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Tulkens, Stéphan, Dominiek Sandra i Walter Daelemans. "Metameric". Mental Lexicon 13, nr 3 (31.12.2018): 333–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.18017.tul.
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Abstract An oft-cited shortcoming of Interactive Activation as a psychological model of word reading is that it lacks the ability to simultaneously represent words of different lengths. We present an implementation of the Interactive Activation model, which we call Metameric, that can simulate words of different lengths, and show that there is nothing inherent to Interactive Activation which prevents it from simultaneously representing multiple word lengths. We provide an in-depth analysis of which specific factors need to be present, and show that the inclusion of three specific adjustments, all of which have been published in various models before, lead to an Interactive Activation model which is fully capable of representing words of different lengths. Finally, we show that our implementation is fully capable of representing all words between 2 and 11 letters in length from the English Lexicon Project (31, 416 words) in a single model. Our implementation is completely open source, heavily optimized, and includes both command line and graphical user interfaces, but is also agnostic to specific input data or problems. It can therefore be used to simulate a myriad of other models, e.g., models of spoken word recognition. The implementation can be accessed at www.github.com/clips/metameric.
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Fabrikant-Burke, Olga. "Deus Inimicus: Divine Word and Hostile Divine Presence in the Book of Jeremiah". Perichoresis 21, nr 4 (24.11.2023): 4–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/perc-2023-0028.
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Abstract This article makes the case that the Jeremianic tradition construes the divine word as a mode of divine presence—indeed, a locus of hostile divine presence. This oft-neglected biblical conceptualisation of divine presence has the potential to call into question our submerged assumptions about the nature of divine presence, absence, and hiddenness. The investigation traces the echoes of the mīs pî pīt pî rituals in Jeremiah 1 as well as the relationship between the word of Yhwh and the written word. The book of Jeremiah itself emerges as an embodiment of hostile divine presence. Jeremiah’s Deus Inimicus mysteriously abides in the Jeremianic scroll.
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Kettunen, Harri. "De rerum natura: On the Nature of Existence and the Existence of Nature in the mundo maya and Beyond". Estudios Latinoamericanos 41 (8.02.2022): 85–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.36447/estudios2021.v41.art5.
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word for ‘nature.’ Th e lack of such terminology stems from the fact that the division between the human realm and the environment we live in has not been (historically or culturally) as separated as it is in the modern world. However, while there are no traditional words for ‘nature’ in Mayan languages, some of the languages use descriptive terms or neologisms that are oft en translated as ‘nature’ in dictionaries and other linguistic sources. The focus of this article is to understand the concept of nature in the Maya worldview based primarily on linguistic sources.
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Bammesberger, Alfred. "Proverb from Winfrid’s Time and Bede’s Death Song: Some Textual Problems in Two Eighth-Century Poems Revisited". Anglia 138, nr 2 (4.06.2020): 259–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ang-2020-0022.
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AbstractThe sequence Oft daedlata domę foręldit (four words) in the Old English Proverb from Winfrid’s Time (ProvW, 1) defies grammatical analysis because foręldit ‘delays’ requires an accusative object. It is proposed to read Oft daed lata domę foręldit as five words, with daed (= dǣd) ‘deed’ functioning as direct object. This suggestion does not require any emendation because word division in Old English is by no means regular and there is some space between daed and lata in the manuscript anyway. The dative forms domę and gahwem (2a) function as instrumentals, with gahwem perhaps subordinated to domę. The meaning of the simplex lata lies in the area of ‘late-comer’, but ‘sluggard’, ‘laggard’ or other derogatory terms are not suitable. With regard to its genre, ProvW may be viewed in conjunction with Bede’s Death Song (BDS). The vocabulary of BDS presents some problems, but, above all, the construction of the five verse-lines is not totally clear. It is proposed that the comparative thoncsnotturra (2a) has absolute function, and that the adverbial than (2b), meaning ‘then’, introduces a fresh clause. ProvW and BDS may belong to a larger group of self-contained texts no longer extant. In a wide sense they represent the category of Wisdom Poetry in a Christian context.
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Narloch, Robert. "Ciotki i inne pokrewne nazwy w językowym świecie gejów". Dziennikarstwo i Media 14 (10.03.2021): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2082-8322.14.10.
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The article describes word formation with the lexeme aunty and auntie. At the same time, it is also a collection of various word-formation forms that describe the linguistic image of gays and show how complex the question of their identity is. The text also explains the difference between defining the words aunty and auntie, with particular emphasis on the intention of the sender and the group of recipients from which both the sender and the recipient of the statements cited in the article come from. The author of the article also draws attention to the influence of camp on shaping gay identity and on the way gays talk (communicate to the world) about themselves. The different subtypes of non-heteronormative males were particularly strongly emphasised in the article by means of appropriate quotes from the magazine “MEN!”. Listing word-formation formations in the article allowed the author to show not only one of the elements of the linguistic image of the world of gays, but also to indicate specific types of fags, how oft en homosexual men play with their sexuality. What is more, the combinations with the lexeme aunt are to serve primarily to describe the linguistic image of the gay world, through which they refer to stereotypes that are very often attributed to people from the gay community.
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Dąbrowska-Burkhardt, Jarochna. "Von Hexen und Zauberinnen in den frühneuzeitlichen Grünberger Hexenverhörprotokollen 1663–1665". Germanica Wratislaviensia 142 (11.01.2018): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0435-5865.142.10.
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Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der lexikalischen Ebene der Hexenverhörprotokolle aus dem 17. Jahrhundert, die aus Grünberg in Niederschlesien, dem heutigen Zielona Góra Polen stammen. Der Untersuchungsschwerpunkt liegt auf den miteinander konkurrierenden Wortbildungen auf hex- und zauber-, die im analysierten Schriftstück parallel auftreten und deren Verwendung sich oft sogar überlappt. Es handelt sich dabei sowohl um Bezeichnungen des beschriebenen Schadenzaubers als auch um die Benennung von Personen, die eines solchen Delikts bezichtigt werden. Die Analyse zeigt an konkreten Beispielen auf, bei welchen Bildungen das Stammmorphem hex- und in welchen das Stammmorphem zauber- dominieren.About witches and sorceresses in the early modernwitchcraft trial records from Grünberg in Lower Silesia 1663–1665This paper is a systematic linguistic analysis at the lexical level of 17th century witch trial protocols from Grünberg in Lower Silesia, today Zielona Góra in Poland. The focus of this investigation is the analysis of word formations with the word stems hex- and zauber-. Both formations occur in parallel and their usage frequently even overlaps. The aim of this paper is both the analysis of the denominations of wizardry crime as well as the designations of people who were accused of such crimes. The analysis presents in which word formations and contexts the word stems hex- and zauber- dominate.
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Putnings, Markus, Carsten Borchert i Roberto Cozatl. "Ein Einblick in das BMBF-Projekt Open Source Academic Publishing Suite (OS-APS)". ABI Technik 42, nr 3 (1.08.2022): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/abitech-2022-0030.
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Zusammenfassung Das Aufbereiten von Manuskripten für verschiedene Formate wie HTML oder EPUB kann Verlage vor Herausforderungen stellen: Für eine hohe Professionalität ist eine umfassende technische Expertise oft ebenso vonnöten wie die Nutzung kostenintensiver XML-Content-Management-Systeme. Eine Innovation in diesem Bereich stellt das vom BMBF geförderte Projekt „Open Source Academic Publishing Suite (OS-APS)“ dar. Es soll Wissenschaftsverlagen ermöglichen, auf einfachem Weg medienneutral zu publizieren, indem XML-basierte Workflows genutzt werden. Das XML wird automatisiert aus Word-Manuskripten extrahiert und das Corporate Design der exportierten PDFs kann über Templates gesteuert werden.
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Dharwadkar, S. R. "The Concept of Shraddha - Unflinching Faith for Character Building". HARIDRA 2, nr 06 (25.09.2021): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54903/haridra.v2i06.7734.
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India is a multifaceted country having diverse cultural background. National integration is of paramount importance where different ethnically groups are co-existing. Character Building is a solution to the problem. Seventeenth chapter of Bhagavad Gita, exclusively deals with concept ofS hraddha (the trust or faith). The attribute oft his trust has been elaborated by the great personality, namely Adi Shankaracharya, and Swami Vivekananda, who have defined and used the word Shraddha to project their understanding as an attribute of Character Building. The student community and those imparting or moulding the Character of the youth are required to understand this concept of trust for development of Nation.
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Hill, Dominique C. "Blackgirl, One Word: Necessary Transgressions in the Name of Imagining Black Girlhood". Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies 19, nr 4 (26.10.2016): 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532708616674994.
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Blackgirls are an oft-disappeared population. Frequently, race or gender in popular and education discourse are foregrounded, leaving the Blackgirls fragmented. By contrast, one word, Blackgirl, rejects compartmentalizing Blackgirls’ lives, stories, and bodies and serves as a symbolic transgression to see them/us as complex and whole. Interlaced with the symbolic is the material needed to value the Black female body. To provide redress for the disregard of Blackgirl experience and posit the Black female body as a site of cultural memory and possibility, this article offers my body as a vessel through which transgression is incited. In particular, it discusses insights from an intergenerational project on Black girlhood and the vital impromptu transgressions/grooves I made during the reflexivity process of my performance. By sharing a Blackgirl’s truths and praxis that arose from yearnings, beauty, genius, and struggles of Black girlhood and being a Blackgirl advocate, this article expands the work of Black Girlhood Studies, interjects Blackgirls into the landscape of girlhood, and contributes to its reterritorialization.
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Orpella, Joan, Ernest Mas-Herrero, Pablo Ripollés, Josep Marco-Pallarés i Ruth de Diego-Balaguer. "Language statistical learning responds to reinforcement learning principles rooted in the striatum". PLOS Biology 19, nr 9 (7.09.2021): e3001119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001119.
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Statistical learning (SL) is the ability to extract regularities from the environment. In the domain of language, this ability is fundamental in the learning of words and structural rules. In lack of reliable online measures, statistical word and rule learning have been primarily investigated using offline (post-familiarization) tests, which gives limited insights into the dynamics of SL and its neural basis. Here, we capitalize on a novel task that tracks the online SL of simple syntactic structures combined with computational modeling to show that online SL responds to reinforcement learning principles rooted in striatal function. Specifically, we demonstrate—on 2 different cohorts—that a temporal difference model, which relies on prediction errors, accounts for participants’ online learning behavior. We then show that the trial-by-trial development of predictions through learning strongly correlates with activity in both ventral and dorsal striatum. Our results thus provide a detailed mechanistic account of language-related SL and an explanation for the oft-cited implication of the striatum in SL tasks. This work, therefore, bridges the long-standing gap between language learning and reinforcement learning phenomena.
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Calcagno, Mauro. "Signifying Nothing: On the Aesthetics of Pure Voice in Early Venetian Opera". Journal of Musicology 20, nr 4 (2003): 461–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jm.2003.20.4.461.
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Operas written in Venice in the 1640s feature surprisingly long melismas often setting seemingly insignificant words, in opposition to (although concurrently with) traditional madrigalisms. This magnification of pure voice over word meaning is consistent with the aesthetics presented by members of the Venetian Accademia degli Incogniti, known for its pro-opera stance. In previously unexplored works the academicians advocate the controversial concept of Nothing as an all-embracing phenomenon. This includes language, in which the Incogniti emphasize sound as independent from meaning-a claim with significant consequences for music aesthetics. The academy's emblem articulates a parallel discourse on voice through visual means. By musical means, passages from works by Barbara Strozzi, Claudio Monteverdi (an oft-discussed melisma in Poppea, I, 6), and Francesco Cavalli also articulate Incogniti aesthetics. In elaborating their ideas the academicians relied upon a work that indeed presented a manifesto for sheer vocality, L'Adone (1623) by Giovanbattista Marino, an academy member. The Incogniti's Marinist aesthetics was to dominate the rest of the century until its object, pure voice, came under sharp criticism by members of yet another academy, the Arcadia.
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Gerber, Scott Douglas. "Law and Religion in Plymouth Colony". British Journal of American Legal Studies 8, nr 2 (1.12.2019): 167–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjals-2019-0016.
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Abstract 2020 marks the 400th anniversary of the planting of Plymouth Colony. Although the literature about Plymouth is voluminous, the discussion about law and religion has been inappropriately superficial to date. This article addresses the Pilgrims’ conception of law on matters of religion and the new insights into the Pilgrims’ story that can be ascertained by focusing on law. “Law” has been defined in many different ways by many different people throughout history. Aristotle, Cicero, Thomas Aquinas, and other proponents of natural law argued that law is the exercise of reason to deduce binding rules of moral behavior from nature’s or God’s creation. The renowned English positivist John Austin, in contrast, maintained that law is the command of the sovereign. To Karl von Savigny and other proponents of the so-called historical school, law is the unconscious embodiment of the common will of the people. To the philosophical school, law is the expression of idealized ethical custom. The dominant contemporary view seems to be that law is the reflection of social, political, and economic interests. For the Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony, law was both the memorialization of their commitment to the Word of God and an instrument for exercising social control so as to effectuate that commitment. The Pilgrims, of course, used law to regulate the more mundane aspects of life as well. Indeed, quantitatively speaking, more laws were enacted by the Pilgrims that addressed the day-to-day activities of life in Plymouth Colony than memorialized the Pilgrims’ commitment to eternal glory in the afterlife, but the latter was unquestionably more important, qualitatively speaking, than the former. In the oft-quoted words of a young William Bradford, “to keep a good conscience, and walk in such a way as God has prescribed in his Word, is a thing which I must prefer before you all, and above life itself.”
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Zhuang, Yan, Runying Zeng, Xiao Liu, Longhe Yang i Zhuhua Chan. "Neoagaro-Oligosaccharides Ameliorate Chronic Restraint Stress-Induced Depression by Increasing 5-HT and BDNF in the Brain and Remodeling the Gut Microbiota of Mice". Marine Drugs 20, nr 11 (18.11.2022): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20110725.
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Neoagaro-oligosaccharides (NAOs) belong to the algae oligosaccharides. NAOs have been found to have diverse biological activities. However, the effects of NAOs on depression and their underlying mechanism have not been thoroughly studied. A chronic restraint stress (CRS)-induced C57BL/6J mouse model was used to assess the antidepressant effects of NAOs. Anxiety and depression behaviors were assessed by open field tests (OFT) and forced swimming tests (FST), while interleukin 18 (IL-18), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were the molecular biomarkers of depression. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was performed. The results showed that NAO treatment significantly improved the body weight of depressed mice and reduced the central area time in the OFT and immobility time in the FST. NAO treatment decreased the levels of IL-18 in the serum and increased the levels of 5-HT in the serum and whole brain and of BDNF in the whole brain. NAO treatment mitigated the gut microbiota dysbiosis in the depressed mice and reversed the decreased levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the cecum of the depressed mice. FMT indicated that the gut microbiota is, indeed, linked to depression, which was reflected in the changes in weight gain and behaviors. In a word, NAOs effectively reversed the CRS-induced mice model of depression, which depended on the changes in the gut microbiota and SCFAs, as well as its modulation of 5-HT and BDNF.
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Roochnik, Paul. "Al-Kitaab Fii Tacallum al-Arabiyya". American Journal of Islam and Society 20, nr 2 (1.04.2003): 142–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v20i2.1870.
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The latest in the series of Al-Kitaab fii Ta calf um al-cArabiyya books, Kitaab3 offers some new activities to challenge advanced Arabic learners. Of thefamiliar, tested themes, al-cibaaraat al-jadiida (new expressions) rankamong my favorites. Native speakers take idioms for granted, while studentsare often confused by them. The authors provide a generous list oftranslated idioms and how to use them. One of those oft-repeated exercisesshows students several rows of four Arabic words and asks them tochoose which word does not belong there. The students have to justify theirchoice in Arabic, as the authors want them to "reach the level of the educatednative speaker."Kitaab 3 consists of IO chapters. Chapter 1, "Islam and Politics," fea turestwo articles on "Islamic fundamentalism": "Resolving the Disputewith the Islamic Situation" (Fahrni Hewaydi) and "Whither This IslamicSpread?" (Ahmad Kamal Abul Majd). In the area of grammar, it coversspecial uses of the demonstrative pronoun, the hollow verb, and the verbaland adverbial maa. In chapter 2, "Between Classic and Popular Heritage,"we read "The Anecdotes of Goha," that lovable fool who has kept Arabs ofall ages laughing since time immemorial. The same chapter highlightsYoussef Idris in his "On Egyptian Theatre," and Nizar Qabbani's poem"qaari 'at al-finjaan" [The Reader of the Cup]. More discussion of maaensues, this time its nominal and conditional meanings, along with thedefective verb's morphology ...
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BECH, KRISTIN. "Old ‘truths’, new corpora: revisiting the word order of conjunct clauses in Old English". English Language and Linguistics 21, nr 1 (18.02.2016): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674315000465.
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In Bech (2001a, 2001b), I took issue with the oft-repeated claim that Old English conjunct main clauses are commonly verb-final, and disproved it. However, the myth persists. In the meantime, theYork–Toronto–Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Prose(YCOE, Tayloret al.2003) has been created, so the time has come to revisit this topic and consider it in light of new, extensive and generally accessible data. Using the YCOE corpus, I confirm and expand on Bech's (2001a, 2001b) empirical findings, showing that (i) OE conjunct clauses are neither typically verb-final nor verb-late, but they are more frequently verb-final and verb-late than non-conjunct clauses are; and (ii) verb-final and verb-late clauses are typically conjunct clauses. These two perspectives must be kept apart: in the first, the starting point is the entire body of conjunct clauses, and in the second it is the entire body of verb-final/verb-late clauses. I propose that the failure to distinguish between the two perspectives, i.e. whether it is conjunct clauses or word order that constitutes the point of departure, is the origin of the misconception concerning conjunct clauses and word order. In order to establish whether this distinction has been fuzzy all along, or whether it must be ascribed to distorted referencing in the course of a century of research, I trace the research on this topic back to the end of the nineteenth century. I show that the alleged verb-finality of conjunct clauses may be ascribed to awhisper-down-the-laneeffect – the retelling of the story has changed the story.
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Schwegler, Armin. "Word-Order Changes in Predicate Negation Strategies in Romance Languages". Diachronica 5, nr 1-2 (1.01.1988): 21–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.5.1-2.03sch.
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SUMMARY Through the detailed investigation of changes in predicate negation patterns of numerous, often poorly documented informal spoken varieties of Romance vernaculars (including Romance-derived creoles), this paper explores the view that despite considerable formal differences, languages tend to travel down a common hierarchy of changes in negation. Particular attention is paid to a 'new', clause- or sentence-final negation pattern (e.g. Braz. Port. [näo] falo inglês NäO; Palenquero y-osé ablä inglés NU "I do not speak English" in an attempt to uncover weaknesses in three recently advanced hypotheses about the origin of new negation strategies. In contrast to the approach taken in an earlier investigation (Schwegler 1983), emphasis is placed on the need for distinguishing various mechanisms of innovation, all of which conspire to produce negation cycles which are governed by recurrent complex principles and strategies syntactic, typological, semantic, pragmatic, and psycholinguistic. RÉSUMÉ Se basant sur une analyse détaillée de l'évolution de la négation prédicative dans de nombreux dialectes romans, (y compris des dialectes creoles dérivés de langues romanes), cet article propose que, malgré d'importantes différences formelles, les langues ont tendance à passer par une hiérarchie de changements déterminée. Un nouveau type de negation, toujours placé en fin de la phrase principale ou subordonnée (port. brés. [näo] falo inglês NäO; palenquero y-asé ablä inglés NU "je ne parle pas anglais"), est relevé afin de démontrer les difficultés de trois hypothèses récentes sur l'origine de nouvelles stratégies en négation. Contrairement à la prise de position présentée dans une étude antérieure (Schwegler 1983), Fauteur relève l'importance de reconnaître de multiples méchanismes d'innovation. L'interaction de ces mechanismes produit des cycles de negation qui sont eux-mêmes gouvernés par de complexes principes et stratégies syntactiques, typologiques, semantiques, pragmatiques, et psycholinguistiques. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Dieser Artikel erforscht mittels einer detaillierten Untersuchung von änderungen in der Prädikatsnegation zahlreicher romanischer, oft sparlich dokumentierter Dialekte (einschlieBlich der romanisch-basierten kreolischen) den Gesichtspunkt, daB Sprachen trotz beträchtlicher formaler-Differenzen dazu neigen, eine gemeinsame Hierarchie von Negationsànderungen zu durchlaufen. Besondere Beachtung wird einem *neuen\ am Ende eines Haupt-' oder Nebensatz stehenden Negationstypus geschenkt (z.B. bras. port. [näo] falo inglês NäO; palenquero y-asé ablä inglés NU"ich rede nicht Englisch"), um die Schwächen dreier kürzlich vorgeschlagener Hypothesen über den Ur-sprung neuer Negationstrategien aufzudecken. Im Gegensatz zu dem in einer früheren Arbeit (Schwegler 1983) vertretenen Standpunkt wird hier hervorgehoben, daB mehrere Innovations-mechanismen unterschieden werden müssen. Das Zusammenwirken dieser Mechanismen führt zu Negationszyklen, welche komplexen syntaktischen, typologischen, semantischen, pragmatischen, und psycholinguistischen Prin-zipien und Strategien unterliegen.
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Reiss i Reiss. "Referenzmanager EndNote 6.0 und 7.0 – Die neuen Funktionen". Praxis 94, nr 10 (1.03.2005): 379–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0369-8394.94.10.379.
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Der Referenzmanager Endnote weist seit 1999 eine dramatische technische Entwicklung auf. Jedes Jahr wurde eine verbesserte Version entwickelt bzw. produziert. Da die neueste Version 7.0 (im Juni 2003) auf den Markt gekommen ist, möchten wir über einige Aspekte berichten. Wir möchten auch zeigen, für welchen Anwender die jeweilige Version nützlich ist. Wir verwenden bzw. beschreiben die Software EndNote 6.0 und 7.0 für Windows. Die Hauptgründe, sich die Version 6.0 von EndNote anzuschaffen sind: Organisation einer Vielzahl von Tabellen, Gleichungen oder Abbildungen sowie die Verwendung von Microsoft-Vorlagen. Die Version 7.0 kann besonders denjenigen Wissenschaftlern empfohlen werden, die auch oft einen Palm benutzen. Auch arbeitet EndNote nicht nur mit Microsoft-Word zusammen, sondern EndNote 7.0 kann in Kooperation mit verschiedenen anderen Schreibprogrammen angewendet werden. Mit der neuesten Version kann man auch thematisierte Bibliographien erstellen. Insgesamt stellen die neuen Versionen 6.0 und 7.0 eine hervorragende Kombination von Funktionen und Benutzerfreundlichkeit dar. Die Versionen 6.0 oder 7.0 sind vor allem für Leute geeignet, die EndNote tagtäglich einsetzen. Für Nutzer eines Palms ist EndNote 7.0 besonders zu empfehlen.
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Volkova, Nadezhda. "Protagoras’ Homo mensura as the criterion of truth". ΣΧΟΛΗ. Ancient Philosophy and the Classical Tradition 13, nr 2 (2019): 695–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1995-4328-2019-13-2-695-704.
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The article is about an interpretation of the concept of Measure in the famous thesis of Protagoras (TP) “Man is the Measure of all things” as a criterion of knowledge. The main purpose of this work is to show how the concept of “measure” was gradually transformed into the criterion of truth. The answer to this question can be found in the relevant passages of Plato’s “Theaetetus” and Sextus Empiricus’ “Adversus Mathematicos” and “Outlines of Pyrrhonism”. In the “Theaetetus” Plato represents “the secret doctrine” of Protagoras. According to Ugo Zilioli this doctrine is a robust version of relativism, encompassing different types of it: Relativism of Truth, Relativism of Being and Relativism of Knowledge. Among the other interpretations of the concept of Measure, Plato proposes the following substitution: “to be a Measure” means “to possess the criterion of knowledge”. This replacement allowed Plato to show the internal inconsistency of the TP. In the works of Sextus the concept of Measure in TP is unambiguously interpreted as the criterion of knowledge. For Plato the word criterion is still a philosophical neologism, but in the Hellenistic period it becomes an oft-used philosophical term.
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Миронова, К. В. "DERIVATION AS AN IMPORTANT MECHANISM FOR CREATING POLITICAL VOCABULARY IN SPANISH POLITICAL DISCOURSE". Vestnik of Russian New University. Series "Man in the modern world", nr 4 (15.10.2022): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18137/rnu.v925x.22.04.p.132.
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Деривация является важным неологическим механизмом создания политической лексики и широко распространена в политическом дискурсе. Однако способом деривации нередко злоупотребляют, что является проявлением противоречивого характера политического дискурса в том смысле, что существование различных суффиксов и аффиксов используется в качестве политического оружия, нацеленного в противника. Многие лексические единицы, образованные путем деривации, эфемерны, они исчезают, как только термин, лежащий в основе этого слова, теряет свою популярность или перестает быть ключевым. Или в том случае, когда лексическая единица перестает оказывать внушение и влиять на мнение реципиентов во время ее использования в политическом дискурсе или в других сферах. Derivation is an important neological mechanism for creating political vocabulary and is widespread in political discourse. However, the method of derivation is oft en abused, which is a manifestation of the contradictory nature of political discourse in the sense that the existence of various suffi xes and affi xes is used as a political weapon against the enemy. Many lexical units formed by derivation are ephemeral, they disappear as soon as the term underlying this word loses its popularity or ceases to be a key one. Or in the case when a lexical unit ceases to provide suggestion and infl uence the opinion of recipients during its use in political discourse or in other spheres.
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Uraeva, Darmon Saidakhmedovna. "DERIVATIVES OF WORDS, WORD COMBINATIONS AND PHRASES WITH THE WORD "MARKET" IN THE UZBEK LANGUAGE". Journal of Central Asian Social Studies 02, nr 01 (1.01.2021): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/jcass/volume02issue01-a5.
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The article examines derivative words, word combinations and phrases formed in the Uzbek language with the participation of the word "market". Synonyms for this word are words borrowed from the English language. Revealed literal and figurative meanings of words and phrases formed with the participation of the word "market".
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Polilova, Vera S. "The Poetics of the Carnation: The Word and the Image in Russian Poetry From Trediakovsky to Brodsky (In the Context of European Tradition). Part One". Imagologiya i komparativistika, nr 17 (2022): 7–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/24099554/17/1.
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The research outlines the use of the word gvozdika (Eng. ‘carnation’, a species of Dianthus) in Russian poetry. The author takes the European tradition as a framework to describe and analyse diverse representations of the carnation in Russian, mainly poetic, texts of the 18th through 20th centuries, tracing the development and expansion of “carnation-driven” contexts and associations. Part One opens with a retrospective insight into the history of the carnation in European culture, debunking several popular misconceptions, related to the flower’s history and name, which had been uncritically repeated over many decades. The ubiquity of wild carnations has contributed to the belief that, like the rose and the lily, the carnation has a two-thousand-year cultural history. Thus, it might be assumed that the carnation’s beauty and spicy aroma should have set it apart from other flowers, so that it might gradually acquire various symbolic meanings. Indeed, researchers and writers have often noted the ancient symbolism of the carnation. Moreover, both popular and academic writings place the carnation in the limited and well-defined set of plants cultivated in Antiquity. The research into the historical significance of the carnation shows that its oft-postulated antiquity is nothing but wishful thinking: the cultural history of the carnation as well as its symbolic meanings cannot be traced back as a single process from Antiquity to the Present. Until the 14th century, the carnation was referred to by many different names; its literary and symbolic genealogy can only be traced back to the 15 th or 16th century, i.e. when it was introduced into horticulture and when stable designations for it appeared in the new European languages. Our analysis draws on comparative material from Spanish, Italian, French, German, and English poetry (poems by Luis de Gongora y Argote, Francisco de Quevedo, Joachim du Bellay, Remy Belleau, Pierre de Ronsard, and others) and employs numerous multilingual sources to shed light on the history of the carnation in European languages and literatures. In addition, we briefly trace the horticultural history of the carnation in Russia. The garden carnation, or the clove pink, has been known in Russia at least since the 17th century. It was among the plants bought in Holland by the Flower Office of Peter the Great. In the 18th century, the carnation was already widespread in Russian gardens: numerous detailed articles about the carnation, its varieties and cultivations are found in botanical directories and various indexes of the late 18th century. The Alphabetical Catalogue of Plants <...> in Moscow in the Garden of the Active State Councillor Prokofy Demidov, published in 1786, lists 52 varieties of the carnation. Yet, however popular the carnation was in everyday life, it rarely appeared in Russian literature of the 17th and 18th centuries.
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Djiwandono, Patrisius Istiarto. "Lexical richness in academic papers: a comparison between students’ and lecturers’ essays". Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics 5, nr 2 (30.01.2016): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v5i2.1345.
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In the area of writing, research has yet to explore EFL learners’ ability to use varied vocabulary. Although vocabulary teaching has enriched learners’ knowledge of lexical items, whether they can use the words they have learned remains to be seen. It is important, therefore, to investigate their lexical richness in their academic writing. Lexical richness, defined as the presence of different words in a text, is commonly measured through type-token ratio (TTR). The present study set out to identify the lexical richness of senior students by comparing them to academic papers written by their lecturers. There are four objectives: (1) to determine the difference between the type-token ratio (TTR) in students’ essays and that in their lecturers’ essays; (2) to determine the difference between the use of 2000-word level (henceforth K2) in students’ essays and that in their lecturers’ essays; (3) to determine the difference between the use of academic words in students’ essays and that in their lecturers’ essays; (4) to determine the difference between the students’ essays and their lecturers’ in terms of the use of words other than the 2000-word level and the academic words (designated “off-list words”). The essays written by the respondents were submitted to a website for vocabulary profiling (http://www.lextutor/ca/vp). This analysis shows that the lecturers fare better in terms of TTR and academic words, but write slightly fewer 2000-word level and off-list words than their students. While the differences in TTR and academic words are significant, the differences in the use of 2000-word level and off-list are not significant. The subsequent discussion addresses possible causes of these differences, and offers some implications for the teaching of vocabulary and writing.
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Bydnyi, Vasyl. "VASYL STEFANYK IN CZECHIA: LIFETIME PERCEPTION IN REWIEWS AND TRANSLATIONS". PRECARPATHIAN BULLETIN OF THE SHEVCHENKO SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY Word, nr 16(63) (26.08.2022): 335–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/2304-7402-2022-16(63)-335-348.
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The paper traces the perception of Vasyl Stefanyk’s works in Czechia, from the fi rst mention of him by Ivan Franko in the monthly “Slovanský přehled” in 1898 to the obituaries of the writer, who passed away at the end of 1936. Th e research outlines the genre spectrum of Czech publications concerning Stefanyk’s works (translations; reviews in periodicals; scholarly, educational, and reference editions) and the circle of authors that paid attention to Stefanyk’s writings. In particular, it specifi es the authorship of A. Proházka’s and V. Prach’s works assigned by cryptonyms. Stefanyk’s writings aroused the interest of the authors representing various literary directions and groups: Czech Modernism (František Šalda), the decadent periodical “Moderní revue” (Arnošt Proházka), a group of anarchist rebels (Stanislav K. Neumann), and the Masaryk’s movement of ‘realists’. Th e decadents and ‘rebels’ even showed a special aff ection for the Ukrainian author, as they were the fi rst to translate him in their magazines and published the writer’s earliest and most complete lifetime Czech collection “Povídky” (“Stories”) in 1905. Th ere were fi ve Stefanyk’s books published in the writer’s homeland during his lifetime, but the biggest attention of the Czech translators was drawn to the collection “Th e Little Blue Book”, and among the short stories – “Th e News”, “He Committed a Suicide”, “Maple Leaves”, and “My Word”. Among well-known translators were Karel Rypáček, Jaroslav Rozvoda, and Rudolf Hůlka. Alois Koudelka, Jan Máchal, Vincenc Charvát published critical works exploring the expressionist style and existential issues of Stefanyk’s works. Czech critics oft en took guidance from the discourse on Stefanyk represented by I. Franko, B. Lepkyi, and Lesia Ukrainka. Perception of Stefanyk’s writings developed into an engaging study of the writer’s works in the institutionally branched and aesthetically diff erentiated cultural environment of Czechia in the interwar 20th century. Th is interest helped to establish a closer CzechUkrainian literary dialogue.
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Martin, Donald E. K., i Deidra A. Coleman. "Distribution of Clump Statistics for a Collection of Words". Journal of Applied Probability 48, nr 04 (grudzień 2011): 1049–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200008615.
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We give an efficient method based on minimal deterministic finite automata for computing the exact distribution of the number of occurrences and coverage of clumps (maximal sets of overlapping words) of a collection of words. In addition, we compute probabilities for the number ofh-clumps, word groupings where gaps of a maximal lengthhbetween occurrences of words are allowed. The method facilitates the computation ofp-values for testing procedures. A word is allowed to contain other words of the collection, making the computation more general, but also more difficult. The underlying sequence is assumed to be Markovian of an arbitrary order.
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Türksever, Ömer. "Exploring High School Students’ Cognitive Structures for Energy Concept Through Word Association Test". International Education Studies 14, nr 9 (25.08.2021): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v14n9p58.
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This research, which was conducted in order to reveal the cognitive structures of high school students regarding the concept of energy through the word association test, was designed in a survey model. Word association test was used as a data collection tool. After the necessary information was given to the students, they were given three minutes and they were asked to write the first words that came to mind about the key concept. The study group of the research consists of 202 students studying in a high school in the province of Malatya in the 2019-2020 academic year. 58 of these students are 9th grade, 46 are 10th grade, 45 are 11th grade and 53 are 12th grade. While choosing the study group of the research, one of the purposeful sampling types was chosen based on easily accessible situation sampling. The words obtained related to the concept of energy are tabulated using Microsoft office excel program. The cut-off points of the tables, which were examined in detail and repeated words were taken into account, were determined. Concept networks were created in line with the determined cut-off points. In the research, 189 different words were produced for the concept of energy by high school students. While 114 of these words were not included in the analysis because they had 4 or less frequencies, 75 words were included in the analysis. Among the words included in the analysis, the most repeated word in the 9th grade was “petrol” (f = 30), the most repeated word in the 10th grade was “fossil fuel” (24), the most repeated word in the 11th grade “electricity” (19), the most repeated word in the 12th grade was found to be “potential” (28). In the comparison between the classes, a difference in quantity and quality is observed. It has been observed that as the grade level increases, the quality of the answers given increases.
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Musaeva, Anastasiya S. "Term formation in the field of artificial intelligence". Verhnevolzhski Philological Bulletin 2, nr 29 (2022): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/2499-9679-2022-2-29-166-173.
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The author analyzes the formation of terms in the field of artificial intelligence. The article considers the way of creat-ing specialist vocabulary – attraction. Attraction is the borrowing of terms and phrases from literary language into pro-fessional terminology. To date, the terminological field of artificial intelligence consists of 452 terms. All terms are in-cluded in the paragraphs «Terms and Definitions» of the Russian State Standards on Artificial Intelligence. Out of 452 terms, 238 are attracted terms (53%). These are words and word combinations. In this article the author analyzes only attracted words – 92 terms (38%). The adaptation of attracted words to perform the function of a term is carried out in the following ways: 1) regrouping of semes. The term lacks some of the semes of the literary word. However, new, pe-ripheral semes appear. They become significant for the term. In scientific and technical sciences, semes, which reflect factors of extra-linguistic reality, are more important for the semantics of the term than conceptual semes; 2) metaphorization. For metaphorical terms the author reconstructs semantic overlap with words of literary lan-guage. AI terms receive the properties inherent in humans; 3) specification of differential features. As a result of this process, the semantics of the specialist word is enriched with new semantics. Additional specifying features appear; 4) narrowing of the meaning due to the introduction of limiting words. Limiters are markers of belonging to a particular professional field, in our case – belonging to the terminology of artificial intelligence. The interpretation of a literary word and the definition of the term in general are almost identical, but the definition of the term contains a reference to a certain terminological field; 5) cutting off the semantics of a commonly used word. A literary word has its lexical meaning cut off and a strictly scientific definition attached.
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Anderson, Lisa, i Arthur P. Shimamura. "Influences of Emotion on Context Memory while Viewing Film Clips". American Journal of Psychology 118, nr 3 (1.10.2005): 323–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30039069.
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Abstract Participants listened to words while viewing film clips (audio off). Film clips were classified as neutral, positively valenced, negatively valenced, and arousing. Memory was assessed in three ways: recall of film content, recall of words, and context recognition. In the context recognition test, participants were presented a word and determined which film clip was showing when the word was originally presented. In two experiments, context memory performance was disrupted when words were presented during negatively valenced film clips, whereas it was enhanced when words were presented during arousing film clips. Free recall of words presented during the negatively valenced films was also disrupted. These findings suggest multiple influences of emotion on memory performance.
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Olimjonovna, Mirabdullayeva Zulfiya, i Bakhadirova Dildora Azodovna. "Problems Of Adequacy And Equivalency In Translation". American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 02, nr 10 (31.10.2020): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume02issue10-62.
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It is well known that in translation it is relatively rare for one concept to correspond to another. Experience has shown that in translation word for word, word for word, word for word can be. On this basis, when we say a lexical unit in translation, we can understand a word and a phrase, or even a phraseological unit that corresponds to a single word. In this case, a phraseological unit consisting of two or more words must correspond to the meaning of a single word. If the original word corresponds to one word in the translated language, then the meanings of the words in the two languages are considered to have the exact equivalent. Such words usually include well-known names, geographical and place names, names of enterprises, organizations, institutions, offices, ships and hotels, and so on. Equivalents are often monosemantic, that is, words with a single meaning.
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CAI, JINHAI, i ZHI-QIANG LIU. "OFF-LINE UNCONSTRAINED HANDWRITTEN WORD RECOGNITION". International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 14, nr 03 (maj 2000): 259–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001400000180.
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In this paper, we describe our system for writer independent, off-line unconstrained handwritten word recognition. We have developed a new method to automatically determine the parameters of Gabor filters to extract features from slant and tilt corrected images. An algorithm is also developed to translate 2D images to 1D domain. Finally, we propose a modified dynamic programming method with fuzzy theory to recognize words. Our initial experiments have shown promising results.
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Elzobi, Moftah, i Ayoub Al-Hamadi. "Generative vs. Discriminative Recognition Models for Off-Line Arabic Handwriting". Sensors 18, nr 9 (24.08.2018): 2786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18092786.
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The majority of handwritten word recognition strategies are constructed on learning-based generative frameworks from letter or word training samples. Theoretically, constructing recognition models through discriminative learning should be the more effective alternative. The primary goal of this research is to compare the performances of discriminative and generative recognition strategies, which are described by generatively-trained hidden Markov modeling (HMM), discriminatively-trained conditional random fields (CRF) and discriminatively-trained hidden-state CRF (HCRF). With learning samples obtained from two dissimilar databases, we initially trained and applied an HMM classification scheme. To enable HMM classifiers to effectively reject incorrect and out-of-vocabulary segmentation, we enhance the models with adaptive threshold schemes. Aside from proposing such schemes for HMM classifiers, this research introduces CRF and HCRF classifiers in the recognition of offline Arabic handwritten words. Furthermore, the efficiencies of all three strategies are fully assessed using two dissimilar databases. Recognition outcomes for both words and letters are presented, with the pros and cons of each strategy emphasized.
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Kanmani, Dr S., B. Sujitha, K. Subalakshmi, S. Umamaheswari i Karimreddy Punya Sai Teja Reddy. "Off-Line and Online Handwritten Character Recognition Using RNN-GRU Algorithm". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, nr 4 (30.04.2023): 2518–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.50184.
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Abstract: Recognizing handwritten characters is an extremely difficult task in the domains of pattern recognition and computer vision. It involves the use of a process that enables computers to identify and convert handwritten or printed characters, such as letters and numbers, into a digital format that is usable by the computer. Currently, the RNN-CNN hybrid algorithm is employed to predict handwritten text in images with an accuracy rate of 91.5%. However, the existing system can only recognize characters and words character-by-character and word-by-word. The proposed system aims to address this limitation by enabling line-byline recognition and the conversion of handwritten text to OCR. To achieve this, the system utilizes the GRU algorithm to predict the next letter in incomplete words. Furthermore, the IAM dataset, consisting of 135,000 annotated sentences, is utilized to detect and rectify spelling errors in texts.
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Au-Yeung, James, Isabel Vallejo Gomez i Peter Howell. "Exchange of Disfluency With Age From Function Words to Content Words in Spanish Speakers Who Stutter". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 46, nr 3 (czerwiec 2003): 754–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2003/060).
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The main purpose of the present study was to examine whether the developmental change in loci of disfluency from mainly function words to mainly content words, observed for English speakers who stutter (P. Howell, J. Au-Yeung, & S. Sackin, 1999), also occurs for comparable Spanish speakers who stutter. The participants were divided into 5 age groups. There were 7 participants in Group 1, from 3 to 5 years old; 11 in Group 2, from 6 to 9 years old; 10 in Group 3, from 10 to 11 years old; 9 in Group 4, from 12 to 16 years old; and 9 in Group 5, from 20 to 68 years old. Across all groups, 36 of the 46 participants were male. The study method involved segmenting speech into phonological words (PWs) that consist of an obligatory content word with optional function words that precede and follow it. The initial function words in the PWs were examined to establish whether they have a higher disfluency rate than the final ones (J. Au-Yeung, P. Howell, & L. Pilgrim, 1998). Disfluency on function words in a PW was higher when the word occurred before a content word rather than after a content word for all age groups. Disfluencies on function and content words were then examined to determine whether they change over age groups in the same way as for English speakers who stutter (Howell et al., 1999). The rate of disfluency on function words was higher than that on content words, particularly in the youngest speakers. Function word disfluency rate dropped off and content word disfluency rate increased across age groups. These patterns are similar to those reported for English. Possible explanations for these similarities across the two languages are discussed.
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Bird, Elizabeth Kay-Raining, Robin S. Chapman i Scott E. Schwartz. "Fast Mapping of Words and Story Recall by Individuals With Down Syndrome". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 47, nr 6 (grudzień 2004): 1286–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2004/097).
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This study compared adolescents with Down syndrome to nonverbal mental-age matched controls in their ability to fast map new noun vocabulary in spoken story contexts. Context for novel words varied within subjects in the distance between mentions (close-distant) and the ease of inferring a real word for the referent (specificity). The 23 participants with Down syndrome (DS) were aged 12.8–20.3 years. The 24 typically developing (TD) children, matched on visual nonverbal mental age (MA), were 4.1 to 6.1 years old. Participants listened to 4 tape-recorded stories, each containing 3 mentions of 2 novel words in close or distant proximity and with clear or uncertain reference, and recalled each story after presentation. Fast-mapping production was measured by the occurrence of the novel word in story recall. Fast-mapping comprehension was measured by asking children to define the novel words. The DS group did not differ from the TD group in novel word production but seemed to have more difficulty with novel word definition. For both groups, novel word production was higher in the nonspecific than the specific referent condition, suggesting that availability of a real word label interfered with fast mapping. Recall of story propositions was poorer for the DS group. For both groups, story recall was better for text units not directly associated with novel words than for text units containing novel words, suggesting a trade-off effect in processing. Regression analyses indicated that syntax comprehension, rather than mean length of utterance, predicted novel word production in both groups; MA additionally contributed to predict DS story recall.
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Sanjaya, Sonda. "The Analysis of Shouryakugo on Social Media Twitter". IZUMI 10, nr 1 (13.04.2021): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/izumi.10.1.92-97.
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This study examined the morphology of shouryakugo on social media Twitter. This study aims to determine the type and process of shouryakugo formation on Twitter. The study data were taken from tweets that were trending with hashtag # 社会 between January and March 2019. A descriptive qualitative design was employed in this study. The data obtained were categorized and analyzed based on the formation process. The results of this study showed the types and processes of shouryakugo formation. The findings include four forms of zenbu shouryakukei, 32 forms of gobu shouryakukei, five forms of chuushouryaku kei, one form of zengo shouryaku kei, and 21 forms of kousei youso tanbun ketsugoukei. Meanwhile, in the process of forming shouryaku, the researcher found four words with the omission of parts or all of the first words, two words with the omission of parts or all of the second words, twenty-five words with the omission of syllables at the end of words, two words with the omission of syllables at the end of the first word and all second words, twenty-one words with the omission of syllables at the end of the first word and the second-word element, three words with the omission of all second words, five words with the omission of middle words, one word with the omission of the first syllable of the first word and the final syllable of the second word.
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Wei Wei, Wei Wei, Wei Liu Wei Wei, Beibei Zhang Wei Liu, Rafał Scherer Beibei Zhang i Robertas Damasevicius Rafał Scherer. "Discovery of New Words in Tax-related Fields Based on Word Vector Representation". 網際網路技術學刊 24, nr 4 (lipiec 2023): 923–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/160792642023072404010.
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<p>New words detection, as basic research in natural language processing, has gained extensive concern from academic and business communities. When the existing Chinese word segmentation technology is applied in the specific field of tax-related finance, because it cannot correctly identify new words in the field, it will have an impact on subsequent information extraction and entity recognition. Aiming at the current problems in new word discovery, it proposed a new word detection method using statistical features that are based on the inner measurement and branch entropy and then combined with word vector representation. First, perform word segmentation preprocessing on the corpus, calculate the internal cohesion degree of words through statistics of scattered string mutual information, filter out candidate two-tuples, and then filter and expand the two-tuples; next, it locks the boundaries of new words through calculate the branch entropy. Finally, expand the new vocabulary dictionary according to the cosine similarity principle of word vector representation. The unsupervised neologism discovery proposed in this paper allows for automatic growth of the neologism lexicon, experimental results on large-scale corpus verify the effectiveness of this method.</p> <p> </p>
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Kehayia, Eva, i Christina Manouilidou. "Lexical access and representation of Modern Greek derived words with the suffix -dzis". Journal of Greek Linguistics 5, nr 1 (2004): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jgl.5.05man.
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AbstractThis article presents a psycholinguistic investigation probing the recognition of derived words with the suffix -dzis in Modern Greek. We investigate the mode of lexical access, as well as the effect that features such as [±concrete], carried by the stem of the derived words, may have on word recognition. Participants (native speakers of Modern Greek) were divided into two age groups in order to investigate possible differences in their performance in two experiments, one on-line and one off-line. Results show that derived words in -dzis are accessed through decomposition. Furthermore, the features [±concrete] of the stem do appear to play a role in the computation of derived words. Finally, age-related differences are found to exist, at least during on-line word recognition.
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Shakunthala B. S, Ullas H. S i Pillai C. S. "Recognition of Off-Line Handwritten Kannada Words Using Enhanced Skew Detection and Correction Method". ACS Journal for Science and Engineering 3, S1 (2.01.2024): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/acsjse.v3is1.93.
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Handwritten character image is taken as dataset for this method. In the proposed system, extracting text lines, word, charactersand skew correction are done based on Enhanced Skew Detection and Correction for Words algorithm for estimating and correcting skew lines. The algorithm will be used for finding the height andwidth of the entire handwritten word. In case of no skew, minimum valuewill be considered for the height of the wordand maximum value will be considered for the width of the word. Once skew is corrected with approximateskew angle repetition of the same process, only busy zone is considered for performing precise skewcorrection. The recommended approach has tested roughly 3364 Kannada items and achieved the best performance of 97.05 percent.
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Han, Ke, i Ishwar K. Sethi. "An Off-Line Cursive Handwritten Word Recognition System and Its Application to Legal Amount Interpretation". International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 11, nr 05 (sierpień 1997): 757–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001497000330.
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Off-line cursive script recognition has got increasing attention during the last three decades since it is of interest in several areas such as banking and postal service. An off-line cursive handwritten word recognition system is described in this paper and is used for legal amount interpretation in personal checks. The proposed recognition system uses a set of geometric and topologic features to characterize each word. By considering the spatial distribution of these features in a word image, the proposed system maps each word into two strings of finite symbols. A local associative indexing scheme is then used on these strings to organize a vocabulary. When presented with an unknown word, the system uses the same indexing scheme to retrieve a set of candidate words likely to match the input word. A verification process is then carried out to find the best match among the candidate set. The performance of the proposed system has been tested with a legal amount image database from real bankchecks. The results obtained indicate that the proposed system is able to recognize legal amounts with great accuracy.
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Alimov, Jamshid R. "PSYCHOLOGICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SPEECH SKILLS COMBINATION OF LANGUAGE AND SPEECH UNITS". International Journal of Pedagogics 03, nr 04 (1.04.2023): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ijp/volume03issue04-04.
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The word functions in speech and, consequently, in the speech-cogitative activity of a person through its connections with other words. For word usage, at least one of these connections must be actualized (usually much more is actualized), and each word in turn leads to the actualization of other words, primarily in inner speech. Word links can be preformed, previously formed, and can be created again.
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Toxir Qizi, Nazarova Shaxnoza. "DEFINITION AND LEXICAL GRAMMATICAL FEATURES OF ADVERBS". European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies 02, nr 10 (1.10.2022): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.55640/eijmrms-02-10-16.
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Since the emergence of the science of linguistics, the issue of word classification has attracted the attention of experts, and discussions on this topic are still ongoing. If we observe the history of word groups, we can see that in the classification of Indians, Arabs, and Greeks, first of all, words important for speech - verbs and nouns - were separated. More precisely, the primitive classification of words, both in the East and in the West, is mainly three groups: words that indicate action (verb), words that name something (such as a thing, sign, quantity, action, state) (noun /name) and consisted of words (auxiliary words) that do not belong to these two groups. Later, as a result of scientific research conducted in this field, the boundaries and scope of word groups were determined, classification symbols of each group were developed. However, it should also be mentioned that, as in nature and society, words undergo evolution - the development of meaning. The transition of a word from one family to another sometimes takes centuries, and this, in turn, creates ongoing problems in the classification of words.
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Zhu, Yiting. "Off-Topic Detection of Business English Essay Based on Deep Learning Model". Mobile Information Systems 2021 (30.10.2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5051667.
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The automatic scoring system of business English essay has been widely used in the field of education, and it is indispensable for the task of off-topic detection of essay. Most of the traditional off-topic detection methods convert text into vector representation of vector space and then calculate the similarity between the text and the correct text to get the off-topic result. However, those methods only focus on the structure of the text, but ignore the semantic association. In addition, the traditional detection method has a low off-topic detection effect for essays with high divergence. In view of the above problems, this paper proposes an off-topic detection method for business English essay based on the deep learning model. Firstly, the word2vec model is used to represent words in sentences as word vectors. And, LDA is used to extract the vector of topic and text, respectively. Then, word vector and topic word vector are spliced together as the input of the convolutional neural network (CNN). CNN is used to extract and screen the features of sentences and perform similarity calculation. When the similarity is less than the threshold, the paper also maps the topic and the subject words in the coupling space and calculates their relevance. Finally, unsupervised off-topic detection is realized by the clustering method. The experimental results show that the off-topic detection method based on the deep learning model can improve the detection accuracy of both the essays with low divergence and the essays with high divergence to a certain extent, especially the essays with high divergence.
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Kurt, Sebnem, Jeanne Beck i Abdulrahman Alharthi. "The word profile of a Global Online Course for English language teachers: A corpus-based research project". Journal of Language Teaching 3, nr 4 (28.03.2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.54475/jlt.2023.005.
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Providing useful reference materials for online course participants is an important aspect for online courses. To aid a course designed to provide professional development to English language teachers from around the world, this corpus-based study investigated the frequency and coverage of Academic Word List (Coxhead, 1998), General Service List (GSL) first 1000 words (1K), and GSL second 1000 words (2K) lists. Gathering course materials and participant discussion board posts into two corpora for this study, frequency and coverage of the three base lists were calculated using AntWordProfiler and AntConc, resulting in a coverage of 9.56 % for AWL words and over 80% coverage for the two GSL lists combined in the first corpus. The high percentage of off-list words (9.75%) in the first corpus and low percentage of AWL words in the second corpus (5.23%) motivated the creation of a new word list that contains the most frequently used words outside of the AWL, GSL 1K, and GSL 2K words from the first corpus to supplement future course participants with technical words that are required to successfully complete the course.
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MAKSIMOVA, Anna. "THE PECULIARITIES OF WORD FORMATION OF THE NEW AMERICAN PHRASEOLOGY IN THE FIELD OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS". Current issues of linguistics and translations studies, nr 23 (30.03.2022): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2415-7929-2022-23-2.
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The development of language is largely due to the development of its word-forming system, the formation of new word-forming models, changing existing ones, increasing or decreasing their productivity and many other factors of the word-forming process. In addition to phrases, telescopes, and word formation, American phraseology includes acronyms and affixes. Metaphors and metonymy are used to create innovative American phraseology. Metaphor is a necessary means of expression in language because it is inherent in human thinking and language. Metaphor is a powerful means of expressing symbolic meanings. The uniqueness of metaphorical transfers lies in the possibility of creating features that have no analogues in the system of means of direct nomination. The image-analytical structure of the metaphor allows to convey the meaning of any degree of complexity and semantic configuration. Metaphor arises in the assimilation of one phenomenon to another on the basis of semantic similarity of states, properties and actions that characterize these phenomena. From a formal point of view, metaphorical transfer is the use of a word (phrase, sentence) intended to denote certain objects (situations). Innovative American phraseology is dominated by phrases and their number is 148. New phraseology is the predominant trend in the process of creating new words, telescope 35, word formation also occupies an important place word formation and has 25. In the process of word formation of new words affixation of 11 words is also used, abbreviation 2 words and abbreviations 2. In summary, the main way to create new words in innovative American phraseology in economics and business is new phraseology, which we believe will be the leading way to create innovative American phraseology in the next decade, pushing telescopes to second place. Phrases are the leading way to create innovative American phrases in economics and business, and word formation and telescope are not left out. Analyzing phraseology in this area by semantic analysis, metaphor is most often observed, followed by irony and metonymy. In our opinion, it is advisable to determine in which areas it is formed, to analyze its features.
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Maulidia, Humaira R., i Kusumah Cita Mustika. "ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH COMPOUND WORDS IN AN ARTTICLE OF LIFE AND STYLE COLUMN". JEPAL (Journal of English Pedagogy and Applied Linguistics) 3, nr 1 (31.07.2022): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32627/jepal.v3i1.535.
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In a text, the kinds of words are found in many different word-formations. Therefore, every language shows new words such as inflection, derivation, and compounding. However, those methods cannot be used generally when it comes to texts. It can be determined whether a word is a noun or a phrase by a number of factors. As a result, this research will provide precise information about how compounding is used in the text. The research objectives are (1) What kinds of compound words found in the life and style columns of the Jakarta Globe article? (2) How the English compound words described in the life and style columns of the Jakarta Globe article? Further, this research employs a qualitative approach as suggested by Creswell (2014). The data were taken from an article in one of English newspapers in Indonesia entitled "Designers of the Runaway as Jakarta Fashion Weeks Takes off" from the life and style column in Jakarta Globe. The finding of the research showed that there were two types of compound words that found in the article entitled "Designers of the Runaway as Jakarta Fashion Weeks Takes off" from the life and style column in the Jakarta Globe. Those are exocentric and endocentric compound words. Besides, noun compound, verb compound, and adjective compound are the lexical categories that were produced by the process of compounding.
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Norman, Tal, Tamar Degani i Orna Peleg. "Transfer of L1 visual word recognition strategies during early stages of L2 learning: Evidence from Hebrew learners whose first language is either Semitic or Indo-European". Second Language Research 32, nr 1 (11.10.2015): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658315608913.
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The present study examined visual word recognition processes in Hebrew (a Semitic language) among beginning learners whose first language (L1) was either Semitic (Arabic) or Indo-European (e.g. English). To examine if learners, like native Hebrew speakers, exhibit morphological sensitivity to root and word-pattern morphemes, learners made an off-line graded lexical decision task on unfamiliar letter strings. Critically, these letter strings were manipulated to include or exclude familiar Hebrew morphemes. The results demonstrate differential morphological sensitivity as a function of participants’ language background. In particular, Indo-European-L1 learners exhibited increased sensitivity to word-pattern familiarity, with little effect of root familiarity. In contrast, Semitic-L1 learners exhibited non-additive sensitivity to both morphemes. Specifically, letter strings with a familiar root and a familiar word-pattern were the most likely to be judged as real words by this L1-Semitic group, whereas strings with a familiar root in the absence of a familiar word-pattern were the most likely to lead to a non-word decision. These findings show that both groups of learners activate their morphological knowledge in Hebrew in order to process unfamiliar Hebrew words. Critically, the findings further demonstrate transfer of L1 word recognition processes during the initial stages of second language (L2) learning.
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Kang, Namkil. "The So-called Corpus in Big Data". International Journal of Social Science And Human Research 05, nr 10 (23.10.2022): 4595–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v5-i10-26.
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The main goal of this article is to analyze 688 KCI (Korea Citation Index) articles in terms of the Biblio data collector and the software package NetMiner. A point to note is that there was a publication of 33 KCI articles in December in 2020, which have the highest frequency (33 articles) and the highest proportion (0.048). A further point to note is that the word study was the most frequently used keyword, followed by the word Corpus, and the word verb, in that order. It is interesting to note that topic 6 that is constituted by the words learner, English, study, verb, and student occurred in 125 articles (the highest). It is noteworthy that topic 6 was the most preferred by authors, followed by topic 5, topic1, and topic 8. With respect to degree (the frequency of documents), it is worthwhile noting that the word study was the most preferred by authors, followed by the word Corpus, the word result, the word analysis, and the word corpus. Finally, this article provides the visualization of which words are linked to the word corpus. To be more specific, the words language, student, translation and the Korean word malmwungchi ‘corpus’ are directly linked to the word corpus.
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Jenkins, Reese V. "Words, Images, Artifacts and Sound: Documents for the History of Technology". British Journal for the History of Science 20, nr 1 (styczeń 1987): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400000480.
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‘In the beginning was the Word…and the Word was God’. These words—taken out of their theological context—epitomize a common attitude among historians during most of Western history. By definition, there was no history before the advent of writing. Truly, for history, ‘in the beginning was the Word’ and, for nearly six millenia for the historian, ‘the Word was God’. As a consequence, words have dominated both the content and the form of historical works, including documentary editions. The close historical identity between reality and the mind and between ideas and words has reinforced the focus on words. There remain today philosophers who argue that thinking can only occur with words. It is not surprising, then, that a verbal conception of documents continues to dominate historical documentary editing. A few years ago, a famous American historian and documentary editor sought to convince me that documents were by definition, verbal.
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Yang, Zekun, i Tianlin Liu. "Causally Denoise Word Embeddings Using Half-Sibling Regression". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, nr 05 (3.04.2020): 9426–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i05.6485.
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Distributional representations of words, also known as word vectors, have become crucial for modern natural language processing tasks due to their wide applications. Recently, a growing body of word vector postprocessing algorithm has emerged, aiming to render off-the-shelf word vectors even stronger. In line with these investigations, we introduce a novel word vector postprocessing scheme under a causal inference framework. Concretely, the postprocessing pipeline is realized by Half-Sibling Regression (HSR), which allows us to identify and remove confounding noise contained in word vectors. Compared to previous work, our proposed method has the advantages of interpretability and transparency due to its causal inference grounding. Evaluated on a battery of standard lexical-level evaluation tasks and downstream sentiment analysis tasks, our method reaches state-of-the-art performance.
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Greshchuk, Vasyl’. "Slovotvirne hnizdo z vershynoyu Khrystos u movniy kartyni svitu ukrayintsiv". Studia Ucrainica Varsoviensia, nr 8 (31.08.2020): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2299-7237suv.8.6.
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The article discusses the example of a word-formative nest with the apex of Christ. It analyses the role of word-formation in the formation of the language picture of the world of Ukrainians. The word-formative nest fi xes the word-forming segment of the semantic space of the Christ concept of the sacred conceptual sphere. Despite the fact that the anthroponomies as vertices of word-formation nests do not exhibit derivational productivity in the Ukrainian language, the word-formation nest with the apex of Christ has a branched structure: in the three stages of derivation, 25 derivatives of diff erent parts of the language, created in diff erent ways, have been certifi ed. This is due to the semantics of the vertex word of the nest, the importance of the concept named by it, in the perception of Ukrainians, in their culture of belief. In the linguistic consciousness of Ukrainians, Christ – Jesus Christ, the Son of God, the God-man, the incarnate God, the Savior, the Teacher, the Creator of the new religion. Such a broad semantic spectrum determines the activation of the derivation possibilities of the base word and the verbalization of word-formative means by a number of conceptual components. An analysis of the word-formative nest with the apex of Christ has shown that the word-formative dimension in the language picture of the world of Ukrainians, along with the universal conceptual components inherent in many diverse Christians, also has a number of individual-language derivational means of categorizing the world.
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Łaziński, Marek. "Klimat i jego pole leksykalne jako słowa klucze współczesnego dyskursu publicznego". Poradnik Językowy, nr 3/2021(782) (30.03.2021): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/porj.2021.3.1.
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This paper presents increased frequency of vocabulary related to climate and health in public discourse and the position of this vocabulary in Polish and foreign word of the year contests. The fi rst part of the text discusses the notion of keywords, methods of their distinction, and word frequency monitoring works at the University of Warsaw. These works are composed of: 1) monitoring of the frequency of the vocabulary in daily newspapers against a comparable corpus covering 12 months, 2) selection of the word of the month from the most frequent words and describing it in philological terms, 3) word of the year contests using the most frequent words as propositions. The second part of the paper presents individual words from the lexical fi eld of climate selected as words of the month and of the year, such as upał (heat), nawałnica (a storm), smog (smog), drzewo (a tree), puszcza (a forest), klimat (climate). Part three demonstrates words from this lexical fi eld in Polish and foreign word of the year contests. The discussed lexical fi eld was divided into working categories: 1) “What the nature can do to a human being”, e.g. nawałnica (a storm), smog (smog), and 2) “What a human being does to the nature”, e.g. drzewo (a tree), puszcza (a forest) (tree cutting in a forest), klimat (climate) (climate change). The latter category gathers words with a greater symbolic power, more abstract, more appropriate as keywords in the long run. Keywords: keywords – frequency – word of the year contest – signifi cance of a word – climate