimed at younger age groups.The prevention of smoking in retired people is a subject which is not yet fully researched, but there is a little information which suggests that it may be a worthwhile pursuit. Certainly, work has shown that longevity can be improved even in older people by stopping smoking. Coronary heart disease death rates for 65-74 year olds who have recently given up are similar to non-smokers. For other causes of death, especially lung cancer and bronchitis, the benefits of stopping smoking take up to five years to appear. In terms of morbidity, there are suggestions that ex-smokers move reasonably quickly towards the state of non-smokers for bone density, pulmonary function and muscle strength.
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Bachheti, Rakesh Kumar, Limenew Abate Worku, Yilma Hunde Gonfa, Meseret Zebeaman, Deepti, D. P. Pandey i Archana Bachheti. "Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases with Plant Phytochemicals: A Review". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2022 (4.07.2022): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5741198.
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Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the world’s leading killers, accounting for 30% deaths. According to the WHO report, CVDs kill 17.9 million people per year, and there will be 22.2 million deaths from CVD in 2030. The death rates rise as people get older. Regarding gender, the death rate of women by CVD (51%) is higher than that of men (42%). To decrease and prevent CVD, most people rely on traditional medicine originating from the plant (phytochemicals) in addition to or in preference to commercially available drugs to recover from their illness. The CVD therapy efficacy of 92 plants, including 15 terrestrial plants, is examined. Some medicinal plants well known to treat CVD are, Daucus carota, Nerium oleander, Amaranthus Viridis, Ginkgo biloba, Terminalia arjuna, Picrorhiza kurroa, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Tinospora cordifolia, Mucuna pruriens, Hydrocotyle asiatica, Bombax ceiba, and Andrographis paniculate. The active phytochemicals found in these plants are flavonoids, polyphenols, plant sterol, plant sulphur compounds, and terpenoids. A general flavonoid mechanism of action is to prevent low-density lipoprotein oxidation, which promotes vasodilatation. Plant sterols prevent CVD by decreasing cholesterol absorption in the blood. Plant sulphur compound also prevent CVD by activation of nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and inhibition of cholesterol synthesis. Quinone decreases the risk of CVD by increasing ATP production in mitochondria while terpenoids by decreasing atherosclerotic lesion in the aortic valve. Although several physiologically active compounds with recognized biological effects have been found in various plants because of the increased prevalence of CVD, appropriate CVD prevention and treatment measures are required. More research is needed to understand the mechanism and specific plants’ phytochemicals responsible for treating CVD.
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Zhang, Yurong, Esme Fuller-Thomson, Christine Anne Mitchell i Xiulan Zhang. "Older Adults with HIV/AIDS in Rural China". Open AIDS Journal 7, nr 1 (27.12.2013): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874613601307010051.
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Although the number of older people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) has increased substantially, few studies have focused on older PLWHA in developing countries. Based on a sample of 866 rural PLWHA in Henan, Anhui and Yunnan provinces in China, this study compares the characteristics of PLWHA aged 50 or older (n=185) with younger PLWHA (n=681). Most of the older PLWHA were female (n=112), illiterate, married and at the clinical stage of HIV. Over 90% of older people with HIV/AIDS lived in Henan and Anhui provinces. The severe epidemic in Henan and Anhui provinces was caused by commercial blood and plasma donation. Older PLWHA were less educated, received less social support and were more likely to live alone than younger PLWHA. The results underline the importance of developing programs and policy initiatives targeted at older people infected with HIV/AIDS. The policy and program recommendations include using a gender sensitive strategy, designing specific AIDS education and prevention programs suitable for low-literacy older adults and social support interventions for older PLWHA.
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Steijvers, Lisanne C. J., Stephanie Brinkhues, Christian J. P. A. Hoebe, Theo G. van Tilburg, Vivian Claessen, Noortje Bouwmeester-Vincken, Femke Hamers, Petra Vranken i Nicole H. T. M. Dukers-Muijrers. "Social networks and infectious diseases prevention behavior: A cross-sectional study in people aged 40 years and older". PLOS ONE 16, nr 5 (19.05.2021): e0251862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251862.
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Background Social networks, i.e., our in-person and online social relations, are key to lifestyle behavior and health, via mechanisms of influence and support from our relations. We assessed associations between various social network aspects and practicing behavior to prevent respiratory infectious diseases. Methods We analyzed baseline-data (2019) from the SaNAE-cohort on social networks and health, collected by an online questionnaire in Dutch community-dwelling people aged 40–99 years. Outcome was the number of preventive behaviors in past two months [range 0–4]. Associations between network aspects were tested using ordinal regression analyses, adjusting for confounders. Results Of 5,128 participants (mean age 63; 54% male), 94% regularly washed hands with water and soap, 55% used only paper (not cloth) handkerchiefs/tissues; 19% touched their face as little as possible; 39% kept distance from people with respiratory infectious disease symptoms; median score of behaviors was 2. Mean network size was 11 (46% family; 27% friends); six network members were contacted exclusively in-person and two exclusively via phone/internet. Participants received informational, emotional, and practical support from four, six, and two network members, respectively. Independently associated with more preventive behaviors were: ‘strong relationships’, i.e., large share of friends and aspects related to so called ‘weak relationships’, a larger share of distant living network members, higher number of members with whom there was exclusively phone/internet contact, and more network members providing informational support. Club membership and a larger share of same-aged network members were inversely associated. Conclusion Friends (‘strong’ relationships) may play an important role in the adoption of infection-preventive behaviors. So may ‘weak relationships’, e.g. geographically more distant network members, who may provide informational support as via non-physical modes of contact. Further steps are to explore employment of these types of relationships when designing infectious diseases control programs aiming to promote infection-preventive behavior in middle aged-and older individuals.
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Eruslanova, K. A., D. A. Yatsenko, N. V. Sharashkina, L. V. Matchekhina, E. V. Frolova, L. Yu Drozdova, O. M. Drapkina i in. "Vaccination in aged patients: breaking barriers. The impact of educational programs". Russian Journal of Geriatric Medicine, nr 3 (5.12.2022): 186–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.37586/2686-8636-3-2022-186-192.
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Background. Prevention of the diseases is the cornerstone of medicine. Preventing of the diseases improves the quality and life expectancy, and also reduces the costs for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. The main preventive measures include maintaining a healthy lifestyle (proper nutrition and regular exercise) and vaccination.Purpose: to study the influence of distance learning programs on the knowledge of doctors about the vaccination.Materials and methods: a distance learning cycle of lectures was conducted on the vaccination of elderly patients. Before and after the course of lectures, an anonymous voluntary survey of the course participants was conducted. The questionnaires included questions for free completion, questions for assessing attitudes on a scale from 0 to 10 (where 0 strongly disagree and 10 strongly agree) and multiple choices questions. Physicians were informed before the survey that the data would be subsequently analyzed and published.Results: 556 people took part in the first stage of the survey, of which 469 (84.3%) were women. 328 people took part in the second stage of the survey, of which 271 (82.6%) were women. The experience of doctors was on average 27±11,8 years, specialists from 72 specialties took part. Before the course of the lecture, on average, the opinion of doctors on vaccination was 8.7±0.1 out of 10, after the course of the lecture it became 9.1±0.1 out of 10 (p < 0.05). Before the start of the course, on average, doctors assessed their knowledge at 6.9±0.1, after the end of the course 7.7±0.1 (p < 0.05). After a course of lectures, 95% of the respondents answered that they would recommend vaccination to their older patients and relatives.Conclusion: on-line learning course of lectures has been shown to be an effective method of improving the quality of doctors' knowledge about the importance and safety of vaccination of people of older and senile age.
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Mangin, Dee, i Iona Heath. "Multimorbidity and Quaternary Prevention (P4)". Revista Brasileira de Medicina de Família e Comunidade 10, nr 35 (24.06.2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5712/rbmfc10(35)1069.
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Multimorbidity has become the norm for the majority of patients attending primary care, and while the proportion of those with multimorbidity is higher in older age, the absolute number of people with multimorbidity is greater in those under 65. The specialist-based single-disease model of treatment assumes that each index disease is the dominant illness within the complex system and that the other comorbid illnesses are held constant while management is focussed on the single condition. Thus, applying single disease guidelines to a person with five chronic comorbidities, no matter what they are, results in potentially harmful polypharmacy. This approach has led to the current ‘epidemic’ in morbidity and mortality from adverse drug reactions that now outstrip the target diseases as a cause of death. In this article, we highlight four characteristics of quaternary prevention framework that policymakers should take into account when considering the quality of health care.
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Ferreira, José Pedro, Ana Teixeira, João Serrano, Carlos Farinha, Hélder Santos, Fernanda M. Silva, Márcio Cascante-Rusenhack i Paulo Luís. "Impact of Aquatic-Based Physical Exercise Programs on Risk Markers of Cardiometabolic Diseases in Older People: A Study Protocol for Randomized-Controlled Trials". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, nr 22 (23.11.2020): 8678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228678.
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Cardiometabolic diseases are one of the primary causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide and sedentary lifestyles are contributing factors to these pathologies. Physical exercise has been recognized as an important tool in the prevention and treatment of these diseases. However, there are still some doubts about the efficacy of certain type of physical exercise programs for older participants. The main goal of this study is to assess the impact of different aquatic-based physical exercise programs on risk markers of cardiometabolic diseases in older people. The study group will consist of non-institutionalized individuals, within the age group of 65 or older. The sample will be randomly divided into four groups, three experimental groups (EG) and one control group (CG). Participants from the EGs will be exposed to three physical aquatic-based exercise programs for a period of 28 weeks (continuous aerobic, interval aerobic and combined). The evaluated parameters include anthropometry, physical functions, mental health, cognitive function, carotid arteries intima-media thickness, heart rate variability and biochemical markers. The results will allow an interpretation of the impact of different aquatic-based physical exercise programs on cardiometabolic diseases markers and can also be used as a tool for professionals to prescribe adequate and more efficient physical exercise programs.
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Okoth Okaka, Fredrick, i Paul Omondi. "Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) Towards COVID-19 among Older People Living in Informal Settlements in Nairobi City, Kenya". Athens Journal of Social Sciences 9, nr 4 (30.09.2022): 317–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajss.9-4-2.
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Informal settlements in developing countries such as Kenya are the least prepared to deal with COVID-19 pandemic due to lack of basic housing, water and sanitation, and overcrowding. The risk is magnified for older people in such an environment due to their advanced age that compromises their immune system, and the fact that they are more likely to have pre-existing health conditions which weaken their body’s ability to fight infectious diseases. This study sought to establish older people’s knowledge levels, perception, and risk assessment with regard to COVID-19, and adherence to prevention measures. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 150 respondents aged 60 years and above from two selected informal settlements in the city of Nairobi during the month of August 2020. Primary data were collected using questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics that involved the use of frequencies, totals and percentages. Knowledge of dry cough and fever as COVID-19 symptoms was high, but only 31.5% listed difficulty in breathing. Slightly over half correctly identified elderly people as being at greatest risk of getting severely sick from COVID-19. About 60% were aware that they are at risk of contracting COVID-19. Strong religious belief was the main reason among those who believed they are not at risk. Wearing face masks and hand-washing using soap were the main prevention measures adopted. In conclusion, the study revealed that knowledge about some key symptoms of COVID-19 is still low, and that a considerable number of older people do not think that elderly people are at great risk of getting severely sick. Misconception that a strong religious belief can protect one from contracting the disease is still common among older people. There is, therefore, need for well-tailored and contextualized awareness campaigns to reach this high risk group. Keywords: COVID-19, older people, slums, knowledge, behavior
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Kotsalou, Eirini. "Polypharmacy in elderly people: epidemiology, consequences and prevention strategies". INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY (Ukraine) 17, nr 1 (2.04.2021): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22141/2224-0721.17.1.2021.226432.
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Aging is a status often associated with multiple comorbidities which require pharmacologic intervention and complex medication regimens. Aging population results to the increase of chronic diseases and subsequent comorbidities that require concomitant multiple medications. It is reported that about 80 % of elderly have at least one chronic condition, and about half of them have at least two (such as heart disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, arthritis, and cancer). According the literature the worldwide polypharmacy prevalence has a wide range (between 5 to 78 %) due to different definitions on the number of medications taken (ranging between 2 and 9) and the different samples studied. In most studies polypharmacy was more common between women and in more elderly people. Many multicenter studies have been performed to define the term of polypharmacy and its prevalence in the elderly population. Polypharmacy is of growing concern for the older adults, because it can be very dangerous for this population due to altered absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of the drugs within their body reflecting unexpected pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of various medications. This fact can lead to adverse drug reactions (ADR), drug interactions, noncompliance and reduced adherence, reduced functional status, geriatric syndromes, high risk of hospitalization and possible death. Over the last decade, there are several evaluation tools which can help the General Practitioner prevent the polypharmacy in the elderly. As prescribing for this group of individuals is a very challenging procedure, the General Practitioner should balance between under-treatment, over-treatment and risks and benefits. This review concluded that we need more cross-sectional clinical studies on practical preventive interventions to be applied not only on the population which is already exposed to polypharmacy, but also to the general population.
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Broncel, Marlena. "The new ESC guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases – what changes do they bring to medical practice?" Medycyna Faktów 15, nr 1 (30.03.2022): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24292/01.mf.0122.1.
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The ESC 2021 cardiovascular disease prevention guidelines emphasize the individualization of therapy based on the age, risk factors, comorbidities. New SCORE2 tables have been developed (for younger and older people), which include non-HDL-C levels instead of total cholesterol. A novelty is the introduction of a two-stage scheme of achieving therapeutic goals, which should accelerate decision-making and optimize antihypertensive- lipid-lowering treatment. New recommendations for prophylaxis, imaging tests and pharmacotherapy have also been introduced.
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Bulgakova, S. V., E. V. Treneva, N. O. Zakharova i I. G. Trukhanova. "INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA: RELATIONSHIP TO AGE-ASSOCIATED DISEASES (REVIEW OF LITERATURE)". Russian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 64, nr 4 (7.10.2019): 250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0869-2084-2019-64-4-250-256.
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In connection with the increase in life expectancy, the number of people of older age groups is increasing, and with it the age of associated diseases, which are of tremendous medical and social importance. Such diseases include Alzheimer’s disease, osteoporosis, sarcopenia, atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular pathology. The role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of these nosologies is widely discussed in the literature. In addition, a number of studies have shown the effectiveness of the use of probiotics and prebiotics in the treatment of these diseases. The review of the literature summarizes the current understanding of the role of the intestinal microbiota in the development, prevention, and treatment of major age-related diseases.
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Han, Jiyoon, i Eunok Park. "Medications and Falls Experiences among Older People". Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing 23, nr 4 (30.11.2021): 373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17079/jkgn.2021.23.4.373.
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Purpose: This study aimed to identify the status of drug use and analyze the effects of drug use on falls among older people.Methods: The data were collected from 285 community-dwelling older persons through interviewing with questionnaires and checking participants’ medication prescriptions and the drugs using the Korea Pharmaceutical Information Center’s (KPIC) website. The medications were classified into anatomical and therapeutic divisions based on the medications’ ingredients provided by the KPIC. x2 test, ANOVA, t-test, and logistic regressions were applied to analyze the data.Results: The finding showed that 81.4% of the older adults were taking medications. Older people taking antihyperlipidemic drugs were at 1.79 times higher risk for experiencing a fall (95% CI=1.01~3.16, p=.046), and hypnotic sedative and sleeping pills increased their fall risks 11.06 times (95% CI=1.27~96.07, p=.029) compared to those not taking the medications. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents showed a 2.74 odds ratio (95% CI=1.23~5.73, p=.013) and narcotic analgesics increased the fall experience risk 8.56 times (95% CI=1.02~71.88, p=.048). Those with chronic diseases experienced falls 3.04 times more than those without chronic diseases.Conclusion: The study findings showed medications might be one of the important influencing factors on fall risks among older adults. Raising awareness of fall risks associated with medicines through health education and medication reviews by health professionals should be considered a strategy for preventing older adults' falls.
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Khuwaja, A. K. "Knowledge about hepatitis B and C among patients attending family medicine clinics in Karachi". Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 08, nr 06 (15.12.2002): 787–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2002.8.6.787.
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Knowledge about hepatitis B and C was assessed in a cross-sectional study of 300 adults aged 18 or older attending family medicine clinics at The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi. Most knew that hepatitis B and C are viral diseases that primarily affect the liver, but knowledge about risk factors for disease transmission was poor. Approximately 70% knew that hepatitis B is vaccine preventable; 60% had the misconception that hepatitis C is also vaccine preventable. The majority incorrectly believed that people with hepatitis B or C should follow the diet ‘parhaiz’. Generally women knew more than men about the diseases. This study suggests that health education about these infections should be provided to the public. Family physicians can play an important role in educating people about the prevention of these diseases.
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Lee, Yookyong, Rick Walton, Edward Jackson, Lindsey Jackson i Scott Batey. "OLDER PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMMUNITY-LEVEL FACTORS AND THEIR HIV HEALTH". Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (listopad 2019): S324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1182.
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Abstract According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, older adults (aged 50 and older) accounted for 17% of new HIV diagnoses in 2016. The number of older people living with HIV (PLWH) is increasing because of antiretroviral therapy that allows a near normal life expectancy with HIV. Consequently, older PLWH are more likely to develop diseases associated with aging and be affected by polymedication. However, their lived experience and challenges that they face have been underexamined. In this study, we focused on community-level factors, which have potential health implications for older PLWH. We examined a subsample of participants who were at least 50 years-old (n=20; Mean=55; range 50–60) from a community-based participatory research study (n=40). Participants, who previously established HIV care, were recruited through word-of-mouth and flyers posted in the community. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, coded, and triangulated through an iterative process during team meetings. In this subsample (n=20), majority of participants were male (75%) and Black (80%). Older PLWH reported crime, social isolation (interacting with crime and stigma), and lack of access to resources (e.g., transportation, grocery store, pharmacy) as factors negatively associated with their physical and emotional health. A more holistic, complex approach to support older PLWH is essential. They should experience a greater quality of life along with longevity. Therefore, more attention to contextual and structural barriers associated with treatment and care is necessary to find a way for higher retention, (re)engagement, and adherence to care among older PLWH.
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Radchenko, V. G., i P. V. Seliverstov. "AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN THE LIVER". HERALD of North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov 9, nr 1 (15.03.2017): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/mechnikov201791110-116.
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In the process of life the human body undergoes a number of changes which, in lead to its aging. Physiological aging is accompanied by irreversible functional and organic restructuring of all systems and organs, including the liver. The most common cause of diffuse changes of a parenchyma of the liver in elderly patients is steatosis, which is an important role of mitochondrial dysfunction. For the treatment and prevention of liver diseases, against skin aging is inevitable, it is expedient to apply preparations with a multidirectional effect on the various links in the pathogenesis of liver damage. Systematic implementation of preventive measures will allow older people to maintain good health and performance for years to come.
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Улитовский, С. Б., Е. С. Алексеева, А. А. Васянина, О. В. Калинина i Л. А. Ермолаева. "INDICATORS OF ORAL FLUID AND THEIR CORRECTION BY MEANS OF HYGIENE IN ELDERLY PEOPLE WITH GENERAL SOMATIC DISEASES". Успехи геронтологии, nr 3 (2.08.2021): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.34922/ae.2021.34.3.012.
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Приведены результаты исследования ротовой жидкости у лиц старшего возраста с соматической патологией, наблюдение за которыми проводили на протяжении 1 мес. Оценивали кислотно-осно' вное состояние ротовой жидкости, определяли вязкость ротовой жидкости. По результатам исследования ротовой жидкости и ее коррекции средствами гигиены у лиц старшего возраста с соматическими заболеваниями отмечали динамику показателей кислотно-осно'вного состояния ротовой жидкости, его сдвиг в щелочную сторону и положительную динамику состояния вязкости ротовой жидкости. Для обеспечения снижения риска неблагоприятных воздействий при изменении состояния ротовой жидкости необходим совместный подход с участием всех медицинских работников, учитывающий детерминанты здоровья и обеспечивающий разработку эффективных методов профилактики стоматологических заболеваний у лиц старшего возраста. The results of the study of oral fluid in older persons with somatic pathology, which was followed for 1 month, are presented. The acid-base state of the oral fluid was evaluated, and the viscosity of the oral fluid was determined. According to the results of the study of oral fluid and its correction by means of hygiene in older persons with somatic diseases, the dynamics of the indicators of the acid-base state of the oral fluid, its shift to the alkaline side and the positive dynamics of the effect of the viscosity of the oral fluid were noted. To ensure that the risk of adverse effects from changes in the state of the oral fluid is reduced, a joint approach involving all health professionals is needed, taking into account the determinants of health and ensuring the development of effective methods for the prevention of dental diseases in older persons.
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Chahine, Elias B., Erenie H. Guirguis i Caroline B. Derrick. "Management of Hepatitis C in the Older Adult". Senior Care Pharmacist 35, nr 1 (1.01.2020): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4140/tcp.n.2020.13.
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OBJECTIVE: To provide a review of the epidemiology, clinical presentation, screening, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of hepatitis C with an emphasis on older adults. DATA SOURCES: PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for relevant literature using a combination of the following terms: hepatitis C, epidemiology, hepatitis C virus (HCV), diagnosis, treatment, direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), and older adults. In addition, websites of the hepatitis C guidelines, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and manufacturers of DAAs were also reviewed for relevant information. (The authors reviewed the literature through May 2019. STUDY SELECTION/DATA EXTRACTION: The key resources reviewed were the CDC website, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases/Infectious Diseases Society of America hepatitis C guidelines, prescribing information of DAAs, and pivotal clinical trials of DAAs. DATA SYNTHESIS: Hepatitis C disproportionately affects baby boomers and people who inject drugs (PWID). CDC recommends screening adults born from 1945 to 1965 and high-risk patients for the presence of hepatitis C antibody. The goal of therapy is to achieve sustained virologic response, defined as undetectable HCV ribonucleic acid 12 weeks after treatment completion. Treatment for those who are treatment-naive with or without compensated cirrhosis consists of administration of DAAs orally for 8 to 12 weeks. Regimen selection depends on HCV genotype, presence or absence of cirrhosis, comorbid conditions, and concurrent medications. Currently recommended DAAs are highly effective, well tolerated, and can be associated with significant drug interactions particularly in older adults. Access to DAAs remains an obstacle for many patients. CONCLUSION: Hepatitis C is common among baby boomers and PWID. Screening is recommended in these patient populations. Treatment with DAAs is curative and well tolerated.
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Evans, William J. "Drug discovery and development for ageing: opportunities and challenges". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, nr 1561 (12.01.2011): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0287.
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The prevention and treatment of late-life dysfunction are the goals of most geriatricians and should be the primary target for discovery and development of new medicines for elderly people. However, the development of new medicines for elderly people will face a number of challenges that are not seen for other patient populations. The burdens of multiple chronic diseases, low physiological reserve and polypharmacy must result in new clinical trials in frail older people with a high expectation of safety and efficacy. The etiology of functional limitations in elderly people is complex and often ascribed to conditions that escape the traditional definition of disease. While our society urgently needs new treatments that can reduce the burden of physical decline among older persons, guidelines on how these treatments should be developed and tested are currently lacking, in part because a consensus has not yet been achieved regarding the identifiable target diseases. New potential indications included sarcopaenia, anorexia of ageing, frailty, mobility disability and reduced functional capacity secondary to hospitalization. The challenges to conducting clinical trials in the elderly should not offset the great opportunity for the development of new medicines to prevent or reverse age-associated changes in body composition and poor functional capacity in the elderly.
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Mercado-Asis, Leilani B., i Ma Lourdes P. Domingo-Maglinao. "Geriatric Medicine in the Medical Curriculum: A MUST in the Globally Aging World". Journal of Medicine, University of Santo Tomas 6, nr 2 (31.10.2022): 944–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.35460/2546-1621.2022-0061.
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Geriatrics is a branch of medicine concerned with diagnosing, treating, and preventing diseases in older people and problems specific to aging. The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported that the number of people aged 65 or older is projected to grow from an estimated 524 million in 2010 to nearly 1.5 billion in 2050. The burden of diseases in the aging population will dramatically impact healthcare expenses in low- and middle-income countries and even developed ones. A preventive approach is essential. The role of medical institutions and inclusion of geriatrics in the medical curriculum have become important. However, incorporating geriatrics into the medical curriculum is associated with various issues and challenges: compact pre-existing curriculum, attitudes of teachers and students, and shortage of teaching geriatricians. An individualized institutional approach to curricular integration guided by the American Geriatrics Society’s minimum required competencies for the undergraduate will circumvent these challenges.
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Войнаровская, Г. П., i Э. О. Асанов. "Ischemic Heart Disease and Related Diseases in People of the Older Age Group: Predicting Life Expectancy". Кардиология в Беларуси, nr 6 (12.01.2021): 823–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.34883/pi.2020.12.6.005.
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Цель. Определение прогностического значения основных сопутствующих заболеваний внутренних органов у пациентов с ишемической болезнью сердца (ИБС) пожилого и старческого возраста.Материалы и методы. Проведен ретроспективный анализ историй болезней и сформирована выборка из 236 пациентов с ИБС старше 60 лет, которые наблюдались в ГУ «Институт геронтологии им. Д.Ф. Чеботарева НАМНУ» в 1997–2019 годах и умерли вследствие кардиоваскулярного события.Результаты. Развитие сопутствующих заболеваний (артериальная гипертензия (АГ), сахарный диабет 2-го типа (СД), хроническое обструктивное заболевание легких (ХОЗЛ), дислипидемия) оказывает существенное влияние на снижение продолжительности жизни у пациентов с ИБС старшей возрастной группы. При этом наибольшее негативное влияние на продолжительность жизни у пациентов с ИБС пожилого и старческого возраста оказывает артериальная гипертензия и сахарный диабет. Несколько меньше снижают продолжительность жизни у пациентов с ИБС пожилого и старческого возраста дислипидемия и ХОЗЛ.Выводы. Разработанные математические модели прогнозирования продолжительности жизни пациентов с ИБС пожилого и старческого возраста могут быть использованы в клинической практике при проведении лечебно-диагностического процесса, для оценки эффективности лечебных и реабилитационных мероприятий, а также для разработки профилактических программ. Purpose. Determination of the prognostic value of the main concomitant diseases of the internal organs in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) in the elderly and senile age.Materials and methods. Retrospective analysis of the medical history was performed and a sample of 236 patients with coronary heart disease older than 60 years, who were observed at the Instituteof Gerontology named after D.F. Chebotarev of the NAMS of Ukraine in the period 1997–2019 and died as a result of a cardiovascular event.Results. The development of concomitant diseases (arterial hypertension (AH), type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and dyslipidemia) has a significant impact on reduction of life expectancy in patients with IHD in the older age groups. Moreover, AH and DM have the greatest negative impact on life expectancy in patients with IHD of the elderly and senile age. Dyslipidemia and COPD reduce the life expectancy in patients with ischemic heart disease of the elderly and senile age slightly less.Conclusions. The developed mathematical models for predicting the life expectancy of patients with IHD of the elderly and senile age can be used in clinical practice in the treatment and diagnostic process to assess the effectiveness of treatment and rehabilitation measures, as well as to develop prevention programs.
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Novitsky, Vlad, Melissa Zahralban-Steele, Sikhulile Moyo, Tapiwa Nkhisang, Dorcas Maruapula, Mary Fran McLane, Jean Leidner i in. "Mapping of HIV-1C Transmission Networks Reveals Extensive Spread of Viral Lineages Across Villages in Botswana Treatment-as-Prevention Trial". Journal of Infectious Diseases 222, nr 10 (3.06.2020): 1670–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa276.
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Abstract Background Phylogenetic mapping of HIV-1 lineages circulating across defined geographical locations is promising for better understanding HIV transmission networks to design optimal prevention interventions. Methods We obtained near full-length HIV-1 genome sequences from people living with HIV (PLWH), including participants on antiretroviral treatment in the Botswana Combination Prevention Project, conducted in 30 Botswana communities in 2013–2018. Phylogenetic relationships among viral sequences were estimated by maximum likelihood. Results We obtained 6078 near full-length HIV-1C genome sequences from 6075 PLWH. We identified 984 phylogenetically distinct HIV-1 lineages (molecular HIV clusters) circulating in Botswana by mid-2018, with 2–27 members per cluster. Of these, dyads accounted for 62%, approximately 32% (n = 316) were found in single communities, and 68% (n = 668) were spread across multiple communities. Men in clusters were approximately 3 years older than women (median age 42 years, vs 39 years; P < .0001). In 65% of clusters, men were older than women, while in 35% of clusters women were older than men. The majority of identified viral lineages were spread across multiple communities. Conclusions A large number of circulating phylogenetically distinct HIV-1C lineages (molecular HIV clusters) suggests highly diversified HIV transmission networks across Botswana communities by 2018.
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Kozhokar, Anastasia S., Sergey V. Kuznetsov, Arina S. Podkhvatilina, Andrey E. Bratus, Yuriy O. Paramonov i Irina A. Paramonova. "Indicators of dental incidence in older populations". Russian Journal of Dentistry 25, nr 1 (15.01.2021): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/1728-2802-2021-25-1-23-28.
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BACKGROUND: The study of dental problems characteristic of geriatric patients is becoming increasingly relevant. As a person ages, the entire dental system undergoes physiological and functional changes. To eliminate the adverse effects of oral diseases, prolong the period of remission, preventive measures, constant monitoring of the level of hygiene, dispensary supervision of elderly and senile persons are necessary.
AIM: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and intensity of dental diseases in the following older age groups: young elderly (6574 years old), old elderly (7584 years old), and very old elderly (85 years old and older).
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A dental examination of 183 patients was carried out using a modified card for assessing the state of the dental status, according to guidelines of the World Health Organization.
RESULTS: Analysis of dental morbidity in the older age group showed that the most common dental diseases in this group were extractions of lossened teeth caused by caries and periodontal diseases. Following a comprehensive dental examination of elderly patients and people with senility, the intensity of KPU and OHI-S was 19.760.52 and 2.710.12, respec-tively, and this indicates the poor hygienic state of the oral cavity of this population.
CONCLUSION: Data support the untimeliness and inadequacy of dental care in elderly patients and people with senility. This necessitates the development of special treatment and prophylactic programs for this population, aimed at reducing dental morbidity.
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Pippi, Roberto, Deborah Prete, Claudia Ranucci, Stefano Ministrini, Leonella Pasqualini i Carmine Fanelli. "Physical activity level and mediterranean diet adherence evaluation in older people - observational, uncontrolled, pilot study". Physical Activity Review 10, nr 1 (2022): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/par.2022.10.13.
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WHO recommend to associate a proper dose of movement with healthy and balanced diet, also in elderly. Promoting healthy lifestyles and adopting healthy habits can lead to a successful aging. The Mediterranean diet model is considered the gold standard nutritional treatment in some Non Communicable Diseases and the evaluation of adherence to this diet becomes essential to study the lifestyle of the population in order to prevent the risk of onset of age-related chronic diseases. In order to implement appropriate interventions for successful aging and to prevent functional alterations affecting the people autonomy in Activities of Daily Living, the LIFestyle of the Elderly in Umbria Population Project (LIFEUP) was promoted in 2018, in Italy. 36 subjects were invited to fill out self-report questionnaires used to assess health status and quality of life (EuroQol), physical activity levels (IPAQ) and Mediterranean diet adherence (MED Diet Score). Anthropometric variables (height, BMI), body composition and functional capacities (through Senior Fitness Test battery) were studied. We observed a situation of overweight (average BMI=27.4) with fat mass=30.45% and low total body water 47.64%), with a medium adherence to the Mediterranean diet (Score=7.19). Furthermore, we noted a good health status perceived (71,14/100), and acceptable physical activity levels (36.55 MET/h/week), and good functional capacities (2 minutes steps average=86.73; chair stands average=14.09; 8-foot up and go test average=6.47 sec.), according to international guidelines and standard ranges for this age. This pilot study gave an overview of a small group of the elderly Umbrian population to implement prevention and health promotion plans among the elderly.
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Aldergham, Samar, Abdalmageed Qopori, Raad Bahmaishan, Wessam Tayyar, Sadaga Maghrabi, Rinad Nawab, Majd Eskndrani i Yazeed Albudair. "Methods and Challenges in Preventive Dental Care of the Elderly". Journal of Healthcare Sciences 02, nr 11 (2022): 354–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.52533/johs.2022.21104.
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As individuals age, physiologic alterations take place in the oral cavity, and are thought to be a regular component of the ageing process. However, pathological developments that are not harmless, and that need professional care, are frequently encountered. The line between physiological ageing and actual pathological changes is not clear in all cases. The wellbeing of the oral cavity can be compromised with the initiation of tooth loss, soft tissue lesions such as oral carcinoma, neglected grossly carious teeth, neglected severe periodontitis, and orofacial neuralgia. For adequate oral health to be retained in older ages, oral diseases must be prevented and/or treated with emphasis in younger ages. Proper self-management measures—like brushing of teeth with a fluoridated toothpaste, dental flossing, and consuming nutrient-dense and balanced meals which have less refined carbohydrate are crucial preventive practices to be incorporated in daily life by people of all ages which includes the elderly. Dental care professionals can play a major role in prevention of dental problems and avoidance of more damage of oral tissues in older people. Professional activities comprise head, neck, and intraoral assessment of teeth and surrounding tissues for presence of oral manifestations of systemic illnesses, oral neoplasms, carious teeth, periodontitis, and impaired function and esthetics. Other measures for prevention comprise prophylaxis, dental care guidance, fluoride varnish provision, and proper therapy via restorations and reconstructions. Since the effects of dental conditions accrue as time passes, the necessity for sooner establishment of a preventive routine in life is vital for healthy ageing intraorally. Further, dental care for the geriatric population initiates in the younger ages through a stress on management of oral health issues early on, and from that point through an elaborate preventive plan moving ahead.
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Isaev, R. I., O. N. Tkacheva, N. K. Runikhina, N. V. Sharashkina, E. A. Mkhitaryan, M. A. Cherdak, T. M. Manevich i N. N. Yakhno. "Management of older and senile patients with a high risk of delirium when providing inpatient care. Clinical protocol". Russian Journal of Geriatric Medicine, nr 1 (24.05.2022): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37586/2686-8636-1-2022-17-23.
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Delirium is an acute, life-threatening condition manifested by disturbance in consciousness, attention and cognition, which has a multifactorial genesis, severe consequences and commonly seen in older and senile people inpatient. Clinical experience in domestic practice shows that delirium diagnosis in older and senile patients is often missed, and its signs may be considered as manifestations of other diseases, while the state of delirium is often perceived only as an alcohol withdrawal. The article presents a clinical protocol developed and based on the firsthand experience and modern ideas by a multidisciplinary team of the Russian Gerontology Research and Clinical Centre, in which the delirium in older and senile people is considered as a geriatric syndrome. The article shows the latest diagnostic criteria according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), the main diagnostic tools are given — Confusion assessment method (CAM), diagnostic and differential diagnostic algorithms; clinical subtypes, management tactics, non-drug and drug approaches to treatment, as well as principles for the prevention of geriatric delirium are described.
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Rao, Zhenzhen, Junjie Hua, Ruotong Li, Yanhong Fu, Jie Li, Wangxin Xiao, Jieyi He i Guoqing Hu. "Changes in Six-Month Prevalence of Circulatory System Diseases among People Aged 20 Years and Older between 2013 and 2018 in Hunan, China". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, nr 5 (5.03.2021): 2599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052599.
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Recent changes in population-based prevalence for circulatory system diseases (CSDs) remain unreported either nationally or locally for China. Data were from the two-round health service household interview survey of Hunan Province, China, in 2013 and 2018. A Rao–Scott chi-square test was performed to examine prevalence differences across socio-demographic variables. The overall age-standardized prevalence of CSDs increased substantially between 2013 and 2018 for inhabitants aged 20 years and older (14.25% vs. 21.25%; adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.24–2.04). Hypertensive disease was the most prevalent type of CSD, accounting for 87.24% and 83.83% of all CSDs in 2013 and in 2018, respectively. After controlling for other socio-demographic factors, the prevalence of CSDs was significantly higher in 2018 (adjusted OR = 1.40), urban residents (adjusted OR = 1.43), females (adjusted OR = 1.12) and older age groups (adjusted OR = 5.36 for 50–59 years, 9.51 for 60–69 years, 15.19 for 70–79 years, and 12.90 for 80 years and older) than in 2013, rural residents, males and the youngest age group (20–49 years). The recent increase in the overall age-standardized CSD prevalence and the large prevalence disparities across urban/rural residents, sex and age groups merit the attention of policymakers and researchers. Further prevention efforts are needed to curb the increasing tendency and to reduce the prevalence of disparities across socio-demographic groups.
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Artac Ozdal, Macide, i Seda Behlul. "Causes of Deaths in Northern Cyprus: Implications for Accurate Recording and Prevention of Deaths". Open Public Health Journal 13, nr 1 (18.02.2020): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944502013010014.
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Background: Reporting the causes of deaths completely and correctly is important to develop interventions for reducing death rates in populations. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the death rates, major causes of deaths and accuracy of recording of death causes in Northern Cyprus between 2007 and 2016. Methods: Data on death rates and causes of deaths between 2007 and 2016 were collected. The data were analyzed using SPSS 23 vs to determine the trends in death rates and to evaluate the ranking of causes of deaths. Results: There was an overall decrease in crude death rates between 2007 and 2016. The proportion of deaths in Northern Cyprus varied in terms of gender and age between 2007 and 2016, with death rates greater in males compared to females (1.89 times greater in 2007) and with higher death rates in people of older ages compared to younger people. The most common cause of death was ischemic heart diseases in all years, except in 2008, where senility was reported as the most common cause of death. Conclusion: There were decreasing trends in mortality rates in Northern Cyprus, with ischemic heart diseases reported as the top cause of deaths in the population. Accurate and complete reporting must be ensured for effective health policies and reduction of health expenditures.
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Diaz, Monica M., Diego M. Cabrera, Marcela Gil-Zacarias, Valeria Ramirez, Manuel Saavedra, Cesar Cárcamo, Evelyn Hsieh i Patricia J. Garcia. "Knowledge and Impact of COVID-19 on Middle-Aged and Older People Living with HIV in Lima, Peru". Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) 20 (styczeń 2021): 232595822110567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259582211056760.
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COVID-19 has had an unprecedented worldwide impact, and Peru has had one of the highest COVID-19 case rates despite implementation of an early strict nationwide quarantine. Repercussions on Peru's healthcare system may impact vulnerable populations, particularly people with HIV (PWH). We explored knowledge of COVID-19 and the socioeconomic and health impact of the pandemic among middle-aged and older PWH. A cross-sectional telephone survey was administered to 156 PWH age ≥40 years receiving care in one of two large HIV clinics in Lima, Peru. The majority of PWH (age 52 ± 7.7 years, 41% female, 65% completed secondary school or less) were knowledgeable regarding COVID-19 symptoms and prevention methods. Nearly half of those employed prior to the pandemic reported job loss. Female sex (unadjusted prevalence ratio [PR] 1.85 [95%CI 1.27-2.69]), low educational level (PR 1.62 [1.06-2.48]) and informal work (PR 1.58 [1.06-2.36]) were risk factors for unemployment but not in adjusted models. Increased anxiety was reported in 64% and stress in 77%. COVID-19 has had a substantial socioeconomic and mental health impact on PWH living in Lima, Peru, particularly those with lower educational levels and informal workers. Efforts are needed to ensure continued medical care and socioeconomic support of PWH in Peru.
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Oyekale, Abayomi Samuel. "Compliance Indicators of COVID-19 Prevention and Vaccines Hesitancy in Kenya: A Random-Effects Endogenous Probit Model". Vaccines 9, nr 11 (19.11.2021): 1359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9111359.
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Vaccine hesitancy remains a major public health concern in the effort towards addressing the COVID-19 pandemic. This study analyzed the effects of indicators of compliance with preventive practices on the willingness to take COVID-19 vaccines in Kenya. The data were from the COVID-19 Rapid Response Phone Surveys conducted between January and June 2021 during the fourth and fifth waves. The data were analyzed with the random-effects endogenous Probit regression model, with estimated parameters tested for robustness and stability. The results showed that willingness to take vaccines increased between the fourth and fifth waves. Compliance with many of the preventive practices also improved, although the utilizations of immune system-promoting practices were very low. The panel Probit regression results showed that compliance indicators were truly endogenous and there was existence of random effects. Immune system-boosting and contact-prevention indicators significantly increased and decreased the willingness to take vaccines, respectively (p < 0.01). The experience of mental health disorders in the form of nervousness and hopelessness also significantly influenced vaccine hesitancy (p < 0.10). Willingness to take vaccines also significantly increased among older people and those with a formal education (p < 0.01). Different forms of association exist between vaccine hesitancy and the prevention compliance indicators. There is a need to properly sensitize the people to the need to complement compliance with COVID-19 contact-prevention indicators with vaccination. Addressing mental health disorders in the form of loneliness, nervousness, depression, hopelessness and anxiety should also become the focus of public health, while efforts to reduce vaccine hesitancy should focus on individuals without formal education, males and youths.
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Weiner, Michael, Susan Wells i Ngaire Kerse. "Perspectives of general practitioners towards evaluation and treatment of cardiovascular diseases among older people". Journal of Primary Health Care 1, nr 3 (2009): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc09198.
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INTRODUCTION: Risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events increases with age. With treatment, individuals with highest risk accrue greater absolute risk reduction. New Zealands CVD guidelines provide no upper age limit for risk assessment. Guidance for treating those over 75 years is limited. Little is known about GPs attitudes regarding assessing and managing cardiovascular risk among older people. METHODS: A 39-item questionnaire including three cases representing various risk was developed and administered to 500 GPs randomly selected from a registry. RESULTS: Of the GPs, 379 were eligible; 86 (22%) responded to the questionnaire. Most were male (57%), between 40 and 59 years of age (74%), of European ethnicity (57%), had a medical degree from NZ (60%), and had been practising for at least 10 years (98%). Respondents were less likely to assess risk with increasing patient age and more likely to manage risk according to individual risk factors, rather than absolute risk. Marked variation occurred in intent to assess risk for a patient aged 78 years, according to living environment, co-morbidity, and functional status. In general, respondents indicated that they would usually assess risk for a 78-year-old community-dwelling patient without dementia but not for such a patient living in residential care or with dementia. DISCUSSION: This is New Zealands first report of GPs perspectives about assessing and managing CVD risk for older patients. Findings are consistent with international studies. More support and training in lifestyle assessment is needed, as well as clearer guidance for assessing and managing risk among older patients. KEYWORDS: Cardiovascular diseases; risk assessment; preventive medicine; geriatrics; public health
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Marzec, Arkadiusz. "HEALTH PROMOTION IN OLDER AGE GROUPS AS AN OBJECTIVE OF THE SENIOR POLICY: EUROPEAN CHALLENGES". SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 3 (26.05.2017): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2017vol3.2260.
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Successful ageing is understood to mean a satisfactory health status, high level of financial independence, firm family and social ties and opportunities for self-realization. The best form of health promotion among the elderly is to promote physical activity. Physical and recreational health-oriented activity and prevention of diseases helps improve physical endurance and strength, and increase muscle mass, flexibility and overall motor coordination. Adequate level of physical exercise at older age effectively prevents ageing processes and ensures maintaining good psychophysical fitness, thus stimulating social integration. The study presents selected forms of recreational forms of physical activity of older adults in local environments resulting from the needs of this group of people and initiatives of local self-governments to promote health.
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Gordon, Adam, i Victoria Ewan. "Pneumonia and influenza – specific considerations in care homes". Reviews in Clinical Gerontology 20, nr 1 (luty 2010): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959259810000043.
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SummaryThis review provides an update on current evidence surrounding epidemiology, treatment and prevention of lower respiratory tract infection, with special reference to pneumonia and influenza, in care home residents. The care home sector is growing and provides a unique ecological niche for infections, housing frail older people with multiple co-morbidities and frequent contact with healthcare services. There are therefore considerations in the epidemiology and management of these conditions that are specific to care homes. Opportunities for prevention, in the form of vaccination strategies and improving oral hygiene, may reduce the burden of these diseases in the future. Work is needed to research these infections specifically in the care home setting, and this article highlights current gaps in our knowledge.
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Sowa-Kofta, Agnieszka. "ESTABLISHING HEALTHY AND ACTIVE AGEING POLICIES IN POLAND, THE CZECH REPUBLIC AND BULGARIA". Polityka Społeczna 556, nr 7 (31.07.2020): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3366.
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Central and Eastern European populations are entering a period of rapid aging. Older people are experiencing numerous problems associated with deteriorating health and functional limitations, creating pressure for adequate response from the state’s health and social policy. The article is based on information collected in the two international projects: CEQUA LTC Network and Pro-Health 65+ and its goal is to review policies on healthy and active aging formulated in recent decades in three countries: Czech Republic, Bulgaria and Poland. The health promotion programs in these countries are aimed at improving the health and well-being of the population, referring to the concept of healthy aging in relation to health risks, prevention of chronic diseases and disability in old age. At the same time, in the social sector, strategies and programs were brought to life referring to the concept of active aging, underlying the need for participation of older people in social life, creation of an elderly friendly environment and development of services supporting older people. Implementation of these policies and programmes is affected by limited financial resources, low awareness of the problems of the older population in local communities, and lack of local resources to create the appropriate infrastructure. The effectiveness of programs’ implementation is also influenced by the sectoral nature of programmes and poor intersectoral cooperation.
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de Sire, Alessandro, Roberto de Sire, Valentina Petito, Letizia Masi, Carlo Cisari, Antonio Gasbarrini, Franco Scaldaferri i Marco Invernizzi. "Gut–Joint Axis: The Role of Physical Exercise on Gut Microbiota Modulation in Older People with Osteoarthritis". Nutrients 12, nr 2 (22.02.2020): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12020574.
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Osteoarthritis (OA) is considered one of the most common joint disorders worldwide and its prevalence is constantly increasing due to the global longevity and changes in eating habits and lifestyle. In this context, the role of gut microbiota (GM) in the pathogenesis of OA is still unclear. Perturbation of GM biodiversity and function, defined as ‘gut dysbiosis’, might be involved in the development of inflammaging, one of the main risk factors of OA development. It is well known that physical exercise could play a key role in the prevention and treatment of several chronic diseases including OA, and it is recommended by several guidelines as a first line intervention. Several studies have shown that physical exercise could modulate GM composition, boosting intestinal mucosal immunity, increasing the Bacteroidetes–Firmicutes ratio, modifying the bile acid profile, and improving the production of short chain fatty acids. Moreover, it has been shown that low intensity exercise might reduce the risk of gastrointestinal diseases, confirming the hypothesis of a strict correlation between skeletal muscle and GM. However, up to date, there is still a lack of clinical trials focusing on this research field. Therefore, in this narrative, we aimed to summarize the state-of-the-art of the literature regarding the correlation between these conditions, supporting the hypothesis of a ‘gut–joint axis’ and highlighting the role of physical exercise combined with adequate diet and probiotic supplements in rebalancing microbial dysbiosis.
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Ok, Seung-Cheol. "Insights into the Anti-Aging Prevention and Diagnostic Medicine and Healthcare". Diagnostics 12, nr 4 (26.03.2022): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12040819.
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Aging is an irreversible and natural phenomenon that occurs as a person ages. Anti-aging medicine applies advanced science and medical technology to early detection, prevention, treatment, and reversal of age-related dysfunctions, disorders, and diseases. Therefore, anti-aging diagnostic medicine and healthcare are important factors in helping the elderly population lead healthy and active lives. However, it is challenging to diagnose various aging and related diseases accurately through various forms of anti-aging diagnostic medicine and health management. It may not be treated appropriately, so many older people are making various efforts to prevent aging themselves in advance. Therefore, anti-aging medicine and health care have been developed in various forms, from health checkups to alternative medicine and biophysical technology beyond simple clinical medicine, and are being applied to demand the needs of the elderly. This review intends to explore and characterize various applications related to anti-aging medicine and healthcare in the elderly. In addition, economic, medical, and ethical considerations arising from the relationship between the increase in the elderly population and the continuous development of anti-aging medicine can be considered.
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Yastremska, S. O., O. M. Krekhovska-Lepiavko, B. A. Lokay, O. V. Bushtynska i S. V. Danchak. "THE INFLUENCE OF CHRONIC DISEASES ON THE MANIFESTATION OF COVID-19 INFECTION". Вісник медичних і біологічних досліджень, nr 1 (22.05.2021): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.11603/bmbr.2706-6290.2021.1.12098.
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Summary. The first known case of infection from the novel coronavirus was recorded almost one year ago, in China’s Hubei province. The city of Wuhan was infamous the world over as the original virus epicenter, seeing more than half of China’s reported cases and deaths. The outbreak of COVID-19 virus, as sickened more than 14.7 million people. At least 610.200 people have died.
The aim of the study – to analyze and systematize the literature data about the influence of chronic diseases on the manifestation of COVID-19 infection.
Materials and Methods. The study uses publications of the world scientific literature on COVID-19 infection, in particular the causes and mechanisms of its development, treatment, complications and its consequences as well as the influence of different chronic disorders on the course of COVID-19.
Results. A sample of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 across 14 states of the USA in March was analyzed by The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. It was found that many (89 %) had underlying health problem and 94 % of patients were at the age 65 and older. The case fatality rate for those under age 60 was 1.4 percent. For those over age 60, the fatality rate jumps to 4.5 percent. The older the population, the higher the fatality rate. For those 80 and over, Covid-19 appears to have a 13.4 percent fatality rate. Moreover, it was recognized, that older adults don't present in a typical way of the course of different disorders, and we're seeing that with Covid-19 as well.
Conclusions. Chronic diseases and conditions are on the rise worldwide. COVID-19 became the most challenging pandemic influencing all countries worldwide. Chronic diseases are suggested to be one of the main causes of different life-threatening complications of COVID-19 infection and one of the main factors of poor prognosis for the patients.
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Rejali, Laila, Stephanie Ozumerzifon, Hashem Nayeri i Sedigheh Asgary. "Risk reduction and prevention of cardiovascular diseases: biological mechanisms of lycopene". Bioactive Compounds in Health and Disease 5, nr 10 (1.11.2022): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.31989/bchd.v5i10.975.
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Background and aims: The conservational effects of dietary interventions as advantageous instruments in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) have gotten more attention in recent years. Numerous nutritional epidemiological studies have highlighted the ability of diets to decrease costly care and treatments as well as adverse side effects from standard treatments. Lycopene is a non-pro-vitamin A carotenoid that is present in tomatoes, processed tomato products, and different fruits like watermelon, autumn olive, gac, pink grapefruit, pink guava, papaya, sea buckthorn, and wolfberry. As one of the most powerful antioxidants among dietary tetraterpenoids, lycopene can also assist in lowering the risk of early death and extending life in patients with heart disease. By reducing the destructive effects of free radicals along with total and “bad” LDL cholesterol levels while increasing “good” HDL cholesterol, lycopene holds the power to reduce the risk factors of heart disease. Several studies have investigated a reduction of oxidized-LDL (oxLDL) cholesterol levels following lycopene consumption which supports these claims and suggests the conceivable function of lycopene in the blockage of oxidative stress-associated CVD. A negative correlation between serum lycopene concentration and mortality of people with metabolic syndrome was found. Over 10 years, researchers observed a 39% decreased chance of premature death in individuals with the metabolic disease who had the highest blood concentrations of lycopene. Lycopene’s protective impacts are especially beneficial in those with low blood antioxidant levels or high levels of oxidative stress. This includes older adults, smokers, and diabetic individuals or other vascular disorders. Lycopene intake has been thought to reduce the risk of obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus.Lycopene acts as an antihypertensive agent by impeding the angiotensin-converting enzyme and improving the production of nitric oxide (NO) in the endothelium. The purpose of this review is to summarize the possible mechanisms of lycopene in the prevention of CVD. Keywords: Lycopene, Risk factors of heart disease, Antioxidants, Carotenoids, Cardio-metabolic, Insulin resistance