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1
El-Gharbawy, Sherif Lotfy. "The pullout capacity of suction caisson foundations /". Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Cotter, Oliver. "Installation of suction caisson foundations for offshore renewable energy structures". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.534163.
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Santa, Maria Paulo Eduardo Lima de. "Behaviour of footings for offshore structures under combined loads". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:50fb3d35-90b3-4685-9ace-0ec5a50014df.
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The lack of knowledge about the behaviour of footings for jack-up rigs under storm loads poses a design problem which can be tackled by model testing. The areas of prime concern are the ultimate loads on footings under combined loading, which affects the safety of the rig, and the rotational stiffness, which affects the interaction between the foundation and the structure. A programme of loading tests was performed on model footings on clay, and was divided into two stages: monotonic loading and cyclic loading. The clay samples were obtained by consolidating Speswhite kaolin slurry in cylindrical tanks 450mm in diameter. The strength and compressibility characteristics of the samples were verified by means of standard laboratory tests. The model footings were 50mm and 100mm in diameter and several shapes were tested: circular flat plate, cones of various angles and model spud-cans. Loads and displacements were monitored using appropriate instrumentation and a data logger. A series of central vertical loading tests provided data for comparison with existing bearing capacity theories. Combined loading tests were performed applying a displacement controlled horizontal load at a fixed height above the footing which was also subjected to a fixed vertical load. The main series of tests involved a parametric study of the relevant variables. Special tests allowed the assessment of the effect of embedment of the footing and the interaction of a flexible leg with the foundation. Cyclic loading tests were carried out using a load controlled system which applied a sinusoidal load simulating wave action. Effects of currents were investigated by introducing an offset to the loading cycle. The influence of amplitude and period of loading as well as the influence of vertical load were also investigated. Special tests were carried out to cover some peculiarities of real loading conditions. Fitting of a three-parameter hyperbola to the test results provided a systematic and accurate method of analysis of monotonic loading tests, leading to valuable information involving stiffness and ultimate loads. Analysis of cyclic loading tests yielded useful qualitative information regarding the progress of settlement and the variation of rotational stiffness and damping ratio with the number of cycles.
4
Kirkwood, Peter Brian. "Cyclic lateral loading of monopile foundations in sand". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2016. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709540.
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Islam, Mohammed Kabirul. "Constitutive models for carbonate sand and their application to footing problems". Phd thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6428.
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Cassidy, Mark Jason. "Non-linear analysis of jack-up structures subjected to random waves". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:02b96107-638b-4200-9fd7-fa49635594e3.
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There is a steadily increasing demand for the use of jack-up units in deeper water and harsher environments. Confidence in their use in these environments requires jack-up analysis techniques to reflect accurately the physical processes occurring. This thesis is concerned with the models appropriate for the dynamic assessment of jack-ups, an important issue in long-term reliability considerations. The motivation is to achieve a balanced approach in considering the non-linearities in the structure, foundations and wave loading. A work hardening plasticity model is outlined for the combined vertical, moment and horizontal loading of spudcan footings on dense sand. Empirical expressions for the yield surface in combined load space and a flow rule for prediction of footing displacements during yield are given. Theoretical lower bound bearing capacity factors for conical footings in sand have been derived and are used in a strain-hardening law to define the variation in size of the yield surface with the plastic component of vertical penetration. The complete incremental numerical model has been implemented into a plane frame analysis program named JAKUP. The spectral content of wave loading is considered using NewWave theory, and the importance of random wave histories shown by constraining the deterministic NewWave into a completely random surface elevation. Using this technique, a method for determining short-term extreme response statistics for a sea-state is demonstrated. A numerical experiment on an example jack-up and central North Sea location is shown to emphasise the difference in long-term extreme response according to various footing assumptions. The role of sea-state severity in the variation of short-term extreme response statistics is also highlighted. Finally, probabilistic methods are used to develop further understanding of the response behaviour of jack-ups. A sensitivity study of influential variables (with probabilistic formulations as opposed to deterministic values) has been conducted using the response surface methodology.
7
Jardine, Richard. "Investigations of pile-soil behaviour, with special reference to the foundations of offshore structures". Thesis, Imperial College London, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8519.
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Senders, Marc. "Suction caissons in sand as tripod foundations for offshore wind turbines". University of Western Australia. School of Civil and Resource Engineering, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0163.
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[Truncated abstract] The demand for offshore wind turbines is increasing in densely populated areas, such as Europe. These constructions are typically founded on a gravity foundation or a large 'mono pile'. Gravity foundations can only be used at locations where strong soils exist and water depths are limited. Costs associated with a 'mono pile' type foundation contribute to a very large percentage of the total investment costs. This research, therefore, focuses upon a different foundation for offshore wind turbines, namely suction caissons beneath a tripod. This foundation can be used in all kinds of soil types and is cheaper than the 'mono pile' foundation, both in the amount of steel used and installation costs. Cheaper foundations can contribute to a more competitive price for offshore wind energy in comparison with other energy resources. To date, there have been relatively few studies to investigate the behaviour of this type of foundation during the installation process and during operational and ultimate loading for seabed conditions comprising dense sand. Two types of investigations were performed during this research to determine the behaviour of suction caissons beneath a tripod. Firstly, an existing computer program was extended to predict the typical loading conditions for a tripod foundation. Secondly, centrifuge tests on small scale suction caissons were performed to investigate the behaviour during the installation and loading phases. The computer program developed helped to quantify the likely ranges of environmental loading on an offshore wind turbine. For a typical 3 MW wind turbine of 90 m height, the vertical load is low at around 7 MN. During storm conditions the horizontal hydrodynamic load can be in the order of 4 MN. During normal working conditions the horizontal aerodynamic loads can reach 0.4 MN, but can increase to 1.2 MN when the pitch system malfunctions and gusts reach 30 m/s. This aerodynamic load will result in a very large contribution to the overturning moment, due to the high action point of this load. When the wind turbine is placed on top of a tripod, these large moments are counteracted by a push-pull system. ... The development of differential pressure was found to depend on the soil permeability, the extraction speed and a consolidation effect. During cyclic loading no obvious signs of a decrease in resistance were observed. During very fast cyclic loading differential pressures developed, which could increase the drained frictional resistance by approximately 40%. All centrifuge tests results were used to develop methods to predict or back calculate the installation process of suction caissons in sand and layered soil, and the behaviour during tensile and cyclic loading. These methods all use the cone resistance as the main input parameter and predict the force (or required suction) as a function of time, for a given rate of pumping or uplift displacement, in addition to the variation of suction with penetration (or force with uplift displacement). These new methods provide a useful tool in designing a reliable foundation for offshore wind turbines consisting of a tripod arrangement of suction caissons embedded in dense sand.
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Gütz, Patrick Sven [Verfasser], i Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Achmus. "Tensile-loaded suction bucket foundations for offshore structures in sand / Patrick Sven Gütz ; Betreuer: Martin Achmus". Hannover : Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, 2020. http://d-nb.info/122126947X/34.
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Pinna, Rodney. "Buckling of suction caissons during installation". University of Western Australia. School of Civil Engineering, 2003. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2004.0008.
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Suction caissons are a foundation system for offshore structures which offer a number of advantages over traditional piled foundations. In particular, due to the method of installation used, they are well suited for deep-water applications. The suction caisson consists of an open ended cylindrical shell, which is installed below the seabed in a sequence which consists of two loading phases. The caisson is first installed part way under self weight, with the installation being completed by lowering the pressure within the cylinder and thus allowing the ambient water pressure to force the caisson into the ground. This thesis examines a number of structural issues which result from the form of the caisson — essentially a thin walled cylinder — and the interaction of the caisson with the surrounding soil during installation. To do this, variational analysis and nonlinear finite element analysis are employed to examine the buckling and collapse behaviour of these cylinders. In particular, two issues are considered; the influence of the open end, and the interaction between the cylinder and soil on the buckling and collapse loads. First, the behaviour of open ended cylinders is considered, where the boundary condition at the open end is allowed to vary continuously from completely free to pinned, by the use of a variable lateral spring. This lateral spring restraint may be considered to represent the intermediate restraint provided by a ring stiffener which is not fully effective. The effect of various combinations of boundary conditions is accounted for by the use of a multiplier on the lower bound to the buckling load of a cylinder with classical supports. The variable spring at the open end may also be considered to be an initial, simple representation of the effect of soil restraint on the buckling load. More complex representations of the soil restraint are also considered. A nondimensional factor is proposed to account for the influence of this spring on the buckling load. One combination of boundary conditions, where the upper end of the caisson is pinned, and the lower end free (referred to as a PF boundary condition), is found to have buckling and collapse behaviour which is unusual for cylindrical shells. Buckling loads for such shells are much lower than would be found for cylinders with more typical boundary conditions, and of similar dimensions. More unusually however, PF cylinders are shown to have positive postbuckling strength. The behaviour is found to be a result of the large flexibility which results from the low restraint provided by the PF boundary conditions. This is shown by continuously decreasing the flexibility of the cylinder, by increasing the axial restraint at the pinned end. It is shown that this results in a large increase in buckling load, and a return to more usual levels of imperfection sensitivity. In particular, with an intermediate level of axial restraint, buckling loads and imperfection sensitivity are intermediate between those of PF shells with no, and with full, axial restraint. Overall however, collapse loads for PF cylinders with no additional restraint are well below those of cylinders with stiffer boundary conditions, for equal geometries. Eigenvalue buckling of cylinders fully and partially embedded in an elastic material are examined, and two analytical solutions are proposed. One of these is an extension of a method previously proposed by Seide (1962), for core filled cylinders, to pin ended cylinders which have support from both a core and a surrounding material. The second method represents the elastic support as a two parameter foundation. While more approximate than the first method, this method allows for the examination of a wider range of boundary conditions, and of partial embedment. It is found that the buckling load of the shell/soil system decreases as the embedment ratio decreases. Collapse of fully and partially embedded cylinders is also examined, using nonlinear finite element analysis. The influence of plasticity in the soil is also considered. For cylinders with small imperfections, it is found that the collapse load shows a large increase over that of the same cylinder with no soil support. However, as the size of initial geometric imperfections increases, it is found that the collapse load rapidly approaches that of the unsupported cylinder. In particular, in weak soils the gain in strength over the unsupported shell may be minimal. The exception to this is again PF cylinders. As these have relatively low collapse loads, even very weak soils are able to offer an increase in collapse load over the unsupported case. Finally, a summary of these results is provided in the form of guidance for design of such structures.
11
Zhou, Hongjie. "Numerical study of geotechnical penetration problems for offshore applications". University of Western Australia. Centre for Offshore Foundation Systems, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0239.
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The research carried out in this thesis has concentrated on the application of numerical solutions to geotechnical penetration problems in offshore engineering. Several important issues closely relevant to deep-water oil and gas developments were investigated, covering installation of suction caisson foundations, interpretation of fullflow penetrometers and shallow penetration of a cylindrical object (submarine pipeline or T-bar), all in clayey sediments such as are often encountered in deep-water sites. These problems are commonly characterised by large vertical movements of structural elements relative to the seabed. A large deformation finite element method was adopted and further developed to simulate these challenging problems, referred to as Remeshing and Interpolation Technique with Small Strain. In this approach, a sequence of small strain Lagrangian increments, remeshing and interpolation of stresses and material properties are repeated until the required displacement has been reached. This technique is able to model relative motion between the penetrating objects and the soil, which is critical for evaluating soil heave inside the caissons, the effect of penetration-induced remoulding on the resistance of full-flow penetrometers, and influence of soil surface heave on the embedment of pipelines. '...' Simple expressions were presented allowing the resistance factors for the T-bar and ball penetrometers to be expressed as a function of the rate and strain-softening parameters. By considering average strength conditions during penetration and extraction of these full-flow penetrometers, an approximate expression was derived that allowed estimation of the hypothetical resistance factor with no strain-softening, and hence an initial estimate of the stain-rate dependency of the soil. Further simulations of cyclic penetration tests showed that a cyclic range of three diameters of the penetrometers was sufficient to avoid overlap of the failure mechanism at the extremes and mid-point of the cyclic range. The ball had higher resistance factors compared with the T-bar, but with similar cyclic resistance degradation curves, which could be fitted accurately by simple expressions consistent with the strain-softening soil model adopted. Based on the curve fitting, more accurate equations were proposed to deduce the resistance factor with no strain-softening, compared with that suggested previously based on the resistances measured in the first cycle of penetration and extraction. The strain-rate dependency was similar in intact or post-cyclic soil for a given rate parameter. The resistance factor for the post-cyclic condition was higher than that for the initial conditions, to some degree depending upon soil sensitivity and brittleness parameter. For the shallow penetration of a cylindrical object, the penetration resistance profile observed from centrifuge model tests was very well captured by the numerical simulation. The mechanism of shear band shedding was reproduced by the numerical technique, although the frequency of the shear band generation and the exact shape of the heave profile were not correctly captured, which were limited by the simple strainsoftening soil model adopted.
12
Stracke, Fernanda. "Fluidização de solo arenoso associada à injeção de agente cimentante para ancoragem de estruturas offshore". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/60645.
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A instalação de estruturas offshore em grandes profundidades demanda avanços na área da Engenharia, principalmente quanto ao desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias associadas à ancoragem destas estruturas. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar os mecanismos e conceitos associados à fluidização de solos arenosos com jatos de água, associando a técnica ao melhoramento do solo com agente cimentante, com a finalidade de futuramente aplicar estas técnicas em campo, na instalação e fixação de fundações e âncoras para plataformas e estruturas offshore. O trabalho é fundamentado nas pesquisas de Niven (1998) e Mezzomo (2009). O estudo foi desenvolvido através de ensaios em laboratório, sendo os ensaios de fluidização executados em tanque de acrílico de 45 x 45 cm e altura de 110 cm. Foram realizados ensaios em areia fina de granulometria uniforme (d50 = 0,18 mm). Quanto aos ensaios de fluidização, foi avaliada a influência dos parâmetros do jato (vazão e velocidade) na geometria da zona fluidizada, verificando as equações empíricas para determinar a geometria da zona fluidizada através do número de Froude das partículas (Frp) - desenvolvidas por Mezzomo (2009) - e ampliando o banco de dados dos ensaios de fluidização. Foi avaliada a influência dos parâmetros do jato (vazão) e do solo (permeabilidade e diâmetro das partículas), sobre a profundidade crítica T3. Foi definida a relação entre a profundidade crítica T3 de ensaios executados no centro e na lateral do tanque de ensaios (T3centro/T3lateral = 0,5 a 0,8). Complementarmente, foram realizados ensaios de fluidização associados à injeção de agente cimentante, através dos quais foi possível compreender a forma geral de comportamento da injeção de agente cimentante em solos arenosos. Finalmente, foram executadas provas de carga estáticas à tração em solo arenoso fluidizado e não fluidizado, e em ensaios com injeção de calda de cimento. Através destes, verificou-se uma perda de capacidade de carga entre 30 e 50% devido à fluidização do solo. Além disso, a injeção de agente cimentante resultou em aumento da capacidade de carga entre 11 e 15 vezes, em relação aos ensaios sem injeção de agente cimentante.The installation of offshore structures in deep water demands advances in Engineering, particularly for the development of new technologies associated with the anchor of these structures. The aim of this paper is to analyze the mechanisms and concepts associated with fluidization of sandy soils with water jets, combining the technique of improvement of the soil with cementing agent in order to implement these techniques in the field for installing and arrest offshore foundations and anchors of platforms and structures, in the future. The work is based on Niven (1998) and Mezzomo (2009) researches. The study was developed through laboratory tests designed for fluidization tests carried on into acrylic tank of dimensions 45 x 45 cm and height of 110 cm. The tests were performed with uniform fine sand (d50 = 0.18 mm). About fluidization tests the influence of jet parameters (rate and speed) on the geometry of fluidized zone was evaluated, verifying empirical equations to determine the geometry of the fluidized zone through the Froude number - developed by Mezzomo (2009) - expanding the database of fluidization tests. The influence of the jet and soil parameters (rate, permeability and d50) on critical depth (T3) was carefully investigated. The relation of critical depth of the tests ran in the center and side position in the tank was found to be from 0.5 to 0.8. In addition, fluidization tests associated with injection of cementing agent were carried out to improve the understanding of the general behavior of the injection of cementing agent (cement grout) in sandy soils. Finally, static tension load tests on fluidized and no fluidized sand were performed, complemented by tests with injection of cement grout. Through these, it was found that there is a 30 to 50% loss in load capacity due to the fluidization of the soil. Furthermore, tests with injection of cement agent resulted in increasing load capacity about 11 up to 15 times, in relation to the tests without cement agent injection.
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Jin, Zhuang. "Numerical investigation of caisson foundations in sand under combined monotonic loadings for offshore wind turbines". Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ECDN0002/document.
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Cette thèse de doctorat porte sur la réponse des fondations caisson dans du sable pour les éoliennes en mer soumises à des chargements monotones et cycliques combinés. Le processus de défaillance et l’enveloppe de rupture (diagramme de capacité portante) d’une fondation en caisson dans du sable soumise à des chargements monotones combinés sont premièrement étudiés à l’aide du modèle constitutif de Mohr-Coulomb. La méthode Lagrangian-Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Combinée (CLSPH) est adoptée pour prendre en compte les grandes déformations et les limites de l'approche sont mises en évidence. Une loi constitutive basée sur la notion de l’état critique pour le sable récemment mis au point (SIMSAND) est ensuite introduite et utilisée avec la méthode CLSPH. Des tests d’effondrement du sol dans un canal rectangulaire et d’une colonne granulaire en prenant en compte différentes géométries sont simulés afin de valider l’approche en termes de morphologie de dépôt final, des profils d’écoulement et de zones non perturbées. La méthode CLSPH et le modèle SIMSAND sont ensuite utilisés pour étudier le diagramme de capacité portante des fondations caisson dans du sable. Différents paramètres ayant une incidence sur la forme et la taille de l'enveloppe de rupture sont pris en compte, tels que la densité et la rigidité du sol, la résistance au frottement, la rupture des grains, la géométrie et les dimensions de la fondation. Une formule analytique est introduite pour décrire la surface de rupture 3D capable à reproduire les résultats numériques. Sur la base de la formule analytique proposée, un macro-élément pour des fondations caisson dans du sable soumises à des chargements monotones et cycliques est finalement développé dans le cadre de l'hypoplasticité. L’outil numérique proposé est validé avec des résultats expérimentauxThis PhD thesis deals with the response of caisson foundations in sand for offshore wind turbines submitted to combined monotonic and cyclic loadings. First, the failure process and failure envelope (or bearing capacity diagram) of a caisson foundation in sand under combined monotonic loadings is investigated using the conventional Mohr-Coulomb constitutive model. A Combined Lagrangian-Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics(CLSPH) method is adopted to consider large deformations and the limitations of the approach are highlighted. A recently developed critical state model for sand (SIMSAND) is then introduced and combined with the CLSPH method. Rectangular channel soil collapse tests and granular column collapse tests considering different aspect ratios are simulated to validate the approach in terms of final deposit morphologies, flow profiles and undisturbed areas.The CLSPH method and the SIMSAND model are then used to investigate the bearing capacity diagram of the caisson foundation in sand. Different parameters affecting the shape and size of the failure envelope are considered, as soil density and stiffness, friction strength, grain breakage, geometry and aspect ratio of the foundation. An analytical formula is introduced to describe the 3D failure surface reproducing the numerical results. Based on the proposed analytical formula, a macro-element for the caisson foundation in sand submitted to monotonic and cyclic loadings is finally developed within the framework of hypoplasticity. Validation is provided through comparison with experimental results
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El, Haffar Ismat. "Physical modeling and study of the behavior of deep foundations of offshore wind turbines in sand". Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ECDN0021/document.
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La capacité axiale et latérale des pieux foncés dans du sable de Fontainebleau NE34 ont été étudié à l’aide d’essais sur modèles réduits centrifugés. L’effet de la méthode d’installation, de la densité et de la saturation du sable, du diamètre du pieu, de la géométrie de sa pointe (ouvert /fermé) et de sa rugosité sur la capacité axiale a été étudié. Une augmentation significative de la capacité en traction est observée dans les pieux foncés cycliquement, contrairement aux pieux foncés d’une manière monotone à 100 × g. La saturation du sable dense accélère la formation du bouchon lors de l'installation du pieu. L'augmentation de la rugosité du pieu et de la densité du sable accroissent significativement le frottement latéral des pieux testés. Dans tous les cas, les capacités de pieux sont comparées aux codes de dimensionnement des éoliennes offshore. Une étude paramétrique de l'effet de la méthode d'installation, de l'excentricité de la charge et de la saturation du sable sur la réponse latérale des pieux foncés est ensuite réalisée grâce à l'utilisation d'un pieu instrumentée. Le pieu est chargé d’une manière monotone puis un millier de cycles sont appliqués. Une nouvelle méthode a été développée pour la détermination des constantes d'intégration pour déterminer le profil de déplacement latéral du pieu. La méthode d'installation influence directement le comportement global (moment maximum et déplacement latéral) et local (courbes p-y) des pieux. L'effet de l'excentricité de la charge et de la saturation du sable sur le comportement des pieux est également présenté. Dans chaque cas, une comparaison avec les courbes p-y extraites du code DNVGL est réaliséeThe axial and lateral capacity of piles jacked in Fontainebleau sand NE34 are studied using centrifuge modelling at 100×g. The effect of the installation method, sand density and saturation, pile diameter and pile tip geometry (open or closed-ended) and pile roughness on the axial capacity of piles are firstly studied. A significant increase in the tension capacity is observed in cyclically-jacked piles unlike piles monotonically jacked at 100×g. The saturation of dense sand accelerates plug formation during pile installation. The increase in pile roughness and sand density increases significantly the shaft resistance of the piles tested here. For all the cases, pile capacities are compared with the current design codes for offshore wind turbines. A parametric study of the effect of the installation method, load eccentricity and sand saturation on the lateral response of jacked piles is then realized using of an instrumented pile. The pile is loaded monotonically, then a thousand cycles are applied. A new methodology has been developed for determining of the constants needed in the integration procedure to identify the lateral displacement profile of the pile. The installation method influences directly the global (maximum moment and lateral displacement) and local behaviour (p-y curves) of the piles. The effect of the load eccentricity and sand saturation on the behaviour of the piles is also presented. In each case a comparison with the p-y curves extracted from the DNVGL code is realized
15
Tedesco, Giacomo. ""Offshore tower or platform foundations: numerical analysis of a laterally loaded single pile or pile group in soft clay and analysis of actions on a jacket structure"". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/6802/.
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Laterally loaded piles are a typical situation for a large number of cases in which deep foundations are used. Dissertation herein reported, is a focus upon the numerical simulation of laterally loaded piles. In the first chapter the best model settings are largely discussed, so a clear idea about the effects of interface adoption, model dimension, refinement cluster and mesh coarseness is reached. At a second stage, there are three distinct parametric analyses, in which the model response sensibility is studied for variation of interface reduction factor, Eps50 and tensile cut-off. In addition, the adoption of an advanced soil model is analysed (NGI-ADP). This was done in order to use the complex behaviour (different undrained shear strengths are involved) that governs the resisting process of clay under short time static loads. Once set a definitive model, a series of analyses has been carried out with the objective of defining the resistance-deflection (P-y) curves for Plaxis3D (2013) data. Major results of a large number of comparisons made with curves from API (America Petroleum Institute) recommendation are that the empirical curves have almost the same ultimate resistance but a bigger initial stiffness. In the second part of the thesis a simplified structural preliminary design of a jacket structure has been carried out to evaluate the environmental forces that act on it and on its piles foundation. Finally, pile lateral response is studied using the empirical curves.
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Richardson, Mark Damian. "Dynamically installed anchors for floating offshore structures". University of Western Australia. School of Civil and Resource Engineering, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0230.
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The gradual depletion of shallow water hydrocarbon deposits has forced the offshore oil and gas industry to develop reserves in deeper waters. Dynamically installed anchors have been proposed as a cost-effective anchoring solution for floating offshore structures in deep water environments. The rocket or torpedo shaped anchor is released from a designated drop height above the seafloor and allowed to penetrate the seabed via the kinetic energy gained during free-fall and the anchors self weight. Dynamic anchors can be deployed in any water depth and the relatively simple fabrication and installation procedures provide a significant cost saving over conventional deepwater anchoring systems. Despite use in a number of offshore applications, information regarding the geotechnical performance of dynamically installed anchors is scarce. Consequently, this research has focused on establishing an extensive test database through the modelling of the dynamic anchor installation process in the geotechnical centrifuge. The tests were aimed at assessing the embedment depth and subsequent dynamic anchor holding capacity under various loading conditions. Analytical design tools, verified against the experimental database, were developed for the prediction of the embedment depth and holding capacity.
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Shi, Qun. "Centrifugal modelling of surface footings subject to combined loadings". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.257515.
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Mondrago, Quevedo Monica. "Probabilistic modelling of geotechnical conditions for offshore wind turbine support structures". Thesis, Cranfield University, 2014. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/9205.
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The geotechnical conditions of the soil can fluctuate greatly across the wind
farm. This is an issue since geotechnical modelling is the base of the structural
design of an offshore wind farm, and the efficient installation of the wind
turbines depends on its accuracy. This paper deals with the characterization of
the seabed, predicting the soil properties over the total affected area by a wind
farm, with the challenge to reduce the required data samples in the site
investigation under the number of installed wind turbines, to reduce its cost.
It is compared the prediction outcome from two different interpolation methods,
kriging and radial basis function, assessing their accuracy by the Mean-Squared
Error and the Goodness-of-Prediction Estimate, as well as with a visual
examination of their mapping; obtaining higher accuracy for radial basis function
and reducing to half the required sample points, from the initial value of installed
wind turbines.
In a second stage it is studied the soil effect over the foundation, analyzing the
results from a FEA, where different geometries of the structure are compared
submitted to different load cases to check its limit states. Those results show
that the foundation cost can increase four times due to the soil conditions,
taking into account only the steel volume, and demonstrating how important is
the soil characterization in the foundation design, as it gives the chance to
relocate those wind turbines that require more expensive foundations.
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Nguyen-Sy, Lam. "The theoretical modelling of circular shallow foundation for offshore wind turbines". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:fa4000fb-8de6-4093-b528-3e60d774dea0.
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Currently, much research is being directed at alternative energy sources to supply power for modern life of today and the future. One of the most promising sources is wind energy which can provide electrical power using wind turbines. The increase in the use of this type of energy requires greater consideration of design, installation and especially the cost of offshore wind turbines. This thesis will discuss the modelling of a novel type of shallow foundation for wind turbines under combined loads. The footing considered in this research is a circular caisson, which can be installed by the suction technique. The combined loads applied to this footing will be in three-dimensional space, with six degrees of freedom of external forces due to environmental conditions. At the same time, during the process of building up the model for a caisson, the theoretical analyses for shallow circular flat footing and spudcans also are established with the same principle. The responses of the soil will be considered in both elastic and plastic stages of behaviour, by using the framework of continuous plasticity based on thermodynamic principles. During this investigation, it is necessary to compare the numerical results with available experimental data to estimate suitable values of factors required to model each type of soil. There are five main goals of development of the model. Firstly, a new expression for plasticity theory which includes an experimentally determined single yield function is used to model the effects of combined cyclic loading of a circular footing on the behaviour of both sand and clay. This formulation based on thermodynamics allows the derivation of plastic solutions which automatically obey the laws of thermodynamics without any further assumptions. A result of this advantage is that non-associate plasticity, which is known to be a proper approximation for geotechnical material behaviour, is obtained logically and naturally. A FORTRAN source code called ISIS has been written as a tool for numerical analysis. Secondly, since there are some characteristics of the geometric shape and installation method which are quite different from that of spudcans and circular flat footing, another objective of this study is to adapt the current model which has been developed in ISIS for spudcans to the specific needs of caissons. The third goal of this research is the simulation of continuous loading history and a smooth transition in the stress-strain relationship from elastic to plastic behaviour. The model is developed from a single-yield-surface model to a continuous plasticity model (with an infinite number of yield surfaces) and then is discretized to a multiple-yield-surface model which can be implemented by numerical calculation to be able to capture with reasonable precision the hysteretic response of a foundation under cyclic loading. This can not be described by a conventional single-yield-surface model. Fourthly, as a method to simplify the numerical difficulties arising from the calculation process, a rate-dependent solution will be introduced. This modification is implemented by changing the dissipation function derived from the second law of thermodynamics. Finally, in order to control the model to capture the real behaviour, many parameters are proposed. A parametric study will be implemented to show the effects of these parameters on the solution.
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Thompson, Richard Saint George. "Development of non-linear numerical models appropriate for the analysis of jack-up units". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5804719a-8643-49c3-a9f3-105f35dce9ca.
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Jack-up units have considerable economic significance because they are used to carry out a large proportion of the world's oil and gas exploration in water depths less than 90.0m. Due to the increase in use of jack-ups in harsher environments, analysis techniques assuming quasi-static and linear structural behaviour have had to be reassessed. This thesis is concerned with non-linear dynamic analysis methods appropriate for a jack-up assessment. Jack-up modelling requires realistic representation of the structure, the foundations and the environmental loading, together with the implementation of appropriate dynamic analysis algorithms. Techniques for each of these aspects of jack-up analysis are reviewed and the implementation of several of the methods in an advanced plane frame analysis program called JAKUP is described. Geometric non-linearity in the structure and work hardening plasticity at the foundations are accounted for in the program. Test cases are presented to verify the implementation of the methods and then some illustrative plane frame quasi-static and dynamic analyses are described. These simple models highlight the importance of accounting for dynamic motions in a jack-up analysis. For the quasi-static analyses, the assumption of pinned footing behaviour is seen to always result in the most conservative displacement and moment predictions. However, the analyses show that this is not always the case when dynamic amplification is accounted for.
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Dallyn, Paul A. "Advances in foundation design and assessment for strategic renewable energy". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2017. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/24100.
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In order to meet EU legislation on emissions, significant effort is being invested into the development of cost-effective renewable power generation technologies. The two leading technologies are solar and wind power because of their potential for the lowest levelised cost of energy and for showing a growth in installed capacity and technological development. Various research findings have suggested that significant cost savings in the capital expenditure of renewable energy projects can be made through the optimisation of their support foundations, the understanding of which has formed the main goal of the research.
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Isorna, Rocio. "Etude de l’interaction sol-structure et de la fondation d’une éolienne offshore soumise à des chargements statiques/cycliques". Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ECDN0002/document.
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Les structures offshores sont conçues pour résister à des chargements environnementaux sévères. Des études expérimentales et numériques de la fondation d’une éolienne offshore soumise à des chargements statiques monotones/cycliques sont présentées dans ce manuscrit. Des pieux isolés (diamètre de 1,8 m et 40 m de longueur) et une structure en treillis fondée sur 4 pieux ont été testés à 100×g en centrifuge dans un massif de sable de Fontainebleau dense. Le comportement du pieu isolé a été identifié à travers des essais de chargement axial monotone. Différentes méthodes de mise en place de pieu ont été adoptées (installation à 1×g et à 100×g) et leur influence sur la capacité portante a été mesurée. Le diagramme de stabilité du pieu a été construit à partir des résultats des essais cycliques, des essais CPT ont été réalisés et l’influence des contraintes initiales a été étudiée. Des résultats expérimentaux de la fondation jacket soumise à des chargements latéraux cycliques sont enfin présentés. La méthode des éléments finis et un macro-élément pour des pieux ont été utilisés pour reproduire numériquement les résultats expérimentaux. Les lois de comportement adoptées sont basées sur la théorie d’hypo-plasticité et les contraintes initiales dans le sol sont issues de la méthode ICP-05. Les résultats numériques sont confrontés aux résultats expérimentaux et aux résultats analytiques obtenus à partir de la norme APIOffshore structures are designed to resist to severe environmental loads. This manuscript presents experimental and numerical studies on offshore wind turbine pile foundations submitted to static monotonic/cyclic loads. Isolated piles (diameter of 1.8 m and embedded length of 40m) and a four-legged truss structure installed in dense Fontainebleau sand have been tested at 100×g in a geotechnical centrifuge. The behavior of the isolated piles has been characterized under monotonic axial load. The piles have been jacketed at 1×g and 100×g and the influence of the setup method on the bearing capacity has been measured. The stability diagram of a pile has been constructed using cyclic tests, CPT experiments have been performed and the influence of the initial stresses has been studied. Finally, experimental results of the jacket foundation submitted to lateral cyclic loadings are presented. The finite element method and a macro-element for piles have been used to numerically reproduce the experimental results. Constitutive laws are based on the hypoplasticity theory and the initial stresses in the soil have been calculated using the IC-05 method. The numerical results are compared with the experimental and the analytical results from the API standards
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Balachowski, Lech. "Différents aspects de la modélisation physique du comportement des pieux : chambre d'étalonnage et centrifugeuse". Grenoble INPG, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPG0067.
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Ce travail de recherche a ete effectue au sein du groupe geomecanique et ouvrages du laboratoire sols, solides, structures. Il concerne l'etude du comportement des pieux de grande dimension utilises comme fondations de structures en mer dans des sables denses. Cette etude a ete menee a l'aide de deux grands outils de modelisation physique: la chambre d'etalonnage du laboratoire 3s et la centrifugeuse du l. C. P. C de nantes. Les pieux installes pour des plates-formes petrolieres sont en general des pieux battus a base ouverte. Les essais de pieux realises en chambre d'etalonnage du laboratoire 3s ont permis d'etudier le comportement du bouchon a l'interieur du tube pendant le battage et le chargement statique. Ils ont montre l'influence de la profondeur simulee, de la densite du massif de sable et de sa surconsolidation sur la mobilisation de la resistance de pointe et du frottement lateral. Une allure plutot parabolique de l'evolution de la resistance de pointe et du frottement lateral avec la surcharge verticale appliquee au massif a ete observee. Les essais penetrometriques realises dans les memes conditions de densite et de confinement ont permis de proposer les regles penetrometriques pour le dimensionnement des pieux en mer. L'extrapolation des resultats de frottement mesure sur le modele au prototype reel peut poser des problemes lies a des effets d'echelle. Les essais d'arrachement de pieux-modeles en centrifugeuse du l. C. P. C de nantes ont permis d'evaluer l'effet d'echelle en frottement lie au rapport taille du modele/ taille des grains. Cet effet d'echelle est exprime en fonction du niveau de contraintes et du rapport taille du modele/ taille des grains. Il est compare a celui qu'on peut determiner a partir d'essais de cisaillement d'interface sol-structure. L'ensemble des experiences menees permet d'une part de deboucher sur des methodes de dimensionnement moins conservatives que celles habituellement utilisees en offshore, d'autre part de confirmer l'importance de la prise en compte du comportement d'interface sol-structure dans la modelisation numerique
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Carswell, Wystan. "Probabilistic Analysis of Offshore Wind Turbine Soil-Structure Interaction". 2012. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/848.
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A literature review of current design and analysis methods for offshore wind turbine (OWT) foundations is presented, focusing primarily on the monopile foundation. Laterally loaded monopile foundations are typically designed using the American Petroleum Institute (API) p-y method for offshore oil platforms, which presents several issues when extended to OWTs, mostly with respect to the large pile diameters required and the effect of cyclic loading from wind and waves. Although remedies have been proposed, none have been incorporated into current design standards. Foundations must be uniquely designed for each wind farm due to extreme dependence on site characteristics. The uncertainty in soil conditions as well as wind and wave loading is currently treated with a deterministic design procedure, though standards leave the door open for engineers to use a probability-based approach. This thesis uses probabilistic methods to examine the reliability of OWT pile foundations. A static two-dimensional analysis in MATLAB includes the nonlinearity of p-y soil spring stiffness, variation in soil properties, sensitivity to pile design parameters and loading conditions. Results are concluded with a natural frequency analysis.
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Po-KaiHsu i 許博凱. "Effect of Foundation Stiffness on Dynamic Responses of Offshore Wind Turbine Support Structures". Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/a4jy83.
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Jun-TingChen i 陳俊廷. "Response Assessment of Supporting Structure for Offshore Wind Turbine on Monopile Foundation Subjected to Dynamic Loads". Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/10936701172135365310.
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碩士國立成功大學
土木工程學系
102
The main purpose of this study is to analyze the dynamic response of offshore wind turbines under dynamic loads. In order to estimate the shutdown standards, we use the results of the study and set the limit state of the wind turbines during the earthquake. In this paper, we use the p-y curve method and Winkler model for analysis. It can be obtained from the conclusion of the analysis when the load is low frequency. You can use the static soil stiffness. When the frequency of the load is high, we must use the dynamic soil stiffness. Using existing natural vibration frequency of fast computing model to adjust the rotation stiffness., using the model of this paper are expected to achieve rapid calculation of the structure of the natural vibration frequency.
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Si-LingKuo i 郭思伶. "Numerical Analysis of Supporting Structure for Offshore Wind Turbine on Monopile Foundation Subjected to External Loads". Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98227255718907507237.
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碩士國立成功大學
土木工程學系
102
In recent years, nations over the world are actively looking for new alternative energy due to environmental problems caused by traditional energy, and wind power is one of the alternative energy that many countries are developing actively. As wind farms on land have gone developed, European countries whose wind power techniques are more developed began to develop offshore wind power. Analysis of the seismic responses of the foundation of wind turbines is the basis of the assessment of geometric dimensioning during structure designing, developing testing techniques and seismic alarm during operation. This proposal applied ABAQUS, a software for nonlinear finite element analysis,to analyze the reaction of monopole support structure of offshore wind turbines affected by different period of acceleration of the earthquake basement. It also added infinite element in digital models to increase the efficiency and accuracy of analysis. Mohr–Coulomb failure parameter has a significant effect on dynamic analysis. Considering Soil damping or not also has an impact on the analysis result. As the period of external forces was lengthened, the relative displacement of the top of the foundation piles increased.
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Lopes, Adriana Torres. "O efeito da fundação no comportamento dinâmico de uma jacket quando sujeita à colisão". Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/84923.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Civil apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaO impacto de navios em estruturas offshore deve ser considerado aquando o dimensionamento deste tipo de estruturas. A ocorrência deste evento está associada a acções acidentais a que, de acordo com as normas Norsok N-003 e N-004, as estruturas devem resistir e o dano causado não deve induzir ao colapso progressivo da mesma. Desde há três décadas que estas normas utilizam como cenário de colisão um navio com 5000 ton à velocidade de 2m/s. Segundo diversos autores, é expectável que a revisão da norma Norsok N-003 inclua cenários mais gravosos para o impacto, nomeadamente navios mais pesados cuja colisão pode ocorrer a velocidades superiores. Por outro lado, as normas consideram curvas força/deslocamento para o impacto de navios cujas configurações já não existem. O estudo aqui proposto irá desenvolver-se em duas fases, inicialmente será efectuado um levantamento dos trabalhos desenvolvidos no âmbito do dimensionamento de estruturas offshore sujeitas ao impacto de navios. Posteriormente utilizando um software, em que o comportamento não linear é considerado, é avaliado o comportamento da jacket e do elemento tubular, face ao tipo de condição de apoio que possui, simulando o impacto do navio. São estudados dois modelos de jacket, um considerado encastrado na base e outro com estacas na sua fundação. Serão testados nos dois modelos diferentes condições de impacto, nomeadamente o valor preconizado pela norma de 10 MJ e de 50 MJ, valor proposto por diversos autores...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
When dimensioning offshore structures, one must consider the impact of cargo ships against the platforms. Such incidents are usually the result of accidental impact which the platforms must withstand without incurring damages that lead to the gradual collapse of the structures, as established by Norsok N-003 and N-004. For over three decades these norms have been based on a scenario involving a 5000 ton ship at a speed of 2m/s. According to various sources, it is expected that revised Norsok N-003 norms will include more severe impact scenarios, namely heavier ships colliding at higher speeds. On the other hand, the norms take into account force/displacement curves of colliding ships that no longer meet those configurations.The study proposed herein will be carried out in two phases: the first phase will involve a review of studies on the dimensioning of offshore structures subject to ship impact. Subsequently, using software that will account for non-linear behavior, the study will evaluate the behaviour of the jacket and the tubular element relative to the type of supporting conditions in place, to simulate the ship’s impact. Two jacket models will be analyzed, one considered to be clamped into the base and the other with piles on the foundation. The two models will be subjected to different impact conditions, namely the value predicted by the 10 MJ norm and the value of 50 MJ, proposed by various authors...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................