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Lefao, Maya Taliilagi. "Fa'aSamoa: An Afro-Oceanic Understanding of Epistemology through Folktales and Oral History". Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2017. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/462913.
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African American StudiesM.A.
Often disconnected from the African diaspora, the Black South Pacific is constantly laid to the wayside. My research works to shed light on the voices of Afro-Oceanic scholars who are fully capable of articulating their own narratives based on their traditional foundational knowledge that may not align with standard western notions of knowledge but in fact create a system or methods of knowledge unique to the Afro-Oceanic community and traditions. The indigenous Afro-Oceanic agenda of self-determination, indigenous rights and sovereignty, integrity, spiritual healing, reconciliation and humble morality, builds capacity towards a systematic change and re-acknowledgement of indigenous Afro-Oceanic epistemologies. By identifying and analyzing indigenous Oceanic epistemologies, ontologies, and cosmologies, my research seeks to place Afro-Oceanic peoples within the broader African Diaspora. Scholars throughout Afro-Oceania such as Dr. A.M Tupuola, Dr. Vaioleti T.M, and Dr. Helu-Thaman inter
Temple University--Theses
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Robertson, Duncan. "Encountering Oceania : bodies, health and disease, 1768-1846". Thesis, University of York, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/19282/.
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This thesis offers a critical re-evaluation of representations of bodies, health and disease across almost a century of European and North American colonial encounters in Oceania, from the late eighteenth-century voyages of James Cook and William Bligh, to the settlement of Australia, to the largely fictional prose of Herman Melville’s Typee. Guided by a contemporary and cross-disciplinary analytical framework, it assesses a variety of media including exploratory journals, print culture, and imaginative prose to trace a narrative trajectory of Oceania from a site which offered salvation to sickly sailors to one which threatened prospective settlers with disease. This research offers new contributions to Pacific studies and medical history by examining how late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth century concepts of health and disease challenged, shaped and undermined colonial expansion in Oceania from 1768-1846. In particular, it aims to reassess the relationship between contemporary thinking on bodies, health and disease, and the process of colonial exploration and settlement in the period studied. It argues that this relationship was less schematic than some earlier scholarship has allowed, and adopts narrative medical humanities approaches to consider how disease and ill-health was perceived from individual as well as institutional perspectives. Finally, this thesis analyses representations of bodies, health and disease in the period from 1768-1846 in two ways. First, by tracing the passage of disease from ship to shore and second, by assessing the legacy of James Cook’s three Pacific voyages on subsequent phases of exploration and settlement in Oceania.
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Hill, A. V. S. "The distribution and molecular basis of thalassaemia in Oceania". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375250.
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Tagai, Kuresa School of Education Studies UNSW. "Factors Affecting Faculty Morale in Seventh-day Adventist Tertiary Institutions". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Education Studies, 1999. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/32663.
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Using a multimethod approach, this study set out to examine the concept of faculty morale - what it is, what affects it, and how to improve it - in the setting of the four South Pacific tertiary institutions owned and run by the Seventh-day Adventist (SDA) Church. Based on three research questions and three major expectations, the study, done between October 1997 and March 1998, was carried out in two stages representing the two models of research - quantitative and qualitative. The study confirmed the multi-faceted and complex nature of morale as well as the close relationship between this concept and that of job satisfaction. While faculty morale appeared better in some institutions than others, the data reported in this study indicate that faculty morale overall seemed to have suffered due to a variety of factors. Most notable among these was the perceived leadership style of senior administrators as manifested through a range of activities and attitudes comprising their willingness or otherwise to share power with the faculty, to follow a satisfactory process of consultation, to allow adequate academic freedom, to promote faculty participation and representation in institutional policy- and decision-making, and to communicate openly with academic staff. Faculty satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the above and other aspects of their senior administrators' leadership style, along with their satisfaction or dissatisfaction with other aspects of their work, were the principal factors linked to faculty morale. The surprising absence of a significant relationship between faculty morale and a religious-oriented commitment among SDA faculty members suggests that religious commitment and morale may, to a large extent, operate independently of each other. Although religious commitment was shown to be very solid among SDA faculty members, the study indicates that this type of commitment has its limits and may be unrelated to commitment to a particular institution. Implications of these findings were drawn out for administrators of the SDA Church in the South Pacific and the on-site administrators and faculty at each of the four institutions studied. The study also contributed to the theoretical understanding of the concept of morale and proposed areas for further research.
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Pierson, Melanie Jane. "Deciphering the mtDNA record of prehistoric population movements in Oceania". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological Sciences, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1487.
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This thesis uses mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) phylogenies to explore patterns of past human mobility in Oceania. To extend the current knowledge of mtDNA variation in Oceania, 20 entire mt genomes were sequenced and analysed in a data set of more than 144 sequences from Australia, Oceania, Island Southeast Asia and Taiwan. The MinMax Squeeze method enabled this large data set to be analysed with an optimality criterion (Pierson et al. 2006). The analysis revealed two major groups of haplogroups in Oceania, distinguished by the relationships to others outside of the region: an 'ancient' set of types whose phylogenies and distributions suggest they are descended from the Pleistocene-era settlers of Near Oceania, and a second 'young' group whose presence in Oceanic populations may reflect more recent movements into Near Oceania. The detailed phylogenies of these haplogroups presented here will aid in future investigations of human mtDNA in Oceania, allowing samples to be screened by defining mutations to target haplogroups of interest. A large data set of global entire human mt DNA sequences was assembled from public data bases and tested for evidence of selection and recombination. These tests, and phylogenetic analyses of random subsets of the data set, found high levels of homoplasy in the sequences. Homoplasy in the control region of the mtDNA molecule was examined in particular, resulting in a relative scale of mutability at each position of the ~1kb sequence. Subsequent phylogenetic tests of weighting schemes derived from this analysis for the control hypervariable region I (HVR-I) did not show demonstrable improvements over the unweighted examples, but did highlight instances in which the HVR-I sequence failed to predict the more robust trees generated by the coding region. Finally, the HVR-I and diagnostic SNPs were sequenced in a set of 46 Polynesian samples from Auckland, and this data was analysed within a large set of HVR-I sequences (more than 4000) from Oceanic, Asian and the American populations available from public data bases. These analyses were informed by the whole mtDNA phylogenies generated earlier in the project, and add population level data to the emerging picture of prehistoric female mobility gained from entire mtDNA analyses.
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Kirchman, Jeremy J. "Speciation and extinction of flightless rails (Aves: Gallirallus) in Oceania". [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0015121.
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Mather, Glenda M. "A politics of culture and identity : education and development in Oceania /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phm427.pdf.
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Berggren, Amalia. "Surveillance in Nineteen Eighty-Four : The Dismantling of Privacy in Oceania". Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för språk, litteratur och interkultur, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-41716.
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The purpose of this essay is to analyze how certain elements of panopticism manage to dismantle the notion of privacy in George Orwell’s novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. By reading the text through a lens of panopticism, a theory introduced by Jeremy Bentham, I give examples on how the surveillance methods used by the Party share similarities with the system of surveillance within a Panoptic prison, but also in what ways that they differ. In the end, it is obvious that the society of Oceania cannot be considered to be a complete Panopticon, although several elements of panopticism are present within the text and that they dismantle the aspect of privacy in the novel.
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Waugh, Daniel. "Oceania Football Confederation the impact of affiliate disaffiliation on the inter-organizational dynamics of a federated network : a dissertation submitted to Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business (MBus), 2009 /". Click here to access this resource online, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10292/796.
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Rosati, Angelica. "Why 'Moana' Became 'Oceania' – The Translation of Disney Film Titles in Italy". Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/21280/.
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In order to discern what patterns emerge in the translation into Italian of film titles produced by the Walt Disney Animation Studios and Pixar Animation Studios, this paper analyzes a corpus of 80 movies whose titles are originally in English. The corpus includes motion pictures released between 1937 and March 2020, and further data was gathered thanks to online film databases such as the Internet Movie Database (IMDB) and Movieplayer.it. The findings of this study have been divided into two sections: titles in English and titles in Italian, with the latter being the dominant category. The research yielded that the most important factors that distributors take into account to ensure the success of a film title are the target culture and the target audience, and the strategies that have been identified reflect this focus. Despite the rather scarce pieces of research available, title translation remains an interesting field of study that needs to be further developed.
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TUCCI, Serena. "Lost worlds: tales of archaic hominin admixture in Southeast Asia and Oceania". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2403221.
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Sebbene studi recenti abbiano contribuito a far luce su alcuni aspetti dell’interazione tra uomo anatomicamente moderno e forme umane arcaiche, come Neandertal e Denisova, sappiamo ancora ben poco riguardo all’interazione tra popolazioni di nostri antenati e altre forme umane oggi estinte – come ad esempio l’enigmatico Homo floresiensis – con cui siamo convissuti per migliaia di anni. In questo progetto abbiamo analizzato il genoma completo (coverage ~40x) di 10 individui appartenenti ad una popolazione pigmea dell’isola di Flores, in Indonesia orientale. Il villaggio abitato da questa popolazione si trova nelle vicinanze della grotta di Liang Bua dove i fossili di H.floresiensis sono stati rinvenuti, e i suoi abitanti presentano delle caratteristiche morfologiche in comune con H. floresiensis. Abbiamo analizzato questi dati - che rappresentano anche i primi dati di genomi complete dell’Indonesia ottenuti finora - utilizzando un approccio recentemente sviluppato che consente di identificare DNA ereditato a seguito di ibridazione con specie umane arcaiche, senza la necessita’ di conoscere il genome della specie arcaica. Le nostre analisi hanno rivelato la presenza nei pigmei di Flores, di regioni genomiche divergenti, che potrebbero derivare da ibridazione con H. floresiensis e che potrebbero quindi contribuire a fornire una nuova visione della nostra interazione con specie estinte, in questa regione del mondo che e’ stata cruciale per la nostra evoluzione – e dove non e’ possibile, al momento, ottenere DNA da resti fossili. Infine, abbiamo applicato lo stesso approccio a dati di genomi completi di 1,523 individui di diverse popolazioni mondiali, che includono 35 nuovi genomi Melanesiani da noi prodotti, con lo scopo di identificare sequenze ereditate dall’ibridazione con Neandertal e Denisova. Abbiamo mostrato che l’ibridazione con i Neandertal sarebbe avvenuta numerose volte in diverse popolazioni non-Africane, abbiamo caratterizzato regioni genomiche che appaiono significativamente impoverite di sequenze arcaiche, ed infine abbiamo identificato la presenza di introgressione adattativa in questi genomi.Although recent genetic findings have contribuited to shed light on some aspects of the interaction between anatomically modern humans and archaic hominin forms, such as Neandertals and Denisovans, very little is known about the interaction between our ancestors and other extinct species - such as the enigmatic Homo floresiensis - with which they co-existed for thousands of years. Here we analyzed 10 new high coverage genomes (~40x) from a pygmy population in the Island of Flores (Eastern Indonesia). This village is near where remains of H. floresiensis were found and its people have been reported to have morphological similarities to Homo florensiensis. We used a newly developed approach to identify DNA inherited from archaic hominin ancestor, which does not rely on ancient genomes. Moreover, our data represent to date the first complete genomes from Indonesia. Our analysis revealed the presence of highly divergent genomic regions in the Flores pygmies, that might result from past admixture with H. floresiensis, and contribuited to provide new insights on the landscape of hominin interactions in this part of the world crucial for our evolutionary history – where ancient DNA work may not be tractable. Finally, we applied the same approach to whole-genome sequences from 1,523 geographically diverse individuals, including 35 new Island Melanesian genomes with the goal of identifying sequences inherited from Neandertals and Denisovans. We showed that Neandertal admixture occurred multiple times in different non-African populations, we characterized genomic regions that are significantly depleted of archaic sequence, and identified signatures of adaptive introgression.
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Johansson, Tom. "Archaeology and aDNA in Oceania : Debates on migration patterns the past 50 years". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-296506.
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The aim of this thesis is to investigate how discussions in archaeology and genetics influence the consensus on human origins and migrations in the South Pacific. By analyzing the genetic research on chicken- and sweet potato-DNA, I present a general overview of how genetics and archaeology shape the understanding of how humans have colonized the Pacific. By deconstructing a review on how the Pacific was settled based on aDNA, I analyze a geneticist’s perspective on archaeological problems. Through this analysis I suggest how archaeology should be approached on a theoretical level in order to be relevant in understanding human migrations in the Pacific. I propose that archaeology’s strength lie in interpreting material culture through an agency perspective in order to reach a dimension not obtainable by biological perspectivesSyftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur diskussioner i arkeologi och genetik påverkar hur vi ser på mänskliga migrationer i Oceanien. Genom att analysera den genetiska forskning som gjorts på kyckling och sötpotatis ges en övergripande bild av hur genetik och arkeologi formar den förståelse som finns för hur människan koloniserat Söderhavet. Genom att dekonstruera en sammanställning av den genetiska forskning som gjorts på mänskligt DNA i Oceanien analyseras en genetikers synsätt på arkeologiska problemställningar. Genom analysen i denna uppsats föreslår jag hur arkeologi borde arbeta på ett teoretiskt plan för att vara relevant i hur vi förstår Oceaniens migrationsmönster. Jag föreslår att arkeologins styrka ligger i att tolka den materiella kulturen genom ett agency-perspektiv för att komma åt en dimension av migrationsproblematiken som inte går att nås genom biologiska perspektiv.
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Hobbs, Steven Douglas. "Clinical Nurses' Perceptions of Nursing Informatics Competencies". Diss., University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/22055.
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This is a descriptive study undertaken to identify competencies and supporting knowledge and skills in informatics perceived to be necessary by nurses for nurses engaged in clinical practice. This study applied a non-experimental, descriptive research design to a quantitative survey performed through web-based technology. Based upon the foundational work of Staggers, Gassert, and Curran (2001, 2002), the goal was to substantiate with clinical nurses and their direct nurse supervisors the clinical competencies that Staggers' identified for Beginning and Experienced clinical nurses through a Delphi methodology of nursing experts. All study facility Registered Nurses received an e-mail inviting their participation. Respondents logged on to a website and completed sections applicable to their situation; that is Beginning Nurse, Experienced Nurse, or Nurse Supervisor. Reminder emails were sent at two and four weeks after the initial invitation. Respondents who accessed and completed the survey received a $5.00 food coupon redeemable at the hospital facilities. All of the knowledge, attitudes and skills identified were supported as valuable, that is, a mean score greater than neutral. Value ranged from just above neutral to strongly agree. Factor analysis generally supported categorization; however, many items did not load into the anticipated categories. Categorization is one area which deserves further study.
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Cheung, Francis. "Bilingual legislation for Hong Kong". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6519.
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Boulanger, Éric. "L'autonomie relative de l'État et la croissance économique en Corée du Sud : le cas de Chaebal". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6761.
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Galway, Matt. "From the Claws of the Tiger to the Jaws of the Crocodile: Pol Pot, Maoism, and Ultra-Nationalist Genocide in Cambodia, 1975-1979". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28556.
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This thesis argues that Pol Pot was an unsophisticated political theorist and that he attempted to localize Maoism to serve his virulently ultra-nationalist agenda against Cambodia's ethnic Vietnamese. This is contrary to the existing assertions that Pol Pot was either a Maoist fundamentalist or adopted an ideology close to Maoism. The thesis postulates that Pol Pot used Maoism as a framework from which to launch his Khmer revivalist anti-Vietnamese program. The Cambodian leader's revolution was intended to "outdo" Mao, based solely on the use of antiquated Khmer agricultural developments, and surpass the grandeur of the great Angkor kings. This evidence can be found when one compares Pol Pot's writings, speeches, and slogans with Mao's own political works. Pol Pot was fascinated with Maoist rhetoric but never took action in building industry or improving social welfare. The Cambodian leader's overarching goal was to achieve a uniquely "pure" Khmer communism while also eradicating the entire Vietnamese race.
The following thesis provides an analysis of Pol Pot's early political life, examines his infatuation with Mao Zedong and the Chinese revolution, and details the Cambodian leader's unique interpretation of the Chinese Chairman's political ideology. This thesis also aspires to she'd new insight into the study of Pol Pot's ultra- nationalist inspiration and disbar the convenient assumption by current scholars that he was merely a Maoist fundamentalist. In Pol Pot's attempts to create a uniquely Khmer communist ideology, he lost sight of the class struggle and espoused a racialist agenda based on Cambodian historical notions of revenge. These forms evolved from a mere grudge to notions of disproportionate and total revenge and dictated the Cambodian leader's treatment of the Vietnamese. Pol Pot was obsessed with Cambodia's long lost greatness and possessed an inherent need to reestablish the utopian Angkor kingdom in the present while punishing those responsible for its demise. In the end, his legacy was one of unbridled bloodshed that led to nearly three million deaths and the near-total destruction of his country.
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Nelson, David Gordon. "Law and order in the making of early modern Japan seventeenth-century Kanazawa castle town administration /". [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3278457.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of History, 2007.Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-10, Section: A, page: 4432. Adviser: Richard Rubinger. Title from dissertation home page (viewed May 19, 2008).
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Iliouchine, Alexandre. "A study of the central scripture of Laozi (Laozi zhongjing)". Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=96714.
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This thesis is a study of the Laozi zhongjing, an early medieval Chinese text, preserved in the Daoist Canon (Daozang) in two versions. In the first chapter, I compare the extant versions, inquiring into the relationship between them, and then establish the interval for the text's possible dates of composition. In the second chapter, I argue that the text was deliberately written as an esoteric scripture and analyze the techniques which the text uses to create an atmosphere of secrecy; I then suggest that the best way to approach an esoteric scripture consists in scrutinizing the text in order to unravel its understanding of the categories which underlie its lifeworld. The third chapter is an investigation of the practices described in the Laozi zhongjing; I aim to demonstrate that their main goal, immortality, is consistent with the text's cosmological model and is achieved via nurturing the Red Child, a numen residing within one's body that is associated with one's self.Cette thèse est une étude du Laozi zhongjing, un texte chinois datant du début du Moyen Âge, préservé dans le Canon taoïste en deux versions. Dans le premier chapitre je compare les versions existantes et examine la relation entre les deux; ensuite j'établis un intervalle approximatif de la date de composition de ce texte. Dans le deuxième chapitre, je soutiens que le texte a été délibérément conçu comme une écriture ésotérique et j'analyse les techniques utilisées dans le texte afin de créer une atmosphère secrète; ensuite je propose que la meilleure façon d'approcher une écriture ésotérique est d'examiner minutieusement le texte afin de discerner sa compréhension des principales catégories de son monde vécu. Le troisième chapitre est une investigation des pratiques décrites par le Laozi zhongjing; mon but est de démontrer que leur l'objectif principal, l'immortalité, est en accord avec le model cosmologique de ce texte, et qu'il est atteint en entretenant l'Enfant rouge, un numen qui réside à l'intérieur du corps et qui est associé avec le soi humain.
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Fu, Meng. "Yukata: a case study of transformation in consumption culture". Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=110723.
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Yukata, a casual form of kimono, has undergone transformation in terms of both its associated meanings and its material forms in the post-WWII period in Japan. During this period, it changed from attire for private use to dress for events in public and became connected with various ideological notions. Tracing changes in the scale of the yukata industry in the postwar period, this thesis examines transitions in consumption patterns of yukata as a case study and compares it with observations on Japanese consumption culture by other scholars in the context of other commodities. In illustrating the transformation of yukata, I focus on its changing relations with everyday life, with discourses, and with other commodities. From these perspectives I attempt to describe how a commodity is consumed in relation with other social factors and how the consumption affects the commodity, in terms of both its meanings and its forms.Durant la période suivant la Deuxième guerre mondiale, le yukata japonais, une forme de kimono porté dans un contexte informel, a subit des transformations à la fois en terme des significations qui lui sont associées, et dans ses formes matérielles. Il passe en effet d'un vêtement principalement porté à la maison à une tenue de sortie en public, et en est venu à être relié à une variété de notions idéologiques. Traçant les changements dans la dimension de l'industrie du yukata dans la période d'après-guerre, ce mémoire prend comme étude de cas les changements des tendances dans la consommation du yukata, et les compare avec les observations de différents auteurs sur la culture de consommation japonaise dans le contexte d'autres marchandises. En dépeignant la transformation du yukata, je mets l'emphase sur les changements survenus dans sa relation à la vie de tous les jours, aux discours qui l'entourent et à d'autres marchandises. À partir de ces perspectives, je tente de décrire comment une marchandise est consommé en relation avec d'autres facteurs sociaux et comment la consommation affecte la signification et la forme des marchandises.
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Eddy, Robert Andrew. "Heresy and orthodoxy in Song dynasty China (960-1279 C.E.)". Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=18771.
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This thesis considers the question of heresy as it relates to the context of Song dynasty China (960-1279 C.E.). It analyzes the ways in which the Song Imperial authorities constructed a religious orthodoxy and defended it through the legal system. It will deal with how heresy is defined in a multi-religious polity without a unified church, such as the Catholic Church of the medieval West. This thesis will argue that a definition of heresy derived from western heresiology is a valid analytical model and that Song China had a religious orthodoxy constructed around the person of the Emperor.La présente thèse prend comme sujet la question d'hérésie dans le contexte de la dynastie des Song en Chine (960-1279 C.E.). Elle analyse les méthodes donc les autorités impériales des Song ont construits l'orthodoxie religieuse et comment ils l'avaient défendu en utilisant leur système légal. Elle considère aussi la question de comment peut-on définir l'hérésie dans une société multi-religieuses sans avoir une église unifié, comme l'église Catholique en Europe du moyenne âge. On suggère que la définition et modèle d'hérésie qu'on a prit des héréseologistes dans l'Ouest reste valide quand il est appliqué en ce contexte et que la Chine des Song avaient une orthodoxie religieuse construit autour du personnage de l'Empereur.
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Shooklyn, Samuel. "Moral instruction in budo: a study of Chiba Chosaku with a translation of his major work". Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=86511.
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This thesis provides a translation and transliteration of a late Meiji period martial arts text, Moral Instruction in Budo (1912), together with a study of its author, Chiba Chosaku (1861-1935). The aim is to contextualize Chiba's thinking in the framework of historical events and ideological currents of his time, in order to facilitate better understanding of his contribution. Chiba argued that martial arts practice (budo) is the way to maintain and transmit martial religious ethics (bushido) in the modern condition of Westernized Japan. The importance of Chiba's study lies in his claim that bushido is not a legacy of the medieval samurai class, but a due faith based on loyalty to the Emperor and patriotism toward the Japanese nation, which provides the foundation for budo practice. Chiba submits that the implementation of budo instruction at the level of national education would prevent the slackening of morals and contribute to strengthening of the Japanese national character and military institution. Chiba's career and writings demonstrate that the militarist slant in the budo ideology of Japan did not occur in the 1930s, as is generally accepted, but began at least two decades earlier. As the earliest example of a narrative that blends budo and bushido ideologies, Moral Instruction in Budō remains a crucial text for understanding the historical impact of martial arts in Japan.Cette thèse offre une traduction et une translittération d'un texte datant de la fin de l'ère Meiji sur les arts martiaux, Moral Instruction in Budo (1912), ainsi qu'une étude sur l'auteur, Chiba Chosaku (1861-1935). L'objectif visé consiste à conceptualiser la pensée de Chiba dans la perspective des événements historiques et des courants idéologiques de son époque, en vue de faciliter une meilleure compréhension de sa véritable contribution. Chiba défendait l'idée que la pratique des arts martiaux (budo) soit la manière de maintenir et de transmettre l'éthique religieuse martiale (bushido) dans la condition moderne du Japon occidentalisé. L'oeuvre de Chiba prend toute son importance lorsqu'il affirme que le bushido ne découle pas d'un héritage issu de la classe des samouraïs médiévaux, mais plutôt d'une foi récompense basée sur la loyauté en l'Empereur et sur le patriotisme envers la nation japonaise, laquelle fournit les fondements de la pratique du budo. Chiba soumet l'idée que la mise en application de l'enseignement du budo au niveau de l'éducation nationale préviendrait contre le relâchement de la morale et contribuerait au renforcement du caractère national japonais et de l'institution militaire. La carrière et les écrits de Chiba démontrent que la tendance militariste de l'idéologie budo n'a pas fait son apparition dans les années 1930, comme il est généralement accepté, mais qu'elle a débuté au moins deux décennies plus tôt. Comme il s'agit du tout premier exemple d'une narration fusionnant les idéologies budo et bushido, Moral Instruction in Budo ne laisse pas d'être un texte crucial dans la compréhension de l'impact historique des arts martiaux au Japon.
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Rivest, Sebastien. "Les origines et les transformations institutionnelles du Royaume de Shu (907-965)". Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=95174.
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This thesis is a regional case study on the metamorphosis of state institutions at a time when China went through an important period of political division. This period was known as the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907-979), which followed the downfall of the Tang Empire (618-907). At this time, the Kingdom of Shu, which was located approximately in the present-day province of Sichuan in Southwest China, was in the process of forming an independent political entity successively governed by two different regimes. In search of a better understanding of the evolution of this kingdom, I am analyzing the process by which a change of regime ushered in new elites to state control, which affected not only the state structure, but also the nature of the interactions between society and various levels of political power.Ce mémoire ce veut être une étude de cas régional sur la métamorphose des institutions étatiques à une époque où la Chine traverse une importante période de division politique. Il s'agit de la période qui suit la chute de l'empire Tang (618-907), laquelle est connue sous le nom de Cinq dynasties et Dix royaumes (907-979). À cette époque, le Royaume de Shu, lequel correspondait à l'actuelle province du Sichuan dans le Sud-ouest de la Chine, formait alors une entité politique indépendante successivement gouvernée par deux régimes différents. En quête d'une meilleure compréhension de l'évolution de ce royaume, j'y analyse le processus par lequel un changement de régime amène de nouvelles élites au contrôle de l'État, ce qui non seulement affecte la structure de l'État, mais également la nature des interactions entre la société et les divers échelons du pouvoir politique.
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Cully, Eavan. "Nationalism, feminism, and martial valor: rewriting biographies of women in «Nüzi shijie» (1904-1907)". Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32363.
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This thesis examines images of martial women as they were produced in the biography column of the late Qing journal Nüzi shijie (NZSJ; 1904-1907). By examining the historiographic implications of revised women's biographies, I will show the extent to which martial women were written as ideal citizens at the dawn of the twentieth-century. In the first chapter I place NZSJ in its historical context by examining the journal's goals as seen in two editorials from the inaugural issue. The second and third chapters focus on biographies of individual women warriors which will be read against their original stories in verse and prose. Through these comparisons, I aim to demonstrate how these "transgressive women" were written as normative ideals of martial citizens that would appeal to men and women alike.Cette thèse examine les images de femmes martiales reproduites dans la rubrique biographique du journal Nüzi shijie (NZSJ; 1904-1907) publiée à la fin de la dynastie Qing. En examinant les implications historiographiques des biographies révisées des femmes, j'essai de démontrer l'importance de la façon dont les femmes martiales étaient décrites come citoyennes idéales à l'aube du vingtième siècle. A travers une exploration des objectifs posés par le journal et mis en évidence dans deux éditoriaux extraits du premier numéro du journal, mon premier chapitre essaie de placer le NZSJ dans sa propre contexte historique. Le deuxième et le troisième chapitres se concentrent sur les biographies individuelles des femmes guerrières, lesquelles sont juxtaposés aux histories originales écrites sous forme de vers et prose. A travers ces juxtapositions, mon projet démontre la façon dont ces "femmes transgressives" illustraient l'idéal normatif du citoyen martiale, lequel attirait les hommes ainsi que les femmes.
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Robinson, Rebecca. "Ritual and sincerity in early Chinese mourning rituals". Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=106338.
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This thesis examines the emphasis Eastern Han (24 – 220 CE) men placed on mourning their mothers and peers within the context of ritual theory and practice. The ritual texts, used as the basis for an imperial ritual reform in 31 BCE, provided instructions on how to properly perform the mourning rites, as well as whom to mourn. Full mourning was to be worn for fathers and superiors, yet in the Eastern Han, many did not heed these prescriptions, choosing in addition to mourn their mothers, equals, or inferiors, thereby subverting the traditional patriarchal model. By examining theories of ritual current in the Han, the mourning prescriptions themselves, and introducing the concept of sincerity in ritual, I argue that the changes in mourning patterns during the Eastern Han are indicative of the beginnings of a fundamental change in beliefs towards ritual and the ancestors.Cette thèse examine l'importance que les hommes des Han orientaux (24 – 220 EC) accordaient au deuil envers leurs mères et leurs semblables dans le cadre de la théorie et de la pratique du rituel. Les textes rituels, sur lesquels fut établie une réforme impériale du rituel en 31 AEC, fournissaient les instructions nécessaires pour déterminer comment performer correctement les rituels de deuil, de même que ceux et celles à qui ces rituels pouvaient être adressés. Le deuil complet devait être observé pour les pères et les supérieurs, mais chez les Han orientaux, plusieurs n'observèrent pas ces directives et choisirent plutôt de porter le deuil de leurs mères, de leurs égaux, voire de leurs subordonnés, renversant ainsi le modèle patriarcal traditionnel. Grâce à une analyse des théories du rituel pratiqué chez les Han, des directives relatives au deuil elles-mêmes, et en introduisant le concept de la sincérité dans le rituel, j'avance que les changements dans les structures du deuil au cours de la période des Han orientaux révèlent les premier changement fondamentaux dans les croyances envers le rituel et les ancêtres.
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Joern, Albert. "The repositioning of traditional martial arts in Republican China". Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=114301.
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In this thesis, I discuss how practitioners of martial arts in the Republican era of China were engaged in a process of reinventing what embodied the field of martial arts during a time when physical culture was treated as an instrument of nation-building in response to colonial discourses and the process of modernization. Martial arts were repositioned from being a loosely associated field of practice for people who engaged with a set of combative skills that focused on weapons training that championed archery and spear fighting, towards being a recreational activity with a formalized body of knowledge, skills and practices imbued with a Chinese sense of identity suitable for the modern class of urban and educated Chinese citizens. It is my belief that these efforts were a very important factor in why the practice of martial arts today is so closely associated with concepts of self-cultivation. This repositioning of Chinese martial arts was driven by a schism between the traditionalists who defended the beliefs and practices from the imperial age of China, and the modernists who saw the complete adoption of Western technologies and concepts as the only course for the modernization of China. Due to the shifting politics around education, understandings of the body and its representation in society, the efforts to preserve traditional practices were complicated through the dynamics related to identity and state power. The field of martial arts was criticized by reformists and modernists such as those involved with the New Culture Movement, who argued that China needed to embrace scientific notions of the Western nations and abandon "feudal superstitions." Within this context, the field of traditional Chinese martial arts was stigmatized by associations with the failed Boxer Rebellion, the diversity of practices and the secrecy that existed between different schools of practice. In response to the modernity movements that criticized the traditional systems of belief that martial artists drew upon to substantiate their systems of practice as a recreational pursuit, associations such as the Jingwu Tiyu Hui and the Zhongyang Guoshuguan were formed according to Western institutional models as part of the effort to unify and "modernize" Chinese martial arts. The teachers and administrators involved with these institutions wanted to preserve the practice of martial arts, and to accomplish this they had to develop new ways to systemize the training methods, essentially reinventing them by promoting them to a new generation of students in a format that had never existed before.À travers cet essai, j'examine la façon dont les pratiquants d'arts martiaux dans l'ère républicaine de la Chine étaient impliqués dans le but de réinventer ce qu'incarnait le domaine des arts martiaux à une époque où la culture physique était traitée comme un instrument de construction de la nation en réponse au discours colonial et au processus de modernisation. Les arts martiaux ont été repositionnés à partir d'un ensemble de personnes indirectement associés qui se livraient à un ensemble de combats et qui concentraient leurs compétences sur des entraînements aux armes encourageant le tir à l'arc et le combat à la lance, afin de devenir une activité de loisir avec un corps formalisé de connaissances, de compétences et de pratiques imprégnées avec une identité chinoise adapté à la classe moderne urbaine et de citoyens chinois éduquée. Ceci est ma conviction que ces efforts ont été un facteur très important dans la raison pour laquelle la pratique des arts martiaux aujourd'hui est si étroitement associée aux concepts de la culture de soi.Ce repositionnement des arts martiaux chinois fut motivé par le schisme entre les traditionalistes qui défendaient leurs croyances et leurs pratiques de l'époque impériale de la Chine, et les modernistes qui, eux, ont vu l'adoption complète de technologies et de concepts occidentaux comme le seul mouvement bénéfique à la modernisation de la Chine. En raison de la politique à travers l'éducation, la compréhension du corps et de sa représentation dans la société, les efforts visant à préserver les pratiques traditionnelles ont été compliquées par la dynamique liée à l'identité et le pouvoir de l'état. Le domaine des arts martiaux a été critiqué par les réformistes et les modernistes incluant ceux qui furent impliqués dans le « New Culture movement», qui a fait valoir que la Chine devait embrasser des notions scientifiques des pays occidentaux et abandonner leurs «superstitions féodales. » Dans ce contexte, le domaine des arts martiaux traditionnels a été stigmatisé par des liens avec la révolte des Boxers, la diversité des pratiques et la discrétion qui existait entre les différentes écoles de pratique.En réponse aux mouvements de modernité qui ont critiqué les systèmes de croyances traditionnels dont les pratiquants d'arts martiaux ont fait appel à l'appui de leurs systèmes pour justifier leur pratique comme une forme de loisir, des associations telles que les Jingwu Tiyu Hui et le Zhongyang Guoshuguan ont été formés selon les modèles occidentaux institutionnels dans le but d'unifier et de , en quelque sorte , moderniser les arts martiaux chinois. Les enseignants et les administrateurs concernés par ces institutions voulaient préserver la pratique des arts martiaux, et pour ce faire ils ont dû développer des nouvelles façons de systématiser les méthodes de formation, les réinventer en les promouvant à une nouvelle génération d'étudiants sous une forme qui n'avaient jamais existé auparavant.
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Farrelly, Michael. "State, society and water management in late imperial Southeast China". Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=123264.
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This thesis is a study of water management systems in the late imperial (1368-‐1912) Minnan region (southern Fujian), China. Based on stone inscriptions and local gazetteers, I present case histories of several well-‐documented water management systems. I explore trends in social organization and state-‐society issues relevant to water management systems, with particular emphasis placed upon the means by which lineages came to control water management structures. I then consider the causes and characteristics of water management-‐related conflict, as well as trends in government intervention in related disputes, and the principles upon which local officials adjudicated these disputes. I argue that property rights status was important to adjudication, particularly the concepts of "official," "communal" and "private" land and resources. Finally, I contextualize Minnan water management systems among systems in other parts of China.Cette thèse étudie les systèmes de gestion de l'eau pendant les dernières années de la période impériale dans la région de Minnan (dans le sud du Fujian) en Chine. L'histoire de plusieurs systèmes bien documentés de gestion de l'eau est présentée, à partir de l'étude de pierres avec des inscriptions et de registres locaux. Les tendances dans l'organisation sociale liée aux systèmes de gestion de l'eau et les problèmes politico-‐sociaux associés sont analysés, avec une attention toute particulière sur les moyens employés par les groupes pour contrôler les organisations qui gèrent l'eau. Les causes et les caractéristiques des conflits relatifs à la gestion de l'eau sont étudiées, ainsi que l'intervention des gouvernements et les principes suivis par les instances locales dans la résolution de ces disputes. Les auteurs soutiennent que le statut de la propriété importe dans l'attribution des ressources, en particulier les concepts de ressources « gouvernementales », « communales » et « privées ». En dernière partie, les systèmes de gestion de l'eau dans la région de Minnan sont mis en perspective avec les systèmes d'autres régions de la Chine.
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Keliher, Macabe. "The Manchu Transformation of Li: Ritual, Politics, and Law in the Making of Qing China, 1631-1690". Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:17467208.
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In 1631, Manchu state-makers set up an administrative apparatus that included a ministry for implementing and legislating li (often translated as rites or ritual), the Board of Li. Over the next sixty years the Board of Li helped develop the rules and regulations of the Manchu state, which were codified in an administrative code in 1690. This dissertation looks at the role of li and the Board of Li in early Manchu state-making efforts, and finds that li was more than simply rituals and ceremonies, it was intimately tied to the formation of politics and administration. The dissertation argues that from 1631 to 1690, state-makers developed the practices of li as sociopolitical and cultural systems that made possible a unified political order that embraced disparate ethnic groups and facilitated the conquest and rule of a multiethnic empire, the Qing, which ruled China and parts of Eurasia from 1636 to 1911. It finds that contrary to conventional understanding, the Manchu practices of li were not copied from the Ming, nor were they inherently Chinese; rather, in response to the immediate political and social circumstances of the time, the Manchus remade and reimagined li through ritual, politics, and law.
This argument is made in three parts. Part one demonstrates the indeterminate nature of li and how it could be employed for different state building projects in different periods of Chinese history; part two looks at the Manchu transformation of li through political struggles for power, and the process of the formation of laws and practices to regulate the political settlements; part three takes up the codification of li, and examines the emergent system of political order and administrative law. These three parts further build upon recent insights into the nature of the Qing as a multiethnic, expansionist empire, and show that the Manchus developed li in their construction of an inclusive political culture and administrative apparatus that enabled the Qing to succeed where previous conquest dynasties had failed in the building and running of a multiethnic empire.East Asian Languages and Civilizations
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Tan, WeiYu Wayne. "The Careers of the Blind in Tokugawa Japan, 1603-1868". Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:17467393.
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The blind deviate from bodily ideals and how we make sense of this difference matters. My dissertation examines the blind in Tokugawa Japan (1603–1868) to offer a contrasting perspective on disability from a non-Western society. The blind were impaired but not disabled. They were, in fact, enabled and engaged in careers that were mostly unthinkable to their peers in other contemporary societies.
By far the most important enabling factor was the growth of a core institution called the tôdôza. I focus on the main professions through which the blind made their living—musical performance, moneylending, and medicine—and their relationships with the tôdôza. In my discussion, I investigate surprising aspects of the careers of the blind. These characteristics not only reflect the complex social history of the blind, but also reveal the intersections with critical developments in Tokugawa society.
Founded as a society of blind musicians, the tôdôza was transformed into a political institution and later, a profit-driven organization of diverse professions. The narrative analyzes the social, political, and economic contexts of this transformation. Chapter one discusses the hierarchy of the tôdôza and the financial motives of moneylending. Chapter two looks at how rituals and myths were appropriated to strengthen the internal authority of the tôdôza. In chapter three, I discuss the representative lyrical genre of blind musicians called heikyoku and the increasing participation of sighted performers in writing texts. In chapter four, I explore how popular discourses about health compelled the tôdôza to innovate and concentrate on medical practice.
My dissertation takes a fresh approach to Japanese history with insights from disability studies. The tôdôza supported the formation of blind communities and gave them political and economic leverage. This reverse perspective places the blind not on the margins, but instead refocuses the attention on their leading roles in transforming Tokugawa society. The history of disability in early modern Japan is also about the history of the tôdôza. By focusing on the tôdôza, my proposed approach highlights that the discourse of disability embraces the underemphasized but nonetheless important theme of enablement, which is crucial for retelling Japanese history.East Asian Languages and Civilizations
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Miller, Ian Matthew. "Roots and Branches: Woodland Institutions in South China, 800-1600". Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:17467396.
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In this dissertation I trace the evolution of the institutions governing woodland in South China over the longue durée. I claim that after a high point of state forestry the imperial government lost both the interest and the ability to manage woodland effectively. Forestry was largely taken over by lineages - kin groups organized around the worship of shared ancestors. I tie this transition in woodland governance to two interrelated trends: growth in the power and independence of lineage organizations, and of long-distance trade in wood products. First, I show changes in local state capacities for tax collection and dispute resolution, the growing organizational capacity of lineages. Second, I argue that the growth of trade in woodland products affected state and lineage differently. On the one hand, government bureaus had increasing difficulty governing wood land while finding it increasingly convenient to obtain wood products on the market. On the other hand, lineages were well-equipped for the business of managing local landscapes, and saw substantial profits to be made from the export of timber and other forest commodities. Finally, I argue that the rise of lineage influence shaped the terms in which woodland was claimed for private use. Over hundreds of years, claims to woodland shifted from the formal legal discourse specified by the imperial state to focus on the specialized language of fengshui. By the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, claims no longer trumpeted the productive capacity of forests or their role in paying the taxes important to the state; they now focused on the physical and metaphysical powers of the wooded landscape and its role in protecting the graves important to lineages. Contrary to existing scholarship, I claim that the decline of state forestry did not necessarily lead to the decline of the woods themselves; lineage oversight was highly effective at managing forests for both production and protection, and areas of strong lineage control remained well-forested into the modern era.East Asian Languages and Civilizations
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Koehle, Natalie. "Phlegm (Tan 痰): Toward a History of Humors in Early Chinese Medicine". Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:26718766.
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This dissertation examines the Chinese conception of phlegm and related body fluids phlegm from the first occurrence of phlegm in Zhang Zhongjing’s 張仲景 (fl. 150-219) Jingui yaolue金匱要略 through the first extended discussion Wang Gui’s 王桂 (1264-1354) Taiding yangsheng zhulun 泰定養生主論 (1338). Following the conceptual development of phlegm and fluids, the study illustrates one of the most important shifts in postclassical Chinese medicine. That is the transformation of the experience of phlegm from an insignificant water pathology that causes indigestion, to a major pathogen in Chinese medicine that is associated with an astonishing range of symptoms, and external and internal etiologies. The history of phlegm also intersects with another major shift in the history of Chinese medicine that is rise of fire, and the link of fire and emotions that was forged during the early Song dynasty.
In contrast to the current over-emphasis on pneumatic or energetic aspects of the Chinese imagination of the body, this dissertation focuses on the humoral aspects of Chinese medicine. This focus brings into view distinct parallels in the conception, experience, and treatment of fluids in the Chinese, Greek and Indian medical traditions, such as the concern with maintaining flow, and the fear of blockage, stagnation, and misguided flows. For instance, all of these traditions view phlegm as the result of a disturbance in the flow. These parallels in the Chinese, Greek, and Indian conception of humors, therefore, help us to better understand the history of phlegm not only in the history of Chinese medicine, but also in the Indo-European traditions.
The dissertation further sheds light on the history of Sino-Indian and Sino-Persian knowledge transfer, and the influence of Indic and Greek conceptions into Chinese medicine, as it puts forward evidence, which suggests that the similarities between Chinese and Indo-European conceptions of phlegm were due, in part, to historical influences from the Indic and Islamic medical traditions. Āyurvedic conceptions of phlegm reached China through the intermediary of Buddhist translations, where phlegm played an important role in physiology. Islamic medicine was present in the Yuan dynasty, and its concepts show clearly in Wang Gui’s Yuan period treatise.
The dissertation’s focus on fluids also brings into view differences in the conception of matter and the experience of fluid in the Chinese and the Greco-Roman medical traditions. In early Chinese medicine, phlegm and stagnant fluids were associated with lumps and tumorous growth, but not with decay. In the Greco-Roman tradition phlegm and stagnations were feared because of their immediate connection with putrefaction and decay. In early Chinese medicine, phlegm and fluids were diagnosed by signs from within the body, such as the sounds of water, but also the subjective feeling of fullness reported by the patients. In the Greco-Roman tradition, as in Wang Gui’s Yuan period treatise, phlegm was diagnosed through the examination of the patients’ outflows.East Asian Languages and Civilizations
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Schluessel, Eric T. "The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933". Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493602.
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This dissertation concerns the ways in which a Chinese civilizing project intervened powerfully in cultural and social change in the Muslim-majority region of Xinjiang from the 1870s through the 1930s. I demonstrate that the efforts of officials following an ideology of domination and transformation rooted in the Chinese Classics changed the ways that people associated with each other and defined themselves and how Muslims understood their place in history and in global space. Chinese power is central to the history of modern Xinjiang and to the Uyghur people, not only because the Chinese center has dominated the area as a periphery, but because of the ways in which that power intervened in society and culture on the local level.
The processes and ramifications of the Chinese government in late-Qing and early Republican Xinjiang demonstrates strong parallels with colonialism in the context of European empire. This dissertation does not focus on the question of typology, however, but instead draws on methods from colonial history to explore the dynamics of a linguistically and religiously heterogeneous society. In order to do so, I draw on local archival documents in Chinese and Turkic and place them into dialogue with the broader Turkic-language textual record. This dissertation thus proceeds from the inception of the ideology that drove the civilizing project, through its social ramifications, to the innovations that emerged in Islamicate literature and history in Xinjiang in this period.East Asian Languages and Civilizations
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Kongridhisuksakorn, Prangtip. "Community development in historical perspectives Tianjin from the Qing to the People's Republic of China /". [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3315919.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of History, 2008.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on May 7, 2009). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-07, Section: A, page: 2835. Advisers: Jeffrey Wasserstrom; Lynn Struve.
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Ng, Wee-Siang. "Male brushstrokes and female touch: medical writings on childbirth in Imperial China". Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=119366.
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This dissertation is a study of Shichan lun (Ten Topics on Birth), a widely disseminated medical treatise produced in the Northern Song dynasty (960-1127), around the early twelfth century. Shichan lun records how childbirth progressed and it also contains detailed descriptions of hand techniques deployed by women practitioners during birth complications. I examine its composition, incorporation into a larger work (in the thirteenth century), and redaction (ca. early to mid-sixteenth century). In Chapter One, I translate and analyze the earliest extant edition of Shichan lun, collected in Chen Ziming's Furen daquan liangfang (All Inclusive Good Prescriptions for Women, pub. 1238). I highlight the use of childbirth pain descriptions as a diagnostic "tool" during delivery and the hand techniques women practitioners used to manage birth complications. In Chapter Two, I provide a composite biography of the author of Shichan lun, Yang Zijian (fl. 1100), and analyze the reasons why a literatus came to write about childbirth in the early twelfth century and his literary network. Chapter Three is devoted to the study of Chen Ziming (fl. 1237-1271), who incorporated Shichan lun into his work. I examine Chen's authorial impulse and evaluate his involvement in re-defining women's medicine. Chapter Four is a study of the changes introduced by Xue Ji (1487-1558), the sixteenth century medical author, to Chen Ziming's work and Shichan lun. My conclusion addresses how Shichan lun, a work of a technical and practical nature, resisted theoretical incorporation, and the problems of using male-authored sources to study women's medicine and women practitioners.Cette thèse de doctorat est une étude biographique du Shichan Lun (Dix discours sur la naissance), un traité médical rédigé dans la dynastie des Song du Nord (960-1127) autour du début du XIIe siècle et largement diffusé jusqu'aujourd'hui. Shichan lun enregistre l'évolution des méthodes d'accouchement et contient également des descriptions détaillées des techniques manuelles déployés par les praticiens femmes pendant les complications de l'accouchement. J'examine la composition de l'oeuvre, l'intégration de l'oeuvre à un ouvrage plus large (au XIIIe siècle) ainsi que sa rédaction (ca. début au milieu du XVIe siècle).Dans le premier chapitre, je traduis et j'analyse la première édition existante du Shichan lun, recueillie dans le Furen daquan Liangfang de Chen Ziming (prescriptions inclusives et bonnes pour les femmes, pub. 1238). Je souligne l'utilisation des descriptions de la douleur de l'accouchement comme un «outil» de diagnostic pendant l'accouchement et les techniques manuelles utilisées par les praticiens femmes pour gérer les complications de l'accouchement. Dans le deuxième chapitre, je fournis une biographie composite de l'auteur du Shichan lun, Yang Zijian, en analysant les raisons pour lesquelles un lettré se mit à écrire au sujet de l'accouchement au début du XIIe siècle ainsi que son réseau littéraire. Le troisième chapitre est consacré à l'étude de Chen Ziming qui a incorporé le Shichan lun dans son oeuvre. J'examine impulsion d'authorial de Chen et j'évalue son implication dans la redéfinition de la médecine des femmes. Le chapitre quatre est une étude au sujet des changements introduits par Xue Ji, auteur médical du XVIe siècle, dans l'oeuvre de Chen Ziming et dans le Shichan Lun. En conclusion, je constate la façon dont le Shichan lun, un oeuvre de caractère technique et pratique, a résisté l'incorporation théorique ainsi que les problèmes de l'utilisation de sources d'auteurs masculins quant à l'étude de la médecine des femmes et des praticiens femmes.
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Tsunematsu, Naomi 1966. "Japanese women's wartime patriotic organizations and postwar memoirs: Reality and recollection". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278444.
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Japanese women have often described themselves as passive "victims" of the Pacific War, and in their wartime memoirs (senso taikenki) they have related their suffering in the hope of preventing future wars. However, when we closely examine Japanese women' s activities and beliefs during the war, we find that women were not necessarily completely detached from wartime efforts. Many women actively and even enthusiastically cooperated with the state. Even if they did not actively fight on the battlefield and kill people on foreign soil, many women were part of the total war structure, helping to stir up the patriotism that drove Japanese to fight in the war. This thesis looks at how Japanese women, through patriotic women' s organizations, were involved in the Pacific War, and what they actually believed during the war, in contrast with their recollections of the war in their senso taikenki.
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Hsu, Yeong-huei. "Song Gaozong (r. 1127-1162) and his chief councilors: A study of the formative state of the Southern Song dynasty (1127-1279)". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284092.
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In 1126, the Song was invaded by the Jin, a northern enemy who sprang up to become a continuing lethal threat to the survival of the Northern Song dynasty (960-1127). The Song people, in the meantime, suffered an unprecedented humiliation when their two emperors were captured and taken as hostages to the north by the invading Jin army. As the Song regime was collapsing, Zhao Gou (1107-1187), later referred to by his temple name as Song Gaozong (r. 1127-1162), strove to ascend the throne and perpetuate the Song regime in the south--known to historians as the Southern Song (1127-1279). The process was difficult not only because the Song emperor himself was relentlessly pursued by the Jin army, but also because the Song itself could hardly decide on an appropriate policy regarding the invaders. It took nearly sixteen years for the Song to finally settle in south China and obtain formal recognition from the Jin as a sovereign state. This dissertation adopts a method which focuses on studying the interactions between Song Gaozong and his series of ten chief councilors in shaping the future of the Southern Song. The successive chief councilors, appointed by Song Gaozong, are studied based on the Song records with special attention to their interactions with the emperor in discussing important issues. The dissertation evaluates each chief councilor's performance and explains why some chief councilors stayed in power longer than others. The dissertation also expounds how the Song emperor maintained a balance between two conflicting factions and how he struggled to consolidate his power in adverse circumstances. By consideration of Gaozong and the influence of successive chief councilors, the author depicts a picture showing how the Southern Song was established.
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Wang, Xueliang. "Ideal versus reality: General Han Shizhong and the foundingof the Southern Song, 1127-1142". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284180.
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This dissertation will argue that the founding and the existence of the Southern Song was not because of the emperor's willingness to accept the Jins' terms, but in spite of the emperor's attitudes. It was the general's successful resistance against the Jins that made it possible for the survival of the Southern Song. However, the founding of the Southern Song was never Han Shizhong's ideal. What he strove for was to defeat the enemies and to liberate the captured emperor and ex-emperor and to oust the Jins out of the Central Plain. The conflict between General Han Shizhong and Emperor Gaozong was focused upon the latter's goal of maintaining the reality of the Southern Song and realizing the former's ideal. The conflict intensified as the emperor quickened his pace of making peace with the Jins at the time when the Southern Song's military forces were in the offensive position. The emperor's efforts to restrict Han Shizhong within his own track, strengthened by the efforts of the imperial court to recover the national tradition of putting the military under civilian control, deprived Han Shizhong of the opportunity for the realization of his ideal.
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Yang, Li. "The emperor's generals, a study of the Sanya commanders inthe Northern Song (960-1126)". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290094.
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The primary focus of this study is on the Sanya ("Three Headquarters Offices") commanders of the Northern Song, who commanded the three divisions of the Song imperial army, namely, the Infantry, Cavalry, and Palace Corps. The first three chapters examine the institutions pertaining to the selection and promotion of the Sanya commanders, concluding that the Northern Song selected and promoted for high army command ranks men whose loyalty to the throne had been tested and proven. It is further demonstrated that the Northern Song exercised effective control over its army commanders and had their powers scrutinized by civil officials, the majority being southern bureaucrats advanced through the civil service examinations. The two chapters that follow analyze the social and geographical backgrounds of the Sanya commanders, revealing that elite members of the Northern Song military in general enjoyed special ties to the emperors and the ruling house. Such imperial connections safeguarded their political and family fortunes from rapid downward sliding. The Northern Song elite, as such, was a self-perpetuating elite group, composed of predominantly northern military men who were closely associated with the dynasty's founding elite. The remaining chapter in the body text further sheds light on the super elite status of the Sanya commanders, attesting that they were among the highest paid office-holders in the Northern Song and were recipients of high political honors and privileges. This study calls into question the received view of the inferior status of the Northern Song military elite. I suggest that during the Northern Song period a unique and distinctive balance between aristocratic and bureaucratic forces was achieved whereby state power was split between the semi-hereditary northern military elite and the newly arisen professional, bureaucratic elite. The ruling class of Northern Song society was therefore neither thoroughly aristocratic nor thoroughly bureaucratic, contrary to the generally held assumptions about the nature of the Song elite. In my opinion, the rise of southern civil leadership in state and society around the mid-eleventh century challenged, for the first time in Chinese history, northern aristocratic monopoly of state power and eventually precipitated its demise by the Southern Song.
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Knight, Diane. "Expanding Asthma Awareness in Adolescents: A Pilot Investigation". Diss., University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/22057.
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Asthma is the most common chronic childhood disease (National Center for Health Statistics, 2004). In Hawaii, 28,600 children (9.7%) currently have asthma (State of Hawaii Department of Health, 2004). This study was designed to expand asthma awareness among freshmen students at a private high school in Hawaii through informative training sessions integrated into the mandatory Physical Education (PE) class and supportive coaching for students with asthma. Of 430 freshmen at the high school study site, 83 had asthma. A pre/posttest quasi-experimental design was utilized to assess enhanced knowledge after the intervention. Nearly 400 part-Hawaiian male and female students, aged 13-15, participated in the asthma training intervention. The study enrolled 270 students. Fifty-six students with asthma participated in the asthma coaching session. Participants with asthma were classified by national guidelines as mild intermittent to moderately severe.
All participants completed the Asthma General Knowledge Questionnaire before and after a training session presented in PowerPoint format. Scores were analyzed by paired t-tests. Only students with asthma participated in small group coaching sessions utilizing a PowerPoint presentation specifically tailored for adolescents. These participants completed the Pediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire before the session, then again three months after the session. Scores were analyzed using paired t test and descriptive statistics.
Asthma training significantly increased general asthma knowledge scores (p :S 0.001). Although asthma coaching improved the frequency of controller medication for 50% of the students (n=lO), the increase was not statistically significant. Self management improvements and quality of life scores differences were also not statistically significant. These results may be due to the small sample size and short study duration.
For an adolescent population where the rate of asthma is nearly 20%, providing asthma training to the entire group was demonstrated to be an effective means of increasing asthma awareness. Asthma education offered in a peer group setting demonstrates an innovative intervention modality that is culturally and developmentally sensitive to the adolescent population. Further study is needed over a longer time period to explore avenues to improved self-management skills and enhanced quality of life for adolescents with asthma.
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Zimmet, Paul. "Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in Pacific populations--a major public health problem /". Title page, contents and summary only, 1988. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09M.D/09m.dz76.pdf.
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Kikiloi, Kekuewa Scott T. "Kukulu Manamana| Ritual power and religious expansion in Hawai'i The ethno-historical and archaeological study of Mokumanamana and Nihoa Islands". Thesis, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3692049.
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This dissertation examines a period in the late expansion phase (A.D. 1400-1650) of pre-contact Hawaiian society when formidable changes in ritual and social organization were underway which ultimately led to the emergence of Hawai.i as a powerful complex chiefdom in East Polynesia. Remotely located towards the northwest were two geographically remote and ecologically marginal islands called Mokumanamana and Nihoa Islands. Though quite barren and seemingly inhospitable, these contain over 140 archaeological sites, including residential features, agricultural terraces, ceremonial structures, shelters, cairns, and burials that bear witness to an earlier occupation and settlement efforts on these islands. This research demonstrates that over a four hundred year period from approximately ca. A.D. 1400-1815, Mokumanamana became the central focus of chiefly elites in establishing this island as a ritual center of power for the Hawaiian system of heiau (temples). These efforts had long lasting implications which led to the centralization of chiefly management, an integration of chiefs and priests into a single social class, the development of a charter for institutional order, and ultimately a state sponsored religion that became widely established throughout the main Hawaiian Islands. The ideological beliefs that were developed centered on the concept of the cord (.aha) as a symbolic connection between ancestors and descendants came to be a widespread organizing dimension of Hawaiian social life. Through commemorative rituals, the west was acknowledged and reaffirmed as a primary pathway of power where elite status, authority, and spiritual power originated and was continually legitimized.
This research utilizes an interdisciplinary approach in combining ethno-historical research with archeology as complimenting ways of understanding the Hawaiian past. Through these approaches ritual power is established as a strategic mechanism for social political development, one that leads to a unified set of social beliefs and level of integration across social units. Ethno-historical analysis of cosmogonic chants, mythologies, and oral accounts are looked at to understand ritualization as a historical process one that tracks important social transformations and ultimately led to the formation of the Hawaiian state religious system. Archaeological analysis of the material record is used to understand the nature of island settlement and the investments that went into developing a monument at the effective edge of their living universe. A strong regional chronology is created based on two independent chronometric dating techniques and a relative ordering technique called seriation applied to both habitation and ceremonial sites. An additional number of techniques will be used to track human movement as source of labor, and the transportation of necessary resources for survival such as timber resources through paleo-botanical identification, fine-grained basalt through x-ray fluorescence, and food inferred through the late development of agriculture.
The results of this study indicate that Mokumanamana and Nihoa islands were the focus of ritual use and human occupation in a continuous sequence from ca. A.D. 1400- 1815, extending for intermittent periods well into the 19th century. The establishment and maintenance of Mokumanamana as a ritual center of power was a hallmark achievement of Hawaiian chiefs in establishing supporting use on these resource deficient islands and pushing towards greater expressions of their power. This island temple was perhaps one of the most labor intensive examples of monumentality relying heavily on a voyaging interaction sphere for the import and transportation of necessary outside resources to sustain life. It highlights the importance of integration of ritual cycles centered on political competition (and/or integration) and agricultural surplus production through the calibration of the ritual calendar. The creation of this ritual center of power resulted in: (1) a strong ideological framework for social organization and order; (2) a process in which a growing class of ramified leaders could display their authority and power to rule; and increased predictability and stability in resource production through forecasting- all of which formed a strong foundation for the institutional power of Hawaiian chiefdoms.
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Davies, Stephanie Mae. "Paying the rite price| Rugby Union, sports media and the commodification of Maori ritual". Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1527911.
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This thesis examines the commodification of Maori ritual in rugby union that has occurred through the joint processes of colonization and globalization. Since its introduction to New Zealand during the colonial period, rugby has been a significant creator and conveyor of masculine identities. Through colonization and globalization, Maori religion and performing arts have been culturally mapped on Western categories of meaning. This decontextualization of kapa haka in rugby is increasingly an issue as, through new global technologies, people have unprecedented access to Maori intellectual property.
The international popularity of the New Zealand All Blacks and their pre-game haka has created a global platform for the exposure of Maori culture. However, the representations of Maori in rugby union are often from decontextualized sources. Therefore, an examination of haka in New Zealand demonstrates how Maori ritual has been appropriated for capitalistic purposes.
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O'Reilly, Sean D. "Re-Viewing the Past: The Uses of History in the Cinema of Japan, 1925-1945". Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:17467187.
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In this thesis I use historical films to construct a social history of Japan's tumultuous interwar
and wartime periods. I analyze filmic depictions of the Bakumatsu period (1853-1868), Japan's rocky
transition to modernity, from the perspective of the audiences of 1925-1945, an era in which societal
interest in representations of the Bakumatsu period soared.
Methodologically, I use close visual analysis but move beyond an aesthetically-minded film
studies approach to raise issues of audience reception, war and society, empire, sexuality and gender,
censorship, urban spaces and popular culture in modern Japan. I have thereby intervened in the
existing scholarship, which has either largely ignored films or focused overmuch on film's aesthetic
merits. I seek to reclaim films, especially popular films, as historical sources. Close visual analysis
illuminates aspects of visual texts that a solely historiographic approach might overlook. And a
'history-as-experience' focus on the audience, and the history of the period in which a given visual text
was produced, is critical to the process of historical contextualization. The body of films I analyze
offers vital evidence of then-current socio-cultural conditions and perspectives on history.
I analyze commercially successful films, produced from 1925 to the war's end, in five
chapters, on revisionism, comedy, serial history, hate the enemy films, and romances, respectively,
and highlight the ambivalence of each type over the significance of the Bakumatsu period. Despite
increasing pressure on the film industry to produce deadly serious hegemonic narratives supportive of
the state and later the war effort, the hit films I examine contain many potentially subversive
undercurrents. Their box office success indicates that covert resistance to Japan's militaristic course
won favor with audiences. Those who lived through the 'dark valley' of 1925-1945 used Bakumatsu
films to create a popular culture that was lighter in tone, and more resistant to state goals, than prior
research on interwar Japan suggests.East Asian Languages and Civilizations
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Andrews, Charles A. "From post station to post office communications in Tokugawa and early Meiji Japan /". [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3337274.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of East Asian Languages and Cultures, 2008.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Jul 28, 2009). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-12, Section: A, page: 4833. Adviser: Richard Rubinger.
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Agostino, Camara Frederico Ozanam. "Views of Paradise: A Photographic Atlas of the Artificial Environments of Zoological Gardens and Aquariums in Oceania". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/17552.
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“Why photograph zoos?” is the question that guides the project Views of Paradise, a photographic atlas of artificial environments from 82 zoos and aquariums in Australia, Fiji, New Caledonia, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea. In Views of Paradise, the analyses of the resulting images identify aspects of landscape representations in zoos in relation to natural and cultural environments, situating zoos within the conceptual spaces of paradise, utopia, dystopia and heterotopia. Because people have a predisposition to only seeing animals, making them blind to the apparatus of the zoo, this research uses the absence of animals in the images as a method to shift the focus of vision away from animals and in the direction of their hybrid and lifeless living environments. Zoos occupy an ambiguous position in society, being perceived as places of imprisonment and protection. From menageries, meant to entertain the human curiosity, they are changing into institutions committed to conservation, research and education. Still, zoos reflect our need to care for the environment against our inability to re-create an environment as perfect as that found in nature, or to preserve it in the wild. The atlas highlights the importance of photography as a research method for the systematic collection of visual information and production of a criticism that is not only directed at zoos, but to humanity, for environmental practices that disregard the rights of non-humans. Its artistic visions of zoos and nature, utopian or dystopian, depending from which angle the absence of the animal is understood, are born from the transformative effect of photography on perception: by photographing zoo spaces and objects without the animals, they are transformed from insignificant artifices to subjects worth of inquiry, to signal the possibility of a meaningful existence for the empty zoo, either as image or as an actual site.
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Good, Mary Katherine. "Modern Moralities, Moral Modernities: Ambivalence and Change Among Youth in Tonga". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/242472.
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Youth in Tonga occupy a particularly fraught social position due to their symbolic status as both the "purveyors of global modernity" and "the future of the nation and tradition." This precarious standing provides the basis for my analysis of the ways in which youth engage in the negotiation of moral frameworks in everyday life. I employ both sociocultural and linguistic anthropological methods and theory to examine how morality is construed across multiple domains of daily life, including language, aesthetic self-fashioning, and social action. Global modernity has brought significant changes in the kinds of goods available and lives imaginable by Tongans, but has also introduced considerable ambivalence about how Tongan culture and tradition can be reconciled with new opportunities. In particular, digital technologies and links with transnational organizations have begun to mediate gendered notions of what it means to be moral in the rapidly changing local context. In a society where strong relationships with kin are still one of the major institutions critical to the fulfillment of basic daily needs and to making extra-local connections for education or work, these changes have led to increasing concern about the maintenance of Tongan "tradition," including moral obligations to extended family. As new technologies, expanded fields of sexuality, and other enticements instill desires for different kinds of lives, the affective and material ties of generous, loving kin continue to keep youth rooted in traditional social networks. Throughout the negotiation of desires and obligations, youth work to present themselves as socially appropriate actors in their daily activities, while casting an eye to the larger global stage. This research stands on the premise that globalization must be understood as a set of processes operating on micro-levels of intimate social practices rather than viewing it as simply a collection of macro-scale economic or political forces. I argue that, as youth re-interpret the meanings of morality in light of global modernity, they subtly shift cultural understandings of emotional and epistemological frameworks as well, changing the balance of power relations between and within the local and global contexts.
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Christophe, Alice. "Exhibiting connections, connecting exhibitions : constructing trans-Pacific relationships through museum displays in Oceania (2006-2016)". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2016. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/63757/.
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This research explores the correlation between exhibitions and networks in the context of the 21st century Pacific. Firstly, exhibitions are envisioned as relational and connective practices that trigger interactions through their making. Secondly, exhibition-‐products are regarded as the result of these relationships, which bring together a wide range of agents including makers, things, spaces and epistemologies. Applying the Actor-‐Network-‐Theory to the field of exhibition studies, this thesis follows the path of six trans-‐Pacific museum displays. These case studies were developed between 2006 and 2016 by three major institutions of Oceania, located in Aotearoa New Zealand (Auckland Museum), Hawai‘i (Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum) and Taiwan (Kaohsiung Museum of Fine Arts). After a theoretical and methodological introduction, Chapter 2 dwells on the history of the institutions included in this research and pieces together the genealogical grounds for each exhibition case study. Short-‐term exhibitions and their capacity to open new museum routes are explored in Chapter 3. Long-‐term displays and the musealisation of temporary pathways are presented in Chapter 4. While reassembling the trajectories of each exhibition in Chapter 3 and 4 and connecting their genealogies, this study examines the existence of parallels, translations and echoes amongst the case studies in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 further emphasises these relationships and equally dwells on the limitations and impacts of connective narratives by analysing the Pacific maps displayed in these trans-‐Pacific exhibitions. By and large, this research explores the increasing development of a trans-‐Pacific culture of display in Oceania, which is examined through the lens of exhibitions developed and presented in this region at the dawn of the 21st century.
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Zhang, Yandong Straussman Jeffrey D. "Reorganizing China: a study of China's restructurings of government since 1978 (Deng Xiaopeng)". Related Electronic Resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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Shu, Wei-Der. "Transforming national identity in the diaspora an identity formation approach to biographies of activists affiliated with the Taiwan Independence Movement in the United States /". Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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Brightwell, Erin Leigh. ""The Mirror of China"| Language selection, images of China, and narrating Japan in the Kamakura period (1185-1333)". Thesis, Princeton University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3626441.
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"Kara kagami" (The Mirror of China) is something of an enigma—only six of an original ten scrolls survive, and there is no critical edition with comprehensive annotation or previous translation. A work composed for Imperial Prince-cum-Shogun Munetaka by the scion of a distinguished line of Confucian scholars, Fujiwara no Shigenori, on a topic of pressing interest in the thirteenth century—the fate of Continental China—it embodies many of the characteristic concerns of Kamakura Japan. Tensions between privatization and circulation of learning, imperial and warrior authority, Japan's envisioning of China and her relations thereto, as well as a larger cosmological narrative all run through the work. Yet they do so ways that challenge now long-held ideas of language, stance towards the Continent and its traditions, and narratives of generic development and resistance.
This dissertation explores the ways in which "The Mirror of China" defies familiar-yet-passé conceptions of medieval Japan. It examines afresh how three issues in medieval discourse—language selection, portrayals of China, and narrating Japan—are refracted in "The Mirror of China" in order to better understand text-based claims of political, cultural, and philosophical authority. "The Mirror of China"'s linguistically diverse manuscripts invite question of the worldviews or allegiances of identity a multilingual text can intimate. Its depiction of China and the implied narratives such a vision creates likewise differ markedly from those of contemporary works. And lastly, the linguistic and thematic innovation it brings to the Heian genre of "Mirror" writing marks a previously obscured turning point in medieval historiographic writing, one that allows an appreciation of the genre as a medieval experiment in crafting histories as legitimating narratives. Drawing on multiple understudied works in addition to better-known writings, this dissertation provides a new understanding of how medieval thinkers exploited languages, images, and traditions in order to create their own visions of authority.
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Majchrowicz, Daniel Joseph. "Travel, Travel Writing and the "Means to Victory" in Modern South Asia". Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:17467221.
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This dissertation is a history of the idea of travel in South Asia as it found expression in Urdu travel writing of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Though travel has always been integral to social life in South Asia, it was only during this period that it became an end in itself. The imagined virtues of travel hinged on two emergent beliefs: that travel was a requisite for inner growth, and that travel experience was transferable. Consequently, Urdu travel writers endorsed travel not to reach a particular destination but to engender personal development, social advancement and communal well-being. Authors conveyed the transformative power of travel to their readers through accounts that traced out their inner journeys through narratives of physical travel, an ideal echoed in an old proverb that re-emerged at this time: “travel is the means to victory.”
This study, which draws on extensive archival research from four countries, represents the most comprehensive examination of travel writing in any South Asian language. Through a diachronic analysis of a wealth of new primary sources, it indexes shifting valuations of travel as they relate to conceptualizations of the self, the political and the social. It demonstrates that though the idea of beneficial travel found its first expression in accounts commissioned by a colonial government interested in inculcating modern cosmopolitan aesthetics, it quickly developed a life of its own in the public sphere of print. This dynamic literary space was forged by writers from across the social spectrum who produced a profusion of accounts that drew inspiration from Indic, Islamic and European traditions. In the twentieth century, too, travel writing continued to evolve and expand as it adapted to the shifting dimensions of local nationalisms and successive international conflicts. In independent India and Pakistan, it broke new ground both aesthetically and thematically as it came to terms with the post-colonial geography of South Asia. Yet, throughout this history,Urdu travel writing continued to cultivate the idea that the journey was valuable for its own sake.Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations