Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „OCD”
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Barchi, Elizabeth. "“OCD”". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 50, nr 5S (maj 2018): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000535518.88738.33.
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Pavoldi, R. A. "OCD". Italian Americana XXXVI, nr 1 (1.02.2018): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/2327753x.36.1.12.
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Gause, Colin, Christina Morris, Shilpa Vernekar, Carlos Pardo-Villamizar, Marco A. Grados i Harvey S. Singer. "Antineuronal antibodies in OCD: Comparisons in children with OCD-only, OCD+chronic tics and OCD+PANDAS". Journal of Neuroimmunology 214, nr 1-2 (29.09.2009): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.06.015.
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Brown, Matthew L., Julie C. McCauley, Guilherme C. Gracitelli i William D. Bugbee. "Osteochondritis Dissecans Lesion Location Is Highly Concordant With Mechanical Axis Deviation". American Journal of Sports Medicine 48, nr 4 (marzec 2020): 871–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546520905567.
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Background: The cause of osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is unknown. Purpose: To determine if mechanical axis deviation correlates with OCD lesion location in the knee, if degree of mechanical axis deviation correlates with size of OCD lesion, and if the deformity was primarily in the distal femur or proximal tibia. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: We identified 61 knees that underwent osteochondral allograft (OCA) transplantation for femoral condyle OCD lesions and used preoperative lower extremity alignment radiographs to measure lower extremity mechanical axis, mechanical lateral distal femoral angle (mLDFA), mechanical medial proximal tibial angle (mMPTA), and hip-knee-ankle angle. Lesion location and area were retrieved from operative records. Results: The location of the OCD lesion was the medial femoral condyle (MFC) for 37 knees and lateral femoral condyle (LFC) for 24 knees. Among knees with MFC lesions, alignment was varus in 25 (68%). Conversely, knees with LFC lesions had valgus alignment in 16 (67%). The mLFDA was significantly more valgus in the LFC group. mMPTA was not different between MFC and LFC groups. There was no significant correlation between degree of mechanical axis deviation and lesion size. Conclusion: In this cohort, two-thirds of patients with symptomatic OCD lesions had associated mechanical axis deviation. Lesion location correlated with mechanical axis deviation (LFC lesions were associated with a deformity in the distal femur). Degree of deformity was not correlated with lesion size. Mechanical axis deviation may play a role in OCD pathogenesis. These data do not allow analysis of the role of mechanical axis deviation in causation or prognosis of OCD lesions, but surgeons treating OCD should be aware of this common association.
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Jing, Qi, Yonghui Xie i Di Zhang. "Effects of Channel Outlet Configuration and Dimple/Protrusion Arrangement on the Blade Trailing Edge Cooling Performance". Applied Sciences 9, nr 14 (19.07.2019): 2900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9142900.
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The trailing edge regions of high-temperature gas turbine blades are subjected to extremely high thermal loads and are affected by the external wake flow during operation, thus creating great challenges in internal cooling design. With the development of cooling technology, the dimple and protrusion have attracted wide attention for its excellent performance in heat transfer enhancement and flow resistance reduction. Based on the typical internal cooling structure of the turbine blade trailing edge, trapezoidal cooling channels with lateral extraction slots are modeled in this paper. Five channel outlet configurations, i.e., no second passage (OC1), radially inward flow second passage (OC2), radially outward flow second passage (OC3), top region outflow (OC4), both sides extractions (OC5), and three dimple/protrusion arrangements (all dimple, all protrusion, dimple–protrusion staggered arrangement) are considered. Numerical investigations are carried out, within the Re range of 10,000–100,000, to analyze the flow structures, heat transfer distributions, average heat transfer and friction characteristics and overall thermal performances in detail. The results show that the OC4 and OC5 cases have high heat transfer levels in general, while the heat transfer deterioration occurs in the OC1, OC2, and OC3 cases. For different dimple/protrusion arrangements, the protrusion case produces the best overall thermal performance. In conclusion, for the design of trailing edge cooling structures with lateral slots, the outlet configurations of top region outflow and both sides extractions, and the all protrusion arrangement, are recommended.
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Żerdziński, Maciej, Marcin Burdzik, Roksana Żmuda, Paweł Dębski, Agnieszka Witkowska-Berek, Anita Pląder, Patrycja Mozdrzanowska i in. "Olfactory Obsessions: A Study of Prevalence and Phenomenology in the Course of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder". Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, nr 9 (24.04.2023): 3081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12093081.
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Olfactory obsessions (OOs) are rarely described in the medical literature. The features of OOs appear consistent with characteristics of a typical obsession, but since they do not involve the realm of thought, it is questionable to term them obsessions per se. Olfactory Reference Syndrome (ORS) presents OOs inconsistently and is a distinctive diagnostic category related to OCD. Therefore, the primary objectives of our study were not only to assess the prevalence of OOs in OCD patients, but also to demonstrate their phenomenological consistency with other OCD symptoms. The study group consisted of 75 patients already diagnosed and treated for OCD. Hence, a comparison was made between OCD patients with and without OOs in terms of: symptom severity, level of insight and comorbidities. Olfactory obsessions (OOs) were found in 21.33% (n = 16). OOs induced compulsive behavior in more than 93% of subjects. The presence of OOs did not significantly differentiate the studied groups in terms of OCD severity (p = 0.876), level of insight (p = 0.680), depression (p = 0.746), mania (p = 0.525) and OCDP traits (p = 0.624). However, a comparison of the two groups showed that OOs patients presented higher levels of hostility (p = 0.036), cognitive impulsivity (p = 0.039), magic-type obsession (75% vs. 35.59%), and contamination obsession (87.50% vs. 67.80%). Conclusions: OOs frequently occur in the course of OCD, and their phenomenology is typical of this disorder. OOs are not a symptom of thought content disorders and are sensory in nature, which is not included in the definition of obsession. The presence of OOs in OCD provokes hostility and cognitive impulsivity. It can be assumed that the Olfactory Obsessions Questionnaire accurately identifies olfactory obsessions.
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Greenberg, Erica. "1.3 PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF OCD/OCD SPECTRUM". Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 59, nr 10 (październik 2020): S123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2020.07.476.
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Curran, Joe. "Paediatric OCD". Mental Health Practice 8, nr 9 (czerwiec 2005): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/mhp.8.9.34.s23.
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Jones, William E. "Osteochondrosis/OCD". Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 14, nr 2 (styczeń 1994): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0737-0806(06)81868-x.
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Knowles, James. "OCD/TS". European Neuropsychopharmacology 27 (2017): S415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.09.461.
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FINK, PAUL J. "Conquering OCD". Clinical Psychiatry News 33, nr 4 (kwiecień 2005): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0270-6644(05)70124-7.
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Marazziti, D. "Biological basis of OCD and OCD-related disorders". European Neuropsychopharmacology 9 (wrzesień 1999): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-977x(99)80081-9.
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Coles, Meredith E., Anthony Pinto, Maria C. Mancebo, Steven A. Rasmussen i Jane L. Eisen. "OCD with comorbid OCPD: A subtype of OCD?" Journal of Psychiatric Research 42, nr 4 (marzec 2008): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.12.009.
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Pinciotti, Caitlin M., Chad T. Wetterneck i Bradley C. Riemann. "Symptom severity and presentation in comorbid OCD and PTSD: A clinical replication". Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 86, nr 3 (wrzesień 2022): 183–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/bumc.2022.86.3.183.
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Individuals with comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) experience more severe OCD symptoms and poorer treatment response. Despite some evidence linking OCD symptom domains to trauma, only one study to date has examined typical OCD and PTSD presentations in individuals with OCD+PTSD, and findings were based on a nonclinical sample. The current study sought to replicate findings in a clinical sample of 1,014 patients diagnosed with OCD (n = 928), PTSD (n = 40), and OCD+PTSD (n = 46) in specialty OCD and anxiety treatment programs. Consistent with previous research, patients with OCD+PTSD reported more severe OCD yet similar severity PTSD symptoms and did not evidence a unique phenotypic presentation once symptom overlap and comorbid mood and personality disorders were considered. OCD+PTSD is equally as heterogeneous as OCD and PTSD alone. Implications for the research and treatment of OCD+PTSD are discussed, and assessment and treatment recommendations are provided.
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Martin, Alex F., Amita Jassi, Alexis E. Cullen, Matthew Broadbent, Johnny Downs i Georgina Krebs. "Co-occurring obsessive–compulsive disorder and autism spectrum disorder in young people: prevalence, clinical characteristics and outcomes". European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 29, nr 11 (1.02.2020): 1603–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01478-8.
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Abstract Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) commonly co-occur and are considered challenging to manage when they co-occur in youth. However, clinical characteristics and prognosis of this group remain poorly understood. This study examined the prevalence, clinical correlates and outcomes of paediatric OCD co-occurring with ASD (OCD + ASD) in a large clinical cohort. Data were extracted from electronic clinical records of young people aged 4–17 years who had attended a mental health trust in South London, United Kingdom. We identified young people with diagnoses of OCD + ASD (n = 335), OCD without ASD (n = 1010), and ASD without OCD (n = 6577). 25% of youth with OCD had a diagnosis of ASD, while 5% of those with ASD had a diagnosis of OCD. At diagnosis, youth with OCD + ASD had lower psychosocial functioning scores on the clinician-rated Child Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) compared to those with either OCD or ASD. Youth with OCD + ASD were equally likely to receive CBT compared to those with OCD but were more likely to be prescribed medication and use services for longer than either comparison group. Youth with OCD + ASD showed significant improvements in functioning (CGAS scores) after service utilisation but their gains were smaller than those with OCD. OCD + ASD commonly co-occur, conferring substantial impairment, although OCD may be underdiagnosed in youth with ASD. Young people with co-occurring OCD + ASD can make significant improvements in functioning with routine clinical care but are likely to remain more impaired than typically developing youth with OCD, indicating a need for longer-term support for these young people.
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Miguel, Euripedes C., Lee Baer, Barbara J. Coffey, Scott L. Rauch, Cary R. Savage, Richard L. O'Sullivan, Katharine Phillips, Cara Moretti, James F. Leckman i Michael A. Jenike. "Phenomenological differences appearing with repetitive behaviours in obsessive-compulsive disorder and Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome". British Journal of Psychiatry 170, nr 2 (luty 1997): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.170.2.140.
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BackgroundObsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is heterogeneous, with some forms related to Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome (GTS). This is a phenomenological study designed to investigate the nature of these possible OCD subtypes and the relationship between OCD and GTS.MethodWe evaluated 20 adult outpatients with OCD, 21 with GTS, and 20 with OCD plus GTS using a semi-structured interview designed to assess cognitive, sensory and autonomic phenomena preceding repetitive behaviours.ResultsMore cognitions and autonomic anxiety and fewer sensory phenomena were reported in OCD than in GTS. Like the GTS group, the OCD plus GTS group reported more sensory phenomena and fewer cognitions than the OCD group.ConclusionsThe presence or absence of cognitions, sensory phenomena, and autonomic anxiety distinguishes repetitive behaviours in patients with OCD from those with OCD plus GTS, and GTS. These subjective experiences may be useful in subtyping OCD and may represent valid predictors of prognosis and treatment response.
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Tibi, L., P. van Oppen, A. J. L. M. van Balkom, M. Eikelenboom, J. Rickelt, K. R. J. Schruers i G. E. Anholt. "The long-term association of OCD and depression and its moderators: A four-year follow up study in a large clinical sample". European Psychiatry 44 (lipiec 2017): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.03.009.
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AbstractBackground:Depression is the most common comorbidity in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, the mechanisms of depressive comorbidity in OCD are poorly understood. We assessed the directionality and moderators of the OCD-depression association over time in a large, prospective clinical sample of OCD patients.Methods:Data were drawn from 382 OCD patients participating at the Netherlands Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Association (NOCDA) study. Cross-lagged, structural equation modeling analyses were used to assess the temporal association between OCD and depressive symptoms. Assessments were conducted at baseline, two-year and four-year follow up. Cognitive and interpersonal moderators of the prospective association between OCD and depressive symptoms were tested.Results:Cross-lagged analyses demonstrated that OCD predicts depressive symptoms at two-year follow up and not vice a versa. This relationship disappeared at four-year follow up. Secure attachment style moderated the prospective association between OCD and depression.Conclusions:Depressive comorbidity in OCD might constitute a functional consequence of the incapacitating OCD symptoms. Both OCD and depression symptoms demonstrated strong stability effects between two-year and four-year follow up, which may explain the lack of association between them in that period. Among OCD patients, secure attachment represents a buffer against future depressive symptoms.
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Roh, D., J. G. Chang, S. W. Yoo, J. Shin i C. H. Kim. "Modulation of error monitoring in obsessive–compulsive disorder by individually tailored symptom provocation". Psychological Medicine 47, nr 12 (4.04.2017): 2071–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291717000514.
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BackgroundThe enhanced error monitoring in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), typically measured with the error-related negativity (ERN), has been found to be temporally stable and independent of symptom expression. Here, we examined whether the error monitoring in patients with OCD could be experimentally modulated by individually tailored symptom provocation.MethodTwenty patients with OCD and 20 healthy controls performed a flanker task in which OCD-relevant or neutral pictures were presented prior to a flanker stimulus. An individualized stimulus set consisting of the most provoking images in terms of OCD symptoms was selected for each patient with OCD. Response-locked event-related potentials were recorded and used to examine the error-related brain activity.ResultsPatients with OCD showed larger ERN amplitudes than did control subjects in both the OCD-symptom provocation and neutral conditions. Additionally, while patients with OCD exhibited a significant increase in the ERN under the OCD-symptom provocation condition when compared with the neutral condition, control subjects showed no variation in the ERN between the conditions.ConclusionsOur results strengthen earlier findings of hyperactive error monitoring in OCD, as indexed by higher ERN amplitudes in patients with OCD than in controls. Importantly, we showed that the patients’ overactive error-signals were experimentally enhanced by individually tailored OCD-symptom triggers, thus suggesting convincing evidence between OCD-symptoms and ERN. Such findings imply that therapeutic interventions should target affective regulation in order to alleviate the perceived threatening value of OCD triggers.
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Barrett, Paula M., Patrick J. Rasmussen i Lara Healy. "The effect of obsessive compulsive disorder on sibling relationships in late childhood and early adolescence: Preliminary findings". Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist 17, nr 2 (2000): 82–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0816512200028170.
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AbstractThe present study examined the effect of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) on child and adolescent sibling relationships. In previous research on adult OCD, siblings of OCD sufferers showed a high level of occommodotion to obsessive-compulsive symptoms and subsequent depression. No research has been conducted on the effect of OCD on child and adolescent sibling relationships. This small but important pilot study investigated sibling accommodation to obsessive-compulsive symptoms, sibling relationship quality, and depression and anxiety in siblings of children who have OCD. The study had two components. First, siblings of children with OCD were examined before and after a 14-week treatment program for OCD. Second, these siblings were compared at prebefore treatment with a comparison group of siblings whose brother or sister did not meet diagnostic criteria for either OCD or any other childhood disorders (i.e., comparison group). Three outcomes were noted. Siblings of OCD children accommodated to obsessive-compulsive symptoms and were distressed by the presence of OCD in their brother or sister. Furthermore, the quality of sibling relationships in OCD families improved with successful treatment of OCD. Finally, anxiety and depression were higher in siblings of an OCD child or adolescent, compared to siblings in the comparison group. Given the significant impact that OCD has on the sibling relationship, implications for family-based treatment, incorporating a sibling support component, are addressed.
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Liu, Xingyu, i Qing Fan. "Early Identification and Intervention in Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder". Brain Sciences 13, nr 3 (25.02.2023): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13030399.
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by persistent thoughts with subsequent repetitive behaviors. Interventions that are effective for adult OCD cannot simply be generalized to pediatric OCD, since OCD in children and adolescents usually has a different clinical presentation, etiology and course from adult OCD. Delayed and inadequate treatment is associated with a worse prognosis, making the need for early identification and intervention in pediatric OCD very urgent. In this paper, we reflected on the current constraints that make early interventions for pediatric OCD unpromoted and reviewed the approaches with potential application for early identification and early intervention in pediatric OCD, categorized by three-level prevention stages corresponding to a clinical staging model. Since the etiology of pediatric OCD is still unclear, primary prevention is most lacking, and early interventions for pediatric OCD are currently focused on the secondary prevention stage, which aims to prevent the conversion of obsessive-compulsive symptoms into full-blown OCD; tertiary prevention mostly focuses on the alleviation of mild to moderate OCD, while interventions for co-morbidities are still in their infancy. We closed by considering the important research questions on this topic.
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Gershoni, Anat, Haggai Hermesh, Naomi A. Fineberg i David Eilam. "Spatial behavior reflects the mental disorder in OCD patients with and without comorbid schizophrenia". CNS Spectrums 19, nr 1 (11.07.2013): 90–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852913000424.
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ObjectiveResolving the entangled nosological dilemma of whether obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) with and without schizophrenia (schizo-OCD and OCD, respectively) are two independent entities or whether schizo-OCD is a combined product of its parent disorders.MethodsStudying motor activity in OCD and in schizo-OCD patients. Performance of the patients was compared with the performance of the same motor task by a matching control individual.ResultsBehavior in both schizo-OCD and OCD patients differed from controls in the excessive repetition and addition of acts, thus validating an identical OC facet. However, there was a significant difference in spatial behavior. Schizo-OCD patients traveled over a greater area with less focused activity as typical to schizophrenia patients and in contrast to OCD patients, who were more focused and traveled less in a confined area. While schizo-OCD and OCD patients share most of the OC ritualistic attributes, they differ in the greater spread of activity in schizo-OCD, which is related to schizophrenia disorder.DiscussionIt is suggested that the finding on difference in spatial behavior is a reflection of the mental differences between OCD and schizophrenia. In other words, this could be an overt and observable manifestation of the mental state, and therefore may facilitate the nosology of OC spectrum disorders and OCD.ConclusionIt seems as if both the OCD patients’ focus on specific thoughts, and the contrasting wandering thoughts of schizophrenia patients, are reflected in the focused activity of the former and wandering from one place to the next of the latter.
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Servello, Domenico, Tommaso Francesco Galbiati, Roberta Balestrino, Guglielmo Iess, Edvin Zekaj, Sara De Michele i Mauro Porta. "Deep Brain Stimulation for Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome: Toward Limbic Targets". Brain Sciences 10, nr 5 (15.05.2020): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10050301.
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Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by tics and, frequently, psychiatric and behavioral comorbidities. Above all, obsessive compulsive disorder/behavior (OCD/OCB) influences the clinical picture and has a severe impact on quality of life, eventually more than the tics themselves. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective therapy in selected, refractory cases. Clinical response to DBS may vary according to the clinical picture, comorbidities, and to the anatomical target. This retrospective study compares the results obtained from DBS in the ventralis oralis/centromedian-parascicular nucleus of the thalamus (Voi-Cm/Pf) (41 patients) and antero-medial Globus Pallidus internus (am-GPi) (14 patients), evaluating clinical response over time by means of Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) and Yale–Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) scores over a period of 48 months. A significant and stable improvement in the YGTSS and YBOCS has been obtained in both groups (p < 0.001). There was a significant difference in YBOCS improvement over time between the am-GPi group and the Voi-Cm/Pf group, indicating a better and faster control of OCD/OCB symptoms in the former group. The ratio of hardware removal was 23% and limited to 13 patients in the Voi-Cm/Pf group. These results confirm that DBS is an effective therapy in treating GTS and suggest that the am-GPi might be superior to Voi-Cm/Pf in alleviating comorbid OCD/OCB.
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Marks, Isaac M., Anne-Marie O'Dwyer, Oscar Meehan, Philip McGuire, John Greist i Lee Baer. "Subjective imagery in obsessive–compulsive disorder before and after exposure therapy". British Journal of Psychiatry 176, nr 4 (kwiecień 2000): 387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.176.4.387.
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BackgroundDistressing mental imagery is hard to study experimentally in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD).AimsTo develop a way to assess mental imagery in OCD during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).MethodA small randomised study, controlled for type and order of mental imagery and for treatment condition (exposure therapy guided by a computer or by a therapist, or relaxation guided by audio-tape). Before and after treatment, during fMRI scanning, patients imagined previously-rehearsed scenarios that evoked an urge to ritualise or non-OCD anxiety or a neutral state, and rated their discomfort during imagery.ResultsThe method evoked greater discomfort during OCD imagery and anxiety (non-OCD) imagery than during neutral imagery. Discomfort was reduced by cancelling imagery. Discomfort during OCD imagery (but not during anxiety non-OCD imagery) fell after exposure therapy but not after relaxation.ConclusionsResults showed differences between OCD and non-OCD images and their change after successful treatment, and confirmed clinical suggestions that cancelling images reduced OCD discomfort. The method's success paves the way for further studies of mental imagery in OCD: for instance, during fMRI.
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Liu, Jianliang. "Gender differences in the symptoms and physiological basis of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder". Theoretical and Natural Science 8, nr 1 (13.11.2023): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/8/20240366.
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder related to repetitive behaviors and intrusive thoughts. Individuals with OCD experience conscious, self-imposed compulsions and counter-compulsions, which result in high levels of anxiety and difficulties in social interactions. OCD is a common mental disorder with onset often in adolescence. Gender differences in OCD exist, with males reporting earlier symptom onset, and females experiencing symptoms during adolescence, pregnancy, or postpartum, particularly related to contamination and/or aggressive obsessions. Neurobiological factors play a role in OCD etiology. Genetic studies show hereditary tendencies, with gender differences observed. Brain structure research identifies differences between male and female patients. Dopamine and plasma norepinephrine are implicated in OCD pathogenesis. Understanding gender differences is crucial for OCD diagnosis and treatment. Further research is needed to validate and explain these differences in order to inform advancements in OCD treatment approaches. This paper summarizes and discusses the relationship between OCD and gender, focusing on epidemiological characteristics, symptoms, and physiological basis of OCD, emphasizing gender differences. Future research directions in the field of OCD are presented.
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Weiss, Jennifer M., Kevin G. Shea, John C. Jacobs, Peter C. Cannamela, Ian Becker, Mark Portman i Jeffrey I. Kessler. "Incidence of Osteochondritis Dissecans in Adults". American Journal of Sports Medicine 46, nr 7 (3.04.2018): 1592–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546518764676.
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Background: Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) has frequently been described in children and adolescents, but cases of OCD in adults are certainly encountered. Little has been published on the epidemiology of OCD in adult patients. Purpose: To assess the frequency of OCD lesions in adults and assess the risk by age, sex, and ethnicity. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: The authors assessed all patients aged 20 to 45 years from the entire database of patients enrolled as members of Kaiser Permanente Southern California from January 2011 until December 2013. Kaiser Southern California is an integrated health care system serving a racially, ethnically, and socioeconomically diverse population of >3.5 million patients. A retrospective chart review was done on OCD during this period. Inclusion criteria included OCD of any joint. Exclusion criteria included traumatic osteochondral fractures and coexistence of intra-articular lesions other than OCD. Joint involvement/location, laterality, and all patient demographics were recorded. Results: Among 122 patients, a total of 124 OCD lesions were found. The majority of lesions were in the ankle (n = 76) and knee (n = 43), with 3 foot lesions and 2 elbow lesions identified. OCD lesions were identified in 75 men (62%) and 47 women (38%). Overall incidence rates per 100,000 person-years were 3.42 for all OCD, 2.08 for ankle OCD, and 1.21 for knee OCD. The relative risk of adult OCD for men was twice that of women. The relative risk of adult OCD for white patients was 2.3 that of Asians and 1.7 that of Hispanics. Risk of knee OCD was 3.6 times higher for men than women. As compared with women, men had a higher risk for lateral femoral condyle OCD lesions versus the medial femoral condyle ( P = .05; odds ratio [OR], 5.19). Conclusion: This large cohort study of Southern California adults with OCD demonstrated an increased OR for men (vs women) of OCD in all joints. The majority of symptomatic lesions were present in the ankle rather than the knee, as previously found in children. White and black patients had the highest OR of OCD; men had a significantly greater OR of lateral femoral condyle knee lesions as compared with women.
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Frare, Franco, Giulio Perugi, Giuseppe Ruffolo i Cristina Toni. "Obsessive–compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder: a comparison of clinical features". European Psychiatry 19, nr 5 (sierpień 2004): 292–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2004.04.014.
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AbstractBody dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is currently classified as a somatoform disorder in DSM-IV, but has been long noted to have some important similarities with obsessive—compulsive disorder (OCD). In addition, BDD and OCD have been often reported to be comorbid with each other. In the present study, we compared demographic characteristics, clinical features and psychiatric comorbidity in patients with OCD, BDD or comorbid BDD—OCD (34 subjects with BDD, 79 with OCD and 24 with BDD—OCD). We also compared the pattern of body dysmorphic concerns and associated behaviors in BDD patients with or without OCD comorbidity. In our sample, BDD and OCD groups showed similar sex ratio. Both groups with BDD and BDD—OCD were significantly younger, and experienced the onset of their disorder at a significantly younger age than subjects with OCD. The two BDD groups were also less likely to be married, and more likely to be unemployed and to have achieved lower level degree, than OCD subjects even when controlling for age. The three groups were significantly different in the presence of comorbid bulimia, alcohol-related and substance-use disorders, BDD—OCD patients showing the highest rate and OCD the lowest. BDD—OCD reported more comorbid bipolar II disorder and social phobia than in the other two groups, while generalized anxiety disorder was observed more frequently in OCD patients. Patients with BDD and BDD—OCD were similar as regards the presence of repetitive BDD-related behaviors, such as mirror-checking or camouflaging. Both groups also did show a similar pattern of distribution as regards the localization of the supposed physical defects in specific areas of the body. The only significant difference concerned the localization in the face, that was more frequent in the BDD group. Our results do not contradict the proposed possible conceptualization of BDD as an OCD spectrum disorder. However, BDD does not appear to be a simple clinical variant of OCD and it seems to be also related to social phobia, mood, eating and impulse control disorders. The co-presence of BDD and OCD features appears to possibly individuate a particularly severe form of the syndrome, with a greater load of psychopathology and functional impairment and a more frequent occurrence of other comorbid mental disorders.
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Mataix-Cols, David, Miquel Sànchez-Turet i Julio Vallejo. "A SPANISH VERSION OF THE PADUA INVENTORY: FACTOR STRUCTURE AND PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES". Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 30, nr 1 (styczeń 2002): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465802001042.
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This study reports the factorial structure and psychometric properties of a Spanish version of the Padua Inventory (PI) in a sample of 863 undergraduate students, 55 patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and 20 patients with other anxiety disorders (OAD). A Principal Components Analysis suggested a 4-factor structure, which was comparable but not identical to that found in other versions of the PI involving non-clinical samples. The PI sub-scales showed good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, as well as convergent and discriminant validity. The “Washing” sub-scale of the PI failed to separate OCD and OAD patients, although this may have been due to small sample sizes. It is suggested that a revised version of the PI should include symptoms that are not currently represented in the scale, such as hoarding obsessions and compulsions.
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Moritz, Steffen, i Lena Jelinek. "Inversion of the “Unrealistic Optimism” Bias Contributes to Overestimation of Threat in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder". Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 37, nr 2 (6.01.2009): 179–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465808005043.
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Background: Overestimation of threat (OET) is ascribed a pathogenetic role in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Aims: We hypothesized that OCD patients overestimate their personal but not the average risk for OCD-related events. Specifically, an attenuation of the common “unrealistic optimism” bias (UO) was expected for OCD patients. UO refers to the phenomenon that the subjective likelihood to personally experience a positive event is enhanced compared to other persons and vice versa for negative events. Method: Fifty-three participants with OCD as well as 40 healthy and 23 psychiatric controls participated in an internet survey. They were asked several questions about different event types (positive, negative, and OCD-related): the probability that this event will happen to oneself (block 1), to another person (block 2), comparison between oneself versus another person (block 3), appraisal of consequences (block 4), and prior encounters with event (block 5). Results: No evidence was obtained in OCD to overestimate the overall probability of negative or OCD-related events. However, whereas healthy participants displayed an UO bias, OCD participants perceived themselves as more vulnerable to experience OCD-related events. Conclusions: Results indicate that OCD is associated with inflated personal vulnerability and that this bias is not fully available to the consciousness of OCD participants.
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Black, Donald W., i Gary R. Gaffney. "Subclinical Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Children and Adolescents: Additional Results From a “High-Risk” Study". CNS Spectrums 13, S14 (2008): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900026948.
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AbstractIntroduction: The concept of subclinical obsessive-compulsive disorder is explored using data from a “high-risk” study of offspring of persons with (OCD) and offspring of controls. Offspring with OCD were compared to those with subclinical OCD, and those without either condition. Subclinical OCD is defined as the presence of obsessions and/or compulsions without functional impairment.Methods: Adults with OCD and their offspring 7–18 years of age were recruited through a tertiary care center psychiatric outpatient clinic, while controls (and their children) were recruited via advertisement. Parents and offspring were assessed using structured interviews and validated questionnaires at baseline and follow-up interviews.Results: Offspring from both proband groups were pooled to create three subject groups: group 1, offspring with neither condition (n=43); group 2, offspring with subclinical OCD (n=24); and group 3, offspring with full OCD (n=11). Offspring with subclinical OCD held the middle ground for most comparisons. They were more symptomatic than offspring without either condition (group 1), but less symptomatic than subjects with OCD (group 3). Across the board, comparisons of diagnoses, Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) results; Motor tic, Obsessions and compulsions, Vocal tic Evaluation Survey results; and Leyton Obsessional Inventory (LOI) results were associated with subject group at baseline and follow-up. In post-hoc comparisons, subjects with subclinical OCD had fewer comorbid anxiety disorders and lower CBCL internalizing scale scores at follow-up. Parents of children with OCD had higher LOI symptom and severity scores than parents in those of groups 1 or 2.Conclusion: The findings suggest that subclinical OCD holds the middle ground between full-blown OCD and having neither condition in terms of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and severity, tics, associated mood/anxiety disorders, and general functioning. At least in persons at risk for OCD, the presence of subclinical OCD may herald the onset of OCD, though in others may be an independent condition that does not lead to full OCD.
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Hirschtritt, M. E., S. M. Darrow, C. Illmann, L. Osiecki, M. Grados, P. Sandor, Y. Dion i in. "Genetic and phenotypic overlap of specific obsessive-compulsive and attention-deficit/hyperactive subtypes with Tourette syndrome". Psychological Medicine 48, nr 2 (27.06.2017): 279–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291717001672.
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BackgroundThe unique phenotypic and genetic aspects of obsessive-compulsive (OCD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among individuals with Tourette syndrome (TS) are not well characterized. Here, we examine symptom patterns and heritability of OCD and ADHD in TS families.MethodOCD and ADHD symptom patterns were examined in TS patients and their family members (N= 3494) using exploratory factor analyses (EFA) for OCD and ADHD symptoms separately, followed by latent class analyses (LCA) of the resulting OCD and ADHD factor sum scores jointly; heritability and clinical relevance of the resulting factors and classes were assessed.ResultsEFA yielded a 2-factor model for ADHD and an 8-factor model for OCD. Both ADHD factors (inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive symptoms) were genetically related to TS, ADHD, and OCD. The doubts, contamination, need for sameness, and superstitions factors were genetically related to OCD, but not ADHD or TS; symmetry/exactness and fear-of-harm were associated with TS and OCD while hoarding was associated with ADHD and OCD. In contrast, aggressive urges were genetically associated with TS, OCD, and ADHD. LCA revealed a three-class solution: few OCD/ADHD symptoms (LC1), OCD & ADHD symptoms (LC2), and symmetry/exactness, hoarding, and ADHD symptoms (LC3). LC2 had the highest psychiatric comorbidity rates (⩾50% for all disorders).ConclusionsSymmetry/exactness, aggressive urges, fear-of-harm, and hoarding show complex genetic relationships with TS, OCD, and ADHD, and, rather than being specific subtypes of OCD, transcend traditional diagnostic boundaries, perhaps representing an underlying vulnerability (e.g. failure of top-down cognitive control) common to all three disorders.
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Zor, Rama, Naomi Fineberg, Haggai Hermesh, Gbenga Asigo, Sanjay Nelson, Hena Agha i David Eilam. "Are There Between-Country Differences in Motor Behavior of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Patients?" CNS Spectrums 15, nr 7 (lipiec 2010): 445–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900000377.
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ABSTRACTBackground: Cross-cultural factors attributed to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) that are widely investigated around the world are mostly epidemiological, with no respect to the impact of culture on the structure of OCD behavior itself.Methods: Nine Israeli and nine British OCD patients with respective non-OCD individuals were compared. To determine whether OCD symptoms are consistent across cultures, similarities in behavior were analyzed, as well as differences due to a country effect. In each country, nine OCD patients and nine non-OCD individuals were videotaped while performing the task that the patients attributed to their behavior.Results: Except for a significantly higher rate of repetition and higher performance of idiosyncratic acts, patients from both Israel and the United Kingdom showed high levels of similarities in 22 out of 24 parameters. Compared with Israeli subjects, British OCD patients had significantly longer chains of idiosyncratic acts, and a twice-higher prevalence of brief (1–2 second) idiosyncratic acts. Between-country differences were mild, possibly overridden by the conspicuous impact of OCD pathology, resulting in a similar OCD phenotype.Conclusion: These results qualitatively and quantitatively emphasize the universal appearance of the compulsions in OCD symptoms.
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Abramovitch, Amitai, Diego A. Pizzagalli, Daniel A. Geller, Lillian Reuman i Sabine Wilhelm. "Cigarette smoking in obsessive-compulsive disorder and unaffected parents of OCD patients". European Psychiatry 30, nr 1 (styczeń 2015): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.12.003.
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AbstractBackground:Cigarette smoking is more prevalent among individuals with psychiatric disorders than the general population. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may be an intriguing exception, although no recent study has investigated this hypothesis in OCD patients. Moreover, it is unknown whether reduced smoking rates are present in unaffected first-degree relatives of OCD patients.Methods:We assessed smoking prevalence in adults with OCD and unaffected parents of youth with OCD (PYOCD). To this end, 113 adults with OCD completed online questionnaires assessing symptom severity and smoking status. Smoking status was obtained from an independent sample of 210 PYOCD assessed for psychiatric diagnoses.Results:Smoking prevalence rates in adults with OCD (13.3%; n = 15) and PYOCD (9.5%; n = 20) samples were significantly lower than those found in representative samples of the general population (19–24%, all P < .001) and Axis I disorders (36–64%; all P < .001). There were no smokers in the adult OCD subset without clinically significant depressive symptoms (n = 54).Conclusion:Low prevalence of smoking in OCD may be familial and unique among psychiatric disorders, and might represent a possible state-independent OCD marker. Hypotheses concerning the uncharacteristically low prevalence rates are discussed with relation to OCD phenomenology and pathophysiology.
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Sobstyl, Michał, Anna Kupryjaniuk, Marta Stajszczak, Tadeusz Pietras i Łukasz Święcicki. "Deep brain stimulation in the treatment of refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a literature review." Psychiatria Polska 56, nr 5 (31.10.2022): 1093–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.12740/pp/141150.
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Cel pracy: Celem tej pracy poglądowej jest przedstawienie wyników DBS w leczeniu OCD. Omówiono obecną patofizjologię OCD i cele stereotaktyczne dla DBS. Przedstawiono aktualne wskazania i przeciwwskazania do DBS u pacjentów z OCD, a także nadal istniejące ograniczenia DBS w leczeniu OCD. Metody: Dokonano przeglądu literatury na temat badań DBS dotyczących OCD. Wyszukano 8 dobrze przeprowadzonych randomizowanych badań klinicznych i tzw.; otwartych badań klinicznych z co najmniej 6 osobami leczonymi DBS w każdym badaniu. Pozostałe badania prezentują dane dotyczące opisów serii przypadków lub opisy pojedynczych przypadków OCD leczonych za pomocą DBS. Wyniki: Wyniki badań wykazały, że wskaźnik odpowiedzi (ponad 35% redukcja objawów OCD w skali YBOCS) pozostaje w zakresie od 50 do 80% operowanych chorych. Pacjenci w tych badaniach mieli potwierdzoną całkowitą oporność i znaczne nasilenie objawów OCD. Najczęstsze zdarzenia niepożądane związane z DBS obejmujały: epizody hipomanii, myśli samobójcze i zmiany nastroju. Wnioski: Nasz przegląd literatury sugeruje, że DBS w OCD nie może być traktowana jako uznana metoda leczenia OCD. DBS w przypadku OCD należy uważać jako leczenie paliatywne, nie zaś przyczynowe i tylko wyłącznie u chorych, u których wykorzystano całkowicie nieoperacyjne formy leczenia.
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Issler, Cilly Klüger, Emel Serap Monkul, José Antonio de Mello Siqueira Amaral, Renata Sayuri Tamada, Roseli Gedanke Shavitt, Eurípedes C. Miguel i Beny Lafer. "Bipolar disorder and comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder is associated with higher rates of anxiety and impulse control disorders". Acta Neuropsychiatrica 22, nr 2 (kwiecień 2010): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5215.2010.00457.x.
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Issler CK, Monkul ES, Amaral JAMS, Tamada RS, Shavitt RG, Miguel EC, Lafer B. Bipolar disorder and comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder is associated with higher rates of anxiety and impulse control disorders.Objective:Although bipolar disorder (BD) with comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is highly prevalent, few controlled studies have assessed this comorbidity. The objective of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics and expression of comorbid disorders in female BD patients with OCD.Method:We assessed clinically stable female outpatients with BD: 15 with comorbid OCD (BD+OCD group) and 15 without (BD/no-OCD group). All were submitted to the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, with additional modules for the diagnosis of kleptomania, trichotillomania, pathological gambling, onychophagia and skin picking.Results:The BD+OCD patients presented more chronic episodes, residual symptoms and previous depressive episodes than the BD/no-OCD patients. Of the BD+OCD patients, 86% had a history of treatment-emergent mania, compared with only 40% of the BD/no-OCD patients. The following were more prevalent in the BD+OCD patients than the BD/no-OCD patients: any anxiety disorder other than OCD; impulse control disorders; eating disorders; and tic disorders.Conclusion:Female BD patients with OCD may represent a more severe form of disorder than those without OCD, having more depressive episodes and residual symptoms, and being at a higher risk for treatment-emergent mania, as well as presenting a greater anxiety and impulse control disorder burden.
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McLaughlin, Nicole C. R., Jason Kirschner, Hallee Foster, Chloe O’Connell, Steven A. Rasmussen i Benjamin D. Greenberg. "Stop Signal Reaction Time Deficits in a Lifetime Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Sample". Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 22, nr 7 (23.06.2016): 785–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617716000540.
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AbstractObjectives: Several studies have found impaired response inhibition, measured by a stop-signal task (SST), in individuals who are currently symptomatic for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The aim of this study was to assess stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) performance in individuals with a lifetime diagnosis of OCD, in comparison to a healthy control group. This is the first study that has examined OCD in participants along a continuum of OCD severity, including approximately half of whom had sub-syndromal symptoms at the time of assessment. Methods: OCD participants were recruited primarily from within the OCD clinic at a psychiatric hospital, as well as from the community. Healthy controls were recruited from the community. We used the stop signal task to examine the difference between 21 OCD participants (mean age, 42.95 years) and 40 healthy controls (mean age, 35.13 years). We also investigated the relationship between SST and measures of OCD, depression, and anxiety severity. Results: OCD participants were significantly slower than healthy controls with regard to mean SSRT. Contrary to our prediction, there was no correlation between SSRT and current levels of OCD, anxiety, and depression severity. Conclusions: Results support prior studies showing impaired response inhibition in OCD, and extend the findings to a sample of patients with lifetime OCD who were not all currently above threshold for diagnosis. These findings indicate that response inhibition deficits may be a biomarker of OCD, regardless of current severity levels. (JINS, 2016, 22, 785–789)
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MATSUNAGA, H., N. KIRIIKE, Y. IWASAKI, A. MIYATA, S. YAMAGAMI i W. H. KAYE. "Clinical characteristics in patients with anorexia nervosa and obsessive–compulsive disorder". Psychological Medicine 29, nr 2 (marzec 1999): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329179800796x.
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Background. The purpose of this study was to assess clinical characteristics, including co-morbid personality disorders in patients with both anorexia nervosa (AN) and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) in comparison with age- and sex-matched patients with OCD.Methods. Fifty-three female patients with AN were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of a current diagnosis of OCD, as assessed by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Patient version (SCID-P). Twenty-one women (40%) who met the DSM-III-R criteria for both AN and OCD were compared with 23 female patients with OCD, using the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) and the SCID Axis II disorders.Results. There were no significant differences on the mean Y-BOCS severity scores between these groups. However, AN patients with OCD were significantly more likely than OCD patients to have obsessions with need for symmetry or exactness and ordering/arranging compulsions, whereas both aggressive obsessions and checking compulsions tended to be more frequently identified in OCD patients compared with AN patients with OCD. AN patients with OCD were significantly more likely than OCD patients to meet the criteria for obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD).Conclusions. These results suggest that there are some differential characteristics of the OCD symptomatology between these disorders, although many patients with AN manifest significant impairment from primary OCD symptoms with similar magnitude in severity to that found in OCD patients.
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Jensen García, Edward, i Guillermina Natera Rey. "Inferential confusion in the worldview of individuals with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD): a qualitative approach". Salud mental 47, nr 2 (1.04.2024): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17711/sm.0185-3325.2024.008.
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Introduction. The Inference-based Approach (IBA) is an etiologic, therapeutic research paradigm regarding inferential confusion (IC) as an exclusive metacognitive process of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). IC is the rational tendency of individuals with OCD to underrate abstract data and personal experiences and overrate hypothetical possibilities. IC therefore fosters uncertainty and facilitates the justification of obsessive constructs. IBA has noted that qualitative research on IC and the exploration of IC in non-OCD cognitive constructs are required to refine cognitive and therapeutic OCD models. This could help clarify whether OCD treatment by IBA is overlooking non-obsessive IC habits which, if left untreated, could compromise treatment success. Objective. To identify the possible influence of IC on non-obsessive, cognitive worldview constructs of individuals with OCD and to compare these constructs with those of individuals without OCD. Method. Twenty-five semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted, 15 with individuals with OCD and 10 with a comparison group without OCD or OCD symptoms. Data were collected and analyzed using Grounded Theory methodology. Results. IC was identified in the non-obsessive cognitive worldview constructs of every participant with OCD. IC was not identified in the comparative group. Discussion and conclusion. The results suggest that IC affects the rational composition of non-obsessive cognitive worldview constructs of individuals with OCD. The implications this could have for the cognitive and therapeutic models of OCD are discussed.
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Zhu, Jialing. "Research on the Characteristics of Emotion Regulation in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder". Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 11, nr 1 (26.10.2023): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/11/20230747.
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The purpose of this research is the characteristics of emotion regulation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, in order to bring more implications to the OCD treatment. This research uses the interviews to explore the characteristics of emotion regulation in patients with OCD. The researchers conducted interviews of OCD patients, and applied the qualitative research paradigm to analyze the emotion regulation characteristics of OCD patients. Individuals with OCD can improve their ability to cope with OCD by improving their ability to regulate their emotions. The therapist can increase coping with OCD by strengthening the ability to regulate emotions.
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Mersin Kilic, Sanem, Ayse Dondu, Cagdas Oyku Memis, Filiz Ozdemiroglu i Levent Sevincok. "The Clinical Characteristics of ADHD and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Comorbidity". Journal of Attention Disorders 24, nr 12 (21.09.2016): 1757–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054716669226.
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Objective: To investigate the clinical implications of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and ADHD comorbidity in adults. Method: The OCD patients who had and had no diagnosis of adulthood ADHD were compared in terms of several demographic and clinical variables. Results: The mean number of obsessions and compulsions; hoarding, symmetry, and miscellaneous obsessions; ordering/arranging and hoarding compulsions; total, attentional, and motor subscale scores of Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS)-11 were more frequent among the patients with OCD-ADHD. The mean age of onset was more likely to be earlier in ADHD-OCD group than in OCD group. Impulsivity, symmetry obsessions, and hoarding compulsions strongly predicted the coexistence between ADHD and OCD. Conclusion: OCD-ADHD comorbidity in adults seemed to be associated with an earlier onset of OCD, with the predominance of impulsivity, and with a different obsessive-compulsive symptom (OC) profile from OCD patients without a diagnosis of ADHD.
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Ramirez, Jennifer C., Valérie La Buissonnière-Ariza, Elizabeth McIngvale, Katrina A. Rufino, Lucy J. Puryear, Christina Annette Treece, Sophie C. Schneider, Sandra L. Cepeda, Wayne K. Goodman i Eric A. Storch. "Perceived worsening of obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms after childbirth in women and men: An understudied phenomenon". Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 88, nr 1 (luty 2024): 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/bumc.2024.88.1.48.
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The aim of this study was to examine worsening of OCD symptoms after childbirth in individuals seeking assessment or treatment of OCD. The postpartum period may make parents biologically and psychologically vulnerable to OCD symptoms. Participants included 222 parents with OCD who completed surveys through a self-help website. Most women and almost half of men with self-reported OCD reported an increase in OCD symptoms following childbirth. Retrospective report of perceived worsening of OCD symptoms after childbirth was associated with more aggressive obsessions for both men and women, in comparison to individuals whose OCD symptoms did not worsen around childbirth. Women whose OCD symptoms worsened after childbirth reported more impairment in social functioning than individuals whose symptoms did not worsen. These results highlight the need to develop a better understanding of aggressive obsessions in parents, and improve education about prevalence, content, assessment, and intervention for aggression-focused intrusive thoughts.
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Pena-Garijo, Josep, Silvia Edo Villamón, Amanda Meliá de Alba i M. Ángeles Ruipérez. "Personality Disorders in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Comparative Study versus Other Anxiety Disorders". Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/856846.
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Objective. The purpose of this paper is to provide evidence for the relationship between personality disorders (PDs), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and other anxiety disorders different from OCD (non-OCD) symptomatology.Method. The sample consisted of a group of 122 individuals divided into three groups (41 OCD; 40 non-OCD, and 41 controls) matched by sex, age, and educational level. All the individuals answered the IPDE questionnaire and were evaluated by means of the SCID-I and SCID-II interviews.Results. Patients with OCD and non-OCD present a higher presence of PD. There was an increase in cluster C diagnoses in both groups, with no statistically significant differences between them.Conclusions. Presenting anxiety disorder seems to cause a specific vulnerability for PD. Most of the PDs that were presented belonged to cluster C. Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD) is the most common among OCD. However, it does not occur more frequently among OCD patients than among other anxious patients, which does not confirm the continuum between obsessive personality and OCD. Implications for categorical and dimensional diagnoses are discussed.
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Franz, A. P., L. Rateke, T. Hartmann, N. McLaughlin, A. R. Torres, M. C. do Rosário, E. C. M. Filho i Y. A. Ferrão. "Separation anxiety disorder in adult patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: Prevalence and clinical correlates". European Psychiatry 30, nr 1 (styczeń 2015): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.04.007.
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AbstractObjective:Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and separation anxiety disorder (SAD) tend to present higher morbidity than do those with OCD alone. However, the relationship between OCD and SAD has yet to be fully explored.Method:This was a cross-sectional study using multiple logistic regression to identify differences between OCD patients with SAD (OCD + SAD, n = 260) and without SAD (OCD, n = 695), in terms of clinical and socio-demographic variables. Data were extracted from those collected between 2005 and 2009 via the Brazilian Research Consortium on Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders project.Results:SAD was currently present in only 42 (4.4%) of the patients, although 260 (27.2%) had a lifetime diagnosis of the disorder. In comparison with the OCD group patients, patients with SAD + OCD showed higher chance to present sensory phenomena, to undergo psychotherapy, and to have more psychiatric comorbidities, mainly bulimia.Conclusion:In patients with primary OCD, comorbid SAD might be related to greater personal dysfunction and a poorer response to treatment, since sensory phenomena may be a confounding aspect on diagnosis and therapeutics. Patients with OCD + SAD might be more prone to developing specific psychiatric comorbidities, especially bulimia. Our results suggest that SAD symptom assessment should be included in the management and prognostic evaluation of OCD, although the psychobiological role that such symptoms play in OCD merits further investigation.
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Phillips, Katharine A., i Walter H. Kaye. "The Relationship of Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Eating Disorders to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder". CNS Spectrums 12, nr 5 (maj 2007): 347–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900021155.
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ABSTRACTBody dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and eating disorders are body image disorders that have long been hypothesized to be related to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Available data suggest that BDD and eating disorders are often comorbid with OCD. Data from a variety of domains suggest that both BDD and eating disorders have many similarities with OCD and seem related to OCD. However, these disorders also differ from OCD in some ways. Additional research is needed on the relationship of BDD and eating disorders to OCD, including studies that directly compare them to OCD in a variety of domains, including phenomenology, family history, neurobiology, and etiology.
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Jelinek, Lena, Lotta Zielke, Birgit Hottenrott, Franziska Miegel, Barbara Cludius, Anna Sure i Cüneyt Demiralay. "Patients’ Perspectives on Treatment with Metacognitive Training for OCD". Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie 29, nr 1 (1.03.2018): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1016-264x/a000211.
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Abstract. There is much room for improvement in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The current study introduces a newly developed version of Metacognitive Training for OCD (MCT-OCD), inspired by the self-help intervention myMCT as well as by MCT group programs for other disorders. The current study examines the acceptability of the training. Forty-four patients with OCD received four sessions of MCT-OCD in addition to inpatient treatment. At post assessment, patients provided a subjective appraisal of the training. Analyses revealed high acceptability and added value of the MCT-OCD. The current, preliminary version of the MCT-OCD is promising in terms of patient acceptance. Results will be used to improve current shortcomings of the training and to develop a more comprehensive MCT-OCD.
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Lee, Eric B., Steven Bistricky, Alex Milam, Chad T. Wetterneck i Thröstur Björgvinsson. "Thought Control Strategies and Symptom Dimensions in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Associations With Treatment Outcome". Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 30, nr 3 (2016): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.30.3.177.
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Treatment effectiveness of exposure and response prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) might be attenuated in part because of the complex, heterogeneous nature of OCD. Previous studies have indicated relationships between thought control strategies and OCD severity. This study replicates and extends these findings by using a dimensional measure of OCD and examining changes in thought control strategies across treatment. Participants included 49 patients with OCD attending residential and intensive outpatient treatment. Statistical analyses revealed significant reduction in worry and punishment thought control strategies from pre- to posttreatment as well as relationships between reduced use of specific thought control strategies and specific types of OCD symptomatology. Findings suggest that developing and employing modified forms of treatment more aligned with individuals’ specific OCD symptomatology could be worthwhile to improve treatment of OCD.
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Hibar, Derrek P., Joshua W. Cheung, Sarah E. Medland, Mary S. Mufford, Neda Jahanshad, Shareefa Dalvie, Raj Ramesar i in. "Significant concordance of genetic variation that increases both the risk for obsessive–compulsive disorder and the volumes of the nucleus accumbens and putamen". British Journal of Psychiatry 213, nr 1 (27.06.2018): 430–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2018.62.
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BackgroundMany studies have identified changes in the brain associated with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), but few have examined the relationship between genetic determinants of OCD and brain variation.AimsWe present the first genome-wide investigation of overlapping genetic risk for OCD and genetic influences on subcortical brain structures.MethodUsing single nucleotide polymorphism effect concordance analysis, we measured genetic overlap between the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) of OCD (1465 participants with OCD, 5557 controls) and recent GWASs of eight subcortical brain volumes (13 171 participants).ResultsWe found evidence of significant positive concordance between OCD risk variants and variants associated with greater nucleus accumbens and putamen volumes. When conditioning OCD risk variants on brain volume, variants influencing putamen, amygdala and thalamus volumes were associated with risk for OCD.ConclusionsThese results are consistent with current OCD neurocircuitry models. Further evidence will clarify the relationship between putamen volume and OCD risk, and the roles of the detected variants in this disorder.Declaration of interestThe authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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McIngvale, Elizabeth, Nathaniel Van Kirk, Amber B. Amspoker, Melinda A. Stanley i Terri L. Fletcher. "Prevalence and Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Veterans and Active-Duty Service Members: A Systematic Review". Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 33, nr 1 (1.02.2019): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.33.1.11.
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The prevalence and treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in veterans and active-duty military remains unclear. We systematically reviewed literature on OCD diagnosis and treatment in U.S. Veterans and active-duty military to obtain a prevalence estimate, describe treatment approaches for OCD in veterans, and evaluate use of Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP). Eight terms were used to identify studies in PubMed, PsychINFO and SCOPUS up to March 13, 2018; additional articles were identified from reference lists of 19 included studies, 16 addressing prevalence, and 3 addressing treatment. OCD prevalence is lower in studies employing electronic medical records databases than in studies using OCD assessments, suggesting underrecognition of OCD in clinical settings. Higher prevalence was seen with OCD screening tools than with diagnostic interviews. Lower OCD prevalence was seen in active-duty individuals than in veterans. Two case studies showed a decrease in OCD symptoms following ERP. Additional studies with larger samples and controlled designs examining ERP are needed.
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KNAPTON, OLIVIA. "Dynamic conceptualizations of threat in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)". Language and Cognition 8, nr 1 (1.10.2015): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2015.18.
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abstractObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a severe mental health problem of a heterogeneous nature. To add to discussions around defining coherent subtypes of OCD, this paper uses qualitative, cognitive linguistic analysis to show how episodes of OCD can be differentiated based on their underlying conceptualizations of threat. Spoken narratives of OCD episodes told by people with OCD were analyzed using image schema theory and cognitive approaches to deixis in discourse. Through an exploration of the participants’ subjective experiences of time, space, and uncertainty in their recounted OCD episodes, the findings demonstrate that perceptions of threats fluctuate as OCD episodes unfold, and that it is the perceived movement (or not) of the threat that induces distress. Moreover, the dynamism of the threat is conceptualized differently for different subtypes of OCD. This variation can in part be explained by the role of two image schemas in structuring OCD episodes: the SOURCE–PATH–GOAL image schema and the CONTAINER image schema. It is argued that the blanket notion of threat as often investigated in clinical models of OCD is not sensitive enough to capture these shifting perspectives. It is thus recommended that threat perception in OCD is researched as a dynamic, evolving, and highly subjective experience.
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Black, Donald W. "Epidemiology and Genetics of OCD: A Review and Discussion of Future Directions for Research". CNS Spectrums 1, nr 1 (wrzesień 1996): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s109285290000064x.
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AbstractThe author reviews both the epidemiology and the genetics of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). A relatively common disorder, OCD has an onset in late adolescence or early adulthood. Its gender distribution is nearly equal, although women are slightly more likely to develop the disorder. Usually chronic, OCD fluctuates depending on factors including the presence of depressed mood or stressful life events. OCD is associated with substantial psychiatric comorbidity, it affects quality of life, and it affects health care utilization. Many questions remain unanswered, such as whether its natural history has changed with the advent of effective therapies, and to what extent patients with OCD are disabled.There are no adoption studies of OCD, but reports of twins suggest greater monozygotic than dizygotic concordance. Family study results are not entirely consistent, probably because of differences in study methods, but tend to show that OCD is familial. They also show a genetic relationship to subclinical OCD and Tourette's syndrome. Molecular genetic studies are just getting under way. Important issues remain to be answered, including defining the extent of an OCD spectrum of disorders, and determining what constitutes an OCD phenotype.The author concludes by recommending that further studies on OCD involve samples from the general population rather than clinic- or hospital-based samples, which are inherently biased for severity.The past 15 years have been exciting for psychiatric researchers interested in the epidemiology and genetics of OCD. Combined with ongoing development of effective pharmacologic and behavioral treatments, new research in these areas has affected how physicians think about OCD, as well as how we clinically manage patients. More work needs to be done, as many important questions about both the epidemiology and genetics of OCD remain unanswered.
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Ekman, Elizabeth, i Arto J. Hiltunen. "The Cognitive Profile of Persons with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder". Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health 14, nr 1 (30.11.2018): 304–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1745017901814010304.
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Introduction:Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is often comorbid with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). But to what extent can obsessional symptoms in individuals with ASD be considered “genuinely” comorbid OCD – or are there other mechanisms that are related to ASD? Which mechanisms in OCD with and without ASD share common features? People with ASD have a cognitive profile characterized by “mindblindness”; the antecedent is often referred to in terms of not knowing how to perform or behave and this is the cause of discomfort. This raises the question whether individuals with ASD and comorbid OCD share the same cognitive elements of responsibility interpretation and the same fear of causing harm as individuals who merely have OCD.Objective:The aim of the present study is therefore to evaluate the extent of responsibility interpretation in individuals with OCD alone compared with people experiencing OCD in the context of ASD.Methods:Two instruments, the Responsibility Attitude Scale (RAS) and the Responsibility Interpretations Questionnaire (RIQ), were administered to three groups of participants: (i) individuals diagnosed with OCD (n = 32); (ii) individuals with ASD and OCD (n = 19); and (iii) non-clinical control participants (n = 23).Results:Results indicate significant differences in all measures of responsibility belief (interpretation of obsession and assumption of responsibility) between the OCD-only group and the two other groups.Conclusion:The conclusion is that OCD in people with ASD is not as “genuine” as in people with only OCD, according to cognitive behavioral theory of OCD.