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Santini, Stefano, Matteo Basilici, Chiara Invernizzi, Stefano Mazzoli, Antonella Megna, Pietro Paolo Pierantoni, Vincenzo Spina i Simone Teloni. "Thermal Structure of the Northern Outer Albanides and Adjacent Adriatic Crustal Sector, and Implications for Geothermal Energy Systems". Energies 13, nr 22 (18.11.2020): 6028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13226028.
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Using an analytical methodology taking into account heat flow density data, frictional heating, temperature variations due to the re-equilibrated conductive state after thrusting and geological constrains, we calculated surface heat flow, geotherms and isotherms along a balanced and restored regional geological cross-section. Our results highlight the impact of frictional heating produced by thrusts on the thermal structure of the study area, leading to a raising of the isotherms both in the inner Albanides to the E and in the Adriatic sector offshore. Minimum values of Qs in the surroundings of Tirana and the reconstructed 2D thermal structure suggest less favorable conditions for exploitation of geothermal energy, besides the direct use (Borehole Heat Exchanger-Geothermal Heat Pump systems). Nevertheless, the occurrence of the “Kruja geothermal zone”, partially overlapping this area and including hot spring manifestations, emphasize the structural control in driving hot fluids to the surface with respect to the regional thermal structure.
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Campos Enríquez, J. O., i J. Urrutia-Fucugauchi. "Geothermal and related volcanological and tectonic research in México". Geofísica Internacional 31, nr 4 (1.10.1992): 335–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/igeof.00167169p.1992.31.4.1341.
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Mexico has a large geothermal potential on the continental mainland as well as offshore. The installed capacity for power generation from high-enthalpy hydrothermal systems amounts at present to 700 MWe. One of the two most important geothermal provinces is associated with the junction of the continental Gulf of California spreading system with the San Andreas transform-fault system. The other is associated with the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB). The TMVB crosses Mexico approximately between 19° and 21 o north latitude. It comprises most of the historic and present-day volcanic activity in Mexico: dacitic-andesitic strato-volcanoes, cinder-cone fields, isolated occurrences of rhyolitic volcanism, and major silicic centers. A large geothermal potential is closely related to this volcanic activity. Indeed the TMVB contains most of the developed or promising hydrothermal areas: Los Humeros, Los Azufres, Araro, Ixthin de Los Hervores-Los Negritos, La Soledad, La Primavera and El Ceboruco. The well-known geothermal field of Cerro Prieto is located in the Baja California province.doi: sin doi
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Paltrinieri, Diego, Paolo Favali, Francesco Italiano, Patrizio Signanini, Carlo Caso i Fabrizio B. Armani. "The Marsili Seamount Offshore Geothermal Reservoir: A Big Challenge for an Energy Transition Model". Energies 15, nr 5 (4.03.2022): 1900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051900.
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Renewable energies have been the only sources recording a clear increase in total installed capacity, setting a record in new power capacity in 2020, despite the pandemic. The European Union Green Deal represents a strategy towards a sustainable economic model. In this framework, land-based geothermics has seen very limited development; however, offshore geothermics is almost completely absent in the discussion on energy source alternatives, even though it represents a real challenge for energy transition, including the production of green hydrogen. This article discusses an excursus on the activities carried out on offshore geothermal areas worldwide. We focused on the energy potential capacity of the Marsili volcanic seamount located over the bathial plain of the Tyrrhenian Basin, describing the detailed geological, geochemical, and geophysical investigations that have been carried out on that seamount since the 2000s. All the collected data have shown evidence supporting the existence of an exploitable geothermal system in the Marsili seamount consisting of a reservoir of supercritical geothermal fluids of about 100 km3. We discuss and evaluate the actual consistence of the impacts associated with the occurrence of potential risks. We also describe the necessary further steps towards the pilot well. An important breakthrough in the short-medium term that allows for an exit from the predominance of fossil sources may come from the development of energy production derived from offshore high-enthalpy geothermal fields, especially in areas such as the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea. There is a natural clear predisposition for its exploitation combined with a low ecological footprint, which is the target objective of international agreements in the context of a blue economy strategy.
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Hemeida, Mahmoud G., Ashraf Hemeida, Tomonobu Senjyu i Dina Osheba. "Renewable Energy Resources Technologies and Life Cycle Assessment: Review". Energies 15, nr 24 (12.12.2022): 9417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249417.
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Moving towards RER has become imperative to achieve sustainable development goals (SDG). Renewable energy resources (RER) are characterized by uncertainty whereas, most of them are unpredictable and variable according to climatic conditions. This paper focuses on RER-based electrical power plants as a base to achieve two different goals, SDG7 (obtaining reasonably priced clean energy) and SDG13 (reducing climate change). These goals in turn would support other environmental, social, and economic SDG. This study is constructed based on two pillars which are technological developments and life cycle assessment (LCA) for wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal power plants. To support the study and achieve the main point, many essential topics are presented in brief such as fossil fuels’ environmental impact, economic sustainability linkage to RER, the current contribution of RER in energy consumption worldwide and barriers and environmental effects of RER under consideration. As a result, solar and wind energy lead the RER electricity market with major contributions of 27.7% and 26.92%, respectively, biomass and geothermal are still of negligible contributions at 4.68% and 0.5%, respectively, offshore HAWT dominated other WT techniques, silicon-based PV cells dominated other solar PV technologies with 27% efficiency, combustion thermochemical energy conversion process dominated other biomass energy systems techniques, due to many concerns geothermal energy system is not preferable. Many emerging technologies need to receive more public attention, intensive research, financial support, and governmental facilities including effective policies and data availability.
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Valecha, Mr Mohit. "Study on Dynamic analysis of Grid Interactive of offshore wind and Marine Current Farm". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, nr 6 (30.06.2022): 4587–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.45023.
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Abstract:-In day-to-day life due to growth of power demand worldwide. The use of conventional energy is increased and there is reduction in conventional resources. To fulfill the Demand, it is essential to increase the renewable resources like wind, tidal, solar etc. The energy which is sustainable means which is endless. The ocean has untapped energy resources in the form of tidal wave, geothermal, offshore wind etc. at different geographical locations.OWF combined with MCF, owing to their natural availability in close proximity, would become a new kind of integrated energy generation system in near future. Mainly there are TWO types of generators synchronous and asynchronous generator we use asynchronous generator because wind is not constant in offshore wind farm .There are FOUR types of generators used in offshore wind farm (OWF) which are named as:- Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), Squirrel cage induction generator(SCIG) ,Wound-Rotor induction generator(WRIG) ,Permanent Magnet Synchronous generator (PMSG). And in our project, we have taken wind Energy as a source and our system is hybrid of offshore wind and marine-current farm connected to an onshore power grid via a high-voltage alternating current (HVAC) link. The performance of the studied offshore wind farm (OWF) is simulated by a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG). DFIG system is a popular system in which the power electronic interface controls the rotor current to achieve the variable speed necessary for maximum energy capture in variable winds .while the operating characteristics of the studied marine current farm (MCF) are simulated by a squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG).SCIG is attached to the wind turbine by means of a gearbox. The wind turbine is responsible for transforming wind power into kinetic energy .Both frequencydomain approach based on a linearized system model using Eigen value analysis and time-domain scheme based on a nonlinear system model subject to a disturbance condition are carried out. It can be concluded from the simulated steady-stated transient results that the proposed HVAC link can effectively stabilize the hybrid OWF and MCF under various disturbance conditions
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Pająk, Leszek, Anna Sowiżdżał, Paweł Gładysz, Barbara Tomaszewska, Maciej Miecznik, Trond Andresen, Bjørn S. Frengstad i Anna Chmielowska. "Multi-Criteria Studies and Assessment Supporting the Selection of Locations and Technologies Used in CO2-EGS Systems". Energies 14, nr 22 (17.11.2021): 7683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14227683.
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The paper describes application of the cross-impact method in the process of selecting locations and technologies used in a geothermal system based on energy accumulated in a dry rock formation, where CO2 is used as the working medium. The survey is based on the opinion of a group of 20 experts representing different fields of earth and technical sciences. They represent Norway and Poland, where the location of such a system is considered. Based on experts’ experience and opinions, all factors that seem to be significant were classified into the following groups: targets, key factors, results, determiners, motor and brakes, regulating factors, external factors, auxiliary factors, and autonomous factors. Direct influences between variables were indicated. Due to major differences in geological conditions in Poland and Norway, the factor of on- or offshore technology was pointed out as the primary determiner. Among key factors, the system operation’s long-term safety and level of technological readiness were indicated. As a target factor, an interest of local authority was pointed out. Among the variables that are important when selecting locations for this type of system, nine are essential: (1) Formal constraints related to local nature protection areas—this variable is essential in the case of an onshore system; (2) Availability of CO2 sources; (3) Level of geological recognition; (4) The distance of the CO2-EGS from a thermal energy user and electricity grid; (5) Existing wells and other infrastructure; (6) Depth of the EGS system; (7) Water depth if offshore, this variable is only important when offshore systems are involved; (8) Physical parameters of reservoir rocks; (9) Reservoir temperature.
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Carpenter, Chris. "Design and Safety Considerations for Coiled Tubing Operations in Geothermal Wells". Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, nr 07 (1.07.2021): 51–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0721-0051-jpt.
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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper OTC 30408, “Design and Safety Considerations To Perform Coiled Tubing Operations in Large-Diameter, High-Temperature Geothermal Wells,” by Ishaan Singh, SPE, Danny Aryo Wijoseno, SPE, and Kellen Wolf, Schlumberger, et al., prepared for the 2020 Offshore Technology Conference Asia, originally scheduled to be held in Kuala Lumpur, 17–19 August. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2020 Offshore Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission. The productive section in a high-pressure, high-temperature (HP/HT) geothermal Field A in the Philippines features shallow and deep reservoirs separated by a low-permeability formation. However, recent years have seen a reduction in production levels. To activate and enhance well production, coiled tubing (CT) nitrogen-lift operations were required. CT simulations were combined with simulations from the geothermal reservoir to overcome modeling limitations. The outcome helped the design of a new cooling-loop system and allowed optimization of the nitrogen-lift technique. As a result, two large-diameter geothermal wells were lifted safely with 2-in. CT. Introduction This study describes design and safety considerations in performing CT operations in high-temperature, large- diameter geothermal wells. The customized high-temperature-grade seal material was chosen to withstand high bottomhole temperatures (BHT) (600°F), and a heat exchanger riser system was designed and tested on the job to handle high-surface-temperature steam (350–400°F), thus mitigating potential well-control incidents. Challenges of Seal Damage Caused by High Surface Temperatures in Live Well Intervention The CT interventions in quenched HP/HT geothermal wells reduce the risk of surface equipment failure. The seal material readily available in the market is rated to 250°F, but, if quenching is not possible, the high-temperature steam (approximately 350–400°F) may flow into the pressure-control equipment, leading to seal damage and CT contingencies. At high temperatures (400°F), these seals are unusable. It becomes essential to use a surface heat exchange riser (HER) system to prevent this issue. Design and Execution of HER Systems in Field A To avoid any well contingency and to keep pressure-control equipment safe, HER systems can be used. Some basic designs for HERs are described in the complete paper. For this study, a customized 4.06-in. HER cooling system (Design 1, shown in Fig. 1) was designed to accommodate 2-in. CT pipe. Design 1 was chosen from an evaluation of three design candidates outlined in the complete paper. The wellhead stack featured seal elements rated to high temperatures (400°F). To prevent high- temperature steam from entering the wellhead stack, the blowout preventer, and other surface- equipment elements, an efficient HER system was designed wherein, while the CT is still in the well performing CT operations, the cold water can be pumped into the CT-stack annulus from the top flow cross through the cooling riser to the bottom flow cross and back to the return tank. The temperature of the cooling loop was continuously monitored to ensure that it was well below 212°F (the boiling point of water).
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Thinon, Isabelle, Pol Guennoc, Adnand Bitri i Catherine Truffert. "Study of the Bouillante Bay (West Basse-Terre Island shelf): contribution of geophysical surveys to the understanding of the structural context of Guadeloupe (French West Indies - Lesser Antilles)". Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 181, nr 1 (1.01.2010): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.181.1.51.
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Abstract The need to understand the structural context of the Bouillante geothermal field (West Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe, French West Indies) has led to onshore and offshore studies in the “high-energy geothermal fields” project, carried out by ADEME and BRGM. To ascertain the structural context of the island and the offshore continuation of the structures identified onshore, bathymetric, high-resolution reflection seismic and magnetic surveys were conducted on the shelf. The analyses of these detailed data show that the width of the present-day northwestern Basse-Terre shelf has been built by the accumulation of the Pleistocene detrital sediments over a volcanic substratum representing the prolongation on the shelf of an onshore volcanic edifice that bounds the Bouillante Bay on the south. The sedimentary cover has recorded two important regressive phases. Deciphering the structural frame has confirmed that the Bouillante sector is a key geodynamic area where the major tectonic and volcanic structures of the inner arc of the Lesser Antilles join. In this area, the N160° Basse-Terre volcanic axis, the N140° Montserrat-Bouillante volcanic and fault system, the EW Bouillante-Capesterre fault system, linked to the E-W-trending Marie-Galante graben, join up and their relationships have been specified. The N140°E Montserrat-Bouillante fault system ends on a N160° escarpment and basement high which would represent the relay of a major NNW-SSE- strike-slip fault system along the inner arc of the Lesser Antilles, linking the Montserrat-Bouillante fault to that of Les Saintes.
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Piselli, Cristina, Jessica Romanelli, Matteo Di Grazia, Augusto Gavagni, Elisa Moretti, Andrea Nicolini, Franco Cotana, Francesco Strangis, Henk J. L. Witte i Anna Laura Pisello. "An Integrated HBIM Simulation Approach for Energy Retrofit of Historical Buildings Implemented in a Case Study of a Medieval Fortress in Italy". Energies 13, nr 10 (20.05.2020): 2601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102601.
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The Italian building stock consists of buildings mainly constructed until the mid-20th century using pre-industrial construction techniques. These buildings require energy refurbishment that takes into account the preservation of their architectural heritage. In this view, this work studies an innovative integrated modelling and simulation framework consisting of the implementation of Historical Building Information Modeling (HBIM) for the energy retrofit of historical buildings with renewable geothermal HVAC system. To this aim, the field case study is part of a medieval complex in Central Italy (Perugia), as representative ancient rural offshore architecture in the European countryside. The system involves of a ground source heat pump, a water tank for thermal-energy storage connected to a low-temperature radiant system, and an air-handling unit. The building heating energy performance, typically influenced by thermal inertia in historical buildings, when coupled to the novel HVAC system, is comparatively assessed against a traditional scenario implementing a natural-gas boiler, and made inter-operative within the HBIM ad hoc platform. Results show that the innovative renewable energy system provides relevant benefits while preserving minor visual and architectural impact within the historical complex, and also in terms of both energy saving, CO2 emissions offset, and operation costs compared to the traditional existing system. The integrated HBIM approach may effectively drive the path toward regeneration and re-functioning of heritage in Europe.
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Jaskólski, Marcin, i Paweł Bućko. "Modelling Long-Term Transition from Coal-Reliant to Low-Emission Power Grid and District Heating Systems in Poland". Energies 14, nr 24 (13.12.2021): 8389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248389.
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Energy systems require technological changes towards climate neutrality. In Poland, where the power system is dominated by outdated coal-fired power plants, efforts to minimize the environmental impact are associated with high costs. Therefore, optimal paths for the development of the energy sector should be sought in order to achieve ambitious long-term strategic goals, while minimizing the negative impact on the consumers’ home budget. A methodology and a model for the development of the electricity and heat generation structure were developed and implemented in market allocation (MARKAL) modelling framework. Two scenarios were presented, i.e., business as usual (BAU) and withdrawal from coal (WFC) scenarios. The calculations showed a significant role of nuclear energy and offshore wind power in the pursuit of climate neutrality of electricity generation. In the BAU scenario, the model proposes to stay with coal technologies using carbon capture and storage systems. Withdrawal from coal (WFC scenario) makes it necessary to replace them by gas-fired power plants with CO2 sequestration. Solar energy can be used both in electricity and district heating. In order to build on the latter technological option, appropriate energy storage techniques must be developed. Geothermal energy is expected to be the key option for district heat generation in the long-term horizon. The proposed development paths guarantee a significant reduction in greenhouse gases and industrial emissions. However, complete climate neutrality is uncertain, given the current degree and dynamics of technological development.
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Crijns-Graus, Wina, Patricia Wild, Mehdi Parvizi Amineh, Jing Hu i Hui Yue. "International Comparison of Research and Investments in New Renewable Electricity Technologies: A Focus on the European Union and China". Energies 15, nr 17 (1.09.2022): 6383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15176383.
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There are many promising renewable energy (RE) technologies that could help increase the contribution of RE in energy supply but which are not yet commercially available. The development rate of new RE technologies depends on many factors, such as Research and Development (R&D) efforts and policies. This study focuses on comparing China’s efforts regarding the development of new RE technologies (e.g., wave and tidal, binary geothermal power, floating solar, micro hydro, osmotic energy, floating offshore wind and vertical axis wind turbines) with those of the European Union (EU). For this purpose, we collected data from publications and databases and analysed several indicators: e.g., the development of renewable electricity generation and capacity, demonstration projects, investments in R&D and patent applications. The results show that China has become a big player globally for mainstream renewable electricity (hydropower, wind and solar PV). This development is due to China’s industrial policy and prioritization of effectiveness over cost efficiency. The main developments in China occurred in the 2010s, while the EU was a frontrunner in the 2000s. For the newer or less mainstream technologies, the application in China is still low, compared to the EU, except for floating solar, where China is a lead player. Regarding patent applications, China has shown a higher application amount compared to the EU since 2006. However, only a small share of China’s patents are valid internationally. We conclude that China has emerged as a big player in mainstream renewable energy technologies over the last decade. In regard to new renewable energy technologies, China is predominantly involved in solar energy and, in comparison to the EU, less in other new technologies (e.g., binary geothermal systems and ocean energy).
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Bischoff, Alan, Andrew Nicol, Jim Cole i Darren Gravley. "Stratigraphy of Architectural Elements of a Buried Monogenetic Volcanic System". Open Geosciences 11, nr 1 (25.10.2019): 581–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2019-0048.
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Abstract Large volumes of magma emplaced and deposited within sedimentary basins can have an impact on the architecture and geological evolution of these basins. Over the last decade, continuous improvement in techniques such as seismic volcano-stratigraphy and 3D visualisation of igneous bodies has helped increase knowledge about the architecture of volcanic systems buried in sedimentary basins. Here, we present the complete architecture of the Maahunui Volcanic System (MVS), a middle Miocene monogenetic volcanic field now buried in the offshore Canterbury Basin, South Island of New Zealand. We show the location, geometry, size, and stratigraphic relationships between 25 main intrusive, extrusive and sedimentary architectural elements, in a comprehensive volcano-stratigraphic framework that explains the evolution of the MVS from emplacement to complete burial in the host sedimentary basin. Understanding the relationships between these diverse architectural elements allows us to reconstruct the complete architecture of the MVS, including its shallow (<3 km) plumbing system, the morphology of the volcanoes, and their impact in the host sedimentary basin during their burial. The plumbing system of the MVS comprises saucer-shaped sills, dikes and sill swarms, minor stocks and laccoliths, and pre-eruptive strata deformed by intrusions. The eruptive and associated sedimentary architectural elements define the morphology of volcanoes in the MVS, which comprise deep-water equivalents of crater and cone-type volcanoes. After volcanism ceased, the process of degradation and burial of volcanic edifices formed sedimentary architectural elements such as inter-cone plains, epiclastic plumes, and canyons. Insights from the architecture of the MVS can be used to explore for natural resources such as hydrocarbons, geothermal energy and minerals in buried and active volcanic systems elsewhere.
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Sacchi, Marco, Giuseppe De Natale, Volkhard Spiess, Lena Steinmann, Valerio Acocella, Marta Corradino, Shanaka de Silva i in. "A roadmap for amphibious drilling at the Campi Flegrei caldera: insights from a MagellanPlus workshop". Scientific Drilling 26 (2.12.2019): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sd-26-29-2019.
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Abstract. Large calderas are among the Earth's major volcanic features. They are associated with large magma reservoirs and elevated geothermal gradients. Caldera-forming eruptions result from the withdrawal and collapse of the magma chambers and produce large-volume pyroclastic deposits and later-stage deformation related to post-caldera resurgence and volcanism. Unrest episodes are not always followed by an eruption; however, every eruption is preceded by unrest. The Campi Flegrei caldera (CFc), located along the eastern Tyrrhenian coastline in southern Italy, is close to the densely populated area of Naples. It is one of the most dangerous volcanoes on Earth and represents a key example of an active, resurgent caldera. It has been traditionally interpreted as a nested caldera formed by collapses during the 100–200 km3 Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) eruption at ∼39 ka and the 40 km3 eruption of the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (NYT) at ∼15 ka. Recent studies have suggested that the CI may instead have been fed by a fissure eruption from the Campanian Plain, north of Campi Flegrei. A MagellanPlus workshop was held in Naples, Italy, on 25–28 February 2017 to explore the potential of the CFc as target for an amphibious drilling project within the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) and the International Continental Drilling Program (ICDP). It was agreed that Campi Flegrei is an ideal site to investigate the mechanisms of caldera formation and associated post-caldera dynamics and to analyze the still poorly understood interplay between hydrothermal and magmatic processes. A coordinated onshore–offshore drilling strategy has been developed to reconstruct the structure and evolution of Campi Flegrei and to investigate volcanic precursors by examining (a) the succession of volcanic and hydrothermal products and related processes, (b) the inner structure of the caldera resurgence, (c) the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the hydrothermal system and offshore sediments, and (d) the geological expression of the phreatic and hydromagmatic eruptions, hydrothermal degassing, sedimentary structures, and other records of these phenomena. The deployment of a multiparametric in situ monitoring system at depth will enable near-real-time tracking of changes in the magma reservoir and hydrothermal system.
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Maurizot, P., B. Sevin, S. Lesimple, J. Collot, J. Jeanpert, L. Bailly, B. Robineau, M. Patriat, S. Etienne i C. Monnin. "Chapter 9 Mineral resources and prospectivity of non-ultramafic rocks of New Caledonia". Geological Society, London, Memoirs 51, nr 1 (2020): 215–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m51-2016-9.
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AbstractThe mineral resources of the non-ultramafic rocks of New Caledonia and its Exclusive Economic Zone can be classified according to their host rocks. The metallic mineral resources are essentially associated with volcanic and magmatic activity. Non-economic volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits with Cu and Au are located in the Late Carboniferous Koh Ophiolite and in the Late Cretaceous Poya Terrane. Base metals, Au and Ag of the sedimentary–exhalative type are present in the metamorphic Diahot-Panié Metamorphic Complex, associated with syn-rift volcanism. An Au–Sb metallogenic province is associated with the post-obduction Late Oligocene granitoids and co-genetic hydrothermal silica–carbonate (listwanite) zones in the Peridotite Nappe; Au is disseminated in the granites and Sb occurs as lodes in the silica–carbonate. Among the non-metallic mineral resources, barite, gypsum, magnesite, phosphate, clays, dimension stones, limestone for use as cement and as a neutralizer, and aggregates are all present. Gemstones such as jade and chrysoprase are only used locally. Late Cretaceous coal, which was briefly exploited in the past, is now considered to be a source rock for an offshore potential oil and gas system. Petroleum prospectivity is currently focused on the Fairway Basin. Several low-enthalpy thermo-mineral springs with a weak geothermal energy potential are known on Grande Terre.
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Yang, Junjie. "Technology Focus: Hydraulic Fracturing Modeling (November 2022)". Journal of Petroleum Technology 74, nr 11 (1.11.2022): 76–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1122-0076-jpt.
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Hydraulic fracture stimulation is proven to be the economic way to develop tight unconventional reservoirs. From an operational perspective, hydraulic stimulation is well established and widely applied to most unconventional plays. There is still room for improvement, however, to increase the efficiency and deepen the understanding of the detailed mechanism in the process. Particularly in the domain of fracture simulation, significant effort has been devoted to enhance model complexity and accuracy. Recent simulation studies have covered sophisticated mechanisms such as hydraulic fractures—natural fracture interaction, proppant transportation and settlement, casing friction, new government equations of fracture propagation, and fracture roughness. Fully coupled fracture modeling work flows with stress variation, solid transportation, and fluid flow become the mainstream, while model complexity and budget tradeoff remains challenging. Interestingly, fracture modeling has been applied beyond hydrocarbon production. New applications include cutting injection, coal-seam-gas production, and recently evolving enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). Both industrial and academic researchers have made progress on EGS by introducing another dimension of complexity in that thermal effects alter hydraulic fracture modeling behavior. With the advancement of powerful measurement techniques in the past decade, the industry has seen novel ways to calibrate fracture models. Other than microseismicity and pumping-schedule history matching, data collected from downhole tools such as distributed temperature and acoustic sensing and fiber-optic sensors have broader applications and show promising results. By leveraging computational power and machine-learning approaches, scaled-up modeling on the field level energizes the study of well interference, the depletion effect, and frac-hit-damage mechanisms. Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org SPE 205896 - Offshore Cuttings Reinjection Well-Performance Diagnostics and Fractured Domain Mapping Using Injection Data Analytics and Hydraulic Fracturing Simulation, Verified Through 4D Seismic and Wireline Logging by Franz Marketz, Sakhalin Energy Investment Company, et al. URTeC 2021-5414 - Modeling of Distributed Strain Sensing and Distributed Acoustic Sensing Incorporating Hydraulic and Natural Fractures Interaction by Kildare George Ramos Gurjao, Texas A&M University, et al. URTeC 2021-5526 - Efficient Modeling of Enhanced Geothermal System With 3D Complex Hydraulic and Natural Fractures by Hongbing Xie, Sim Tech, et al.
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Pribyl, Barbara, i Greg Horton. "Technology Focus: Reserves Management (December 2022)". Journal of Petroleum Technology 74, nr 12 (1.12.2022): 42–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1222-0042-jpt.
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We continue to live in volatile times. While there has been an easing of the global pandemic, geopolitical issues and conflicts have been increasing. There is also ever-increasing pressure to sanction and maintain oil and gas projects in a socially and environmentally sustainable manner. These projects can no longer be considered part of an isolated or independent petroleum sector but as part of the whole resource base of an area, country, or region. There needs to be visibility of the linkages among company vision; national, regional, and global targets; and the project attributes in meeting sustainable development goals and maintaining good governance. Paper SPE 205603 is a good example of a systematic approach to managing oil and gas reserves and resources data that has been assessed using the SPE Petroleum Resources Management System (PRMS). It is important for entities to accurately capture the information gathered during resource evaluation to use for strategic planning and sound resource management. We have been encouraged with the ongoing adaption of PRMS and many of the recommendations of the system, including the use of project-maturity subclasses. We would like to provide a cautionary note that several papers in the 2021–22 cycle highlight the need to ensure that management of resources complies with the requirements of PRMS when they say they do—for example, that when modifications are made to the system, the project still meets the requirements for inclusion in a particular class, such as discovery for contingent resources; and that discovered unrecoverable resources are not contingent resources. Paper SPE 207801 is a case study in trying to apply the principles of sustainable resource management by repurposing oil and gas wells for geothermal production. The paper follows a systems approach to testing the principles of the circular economy (though this term is not used in the paper). A circular economy is a systems approach that enables the resource to maintain its highest value for as long as possible. Critical considerations in implementing circularity are reducing and rethinking resource use and pursuing longevity, renewability, reusability, reparability, replaceability, and upgradability for resources and value-added products. Paper SPE 208483 discusses the challenge of decommissioning oil and gas equipment in Australia. The paper is a comprehensive discussion that highlights the importance of good regulation and the development of visible and robust decommissioning plans by industry titleholders. This important issue will resonate at a global scale and underlines the importance of a lifecycle focus on decommissioning rather than a just-in-time approach, which may not optimize costs or engender safe and environmentally responsible practices. Finally, we encourage you to seek out the additional reading material. Topics include good governance in exploration planning, testing pathways to decarbonization for remote offshore gas fields, an integrated subsurface study, and an example of the complementary use of PRMS and the United Nations Framework Classification. Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org. IPTC 21458 The Dusk of the Minimum Economic Field Size in the Digital Era of Exploration Value Creation by Dmitry Surovtsev, Schlumberger, et al. OTC 30941 Pathway to Decarbonization and Maximum Value Recovery for Remote Offshore Gas Fields by Lee Thomas, Intecsea, et al. SPE 205688 Integrated Subsurface Study To Convert Upside Intrabeta Subzone Stakes Into Additional Main Targets in Tunu Gas Field, Mahakam Delta, Indonesia by Dwiki Drajat Gumilar, Pertamina Hulu Mahakam, et al. SPE 207055 The United Nations Framework Classification Concept and the Possibility of Its Application in Azerbaijan by Narmina Garayeva, Baku Higher Oil School, et al.
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Garnett, R. L. "Recovery of Heavy Oil From the Monterey Formation in Offshore California by Cyclic Injection of Light-Oil Diluent". SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 4, nr 01 (1.02.2001): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/70992-pa.
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Summary This paper describes a single-well pilot in which light-oil diluent was injected through tubing to lower in-situ oil viscosity and increase production from a low-gravity oil well. The pilot well is located on the Heritage platform in the Santa Ynez Unit and produces from the Monterey formation. The pilot validated laboratory data suggesting that large production-rate increases could result from high-rate diluent injection. Introduction The Monterey formation is a complex reservoir with intense structuring, fracturing, and highly variable rock properties. It is a dual-porosity system, with low-permeability matrix rock and extensive fracturing. The fractures provide the flow path to the wells and are well-connected to a very large aquifer. The fluid system is equally complex. The original oil column was 2,000 ft thick, and the oil gravity varied from 5 to 19°API. Gravity/depth relationships vary within the field area. Heavy oil, as defined in this paper, is oil with dead-oil gravities of approximately 11°API or less. Fig. 1 is a geothermal temperature-gradient curve for offshore California. Fig. 2 is an estimation of live-oil viscosities for Monterey crude as a function of temperature and dead-oil gravity. Recovering the heavier oil at economic rates without producing large volumes of water is a challenge owing to a strong aquifer, highly permeable fractures, and a poor oil/water viscosity ratio. Achieving the large drawdown required to produce heavy oil at the high rates needed for economic operations offshore can result in the oil being bypassed by water flowing through the fractures. Even if bypassing can be avoided, the flow rate of heavy oil to the wellbore can be low. Furthermore, cooling of the heavy oil as it reaches the seafloor results in additional producing problems. As seen in Fig. 2, a 10°API oil has an in-situ viscosity of 100 cp at 200°F. As the heavy oil flows to the surface and cools, viscosity can rise above 10,000 cp and cause severe lifting problems. Deep, long throw wells (6,000 to 10,000 ft subsea), an offshore operating environment, a fracture zone with an active aquifer, and low heavy-oil prices rule out most methods of heavy-oil recovery. The challenge is to find a low-cost method to lower the oil viscosity in both the near-well region and the tubing. This paper documents a simple and inexpensive way to lower viscosity by an order of magnitude or more through cyclic injection of light oil. Theory Darcy's Law for radial, steady-state flow describes fluid flow in porous media. This simple equation gives guidance and insight to solve many oil-production problems:Equation 1 This pilot focused on reducing viscosity (µo) as a method to increase production rate (q). While the other components are also important, they were less critical for the following reasons:Fracture permeability in the major producing intervals of the Monterey formation in the Santa Barbara Channel is excellent. Wells have produced at rates in excess of 9,000 STB/D from as little as 40 ft true vertical depth (TVD) of the perforated interval. Average permeabilities are in the multidarcy range.High drawdowns may be harmful in the long run because of an unfavorable oil/water viscosity ratio. High drawdowns can result in water coning and fingering through the fractures, leaving bypassed oil in the formation. In addition, alternative lifting methods to increase drawdown can be costly owing to long throws and deep completions in the offshore environment. Reducing in-situ oil viscosity can improve the oil/water viscosity ratio, reduce water coning and fingering, reduce water cut, reduce lifting problems, and increase production rates and oil recovery from fractured heavy-oil reservoirs. HE-26 Pilot Background. The Heritage platform began producing from the Pescado field in the Santa Ynez Unit in December 1993. Wells produce 10 to 17°API oil from the Monterey and 34°API oil from sandstone formations. The Monterey formation consists of thin beds of porcelanite, chert, calcite, dolomite, and shale. The beds are highly fractured and well-connected both areally and vertically by an extensive fracture network. The fractures provide the primary flow paths in the reservoir and result in well rates as high as 10,000 STB/D. Formation pressure is supported by re-injection of produced gas and by a large, well-connected aquifer. The original oil column was approximately 2,000 ft thick and contained undersaturated oil with gravities grading from 19°API at the crest of the structure to 5°API at the original oil/water contact. Wells either flow naturally or are produced by high-volume gas lift. The sandstone formations lie below the Monterey and contain light oil with an associated gas cap. Sandstone wells flow naturally without the need for artificial lift. HE-26 History. The HE-26 well was drilled and completed in July 1997 in the Monterey formation, with perforations at 6,956 to 6,997 and 7,416 to 7,437 ft subsea. The well was stimulated with a combination of xylene, HCL, and mud acid, using foam and ball sealers for diversion. After stimulation, the well produced approximately 100 STB/D of 10.2°API oil and water. These perforations were isolated with a through-tubing bridge plug, and the well was reworked higher to 6,751 to 6,801 ft subsea. The new perforations were stimulated in a similar fashion. Oil gravity increased slightly, but production rates were unchanged. The interval was isolated with another through-tubing bridge. A final interval was perforated at 6,667 to 6,702 ft subsea. Oil gravity was slightly higher (11.4°API), but oil production rates once again did not change.
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Slater, Sue. "PESA industry review—2009 environmental update". APPEA Journal 50, nr 1 (2010): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj09010.
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This paper provides a brief update on some of the key environmental issues that arose during 2009. In Queensland, activity is dominated by coal seam gas projects and specifically coal seam gas (CSG) to liquefied natural gas (LNG) projects. Environmental milestones for these projects are discussed, and the State Government’s response policy and regulation development response is reviewed. The progress of the more conventional LNG projects in Western Australia and the Northern Territory is also discussed. The final report on the mandated ten year review of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 was released in December 2009. Seventy-one recommendations were made, and some key recommendations related to our industry are discussed here. Climate change has again dominated the media, with the United Nations Climate Change Conference held in Copenhagen in December 2009. In Queensland, the Government released a paper that presented a range of strategies and policies, building on a number of existing schemes and introducing new measures. Gas is identified as a key transitional fuel while low emission coal technology and emerging renewable energy sources are being developed. Greenhouse gas legislation is continuing to be developed across several states, but subordinate legislation is yet to be finalised. In Victoria, submissions on the Greenhouse Gas Geological Sequestration Regulations closed in October 2009, and the Greenhouse Gas Geological Sequestration Act 2008 came into effect on 1 December 2009. In March 2009, ten offshore acreage releases were made under the Commonwealth legislation; however, the closing date for submissions is dependent upon the development of the regulations. South Australia passed an Act amending the Petroleum and Geothermal Act 2000 on 1 October 2009 to allow geosequestration. A number of reviews of the regulatory framework or the administrative systems associated with the upstream oil and gas sector have been completed in the last decade. All these reviews make similar findings and recommendations, and most recently the Jones Report, tabled in Western Australian Parliament on 12 August 2009, found that most key recommendations from previous reports and reviews had not been addressed or properly implemented. There seems to be little point in undertaking regulatory and system reviews that consistently make similar findings, if these findings are never addressed. The hurdles to implementation of key recommendations need to be identified, so that progress can be made in improving the approvals processes for the industry, and improving the environmental outcomes.
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Armani, F. B., i D. Paltrinieri. "Perspectives of offshore geothermal energy in Italy". EPJ Web of Conferences 54 (2013): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/20135402001.
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Nasrabadi, Hadi, Kassem Ghorayeb i Abbas Firoozabadi. "Two-Phase Multicomponent Diffusion and Convection for Reservoir Initialization". SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 9, nr 05 (1.10.2006): 530–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/66365-pa.
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Summary We present formulation and numerical solution of two-phase multicomponent diffusion and natural convection in porous media. Thermal diffusion, pressure diffusion, and molecular diffusion are included in the diffusion expression from thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The formulation and the numerical solution are used to perform initialization in a 2D cross section. We use both homogeneous and layered media without and with anisotropy in our calculations. Numerical examples for a binary mixture of C1/C3 and a multicomponent reservoir fluid are presented. Results show a strong effect of natural convection in species distribution. Results also show that there are at least two main rotating cells at steady state: one in the gas cap, and one in the oil column. Introduction Proper initialization is an important aspect of reliable reservoir simulations. The use of the Gibbs segregation condition generally cannot provide reliable initialization in hydrocarbon reservoirs. This is caused, in part, by the effect of thermal diffusion (caused by the geothermal temperature gradient), which cannot be neglected in some cases; thermal diffusion might be the main phenomenon affecting compositional variation in hydrocarbon reservoirs, especially for near-critical gas/condensate reservoirs (Ghorayeb et al. 2003). Generally, temperature increases with increasing burial depth because heat flows from the Earth's interior toward the surface. The temperature profile, or geothermal gradient, is related to the thermal conductivity of a body of rock and the heat flux. Thermal conductivity is not necessarily uniform because it depends on the mineralogical composition of the rock, the porosity, and the presence of water or gas. Therefore, differences in thermal conductivity between adjacent lithologies can result in a horizontal temperature gradient. Horizontal temperature gradients in some offshore fields can be observed because of a constant water temperature (approximately 4°C) in different depths in the seabed floor. The horizontal temperature gradient causes natural convection that might have a significant effect on species distribution (Firoozabadi 1999). The combined effects of diffusion (pressure, thermal, and molecular) and natural convection on compositional variation in multicomponent mixtures in porous media have been investigated for single-phase systems (Riley and Firoozabadi 1998; Ghorayeb and Firoozabadi 2000a).The results from these references show the importance of natural convection, which, in some cases, overrides diffusion and results in a uniform composition. Natural convection also can result in increased horizontal compositional variation, an effect similar to that in a thermogravitational column (Ghorayeb and Firoozabadi 2001; Nasrabadi et al. 2006). The combined effect of convection and diffusion on species separation has been the subject of many experimental studies. Separation in a thermogravitational column with both effects has been measured widely (Schott 1973; Costeseque 1982; El Mataaoui 1986). The thermogravitational column consists of two isothermal vertical plates with different temperatures separated by a narrow space. The space can be either without a porous medium or filled with a porous medium. The thermal diffusion, in a binary mixture, causes one component to segregate to the hot plate and the other to the cold plate. Because of the density gradient caused by temperature and concentration gradients, convection flow occurs and creates a concentration difference between the top and bottom of the column. Analytical and numerical models have been presented to analyze the experimental results (Lorenz and Emery 1959; Jamet et al. 1992; Nasrabadi et al. 2006). The experimental and theoretical studies show that the composition difference between the top and bottom of the column increases with permeability until an optimum permeability is reached. Then, the composition difference declines as permeability increases. The process in a thermogravitational column shows the significance of the convection from a horizontal temperature gradient.
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Yue, Cheng-Dar, I.-Chun Wang i Jhou-Sheng Huang. "Feasibility of Replacing Nuclear and Fossil Fuel Energy with Offshore Wind Energy: A Case for Taiwan". Energies 15, nr 7 (24.03.2022): 2385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072385.
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Adequate recognition of the offshore wind energy potential may help coastal states frame proper energy policies for replacing nuclear and fossil fuel energy. In this study, we examined the application potential of the offshore wind energy generated by 31 offshore wind farms designated by the Taiwanese government for future exploitation. Our findings indicate that offshore wind energy (through its substantial power generation volume and capacity factor) can play the most pivotal role in future power generation for Taiwan. A total of 59.3 TWh of electricity produced from offshore wind energy and solar photovoltaics (PVs) each year could replace the power generated from nuclear energy by 2025. Coal-fired power generation could be replaced by offshore wind energy and other renewables by 2032. The full exploitation of offshore wind farms as detailed in this study (103.4 TWh/year), together with other renewables, could reduce the share of liquefied natural gas-fired power generation to 5.6% of the total Taiwanese power supply by 2040. Realizing the ultimate target of 100% carbon-neutral power generation would rely mainly on a further decrease in electricity consumption per unit of gross domestic product and the expansion of offshore wind energy and geothermal energy.
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Baillie, P. W., i N. J. Russell. "VITRINITE PALAEOTHERMOMETRY OF OFFSHORE EXPLORATION WELLS, TASMANIA". APPEA Journal 29, nr 1 (1989): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj88016.
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Over the last three decades organic metamorphism (coalification), as indicated by changes in vitrinite reflectivity, has been regarded as a function of both temperature and heating duration. This temperature- time concept of coalification has been developed into sophisticated computer programs to model the palaeo- geothermal history of sedimentary basins. However, several papers, published over the last six years, have presented evidence to support the view that, for heating times in excess of 0.001- 1 Ma, vitrinite reflectivity constitutes an absolute palaeogeothermometer. This proposition is broadly supported by a comparison between corrected bottom- hole temperature (BHT) and vitrinite reflectivity data from offshore petroleum exploration wells drilled in Tasmanian waters. Most of the corrected BHT/vitrinite reflectivity data pairs plot on, adjacent to or between two of the published vitrinite temperature/reflectance trends. Although these data indicate that some formations are at, or near, maximum palaeotemperature, there is clear evidence to suggest that many samples, in particular those from formations in the deeper well sections, have cooled significantly below maximum palaeotemperature. It appears that present- day geothermal gradients for some of the wells, based on corrected BHT data, are much less than maximum palaeogeothermal gradients inferred from the vitrinite depth/reflectance relationship.
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Civile, Dario, Luca Baradello, Flavio Accaino, Massimo Zecchin, Emanuele Lodolo, Giulia Matilde Ferrante, Nora Markezic, Valentina Volpi i Mihai Burca. "Fluid-Related Features in the Offshore Sector of the Sciacca Geothermal Field (SW Sicily): The Role of the Lithospheric Sciacca Fault System". Geosciences 13, nr 8 (31.07.2023): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13080231.
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The Sciacca basin extends in the southwestern part of Sicily and hosts an important geothermal field (the Sciacca Geothermal Field) characterized by hot springs containing mantle gasses. Newly acquired high-resolution seismic profiles (Boomer data) integrated with a multichannel seismic reflection profile in close proximity to the Sciacca Geothermal Field have documented the presence of numerous active and shallow fluid-related features (pipes, bright spots, buried and outcropping mud volcanoes, zones of acoustic blanking, and seafloor fluid seeps) in the nearshore sector between Capo San Marco and Sciacca (NW Sicilian Channel) and revealed its deep tectonic structure. The Sciacca Geothermal Field and the diffuse submarine fluid-related features probably form a single onshore–offshore field covering an area of at least 70 km2. This field has developed in a tectonically active zone dominated by a left-lateral transpressive regime associated with the lithospheric, NNE-striking Sciacca Fault System. This structure probably favored the rising of magma and fluids from the mantle in the offshore area, leading to the formation of a geothermal resource hosted in the Triassic carbonate succession that outcrops onshore at Monte San Calogero. This field has been active since the lower Pleistocene, when fluid emissions were likely greater than today and were associated with greater tectonic activity along the Sciacca Fault System.
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HASHIMOTO, Masanari. "“GEO Power System” ventilation system using geothermal energy". Proceedings of the Symposium on Global Environment 13 (2005): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/proge.13.171.
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HASHIMOTO, Masanari. ""GEO Power System" ventilation system using geothermal energy". Proceedings of the Thermal Engineering Conference 2004 (2004): 295–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeted.2004.295.
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Nakagawa, M., i Y. Koizumi. "Geothermal heat pump system assisted by geothermal hot spring". Geothermal Energy Science 4, nr 1 (15.01.2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gtes-4-1-2016.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The authors propose a hybrid geothermal heat pump system that could cool buildings in summer and melt snow on the pedestrian sidewalks in winter, utilizing cold mine water and hot spring water. In the proposed system, mine water would be used as cold thermal energy storage, and the heat from the hot spring after its commercial use would be used to melt snow for a certain section of sidewalks. Neither of these sources is viable for direct use application of geothermal resources, however, they become contributing energy factors without producing any greenhouse gases. To assess the feasibility of the proposed system, a series of temperature measurements in the Edgar Mine (Colorado School of Mines' experimental mine) in Idaho Springs, Colorado, were first conducted, and heat/mass transfer analyses of geothermal hot spring water was carried out. The result of the temperature measurements proved that the temperature of Edgar Mine would be low enough to store cold groundwater for use in summer. The heat loss of the hot spring water during its transportation was also calculated, and the heat requirement for snow melt was compared with the heat available from the hot spring water. It was concluded that the heat supply in the proposed usage of hot spring water was insufficient to melt the snow for the entire area that was initially proposed. This feasibility study should serve as an example of "local consumption of locally available energy". If communities start harnessing economically viable local energy in a responsible manner, there will be a foundation upon which to build a sustainable community.</p>
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Wang, Jian Yu. "Geothermal Energy Saving Air Conditioning System Research". Advanced Materials Research 912-914 (kwiecień 2014): 684–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.912-914.684.
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The Geothermal air conditioning has been introduced the working principle ,classification and application in this paper , mainly introducing the design of the two kinds air conditioning, refrigeration and air conditioning system . And we put forward own views that the problems existing in the geothermal air-conditioning and the future direction .
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Gautier, Antoine, Michael Wetter i Matthias Sulzer. "Resilient cooling through geothermal district energy system". Applied Energy 325 (listopad 2022): 119880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.119880.
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Prabowo, Teguh Rahat, Fithriyani Fauziyyah, Suryantini i Sutikno Bronto. "A new idea: The possibilities of offshore geothermal system in Indonesia marine volcanoes". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 103 (grudzień 2017): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/103/1/012012.
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Axelsson, G. "Sustainable geothermal energy utilization". International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 1, nr 1-2 (1.12.2010): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/irase.1.2010.1-2.4.
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Abstract Sustainable development involves meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. The Earth's enormous geothermal resources have the potential to contribute significantly to sustainable energy use worldwide and to help mitigate climate change. Experience from the use of geothermal systems worldwide, lasting several decades, demonstrates that by maintaining production below a certain limit the systems reach a balance between net energy discharge and recharge that may be maintained for a long time. Therefore, a sustainability time-scale of 100 to 300 years has been proposed. Studies furthermore indicate that the effect of heavy utilization is often reversible on a time-scale comparable to the period of utilization. Geothermal resources can be used in a sustainable manner either through (1) constant production below a sustainable limit, (2) step-wise increase in production or (3) intermittent excessive production with breaks during which other geothermal resources need to fill in the gap. The long production histories that are available for geothermal systems provide the most valuable data available for studying sustainable management of geothermal resources, and reservoir modelling is the most powerful tool available for this purpose. The paper reviews long utilization experiences from e.g. Iceland, France and Hungary and presents sustainability modelling studies for the Hamar geothermal system in Iceland and the Beijing Urban system in China. International collaboration has facilitated sustainability research and fruitful discussions as well as identifying several relevant research issues. Distinction needs to be made between sustainable production from a particular geothermal resource and the more general sustainable geothermal utilization, which involves integrated economical, social and environmental development. Developing a sustainability policy involves setting general sustainability goals and consequently defining specific sustainability indicators to measure the degree of sustainability of a given geothermal operation or progress towards sustainability.
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Bonalumi, Davide. "Enhanced Geothermal System with captured CO2". Energy Procedia 148 (sierpień 2018): 744–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.08.139.
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Qiu, Nansheng, Yinhui Zuo, Xinhuai Zhou i Cuicui Li. "Geothermal Regime of the Bohai Offshore Area, Bohai Bay Basin, North China". Energy Exploration & Exploitation 28, nr 5 (listopad 2010): 327–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0144-5987.28.5.327.
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Milanovic, Predrag, Vojislav Tomic, Branislav Jacimovic, Srbislav Genic i Maja Djurovic-Petrovic. "Development of the heating system using geothermal energy". Thermal Science 10, nr 4 (2006): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0604211m.
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The paper presents the results achieved by the project financed by Ministry of Science and Environmental Protection of Serbia during the period 2003-2005. The purpose of the project was determination methodology for designing heating system using geothermal water. Achieved results were implemented in the demonstration installment in factory "Palanacki kiseljak" in Smederevska Palanka, Serbia, using geothermal water from the well near by factory. .
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Stoyanov, N., D. Abornev, S. Smirnov i A. Stoyanov. "System of Integrated Energy Supply of Separate Facilities from Renewable Energy Sources". Journal of Applied Engineering Sciences 7, nr 2 (1.12.2017): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jaes-2017-0014.
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Abstract The relevancy of the study is due to low efficiency of using solar and geothermal energy in the existing process schemes. In this regard, this article is aimed at revealing the possibilities of using solar and geothermal energy for the integrated energy supply of separate facilities from renewable energy sources. The mathematical simulation method based on the theory of graphs of energy system operation, which makes it possible to analyze the efficiency of the integrated use of solar and geothermal energies for the heat-cold supply of separate facilities, is the main approach to studying this problem. Energy consumption throughout the year and the emergency energy source capacity in “peak” modes were determined based on the developed mathematical model of managing the system of integrated power supply of separate facilities from renewable energy sources plotted with the use of the theory of graphs. The article materials are of practical value for the designers of the systems of integrated heat-cold supply of separate facilities.
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Luo, Chao, Jun Zhao, Yulie Gong, Yongzhen Wang i Weibin Ma. "Energy efficiency comparison between geothermal power systems". Thermal Science 21, nr 6 Part A (2017): 2633–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci151225074l.
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The geothermal water which can be considered for generating electricity with the temperature ranging from 80? to 150? in China because of shortage of electricity and fossil energy. There are four basic types of geothermal power systems: single flash, double flash, binary cycle, and flash-binary system, which can be adapted to geothermal energy utilization in China. The paper discussed the performance indices and applicable conditions of different power system. Based on physical and mathematical models, simulation result shows that, when geofluid temperature ranges from 100? to 130?, the net power output of double flash power is bigger than flash-binary system. When the geothermal resource temperature is between 130? and 150?, the net power output of flash-binary geothermal power system is higher than double flash system by the maximum value 5.5%. However, the sum water steam amount of double flash power system is 2 to 3 times larger than flash-binary power system, which will cause the bigger volume of equipment of power system. Based on the economy and power capacity, it is better to use flash-binary power system when the geofluid temperature is between 100? and 150?.
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Yin, Hongmei, Likai Hu, Yang Li, Yulie Gong, Yanping Du, Chaofan Song i Jun Zhao. "Application of ORC in a Distributed Integrated Energy System Driven by Deep and Shallow Geothermal Energy". Energies 14, nr 17 (2.09.2021): 5466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175466.
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This study presents a distributed integrated energy system driven by deep and shallow geothermal energy based on forward and reverse cycle for flexible generation of cold, heat and electricity in different scenarios. By adjusting the strategy, the system can meet the demand of heat-electricity in winter, cool-electricity in summer and electricity in transition seasons. The thermodynamic analysis shows that the thermal efficiency of the integrated energy system in the heating and power generation mode is 16% higher than that in the cooling and power generation mode or the single power generation mode. Meanwhile, the annual heat-obtaining quantity of the system is reduced by 11% compared with that of the independent power generation system, which effectively alleviates the imbalance of the temperature field of the shallow geothermal reservoir. In terms of net power generation, the integrated energy system can generate approximately 31% more electricity than the conventional independent cooling and heating system under the same cooling and heating capacity. An integrated system not only realizes the comprehensive supply of cold and thermal ower by using clean geothermal efficiency, but also solves the temperature imbalance caused by the attenuation of a shallow geothermal temperature field. It provides a feasible way for carbon emission reduction to realize sustainable and efficient utilization of geothermal energy.
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Eping, Ch, i J. Stenzel. "Energy Management System for Offshore Wind Farms". Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 1, nr 03 (marzec 2005): 315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj03.284.
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Yüksel, Yunus Emre, i Murat Öztürk. "Thermodynamic analysis of a multigeneration energy system based geothermal energy". Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences 26, nr 1 (2020): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5505/pajes.2019.98411.
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UCHIDA, Youhei. "New energy “Geothermal heat pump system” and groundwater flow system". Journal of Japanese Association of Hydrological Sciences 34, nr 1 (2004): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4145/jahs.34.17.
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Li, Man, i Xiao Wang. "Study on Public Policy for the Application of Shallow Geothermal Energy into Building Energy Efficiency". Applied Mechanics and Materials 368-370 (sierpień 2013): 1285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.368-370.1285.
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At present, in China, shallow geothermal energy has been widely used in energy efficiency of building, but the question of policy mechanisms reduce the rate of new energy promotion.This paper compares the differences between the domestic and foreign shallow geothermal energy policy through the comparison gets the revelation of shallow geothermal energy policy, and combines with the development situation and utilization goal, in the end gives the recommendations for policy system of shallow geothermal.
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Huang, Wenbo, Wenjiong Cao i Fangming Jiang. "A novel single-well geothermal system for hot dry rock geothermal energy exploitation". Energy 162 (listopad 2018): 630–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.08.055.
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Mohamed, A. M. I., i N. A. S. El-Minshawy. "Humidification–dehumidification desalination system driven by geothermal energy". Desalination 249, nr 2 (grudzień 2009): 602–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2008.12.053.
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Yu, Tao, Peng Liu, Guang Ming Chu i Yong Feng Li. "Seasonal Underground Storage of SGSHP System Design Based on Equilibrium Geothermal Temperature". Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (maj 2012): 864–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.864.
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Constant geothermal temperature is necessary to the long-term efficient operation of the ground source heat pump. SGSHP (Solar-Ground Source Heat Pump) system adopts solar energy as assistant heat source to maintain the geothermal temperature in cold regions. A design method based on equilibrium geothermal temperature was illustrated with an example of a villa in Beijing, China. Flowchart and control strategy of the combined system were introduced. Average heat collection efficiency and necessary area of the solar collector were derived on the basis of energy balance equation. Geothermal temperature variation was also researched to test if the solar energy and geothermal energy were reasonably matched. Results show that the combined system can maintain a constant geothermal temperature if it is well designed. The solar-ground source heat pump system is efficient, reliable and energy-saving.
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Wang, Qian Kun, Zhan Liang Zu i Si Lun Liu. "Study on the Use of Geothermal Energy in Large Space Stadium". Applied Mechanics and Materials 368-370 (sierpień 2013): 1415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.368-370.1415.
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With the development of economy and the rising of public awareness on environmental issues, building energy consumption, especially the energy consumption of public buildings represented by large space stadiums, has received an increasing public attention. Geothermal energy, as a green energy, is widely used in large public buildings as a replacement of traditional energies. This article compares the respective economic and environmental benefits of ground source heat pump system and traditional air-conditioning system. First of all, the article discusses the feasibility of building geothermal wells and utilizing geothermal energy in large space stadiums. Then, the article illustrates the determination of the parameters of the geothermal wells and geothermal utilization strategy (deep + shallow geothermal) through software stimulation on Dest. Finally, the article evaluates the environmental and economic effect of geothermal energy system applied in large space stadium.
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Gelfgat, M., i R. Alikin. "Retractable Bits Development and Application". Journal of Energy Resources Technology 120, nr 2 (1.06.1998): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2795022.
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This paper presents a historical view and present status of retractable bit design and drilling results. Despite the significant improvements in cone-sealed bearing rock bits, the special features of retractable bits provides a wider range of field applications. Scientific drilling, both continental and offshore and stratigraphic offshore boreholes, is an area for profitable application of retractable bits with a downhole motor. Another promising application is drilling and simultaneous casing where some prototypes have been successfully tested. Other applications such as horizontal and geothermal drilling look promising for future developments.
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Johnston, Ian. "Geothermal energy: shallow sources". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 126, nr 2 (2014): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs14025.
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Below a depth of around 5 to 8 metres below the surface, the ground displays a temperature which is effectively constant and a degree or two above the weighted mean annual air temperature at that particular location. In Melbourne, the ground temperature at this depth is around 18°C with temperatures at shallower depths varying according the season. Further north, these constant temperatures increase a little; while for more southern latitudes, the temperatures are a few degrees cooler. Shallow source geothermal energy (also referred to as direct geothermal energy, ground energy using ground source heat pumps and geoexchange) uses the ground and its temperatures to depths of a few tens of metres as a heat source in winter and a heat sink in summer for heating and cooling buildings. Fluid (usually water) is circulated through a ground heat exchanger (or GHE, which comprises pipes built into building foundations, or in specifically drilled boreholes or trenches), and back to the surface. In heating mode, heat contained in the circulating fluid is extracted by a ground source heat pump (GSHP) and used to heat the building. The cooled fluid is reinjected into the ground loops to heat up again to complete the cycle. In cooling mode, the system is reversed with heat taken out of the building transferred to the fluid which is injected underground to dump the extra heat to the ground. The cooled fluid then returns to the heat pump to receive more heat from the building.
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Cheng, Arthur. "President's Page: Geothermal energy: Current and future". Leading Edge 41, nr 9 (wrzesień 2022): 588–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle41090588.1.
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Geothermal energy is a key component and crucial part of the transition from fossil fuel to renewable energy. There are many places on earth where one can produce significant amounts of electricity from geothermal reservoirs. In addition to electricity generation, geothermal energy is used extensively for space heating. The identification, construction, and operation of a geothermal energy system requires the combined expertise of geologists, engineers, and geophysicists. As we strive for carbon-neutral energy solutions, geothermal energy will play an increasingly important part in our future.
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Radu, Sorin Mihai, Adrian Bărbulescu, Ciprian Coandreş, Charles Rostand MvongoMvodo, Ioan Petru Scutelnicu, Jamal Khamis i Alexandru A. Burian. "Hybrid Energy System Based on the Mix of Fossil and Renewable Energy Resources". Mining Revue 29, nr 2 (1.06.2023): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/minrv-2023-0011.
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Abstract In the article, the authors present the approach of combining energy production systems, subsystems by obtaining specific advantages, facilitating the efficient conversion of resources subject to advanced energy-thermal treatment, and solutions are proposed for the creation of a “photovoltaic - other combining resources” matrix. obtaining the generational energy mix. The paper describes the endogenous economic growth through the knowledge of hybrid technological processes, the technical and technological changes in the field of energy, the relational implications in the field and advances the proposal of a hybrid energy system based on the mix of geothermal energy resources from closed coal mines) and renewable energy resources solar. Also, the breakdown of energy/geothermal heat sources recovered from galleries and long-front abattoirs as lots of a sub-system of energy production in a hybrid energy system based on the mix of geothermal mining and renewable solar energy resources is reported. The authors conclude that the addition of the “hydrogen production” sub-system to the hybrid energy system based on the mix of fossil and renewable energy resources represents extensive conceptual and operational specific development.
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Milanovic, Predrag, Olivera Ecim, Milos Jelic i Vojislav Tomic. "Dynamic modeling of а heating system using geothermal energy and storage tank". Thermal Science 16, nr 3 (2012): 947–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci120222138m.
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This paper analyzes a greenhouse heating system using geothermal energy and storage tank and the possibility of utilization of insufficient amount of heat from geothermal sources during the periods with low outside air temperatures. Crucial for these analyses is modelling of the necessary yearly energy requirements for greenhouse heating. The results of these analyses enable calculation of an appropriate storage tank capacity so that the energy efficiency of greenhouse heating system with geothermal energy could be significantly improved.
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Gómez, Franklin, i Anikó N. Tóth. "State of the Art of Geothermal Energy System Enhancement: A Literature Review". Geosciences and Engineering 9, nr 14 (2021): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33030/geosciences.2021.14.017.
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The application of hydraulic fracturing in geothermal reservoirs requires the con- sideration of aspects related to temperature, geology, and in-situ stresses. This research com- pares the application of hydraulic fracturing for geothermal purposes in Rotliegend sand- stones of sedimentary origin in the North German Basin with that of a Granodiorite reservoir in the Pohang site in South Korea. Furthermore, some recommendations are proposed for the application of hydraulic fracturing in Ecuadorian plays for thegeneration of geothermal en- ergy. The basement reservoirs have a hard structure and are prone to pre-existing natural fractures, especially in reservoirs for geothermal purposes, because they normally have active tectonism due to their location. In contrast, sedimentary reservoirs are not necessarily in areas with active tectonism and their more ductile structure does not make them prone to natural fractures, but their temperature gradient should be analyzed to verify their feasibility. The stress analysis, the coefficient of fracture conductivity (FCD), the Folds of Increase (FOI) and the temperature gradient are complementary factors for determining the economic via- bility of geothermal reservoirs. Consequently, the application of hydraulic fracturing in geo- thermal reservoirs requires the analysis of Sv (overburden) stress, Sh1 (horizontal 1) stress, Sh2 (horizontal 2) stress, temperature, FCD, and FOI. This is particularly true for the Chachimbiro Ecuadorian geothermal reservoir, where there is high temperature and active tectonism.