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1
Fisher, Elyse. "The process that OCD built". Thesis, University of Iowa, 2018. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6101.
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This thesis paper is about my process as an actor, and how it has evolved during my time here at The University of Iowa. I decided to come to this program to work on many specific things that I had in mind, and during my time here, I learned techniques that I would have never imagined were so beneficial to me as an actor.
I had wonderful training in my Undergraduate degree, and still depend on many of the techniques that I learned there, primarily for my voice, however my training here has helped shape those techniques for better use. My training here has expanded my knowledge of Acting, and has given me tools that I hope never to forget.
My training here has taught me very specific ways about entering the mind and body of a character, but what I find even more fascinating is that this training has forced me to change as an individual, for the better. Not only has my body become stronger from all the work in my Movement classes, but I am a softer, kinder person after these three years, and very grateful as an actor, and as a human being.
2
Hemmings, S. M. J. "Investigating the molecular aetiology of Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and clinically-defined subsets of OCD". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1256.
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Thesis (PhD (Psychiatry))-- Stellenbosch University, 2006.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), a debilitating psychiatric disorder, affects 2-3% of the general population, and represents a global health problem. Evidence from family studies suggests that genetic factors play a role in mediating disease development. However, the pattern of inheritance is not consistent with monogenic disorders, but is “genetically complex”. Case-control association analysis, which facilitates dissection of the genetic aetiology of complex disorders, has yielded many inconsistent results in OCD studies, making identification of predisposing alleles difficult. These discrepant findings can largely be attributed to inappropriate statistical methodology and the lack of OCD phenotypic resolution. Although classified as a single clinical entity according to structured algorithms, OCD probably represents a final common outcome of multiple underlying aetiologies. Thus, numerous clinical subtypes of the disorder have been proposed; these “intermediate” phenotypes may be more closely related to a particular genetic substrate than the higher order construct of OCD. Furthermore, although genes encoding serotonergic (5-HT) and dopaminergic components are most commonly investigated, it is likely that the behavioural manifestations of OCD are mediated by a broader network of interconnected neurotransmitter and signalling pathways. Consequently, the aim of the present study was two-fold: to address the factors that may have confounded previous genetic case-control association studies and to investigate the genetic aetiology of OCD phenotypes while accounting for these factors. Case and control individuals were drawn from the reportedly genetically homogeneous Afrikaner population. However, as no empirical evidence existed to support the absence of genetic substructure, which would confound genetic association studies, a Bayesian modelbased clustering algorithm (Structure), that groups individuals on the basis of observed genotype data, was employed to assess population stratification in both case and control Afrikaner subjects. OCD patients were clinically stratified by gender, symptom severity, age at onset, the presence of selected co-morbid disorders and the presence of selected symptom dimensions, to facilitate the identification of susceptibility genes more closely related with these subtypes. Candidate genes included those coding for components of the 5-HT (5-HT receptors 1Dβ, 2A, 2C and 6), dopaminergic (dopamine receptors 1, 2, 3 and 4, dopamine transporter and catechol-O-methyltransferase [COMT]), glutamatergic (glutamate receptor subunit 2B [GRIN2B]) and neurodevelopmental pathways (brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF] and homeobox 8 [HoxB8]), as well as previously uninvestigated genes (angiotensinconverting enzyme I, inositol-trisphosphate, phospholipase-C-gamma 1 and estrogen receptor alpha). The relationship between variants in these genes and OCD (or OCD subtypes) was investigated in a single locus and a haplotype context, while meta-analyses using published population-based case-control association data were also conducted. Significant associations noted between distinct COMT variants and OCD implicated COMT in the development of a genetically discrete, gender-dependant, early-onset, tic-related phenotype in males. Furthermore, investigations of variations in BDNF and GRIN2B point towards a genetically distinct, neurodevelopmental subtype of the disorder, mediated, in males at least, primarily by dysfunctions in BDNF. The striking gender dimorphism noted in these associations indicates the possibility of an epigenetic hormonal influence. Moreover, the significant association of polymorphisms within GRIN2B, in both a single locus and haplotype context, suggests the involvement of this gene in mediating a phenotypic subtype characterised by an early-onset, more severe form of the disorder. The present investigation forms part of ongoing research to elucidate genetic components involved in the aetiopathology of OCD and OCD-related subtypes. Such studies may pave the way towards more efficacious pharmacotherapeutic strategies, which will ease the suffering of individuals who are afflicted with this incapacitating condition.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Obsessiewe-kompulsiewe steuring (OKS) is 'n aftakelende psigiatriese siektetoestand wat 2- 3% van die algemene bevolking affekteer en 'n globale gesondheidsprobleem verteenwoordig. Familiestudies dui daarop dat genetiese faktore 'n rol in die ontwikkeling van hierdie siekte speel. Die patroon van oorerwing is egter nie verenigbaar met dié van monogeniese siektes nie, maar is geneties "kompleks". Geval-kontrole assosiasie-ontleding, wat die disseksie van die genetiese etiologie van komplekse siektes fasiliteer, het teenstrydige resultate in OKS gelewer en dit bemoeilik die identifikasie van predisponerende allele. Die teenstrydige bevindings kan grootliks aan ontoepaslike statistiese metodiek en die gebrek aan fenotipiese differensiasie in OKS toegeskryf word. Alhoewel dit volgens gestruktureer algoritmes as 'n enkele kliniese entiteit geklassifiseer word, verteenwoordig OKS waarskynlik die eindresultaat van veelvoudige onderliggende oorsake. Baie kliniese subtipes van die toestand is al voorgestel en dié "intermediêre' fenotipes mag nader verwant aan 'n spesifieke genetiese substraat as die hoër orde konsep van OKS wees. Verder, alhoewel die gene wat die serotonergiese (5-HT) en dopaminergiese komponente kodeer meestalondersoek word, is dit waarskynlik dat die gedragsmanifestasies van OKS deur 'n breër netwerk van intergekonnekteerde neuro-oordragstof- en seinoordragpaaie meegebring word Gevolglik was die doel van die huidige studie tweevoudig: om faktore wat vorige genetiese geval-kontrole assossiasie-studies verwar het aan te spreek en om die genetiese etiologie van OKS-fenotipes te ondersoek met in ag neming van hierdie faktore. Geval- en kontrole-individue is gekies uit die Afrikaner-bevolking wat as geneties homogeen beskryf kan word. Daar was geen empiriese bewyse vir die afwesigheid van 'n genetiese substruktuur (wat genetiese assossiasie-studies sou verwar),nie. Daarom is 'n Bayesiese model-gebaseerde groeperings-algoritme (Structure), wat individue op grond van waargenome genotipiese data groepeer, gebruik om die populasie-stratifikasie is beide gevalen kontrole- Afrikaner-individue te bepaal. OKS-pasiënte is klinies gestratifiseer volgens geslag, ernstigheid van simptome, ouderdom by aanvang van simptome, die teenwoordigheid van geselekteerde komorbiede siektetoestande en die teenwoordigheid van geselekteerde simptoomdimensies of -groepe, om die identifikasie van moontlike vatbaarheidsgene wat nader verwant is aan die verskillende subtipes te fasiliteer/vergemaklik. Kandidaatgene het ingesluit: dié wat kodeer vir komponente van die 5-HT-(5-HT reseptore IDB, 2A, 2C and 6), dopaminergiese (dopamienreseptore 1, 2, 3 and 4, dopamien-transporter and katesjol-O-metieltransferase [COMTJ), glutamatergiese (glutamaat-reseptor subeenheid 2B [GRIN2B]) and neuro-ontwikkelingspaaie (brein-gederiveerde neurotrofiese faktor [BDNF] en homeobox 8 [HoxB8]), sowel as die gene wat nie voorheen ondersoek is nie (angiotensien-omsettingsensiem I, inositol-trisfosfaat, fosfolipase-C-gamma 1 en estrogeen-reseptor alpha). Die verhouding tussen variante in hierdie gene en OKS (of OKS-subtipes) is ondersoek in 'n enkel-lokus en haplotipe konteks, en meta-analises, wat gepubliseerde bevolkings-gebaseerde geval-kontrole ontledingsdata gebruik het, is ook gedoen. Beduidende assosiasies gevind tussen spesifieke COMT-variante en OKS in mans, het daarop gedui dat COMT in die ontwikkeling van geneties-diskrete, vroeë-aanvang, senutrekking ("tics") -verwante fenotipe in mans betrokke is. Verder het ondersoeke van variasies in BDNF en GRIN2B daarop gedui dat 'n geneties-afsonderlike, neuro-ontwikkelings-subtipe van.OKS wat, ten minste in mans, primêr deur wanfunksie van BDNF meegebring word. Die opvallende geslags verskil wat in hierdie assosiasies gesien word, dui op die moontlikheid van 'n epigenetiese hormonale invloed. Bowendien, die beduidende assosiasie van polimorfismes in GRIN2B in beide die enkel-lokus en haplotipe konteks, dui op die betrokkenheid van hierdie geen in die meebring van 'n fenotipiese subtipe wat deur 'n vroeë aanvang, en meer ernstige vorm van die siekte gekenmerk word. Die huidige ondersoek vorm deel van voortgesette navorsmg om die genetiese komponente wat betrokke is by die etiopatologie van OKS en OKS-subtipes, bloot te lê. Sodanige studies kan die weg baan na meer doeltreffende farmakoterapeutiese strategieë wat die lyding van indi vidue wat deur hierdie aftakelende toestand geraak word, kan verlig.
3
Noorian, Zahra. "OCD in adolescents: the prevalence and contribution of cognitive beliefs in OCD and other emotional disorders". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284944.
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Esta tesis doctoral tiene tres objetivos;
1) El estudio epidemiológico de la sintomatología obsesiva en adolescentes escolarizados
2) Estudiar el papel de los pensamientos y creencias disfuncionales en adolescentes con sintomatología de TOC
3) Investigar si las cogniciones disfuncionales que se han encontrado en el TOC también se presentan en otros trastornos, concretamente en el trastorno de ansiedad generalizada (GAD), en la fobia social y en la depresión-
Para conseguir estos objetivos se han hecho tres estudios:
Primer estudio
Evaluar la prevalencia de los síntomas obsesivo-compulsivos en una población de 1061 adolescentes entre 12 y 17 años (edad media 3,9) a los que se aplicó el LOI-CV como instrumento de evaluación. Este instrumento consta de dos subescalas, una para evaluar la presencia o ausencia de síntomas y otra para valorar la interferencia de estos síntomas en la vida diaria.
41 sujetos (3,9%) obtuvieron una puntuación de interferencia ≤ 25 y se les denominó “grupo de alta interferencia” y 8 sujetos (0,8%) obtuvieron en la escala de síntomas superior al punto de corte (≥10). Los síntomas más frecuentes y con mayor interferencia fueron, el lavado de manos, la contaminación y la comprobación.
En este estudio se valoró además la relación entre la presencia y gravedad de la sintomatología depresiva (medida con el CDI) y ansiosa (medida con el Scared). La relación resultó significativa con los síntomas de depresión y no significativa con los de ansiedad.
Segundo estudio
Algunas teorías cognitivas del TOC sugieren que la interpretación de los pensamientos juega un papel crucial en el desarrollo del TOC. En este estudio se investiga la asociación entre creencias obsesivas disfuncionales tales como: Sobrestimación del peligro, intolerancia de la incertidumbre, importancia y control del pensamiento, perfeccionismo, fusión pensamiento-acción, con los síntomas obsesivos. 966 adolescentes completaron cuestionarios que miden creencias obsesivas disfuncionales: cuestionario TAF que evalúa la fusión pensamiento - acción y el OBQ-44 que valora las creencias obsesivas disfuncionales, además de cuestionarios para valorar los síntomas de TOC , de depresión y de ansiedad . Los resultados de varios análisis estadísticos indican que todas las dimensiones de los síntomas del TOC evaluados por LOI -CV se asociaron significativamente con todas las creencias obsesivas medidas a través del OBQ -44. Un análisis de regresión lineal muestra que el perfeccionismo y la intolerancia de la incertidumbre se relacionan con la depresión y los síntomas de ansiedad. los síntomas del TOC. Por otra parte, la creencia “TAF –likelihood” es predictora de las compulsiones mentales y las supersticiones.
Tercer estudio
En el tercer estudio , examiné si las creencias obsesivas como la Responsabilidad/Sobrestimación del peligro, Importancia/Control de los pensamientos y Perfeccionismo/Certeza y el Fusión Pensamiento-Acción (TAF) son exclusivos al TOC o también existen en otros trastornos psicológicos como la FS, el TAG y la MDD / distimia.
Por otra parte, la relación entre las creencias obsesivas y variables clínicas como el TOC, la depresión y los síntomas de ansiedad se ha evaluado en diferentes grupos diagnósticos. La muestra se compone de adolescentes con cuatro diagnósticos diferentes: 16 adolescentes con diagnóstico de TOC; 64 adolescentes con FS; 52 adolescentes con TAG; 47 adolescentes con MDD / distimia. El análisis de la varianza (ANOVA) no muestra ninguna diferencia significativa entre diferentes grupos diagnósticos en las creencias obsesivas, medidos por OBQ - 44 y TAF -A. Análisis de correlación revela que todas las creencias obsesivas se correlacionan significativamente con la depresión (CDI- total), la ansiedad (SCARED-total) y los síntomas del TOC (LOI - total). Correlación Bivariada indica que OBQ - total y sus subscalas tienen la mayor correlación con la síntomas obsesivas en grupo de TOC, en comparación con todos los otros grupos diagnósticos.In this doctoral thesis, I have three general objectives: (1) the epidemiological study of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms among Spanish adolescents; (2) studying the contribution of dysfunctional obsessive beliefs in OCD symptoms; (3) studying the specificity of obsessive beliefs to OCD and other psychological disorder like generalized anxiety disorder(GAD), social phobia(FS) and major depression and or distimia (MDD/Distimia) The first study examines the prevalence of OCD symptoms in a population of 1,061 adolescents with the mean age of 13.92. It also investigates the association between anxiety symptoms severity (panic attacks, separation anxiety, social phobia, generalized anxiety and school phobia) and depressive symptom severity. OCD symptoms are assessed by Leyton Obsession Inventory (LOI-CV) questionnaire. Two distinct groups of subjects are defined as being ‘positive’ on the LOI-CV according to Flamment et al. (1988). The first group (called High interference) includes all of the subjects who scored 25 or more in interference regardless of symptom presence score. The second group (called High symptom presence) consists of all subjects with a symptom presence score equal to or above 15 and an interference score of 10 or less. Associated depression and anxiety symptoms severities were measured by the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) and Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI). The results of the first study shows that forty- one subjects (3.9%) showed an interference score of 25 or more (high interference group) while eight students (0.8%) were included in the high symptom presence group. The most prevalent and interfering symptoms were fussy about hands, hating dirt and contamination and going over things a lot. In addition, the association between LOI and depressive symptom severity was significant, while the association between LOI and anxiety symptoms severity was insignificant. Cognitive theories of OCD suggest that interpretation of intrusive thoughts and meanings that are given to them play a crucial role in the development of OCD. The objective of the second study is to investigate the association of dysfunctional obsessive beliefs such as inflated responsibility and overestimation of threat (RT), perfectionism and intolerance of uncertainty (PC), importance and need to control thoughts (ICT) and thought action fusion (TAF) to OCD symptoms in a population of adolescents. In the second study, 966 adolescents with a mean age of 13.89 years completed questionnaires measuring obsessive beliefs, thought-action fusion (TAF) beliefs, and OCD, depression and anxiety symptoms. Findings from various statistical analyses in the second study indicate that all OCD symptom dimensions assessed by LOI-CV were significantly associated with all of the obsessive beliefs measured by OBQ-44. Linear regression analysis shows that perfectionism and intolerance of uncertainty accompanies depression and anxiety symptoms predict all OCD symptoms dimensions. Moreover, TAF-likelihood belief predicts mental compulsion and superstition symptom. In the third study, I examine whether different dysfunctional obsessive beliefs are exclusive to OCD or they also exist in other psychological disorders such as FS, GAD, and MDD/distimia. Moreover, the relation between obsessive beliefs and clinical variables such as OCD, depression, and anxiety symptoms has been assessed in different diagnostic groups. The sample consists of adolescents with four different diagnoses: 16 adolescents with OCD diagnosis; 64 adolescents with FS; 52 adolescents with GAD and 47 adolescents with MDD/distimia. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) shows no significant difference between different diagnostic groups on obsessive beliefs, measured by OBQ-44 and TAF-A. Correlational analysis reveals that all obsessive beliefs significantly correlate with depression (CDI-total), anxiety (SCARED-total) and OCD symptoms (LOI-total). Bivariate correlation indicates that OBQ-total and its subscales (PC and ICT) have the highest correlation with obsessive symptoms in OCD group, compared with all other diagnostic groups.
4
Kartberg, Emma. "OCD and Empathy Games : Using empathy games to inform the public about ODC". Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-17846.
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This research focuses on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and how games focused on making the player feel empathy (empathy games) can increase the public’s general knowledge of the disorder. The disorder is currently commonly misunderstood and is not always taken seriously, something that potentially could hurt those with OCD. The stigma surrounding OCD sometimes makes people avoid getting the help they need, making them suffer in silence. The objective of the research was to define several game design principles that suggests what a developer should focus on when making an empathy game about OCD with the purpose to inform the general public. This was done by analyzing several scientific articles discussing either OCD or empathy games, and concluding the most important parts from them into game design principles. Four game design principles were found; target audience, reality, clarity, and includation. These have not been tested in a practical setting, but can possibly serve as guidelines when making an empathy game focusing on OCD.
5
Jackson, Michelle. "Separation-distress as an affective mechanism of OCD". Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8264.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references (p. 162-171).
In this thesis, a series of four studies were carried out to address the question of whether separation distress (the associated feeling state of the basic emotion substrate PANIC; Panksepp, 1998) is a significant constituent of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). The aim was to characterize more accurately the affective nature of the disorder. Separation-distress and separation trauma were examined in samples of people with high scores on measures of obsessionality and low mood, and in patients with clinical OCD and depression; as well as in control groups. The Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire (Cartwright-Hatton & Wells, 1997) Padua Inventory (Sanavio, 1988), Major Depression Inventory (Olsen, Jensen, Noerholm, Martiny, & Bech, 2003) and Positive and Negative Affect Scales (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) were used to position participants from low- to high-scoring on spectrums of obsessionality and low mood (Studies I and II) and of OCD and depression (Studies III and IV). Participants were then evaluated on measures of separation-distress, using the Separation Anxiety Symptom Inventory (Silove et al., 1993), the Structured Clinical Interview for Separation Anxiety Symptoms (Cyranowski et al., 2002), the Adult Separation Anxiety Checklist (Manicavasagar, Silove, Wagner, & Drobny, 2003) and the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (Davis, Panksepp, & Normansell, 2003). Descriptive and inferential statistics, including correlational analysis, independent and dependent t tests and mediation, confirmed that separation-distress is significantly and consistently higher in those who score higher on obsessionality and low mood, as well as in patients with OCD and depression. Heightened separation-distress is therefore strongly implicated in both OCD and depression. It was also found to be a critical variable in the well-recognized comorbidity of the two disorders. Chisquare contingency analysis was performed on the categorical data collected for early separation trauma experiences. The results showed that the development of OCD and/or depression in adulthood is highly contingent on the experience of separation trauma during critical early life periods. The main hypothesis, that separation-distress is a central affective mechanism of OCD, was confirmed.
6
Monzani, Benedetta. "Predisposing and maintaining factors in OCD and hoarding disorder". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2018. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/predisposing-and-maintaining-factors-in-ocd-and-hoarding-disorder(428674c4-39e2-4980-b192-d69abff4cb6c).html.
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Background: The causes of Hoarding Disorder, a newly recognised psychiatric disorder, are unknown. A number of recent twin studies have suggested that hoarding symptoms are heritable but heritability estimates vary across studies and the reasons for this remain unclear. Findings from two recent twin studies have suggested a dynamic picture with age- and gender-specific risk factors accounting for the variation across studies. Aim: The present systematic review aims to provide the first, comprehensive, and up-to-date review of twin studies of hoarding symptoms, with a view of clarifying and shedding light on gender- and age-related changes in heritability for HD. Methods: PubMed, PsycINFO, Medline, Embase, and Web of Science were searched up to March 2016 using relevant key search and MeSH terms, according to PRISMA guidelines. The quality of studies was assessed using a revised 11-items checklist for cross-sectional/prevalence studies assessing the three major domains of risk of bias. Results: a total of six studies met inclusion criteria. The methodological quality of included studies was moderate-to-high for selection and methodological bias, but overall poor for confounding bias. Genetic factors play an important role in the aetiology of hoarding symptoms across all studies. Genetic factors seem to play a stable and significant role for male hoarding behaviours. For women, on the other hand, these influences appear to vary across development, with shared environmental factors predisposing young females to hoarding symptoms and genes playing a more influential role only later in life. Conclusions: hoarding symptoms are moderately heritable; the extent of genetic influences on hoarding however is likely to change during development and differ between genders. The current review supports genetic research and further examination of environmental factors predisposing individuals to hoarding symptoms. More research, including longitudinal twin studies, is needed to conclusively identify and compare risk factors for hoarding across genders and age groups.
7
Džiaugytė, Emilija. "Arklių OCD (osteochondritis dissecans) kulno sąnario rentgeninių pakitimų analizė". Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140305_141607-53234.
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Tyrimas buvo atliekamas Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universiteto, Veterinarijos akademijos, Stambiųjų gyvulių klinikoje. Pasirinktas tyrimo objektas, šlubuojančių arklių kulno sąnarys; metodika pirminis klinikinis tyrimas bei rentgenologinis tyrimas. Tiriamoji arklių grupė buvo sudaryta iš arklių, kurie buvo pasirinkti atsitiktiniu būdu. Įvairių veislių, lyčių ir amžiaus. Arklių kulno sąnarys yra vienas iš judamojo aparato – sudėtingas mechanizmas. Sudarytas iš kelių kaulų junginio ir sudaro vienaašį sudėtinį sąnarį (sraigtinis/sudėtinis). Blauzdikaulio, kulnies ir pėdos kaulų junginys. Šis sudėtinis judamasis mechanizmas dažnai paveikiamas Osteochondritis dissecans patologijos, kuris kelia arkliams skausmingą diskomforto jausmą ir gyvulys į šį dirgiklį atsako šlubavimu. Arklių kulno sąnario Osteochondritis dissecans dažniausiai diagnozuojamas sportiniams žirgams (56,53 proc.) dėl neadekvataus gyvulio jėgų išnaudojimo arba spartaus kumeliuko augimo ir nesubalansuoto jam tinkamo raciono. Taip pat nustatyta, jog kulno sąnario OCD diagnozuojama eržilams/kastratams (75 proc.) daugiau, nei kumelėms (25 proc.). Tyrimo metu paaiškėjo, jog kulno sąnario OCD pažeidimai lokalizavosi tiek pas eržilus/kastratus, tiek kumeles, daugiausiai kairiajame kulno sąnaryje (58,33 proc.), o dešinės kulno sąnario kojos pažeidimų aptikta procentine išraiška mažiau (33,33 proc.).The study was conducted in Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Veterinary Academy, Large Animal Clinic. The selected object of research was lame horse hock joint; method - initial clinical examination and radiographic analysis. The exploratory group of equines consisted of horses which were selected incidentally: various breeds, genders and age. Horse hock joint is one of the apparatus of locomotion which is a complex mechanism. It is composed of a compound of several bones to form a one-axis composite joint (screw/composite). It consists of combination of tibia, hock and foot bones. This complex locomotor mechanism is often affected by the pathology of Osteochondritis dissecans which causes painful feeling of discomfort for horses and consequently, they respond to this irritant by lameness. Horse Osteochondritis dissecans most often is diagnosed for racing and sports horses (56.53 percent) due to inadequate exploitation of animal strength, rapid growth of foal and improper diet. It was also found that OCD was diagnosed in stallions/geldings (75 percent) more than in mares (25 percent). The study revealed that OCD lesions localized to both stallions/geldings and mares, mostly on the left hock joint (58.33 percent), while the lesions of hock joint of the right leg were detected by a percentage less (33.33 percent).
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Mavrothalassitis, Mariaan Janet. "Trauma and the pathogenesis of OCD : a literature review". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52593.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the most recognised mental disorder stemming from severe psychological trauma. One of the differential diagnoses of post-traumatic stress disorder, amongst others, is obsessive-compulsive disorder (OGD). These two disorders overlap at some point in terms of symptomatology. More specifically, both are characterized by recurrent intrusive thoughts. It has been hypothesized that trauma may also be a significant source of OGD development. OGD and PTSD are disorders that present in adulthood, as well as in childhood and adolescence. It is shown that PTSD and OGD can present comorbidly in adulthood and it is theorized that it may also be the case in childhood and adolescence. Evidence of OGD developing in the context of trauma and theories of how this might have happened are presented. It is shown how complicated it is to distinguish between OGD developing in the wake of trauma and PTSD and the importance of such a distinction.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Post-traumatiese Stresversteurig (PTSD) is een van die mees erkende sielkundigeversteurings wat ontwikkel na die blootstelling aan sielkundige trauma. Obsessiewe-kompulsieweversteuring (OGD) is, onder andere, een van die differensiële diagnoses van PTSD. Die twee versteurings oorvleuel ten opsigte van simptomalogie. Meer spesifiek word beide gekenmerk deur herhalende indringende gedagtes. Daar word tans gehipotiseer dat trauma nie net 'n rol in die ontwikkeling van PTSD speel nie maar ook 'n oorsaaklike rol het in die ontwikkeling van OGD. OGD en PTSD is versteurings wat kan voorkom tydens volwassenheid, asook tydens die kinderjare en adolessensie. Daar word bewys gedoen van PTSD en OGD wat saam voorkom gedurende volwassenheid en daar word geteoretiseer dat dit ook die geval mag wees tydens die kinderjare en adolessensie. Bewys word gelewer van OGD wat ontwikkel na blootstelling aan trauma en teorië ten opsigte van die ontwikkeling word aangebied. Die onderskeid tussen OGD wat na trauma blootstelling ontwikkel en PTSD is ingewikkeld, dog is die onderskeid baie belangrik in vele opsigte.
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Lipton, M. "Phenomenology of intrusive imagery in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2008. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444223/.
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The study of intrusive mental imagery in anxiety is a growing area of interest. Whilst there is an appreciation of the variation in thematic content (Hirsch & Holmes, 2007), less is understood about the wider phenomenology and function of intrusive imagery across the anxiety disorders. The aim of the review is to adopt a transdiagnostic perspective, and compare and contrast the literature on intrusive imagery in anxiety in terms of the content, prevalence, frequency and characteristics. In addition, a further aim is to present preliminary findings concerning the function of imagery across the spectrum of disorders. The final section of the review summarises the conclusions and suggests areas for future examination.
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Mcilwham, Harriet. "Factors influencing treatment outcome in young people with OCD : the relationship between parental psychopathology, parent relationship indicators, child inflated responsibility and OCD symptomology". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2013. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/48749/.
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Background: Salkovskis et al. (1999) proposed a number of pathways to the development of inflated responsibility and OCD, one of which was based upon the parent-child relationship. More recently, this relationship has also been shown to affect treatment outcome. The aim of the study was to explore how the parent relationship, parent psychopathology, inflated responsibility and OCD symptoms may affect treatment outcome, and consider whether this varied according to parental involvement in treatment. Method: This study used a correlational design. The study used forty young people (aged 12-17) who had previously been enrolled on a randomised controlled trial (RCT) that compared individual and parent-enhanced CBT. Indicators of parental relationship, namely criticism and empathy, were coded from therapy recordings and how these affected treatment outcome within the trial was examined. Coding was based upon established measures of expressed emotion. Results: The results indicated that parental criticism does not play a role in predicting treatment outcome. However, parental empathy did predict treatment outcome, but only when parents were involved in therapy. There were no significant relationships between parental psychopathology and parent relationship indicators, nor did any relationships exist between parental relationship indicators and either inflated responsibility or OCD symptomology, as proposed by Salkvoskis et al. (1999). iii Conclusions: These findings fail to support the assumption that parental criticism is associated with a worse outcome for children and adolescents receiving treatment for OCD. A unique finding is the role parental empathy plays in improved outcome, but only when the parent is involved in treatment. Methodological problems are considered, and the clinical and theoretical implications discussed. Recommendations regarding future research are then considered.
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Norberg, Kristin, i Christina Nyberg. "Personers upplevelser av att leva med tvångssyndrom, OCD : En litteraturstudie". Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-72638.
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Psykisk ohälsa är något som blir allt vanligare och vanligare i vårt samhälle. Människor mår allt sämre. Att lida av en psykisk sjukdom kan vara oerhört tungt för personen och dennes familj. I vårt samhälle finns fortfarande en stigmatisering kring att lida av en psykisk sjukdom, även om detta har förbättrats de senaste åren. Dock finns en stereotyp bild kvar. Tvångssyndrom (OCD) är ett psykiskt tillstånd som är relativt okänt hos allmänheten. Detta trots att sjukdomen är vanlig. Tillståndet innefattar mycket mer än bara själva tvånget, och kan begränsa personen på många sätt i vardagen. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var därför att undersöka personers upplevelser av att leva med OCD. För att svara på syftet valdes en kvalitativ metod. Genom systematiska litteratursökningar i databaserna PubMed CINAHL och PsycInfo valdes åtta vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativt innehåll ut. Analysen genomfördes med kvalitativ manifest innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats, vilken resulterade i fyra kategorier: att sträva efter kontroll och säkerhet, att hela ens tillvaro påverkas, att vilja vara som alla andra och söka förklaringar och vikten av förståelse och stöd. I resultatet framkom det hur svårt det var att leva ett fungerande liv, vad gäller jobb, skola, familjeliv. Även de mest grundläggande saker kunde bli en stor påfrestning på grund av tvånget och behovet att söka försäkran. Personer med OCD beskrev att samhället inte hade kunskapen samt förståelsen som behövdes. Därför förespråkar författarna till denna studie, ytterligare kunskap inom tillståndet OCD för att som sjuksköterskor kunna arbeta personcentrerat kring dessa personer, för att sprida kunskap i ämnet och få bort den tabubelagda stämpeln.
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Bond, M. "Experiences of mindfulness for clients with OCD : an IPA study". Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2015. http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/25939/.
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Mindfulness has been proposed as a potential treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), a debilitating condition that for many is life-long. However, it is not clear whether, and how, mindfulness is experienced as helpful by OCD sufferers. The aim of this research was to explore the experiences of people with OCD who used mindfulness practices in order to investigate these questions. A study into how mindfulness is experienced within the context of OCD is important to establish how OCD sufferers apply mindfulness both in the treatment of their OCD and more generally in their lives; to hear from them what understanding they have about how mindfulness affects their OCD; and to discover what they perceive as helpful or unhelpful. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (Smith, Flowers & Larkin, 2009) was used to analyse semi-structured interview transcripts from seven participants (3 men, 4 women) who had lived with OCD for between 2 and 45 years and who had used mindfulness from four months to five years. The analysis revealed that while mindfulness was not a cure for OCD, all the participants considered it to be a beneficial adjunct to, or replacement for, the existing treatment for OCD. Mindfulness helped participants change their relationship to intrusive thoughts and develop a new way of being more comfortable with themselves and their OCD. This finding has added to the limited research that has shown mindfulness practice can be a useful addition to the treatment for OCD. However, this study also found that mindfulness could, for some, become incorporated into the OCD in ways that might be considered unhelpful (see journal article). The thesis discussion focuses on two main areas. First, it examines how the participants' lived experience of OCD sits alongside the dominant models of OCD outlined in the literature review. Second, the finding that there are possible areas of concern for the use of mindfulness is addressed within a more general discussion of whether mindfulness is useful just as a technique in the treatment of OCD. The discussion concludes with some implications for clinical practice and recommendations for further research.
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von, Strunck Hilmar. "Exploration of the Relationship between OCD and Parenting Style Subtypes". ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2017.
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Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is an illness that significantly reduces the quality of life of those affected by the disorder. Current and past research has established a relationship between an authoritarian parenting style and the development of OCD. There is an absence of research regarding the influence of parenting styles on the development of different subtypes of OCD. This study examined the relationship of Baumrind's parenting styles (permissive, authoritarian, and restrictive) as gathered from participant answers on the Parenting Behavior Questionnaire and the OCD subtypes (contamination, harm, unwanted thoughts, and symmetry) as gathered from participant answers to the Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale. Participants were 140 members of OCD Foundations within the United States, between the ages of 18 and 69, who self-selected to take the online survey that was linked to them by an e-mail from the foundations. A one-way between subjects ANOVA showed no significant difference between the 3 parenting styles and the 4 subtypes of OCD. Future studies should use a clinical sample that isolates participants for the specific diagnosed OCD subtypes. This isolation would eliminate the limitation of this study that had participants answering questions across all subtypes, regardless of their diagnosis. This study may impact social change by furthering the discussion of how parenting and OCD may be related, thus helping scholars, educators, and other professionals to be more proactive in guiding parents when raising their children.
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Stobie, Blake. "Therapist and patient beliefs associated with OCD treatment and treatment outcome". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2009. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/therapist-and-patient-beliefs-associated-with-ocd-treatment-and-treatment-outcome(e9700445-0e37-49af-bf77-ca85ec1b0f14).html.
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Challacombe, Fiona. "OCD in the postnatal period : an investigation of the impact on mothers, parenting & infants". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2014. http://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/ocd-in-the-postnatal-period(46b72f29-53b6-444a-9592-15447817b0a2).html.
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Background: OCD is a relatively common and often disabling disorder that can have serious effects for the sufferer and those around them. Mothers may be more vulnerable to developing OCD after having a child, yet nothing is known about the adverse consequences on parenting and infants, and further if treatment ameliorates such effects. Patterns of help-seeking and treatment in this group are not well described. Method: Study 1: Community mothers defined on a screener as low (n=33) or high (n=16) risk of developing OCD were assessed in detail antenatally and at six and twelve months postnatally using questionnaires, clinical interview and observed mother-infant interactions. The development of symptomatology was compared in the two groups. Study 2: A group of 34 mothers with postnatally occurring OCD were recruited and assessed using the same methodology and compared with the low risk group in order to clearly delineate the effect on parenting of OC symptomatology. Study 3: In a pilot randomized controlled trial to establish the effect of treatment on both symptoms and parenting, mothers with OCD received intensive CBT or treatment as usual following 6m assessment, with reassessment at 12m. Results: (1) 3/16 high risk mothers and no low risk mothers had OCD at six months. However, 2/3 lost the diagnosis by twelve months. (2) Mothers with OCD were less sensitive in interactions (ES=0.8) and reported interference with parenting. (3) CBT was successful in ameliorating symptoms (ES=0.92-1.09). However, interactions were unchanged by treatment. The distribution of attachment categories was similar in both clinical groups and healthy controls. Conclusions: An antenatal screening measure detected women who developed OCD at 6m. The diagnosis was not stable at 12m. OCD affects parenting and interactions. Although CBT was effective in this group, mother-infant interactions did not improve. However, attachment was unaffected.
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Wenaas, Christoffer. "Psykotiske og schizotype symptomer i tvangslidelse : Prevalens, diagnosespesifisitet og relasjon til psykoterapi". Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Psykologisk institutt, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-26538.
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Tvangs- og psykoselidelser er antatt å overlappe på både biologiske og fenomenologiske områder. Det er også funnet at symptomer på psykose og schizotyp lidelse kan predisponere pasienter med OCD for utvikling av psykotiske lidelser og schizotyp lidelse. Dette gjør det relevant å undersøke prevalensen av psykotiske og schizotype symptomer i OCD-populasjonen. Denne studien undersøkte prevalens av psykotiske og schizotype symptomer blant OCD-pasienter uten komorbid psykotisk lidelse (n = 133), en generell pasientgruppe uten psykotiske lidelser (n = 110) og friske kontroller (n = 855). Sammenhengen mellom psykotiske og schizotype symptomer, og tvangssymptomer, behandlingsutfall, samt effekten av psykoterapi for OCD på psykotiske og schizotype symptomer, ble også undersøkt. Resultatene viste at symptomer på psykose og schizotyp lidelse var like tilstede i begge pasientpopulasjonene. Slike symptomer var svakt til moderat korrelert med tvangssymptomer i OCD-utvalget, men denne sammenhengen forsvant ved kontroll for depressive symptomer. Pasienter med høy grad av psykotiske og schizotype symptomer hadde ikke redusert behandlingsrespons når depressive symptomer ble kontrollert for. Psykoterapi for OCD medførte en signifikant reduksjon av tvangsmessige, depressive, psykotiske og schizotype symptomer. Resultatene tyder på at psykotiske og schizotype symptomer er knyttet til flere mentale lidelser og ikke spesifikt til OCD. Høyere nivåer av psykotiske og schizotype symptomer er ikke assosiert med redusert behandlingsrespons blant OCD-pasienter. Det ser ikke ut til at et spesifikt fokus mot psykotiske og schizotype symptomer behøves for at ERP for OCD skal lykkes for denne pasientgruppen.
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Dallimore, Sian. "An investigation of perceptions of OCD, caregiver burden, distress and accommodation". Thesis, University of Bath, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.675707.
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Main Research Project: An investigation of perceptions of OCD, caregiver burden, distress and accommodation. Caring for someone with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder has a demonstrated impact on psychological distress and quality of life. Relatives often struggle to know how best to help and it has been suggested that most engage in some form of accommodation of symptoms. Given the impact of OCD on carers, and the potentially detrimental effects of symptom accommodation and interpersonal difficulties on treatment outcome, it seems appropriate to include family members in treatments, but it is not yet fully understood which factors contribute to these interpersonal difficulties. The self-regulation model suggests that carers’ perceptions of an individual’s difficulties will have implications for both emotional and behavioural responses. For this purpose, individuals with OCD and their caregivers completed questionnaires to assess their appraisals of OCD, psychological distress, perceived criticism, caregiver burden and family accommodation. Caregiver perceptions of severe consequences of OCD were associated with increased perceived burden, whereas perceptions of chronicity and consequences were both independently associated with higher levels of caregiver psychological distress. Caregiver appraisals of OCD were not associated with levels of accommodation, but the appraisals of personal control held by the individual with OCD were, with lower perceived control associated with more accommodation. These findings suggest that aspects of the self-regulation model can be used to understand that appraisals of the chronicity, consequences and control one has over OCD can influence the distress of caregivers and also the extent to which they engage in potentially unhelpful accommodating behaviours. It is hoped that this model can help therapists to fine-tune the already efficacious treatments available. Service Improvement Project Improving Multidisciplinary Clinical Discussion on an Inpatient Mental Health Ward Purpose – Multidisciplinary team (MDT) clinical supervision is being used in many mental health services but at present has not received adequate attention by researchers in order to generate evidence based approaches. This paper aims to explore the utility and staff perspectives of an MDT model of clinical supervision in the form of a “Clinical Discussion Group” (CDG) on an acute inpatient mental health ward within the context of the current literature on the components of effective supervision in order to make recommendations for practice. Design/Methodology/Approach – Twelve members of staff working on the ward were interviewed to gather their perspective on attendance, helpful aspects, outcomes, unhelpful aspects, and changes. Interview transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis. Findings - eleven themes were identified, three within “The Group and how it operates” (Attendance, Discussion Topics and Facilitation), five within “Impact and Usefulness” (Valued by Staff, Understanding a Case, Emotional Benefit, Learning and Working together as a Team) and three within “Changes to the Group” (Organisation, Discussion Topic and Group Outcomes). Originality/Value – This paper explores the benefits and challenges of a CDG from the perspective of the staff who attend. It presents some recommendations for good practice which should be of use to managers and supervisors who wish to use team supervision to improve patient outcomes and also makes suggestions for future research in this field. Critical Review of the Literature Involving the wider system in skills-based treatments for Borderline Personality Disorder: A systematic review The transactional model of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) describes how both individual factors and systemic factors influence each other reciprocally to contribute towards the development and maintenance BPD. As such, treatments involving family members or carers have the potential to result in better outcomes. This paper reviews evidence for the effectiveness of involving family systems in skills based treatment approaches for BPD. A systematic search yielded 17 studies of 3 different skills based interventions that included members of the patients’ system: Dialectical Behaviour Therapy- Adolescents (DBT-A); Systems Training for Emotional Predictability and Problem Solving (STEPPS); and Family Connections. Each of the 3 types of intervention were effective in significantly reducing symptoms of BPD. However the heterogeneity of the research available limits the conclusions that can be drawn regarding the additive benefit of involving the wider system. More rigourous research designs focusing on the comparison of skills based interventions with and without systemic components will enable the identification of the mechanisms through which systemic involvement can improve outcomes for people with BPD.
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Budajeva, Snezjana. "OCD as behavioral addiction and the reward process : A systematic review". Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-20174.
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Studies have shown that aberrant activity in some brain regions involved in the pathology of OCD overlaps similarly with individuals with addiction disorders. The reduced anxiety following a compulsion together with findings of diminished activation in the striatum during reward anticipation proposes a view of OCD being a behavior addiction. To investigate if there are consistent results across studies that support this view a systematic search of the literature was conducted. The keywords in the final search string used were: Obsessive-compulsive disorder, OCD, reward, risk, functional MRI, MRI, fMRI. Databases used for the search were Web of Science and PubMed. The inclusion criteria were studies that compared the neural activity during the anticipation phase of reward between OCD patients and healthy controls. The intervention and brain imaging used in the included studies were the monetary incentive delay task and fMRI. The main data extracted were the alterations in the striatum. Four studies were included in this review with inconsistent results. Three studies did not find any significant difference between OCD and healthy controls and therefore the findings in principle did not support the view of OCD being a behavior addiction. However, differences in study design between studies could be an explanation for the conflicting findings.
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Robson, Stacey. "Maladaptive cognitive processes during exposure in people with OCD (checking subtype)". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2007. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2048/.
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Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) is regarded as one of the most efficacious psychological treatments of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and is recommended in the recent National Institute for Clinical Excellence guidelines (NICE, 2006). Despite this, comparative studies have consistently shown CBT to be no more effective than Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP; McLean et al., 2001). Recently, cognitive theories of OCD have identified specific cognitive mechanisms involved in symptom-based subtypes of OCD (OCCWG, 1997,2005). It is possible that specifically targeting these mechanisms may increase the efficacy of the cognitive component of treatment (McKay et al., 2004). This study aims to expand on recent research that suggests that repeated checking behaviours are maladaptive coping strategies that serve to maintain the difficulty (Rachman, 2002). Because previous research suggests that individuals with checking rituals are more likely to have an intolerance of uncertainty (Tolin et al., 2003), it is possible that they will also use specific cognitive safety behaviours to try to manage their anxiety during exposure. The current study hypothesized that the use of a memory search and a reasoning task during exposure would lead to a decrease in memory detail and confidence,and an increase in urge to check and anxiety. Data were collected from five participants currently on the waiting list for clinical psychology services. A single case experimental design with counterbalancing was used to test each hypothesis. The results of the study were mixed and showed little change in all four experimental conditions. Furthermore, mean change scores were inconsistent with the research hypotheses. That is, the use of a memory search and a reasoning task did not appear to have a maladaptive effect. The clinical and research implications of the results are discussed along with several limitations of the study. On the basis of the findings, it was concluded that OCD is a heterogeneousd isorder and that further research is needed to examine the suitability of subtyping in OCD and the implications this has for treatment.
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Mulcahy, Melissa Anne. "Understanding Perinatal Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): From prevention to clinical practice". Thesis, Curtin University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/85011.
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This thesis investigated the role of metacognitive beliefs in perinatal obsessive-compulsive disorder (or OCD), including in explaining the onset of OCD in new mothers. It evaluated a novel primary prevention intervention for reducing metacognitive beliefs associated with the onset of OCD symptoms in the postpartum period. Health practitioners’ ability to recognise and respond effectively to perinatal OCD symptoms were also explored, and the thesis made recommendations for clinical education and supervision in perinatal OCD.
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Chilvers, Rebecca. "Different for Dads? : the association between paternal OCD, parenting and child functioning". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2013. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/different-for-dads-the-association-between-paternal-ocd-parenting-and-child-functioning(b3be0f79-4b6c-4fbc-a16a-5e3acc201d77).html.
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This thesis aims to add to the literature on psychological factors in the development of OCD and the impact of paternal OCD on children. It is concerned with examining parenting style and behaviours in fathers with OCD as a potential route to OCD 'transmission' and psychological distress in their children as well as examining the perceived impact of having OCD on parenting. It follows from a preliminary study by Challacombe & Salkovskis (2009) examining these factors in mothers with OCD. Fathers have received little attention in psychological research, yet emerging evidence suggests their role in child rearing and effect on children in the case of psychological disorder may be different to that of the mother. 14 fathers with OCD were compared to 20 healthy control fathers. Perception of impact of OCD on parenting was ascertained by questionnaires given to fathers and mothers. Measures of general parenting behaviours and parenting in OCD-specific scenarios, involvement in parenting and levels of expressed emotion (ascertained using a speech sample) were compared to control fathers. Parents also completed questionnaires on their child's general well being, and children completed questionnaires measuring anxiety and OCD related symptoms. Findings revealed that fathers viewed OCD as having a significant impact on their parenting, to a greater degree than mothers. Fathers' perception of impact was unrelated to self-reported OCD severity. Although thematic analysis of speech samples revealed fathers' concern about the effect on their children, their offspring showed no elevated rate of OCD symptomatology. However they showed lower social and school competence, greater social problems, significantly increased internalising problems and increased anxiety, including separation anxiety and panic. Whilst fathers with OCD showed higher rates of expressed emotion, there were no differences in general or specific parenting behaviours, nor clear associations between aspects of parenting and child functioning. Findings are discussed in the context of social learning theory and the role of the father in facilitating social exploration and development. Clinical implications are also discussed.
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Norman, Luke Joseph. "Comparison of brain function and structure between paediatric OCD and ADHD patients". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2017. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/comparison-of-brain-function-and-structure-between-paediatric-ocd-and-adhd-patients(b5dafadb-0fb4-4dac-8a9a-9eff036beaf7).html.
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This thesis examined whether the neural underpinnings of common deficits in inhibitory control, sustained attention, and decision-making are the same or disorder-specific in ADHD and OCD. It contains a comparative multi-modal meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies of grey matter volume and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of inhibitory control in ADHD and OCD and a fMRI study comparing adolescents with ADHD, adolescents with OCD and healthy control adolescents during (i) sustained attention (ii) temporal discounting and (iii) gambling. The meta-analysis showed disorder-specific functional and structural abnormalities in basal ganglia and insula, which were reduced in ADHD but increased in OCD relative to controls, and in frontal regions, where rostro-dorsal medial frontal regions were disorder-specifically decreased in structure and function in OCD, but where inferior lateral prefrontal regions were disorder-specifically underactive in ADHD. During sustained attention, patients showed disorder-specific abnormalities in task-relevant and default mode networks. ADHD patients showed disorder-specific lateral prefrontal while OCD patients showed disorder-specific medial frontal deficits. In the default mode network, patients with OCD showed disorder-specific abnormalities in ventromedial and patients with ADHD in rostromedial regions. During temporal discounting, both patient groups shared underactivation in fronto-striato-insular-cerebellar regions responsible for self-control and temporal foresight, suggesting that choice impulsivity is mediated by largely shared neural dysfunctions in both disorders. OCD patients showed disorder-exclusive dysfunction in orbitofrontal and rostrolateral prefrontal cortex. During a gambling task, patients with ADHD and OCD showed shared underactivation in the ventral striatum during advantageous choices, but OCD patients showed disorder-specific underactivation in ventromedial orbitofrontal cortex. Patient groups shared underactivation in medial prefrontal cortex to loss outcomes, and in putamen and precueus to wins, relative to controls. In conclusion, findings suggest partially shared but largely disorder-specific neural dysfunction during in ADHD and OCD.
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Watson, Hunna J. "Clinical and research developments in the treatment of paediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder". Thesis, Curtin University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2374.
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It is of crucial importance to identify and disseminate effective treatments for paediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). OCD is time-consuming and distressing, and can substantially disable functioning at school, at home, and with peers (Piacentini, 2003). Children who do not receive treatment are at risk of psychological difficulties in adulthood, including continued OCD, clinical anxiety and depression, personality disorders, and social maladjustment (Wewetzer et al., 2001). Two-thirds of adult cases of OCD develop in childhood, and adults with OCD have lower employment, poorer academic achievement, and lower marital rates compared to non-OCD adults (Hollander et al., 1996; Koran, 2000; Lensi et al., 1996; Steketee, 1993). The distressing nature of OCD in childhood, accompanying psychosocial impairment and risk of future psychopathology, underscore the need to identify effective treatments. The primary aim of this thesis was to expand knowledge of evidence-based treatments for paediatric OCD. A mixed-methodology approach was employed to examine key issues in this area. The first study used meta-analytic methodology to determine the evidence supporting available treatments for paediatric OCD. An extensive literature search revealed over 100 published reports of treatments, encompassing a broad array of theoretical approaches and treatment strategies. Examples of treatments used for paediatric OCD included psychodynamic therapy, pharmacotherapy, cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), hypnosis, family therapy, immunotherapy, and homeopathy.Study 1 comprised the first known meta-analysis of randomised, controlled treatment trials (RCTs) for paediatric OCD. Included studies were limited to RCTs as they are the most scientifically valid means for determining treatment efficacy and provide a more accurate estimate of treatment effect by removing error variance associated with confounding variables. The literature search identified 13 RCTs containing 10 pharmacotherapy to control comparisons (N = 1016) and 5 CBT to control comparisons (N = 161). Random effects modelling yielded statistically significant pooled effect size (ES) estimates for pharmacotherapy (ES = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.36 to 0.61, p < .00001) and CBT (ES = 1.45, 95% CI = 0.68 to 2.22, p =.002). The results support the efficacy of CBT and pharmacotherapy, and confirm these approaches as the only two evidence-based treatments for paediatric OCD. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed. The effectiveness of CBT provided impetus to further examine this treatment. Group CBT is an understudied treatment modality among children with OCD. It was hypothesised that group CBT would possess efficacy because of the effectiveness of individual CBT for children with OCD, the demonstrated effectiveness of group CBT among adults with OCD, the practical and therapeutic advantages afforded by a group treatment approach, and the embeddedness of the approach in robust psychological theory. The aim of the second study was to evaluate the efficacy of group CBT. The study comprised the largest known conducted randomised, placebo-controlled trial of group CBT for paediatric OCD.Twenty-two children and adolescents with a primary diagnosis of OCD were randomly assigned to a 12-week program of group CBT or a credible psychological placebo. Children were assessed at baseline, end of treatment, and at 1 month follow-up. Outcome measures included the Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, global measures of OCD severity, Children’s Depression Inventory, and parent- and child-rated measures of psychosocial functioning. An intention-to-treat analysis revealed that children in the group CBT condition had statistically significantly lower levels of symptomatology at posttreatment and follow-up compared to children in the placebo condition. Analysis of clinical significance showed that 91% of children that received CBT were ‘recovered’ or ‘improved’ at follow-up, whereas 73% of children in the placebo condition were ‘unchanged’. Effect size analysis using Cohen’s d derived an effect of 1.14 and 1.20 at posttreatment and follow-up, respectively. These effects are comparable to results from studies of individual CBT. This study supported group CBT as an effective treatment modality for paediatric OCD and demonstrated that the effect extends beyond placebo and nonspecific treatment factors. In addition to treatment efficacy, the inherent worth of a treatment lies in its adoption by the relevant clinical population. Children with OCD are known to be secretive and embarrassed about symptoms, and there is often a long delay between onset of symptoms and treatment-seeking (Simonds & Elliot, 2001). An important observation during the course of conducting the RCT was that a high rate (39%) of eligible families declined participation.This led to the question, "What barriers prevent participation in group CBT for paediatric OCD?" Qualitative methodology was employed to address this research question. Eligible families that had declined participation in the RCT were contacted and invited to participate in semi-structured interviews that explored reasons for non-participation and positive and negative perceptions of group CBT. The average time between non-participation and interview was 1.33 years (SD = 3 months). Data were collected from nine families and thematic analysis methodology was utilised to identify emergent themes. Failure to participate was predicted by practical and attitudinal barriers. Practical barriers included a lack of time, distance, severity of OCD symptoms, financial, and child physical health. Attitudinal barriers included child embarrassment about OCD symptoms, child belief that therapy would be ineffective, fear of the social aspect of the group, lack of previous success with psychology, lack of trust in strangers, parental concern about the structure of the group, denial of a problem, and ‘not being ready for it’. Attitudinal barriers more frequently predicted treatment non-participation. Positive and negative perceptions of this treatment modality were informative. Parents showed no differences in preference for individual or group CBT. An important finding was that 56% of the children had not received treatment since parental expression of interest in the group CBT program. Application of the findings to methods that promote service utilisation is discussed.
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Fruehauf, Lindsay Morgan. "Cognitive Control and Context Maintenance in Individuals with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2019. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8476.
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Context maintenance, an aspect of cognitive control, is the internal representation and utilization of task-relevant information that helps achieve task goals. Alterations in context maintenance may be responsible for the cognitive difficulties seen in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). We used two tasks designed to measure context maintenance: a) the cued-Stroop, a single-trial version of Golden’s Stroop test that varies the cue for each trial (color-naming or word-reading), and b) the AX-CPT task, a continuous performance task that has participants respond to an “A” only when followed by an “X,” with all other non-target trials labeled as AY, BX, and BY (and “Y” and “B” representing all non-X and non-A letters, respectively). Participants included 31 people with OCD and 30 psychiatrically-healthy controls that completed a neuropsychological test battery, self-report questionnaires measuring mood and symptom severity, and the computerized cued-Stroop and AX-CPT tasks. There was a 1s or 5s delay between the cue and probe for both tasks so as to vary the duration of context maintenance. We conducted a 2 (Group) x 2 (Delay) x 3 (Trial Type) repeated measures ANOVA for the cued-Stroop and a 2 (Group) x 2 (Delay) x 4 (Trial Type) repeated measures ANOVA for the AX-CPT. Dependent measures included median reaction times (RT) and mean error rates (ER). Both groups showed a congruency effect for the cued-Stroop, with slower RTs and greater ERs for the incongruent trials than the neutral and congruent trials, as well as lower ERs for BY trials compared to BX and AY trials of the AX-CPT task. There were no significant differences in RTs or ERs between groups for delay or condition for the cued-Stroop (ps > .45) or for the AX-CPT (ps > .07). The present study shows that people with OCD did not show deficits in context maintenance in two separate tasks. Limitations include low power, higher functioning participants with OCD, and the presence of comorbid depression and anxiety in some participants with OCD.
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Watkins, Laura H. A. "Cognitive dysfunction in Huntington's disease and related disorders". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313852.
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Navarro, Trujillo Rodrigo. "Association of inflammation markers in young adult patients with Obsessive-compulsive disorder". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för medicinsk biokemi och mikrobiologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-355094.
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Background: Previous studies have shown that patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have elevated interleukin and chemokine levels in plasma. The purpose of this study was to investigate and validate whether a group of cytokines and chemokines are elevated in a cohort of young adult OCD patients. Methods: A total of 43 patients (11 male/32 female) and 45 controls (15 male/30 female) with OCD were included in the study. The subjects were assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders- Clinical Version or Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. The control group was screened with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Proximity extension assay (PEA) was used to measure plasma levels of IL-6, IL-8, MIP-1α, and IL-10. Results: A factor analysis for the cytokines was performed and logistic regression analysis revealed that the cytokines as a group have a significant association for OCD (P=0.031, OR: 2.2) and IL-8 was the cytokine with the highest significance (P=0.007) for the patient group. Conclusion: These findings suggest that this group of cytokines are associated with OCD diagnosis and strengthens previous findings of immune activity in the etiology of OCD. Therefore cytokines and chemokines could have an active role in the etiology of OCD and PEA could be useful in the search for biomarkers.
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Thunes, Susanne Semb. "A Metacognitive Perspective on Mindfulness: An Empirical Investigation". Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Psykologisk institutt, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-24018.
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The aim of this study was to explore the differences and similarities between mindfulness and metacognitions, and to investigate how these constructs relate to symptoms of psychiatric disorders. The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), the Metacognitions Questionnaire 30 (MCQ-30), the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Assessment 7 (GAD-7), and the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory Revised (OCI-R) were administered electronically by the use of social media and online forums, and 224 people completed all five questionnaires. The FFMQ factors of non-judge and awareness were significantly correlated with all of the MCQ factors, while observe, non-react and describe showed weak and varying correlations. Through forward regression analyses the MCQ factors measuring negative metacognitions, uncontrollability and danger and need to control thoughts, was found to be important predictors of symptoms of psychiatric disorders. Awareness and nonreact were found to be the FFMQ factors most important in predicting symptoms of psychiatric disorders. The findings supported both the metacognitive model, and parts of the mindfulness model.
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Keyes, Carly Victoria. "How young people make sense of developing and getting help for obsessive compulsive disorder". Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/17190.
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There has been an abundance of studies that have adopted positivist approaches, employing quantitative methods, to research OCD 'symptoms' and their underlying neurobiology and neurochemistry. There appears to be a lack of research investigating how OCD is experienced by those living with the diagnosis, and in particular the experiences of young people diagnosed with OCD. Ten young people, aged 14-17 years old, with a diagnosis of OCD were recruited from Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS). The young people were interviewed and a Thematic Analysis (TA) was used to analyse data. Four themes were developed through the analysis. The first theme 'Traumatic and stressful life events' found that 9 out of the 10 participants experienced at least one of the following three life events just prior to the development of their OCD: 'Hostility in the family', 'Illness and death', 'Bullying and friendlessness'. Four subthemes, 'Lack of understanding of the behaviour', 'Being secretive', 'I thought I was going crazy', and 'Feeling different', provided a richer understanding to the theme 'Responses to signs of OCD'. The four subthemes 'Feeling "right"', 'I was taking on all the responsibility', 'It's ruined everything', 'Everyday life is now in my bedroom' explored the third theme 'The battle of living with OCD'. The last theme 'Ambivalent relationship to help' described the conflict that most participants had over exposure therapy and accommodation of their OCD. Lastly, most participants felt the long waiting time for help was frustrating. The theme is fully explored by the following three subthemes: 'Conflicts of exposure therapy', 'Conflicts about accommodation of the OCD', and 'Frustrations of long waiting lists'. The themes that emerged may provide important information for clinicians and the implications of the research findings are discussed. The strengths and limitations of the study are noted and there are suggestions for future research.
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Watson, Hunna J. "Clinical and research developments in the treatment of paediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder". Curtin University of Technology, School of Psychology, Division of Health Sciences, 2007. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=115091.
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It is of crucial importance to identify and disseminate effective treatments for paediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). OCD is time-consuming and distressing, and can substantially disable functioning at school, at home, and with peers (Piacentini, 2003). Children who do not receive treatment are at risk of psychological difficulties in adulthood, including continued OCD, clinical anxiety and depression, personality disorders, and social maladjustment (Wewetzer et al., 2001). Two-thirds of adult cases of OCD develop in childhood, and adults with OCD have lower employment, poorer academic achievement, and lower marital rates compared to non-OCD adults (Hollander et al., 1996; Koran, 2000; Lensi et al., 1996; Steketee, 1993). The distressing nature of OCD in childhood, accompanying psychosocial impairment and risk of future psychopathology, underscore the need to identify effective treatments. The primary aim of this thesis was to expand knowledge of evidence-based treatments for paediatric OCD. A mixed-methodology approach was employed to examine key issues in this area. The first study used meta-analytic methodology to determine the evidence supporting available treatments for paediatric OCD. An extensive literature search revealed over 100 published reports of treatments, encompassing a broad array of theoretical approaches and treatment strategies. Examples of treatments used for paediatric OCD included psychodynamic therapy, pharmacotherapy, cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), hypnosis, family therapy, immunotherapy, and homeopathy.Study 1 comprised the first known meta-analysis of randomised, controlled treatment trials (RCTs) for paediatric OCD. Included studies were limited to RCTs as they are the most scientifically valid means for determining treatment efficacy and provide a more accurate estimate of treatment effect by removing error variance associated with confounding variables. The literature search identified 13 RCTs containing 10 pharmacotherapy to control comparisons (N = 1016) and 5 CBT to control comparisons (N = 161). Random effects modelling yielded statistically significant pooled effect size (ES) estimates for pharmacotherapy (ES = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.36 to 0.61, p < .00001) and CBT (ES = 1.45, 95% CI = 0.68 to 2.22, p =.002). The results support the efficacy of CBT and pharmacotherapy, and confirm these approaches as the only two evidence-based treatments for paediatric OCD. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed. The effectiveness of CBT provided impetus to further examine this treatment. Group CBT is an understudied treatment modality among children with OCD. It was hypothesised that group CBT would possess efficacy because of the effectiveness of individual CBT for children with OCD, the demonstrated effectiveness of group CBT among adults with OCD, the practical and therapeutic advantages afforded by a group treatment approach, and the embeddedness of the approach in robust psychological theory. The aim of the second study was to evaluate the efficacy of group CBT. The study comprised the largest known conducted randomised, placebo-controlled trial of group CBT for paediatric OCD.
Twenty-two children and adolescents with a primary diagnosis of OCD were randomly assigned to a 12-week program of group CBT or a credible psychological placebo. Children were assessed at baseline, end of treatment, and at 1 month follow-up. Outcome measures included the Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, global measures of OCD severity, Children’s Depression Inventory, and parent- and child-rated measures of psychosocial functioning. An intention-to-treat analysis revealed that children in the group CBT condition had statistically significantly lower levels of symptomatology at posttreatment and follow-up compared to children in the placebo condition. Analysis of clinical significance showed that 91% of children that received CBT were ‘recovered’ or ‘improved’ at follow-up, whereas 73% of children in the placebo condition were ‘unchanged’. Effect size analysis using Cohen’s d derived an effect of 1.14 and 1.20 at posttreatment and follow-up, respectively. These effects are comparable to results from studies of individual CBT. This study supported group CBT as an effective treatment modality for paediatric OCD and demonstrated that the effect extends beyond placebo and nonspecific treatment factors. In addition to treatment efficacy, the inherent worth of a treatment lies in its adoption by the relevant clinical population. Children with OCD are known to be secretive and embarrassed about symptoms, and there is often a long delay between onset of symptoms and treatment-seeking (Simonds & Elliot, 2001). An important observation during the course of conducting the RCT was that a high rate (39%) of eligible families declined participation.
This led to the question, "What barriers prevent participation in group CBT for paediatric OCD?" Qualitative methodology was employed to address this research question. Eligible families that had declined participation in the RCT were contacted and invited to participate in semi-structured interviews that explored reasons for non-participation and positive and negative perceptions of group CBT. The average time between non-participation and interview was 1.33 years (SD = 3 months). Data were collected from nine families and thematic analysis methodology was utilised to identify emergent themes. Failure to participate was predicted by practical and attitudinal barriers. Practical barriers included a lack of time, distance, severity of OCD symptoms, financial, and child physical health. Attitudinal barriers included child embarrassment about OCD symptoms, child belief that therapy would be ineffective, fear of the social aspect of the group, lack of previous success with psychology, lack of trust in strangers, parental concern about the structure of the group, denial of a problem, and ‘not being ready for it’. Attitudinal barriers more frequently predicted treatment non-participation. Positive and negative perceptions of this treatment modality were informative. Parents showed no differences in preference for individual or group CBT. An important finding was that 56% of the children had not received treatment since parental expression of interest in the group CBT program. Application of the findings to methods that promote service utilisation is discussed.
30
Boulougouris, Vasileios. "Neuroanatomical & neurochemical modulation of cognitive flexibility : implications for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611496.
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Fields, Lindsay D. "Developing a Model to Predict Prevalence of Compulsive Behavior in Individuals with OCD". Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7286.
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The most common method of diagnosing Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, which measures the severity of symptoms without regard to compulsions. However, this scale is limited to only considering the quantifiable time and energy lost to compulsions. Conversely, current systems of brain imaging arrest mobility and thus make it virtually impossible to observe compulsions at all, focusing instead on neurological responses to external stimuli. There is little research which merges both approaches, to consider the neuro-physiological effects of obsessions as well as the physical response through compulsions. As such, this research is focused on developing a model of compulsivity based upon neurological chemical pathways. The objective is to develop a model which would predict, given a set of environmental parameters, the probability of an individual with OCD performing compulsive behavior and the prevalence of such behavior. By applying this concept to a neural system known as the worry circuit, a computer program was composed and simulations run by this program suggest that the likelihood of compulsive behavior can be predicted using a function of the number of compulsions performed previously. In this model, each neurological agent in the worry circuit, represented by an automaton, has a certain probability of reacting to a stimulus and moving into one of two distinct excited states. Based on the final state of the automaton, the agent will send excitatory or inhibitory signals to surrounding agents, which also have a certain probability of changing states. If the final agent within the cycle shifts into an excited state, the subject will perform a compulsion. These results may be considered preliminary, given the sample size of the case study and the primitive nature of the model.
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Hjärne, Maria, i Emma Valdusson. "Ungdomars föreställningar om tvångstankar och tvångshandlingar – En kvantitativ studie". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för socialt arbete, SA, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-20645.
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The purpose of this quantitative study has been to investigate teenager’s perception of obsessions and compulsive acts. Teenager’s perceptions and experiences as well as connections between the taboos surrounding the topic and the perception have been examined. The study has taken in to consider gender perspective, in regards to certain topics. As a result the differences and similarities between male and females’ perspective, regarding the topic, have been highlighted. Thus, our sample group contained teenagers, as a vital part has been to highlight their perspective. The teenagers that have been participating in the study have been in school year 9, meaning ages fifteen to sixteen. Altogether a total of eighty-eight students have taken part in the study, split between two schools, one based in a middle sized county and one in a small size county, both based in Sweden. The study has used a survey as a data collection model. The students, in the sample group, have answered a questionnaire which surrounds the topic. The answers have generated some interesting results and by the means of labelling theory and the notion of taboo, the results have been analysed. The study has established how labelling, stigmatization and taboo can be seen as cohesive with teenager’s perception. With relation to earlier studies and the results, our reasoning surrounding information and its significant function is highlighted.
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Dorfan, Nicole Michelle. "Danger appraisals as prospective predictors of disgust and avoidance". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/935.
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Recent theories posit that cognitive factors explain the development and maintenance of contamination fears associated with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Few studies to date have aimed to establish causality or temporal precedence for cognitions predicting OCD-relevant distress and avoidance. The current study used a prospective design to assess threat appraisals, personality traits, and obsessive compulsive symptoms in an unselected sample of university students and community members (N = 105) several days prior to a contamination behavioural approach task (BAT) in a public washroom. Results of the hierarchical regressions demonstrated that prospective danger appraisals significantly predicted both disgust and avoidance on the BAT, even when controlling for neuroticism, disgust sensitivity, and OCD symptoms. In contrast, looming germ spread appraisals and responsibility appraisals were not significant predictors of the BAT. Results from in vivo distress ratings and implicit reaction time data indicated that disgust is more strongly associated with contaminants compared with anxiety. The findings of this research suggest that psychological treatment for contamination concerns should include monitoring of disgust as a process and outcome variable in exposure paradigms, and focus on reappraisal of danger estimates related to disease in cognitive paradigms.
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Dahl, Siri. "Langtidseffekten av intensiv inneliggende behandling av tvangslidelse: En behandlingsstudie". Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Psykologisk institutt, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-25189.
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Dette er den første behandlingsstudien som undersøker langtidseffekten (seks måneder) av intensiv inneliggende ERP-behandling gitt til et stort utvalg pasienter med tvangslidelse (obsessive-compulsive disorder, OCD) (N=108). Sekstitre prosent av pasientene hadde komorbiditet. OCD-alvorlighet (Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, Y-BOCS; Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised, OCI-R) og depresjonsalvorlighet (Beck Depression Inventory, BDI) ble kartlagt ved oppstart, avslutning og oppfølging. Etter behandling viste 69.4% klinisk signifikant endring (CSC) på Y-BOCS, og 74% viste CSC på OCI-R. Nedgangen på BDI var også signifikant. Effektstørrelsene for Y-BOCS, OCI-R og BDI var store, både ved avslutning og ved oppfølging. Ved oppfølging viste pasientene en oppsving i symptomer, men endringen var ikke signifikant. Trettiåtte prosent var fortsatt syke eller hadde fått tilbakefall, mens det gikk bra for resten av utvalget. Alvorlighetsgrad av OCD-symptomer og klinikervurdert depresjon var relatert til tilbakefall, men tilbakefall var ikke signifikant relatert til depresjonsgrad, generalisert angstlidelse (GAD), sosial fobi, sivilstatus eller arbeidsstatus. Studien replikerer tidligere funn som har vist at ERP har god effekt på OCD-symptomer og foreslår videre at også intensiv inneliggende ERP kan være effektiv. En viktig implikasjon av studien er at depresjon og alvorlighetsgrad av OCD representerer større risiko for tilbakefall, og at intervensjoner for å adressere disse må utforskes.
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Mayerovitch, Jamie Isaac. "Treatment seeking for obsessive-compulsive disorder, role of OCD symptoms and comorbid psychiatric diagnoses". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0034/MQ64406.pdf.
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Mayerovitch, Jamie Isaac. "Treatment seeking for obsessive-compulsive disorder : role of ocd symptons and comorbid psychiatric diagnoses". Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30702.
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Background. Previous research has indicated that although obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is associated with immense suffering, and social and economic costs, individuals afflicted with the disorder have a very low rate of seeking help from mental health professionals. Methods. From standardized psychiatric interviews of 7214 Edmonton residents we identified 172 subjects with a lifetime diagnosis of OCD; 37% (63/172) had consulted a doctor about their symptoms. Results. Total number of symptoms (odds ratio, OR = 3.44) and severe obsessions of violence and other unpleasant thoughts (OR = 2.62) were significantly associated with treatment seeking in the multivariate analysis. Conclusion. This study was an important step in examining which specific symptoms and comorbid conditions are associated with treatment seeking. It was somewhat surprising that neither comorbid disorders nor any compulsive symptoms were related to treatment seeking behaviour. This study may be of benefit to future public education programs especially by teaching the public about compulsions.
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Negreiros, Juliana. "A study of neurocognition in OCD-affected youth, at-risk siblings, and healthy controls". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/46994.
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OCD is a neuropsychiatric illness that often begins in childhood, has significant impact on family, academic, occupational, and social functioning. OCD has complex genetic underpinnings, with a 10-fold increased risk among siblings of OCD-affected youth. Attempts to identify OCD vulnerability contributory genes have had suboptimal results partially due to the heterogeneous nature of OCD that prevents the differentiation of external symptoms in genetically homogenous subgroups. Although genetic influences are greater in childhood-onset OCD, most studies have used adult samples. There is increasing interest in determining intermediate markers of brain dysfunction (endophenotypes) that are associated with vulnerability for OCD through neurocognitive assessment.
This study examined neurocognition in OCD-affected youth (N=29), in comparison to their siblings (N=18), and healthy controls (N=31), in the areas of executive function, attention, visual memory, intelligence, state anxiety, and OCD symptom severity. It was hypothesized that OCD-affected youth and their siblings would have lower performance on all neurocognitive tasks in comparison to healthy controls, with the exception of attention and visual memory. Only the OCD group would present with behaviour challenges associated with executive dysfunction. There would be no relationship between symptom severity and test performance and state anxiety and test performance in the sample. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and mixed model ANCOVA with family membership as a random factor were used to assess group effects on the outcome variables.
OCD-identified youth presented with significant deficits in planning and daily behaviour associated with executive dysfunction in comparison to healthy controls. Siblings demonstrated poorer decision-making when compared to OCD and healthy control participants. No significant group differences were found in other examined neurocognitive areas. Symptom severity was not associated with neurocognitive performance of OCD-affected youth, whereas high state anxiety was associated with poorer decision-making across all groups.
Impaired planning has been implicated as a potential endophenotype in OCD, similar to previous adult studies. This study contributes to the limited research on neurocognitive functioning of OCD-affected youth and their siblings, increases awareness about neurocognitive deficits in OCD, and provides information for the advancement in school and clinical interventions and early identification of those at risk for developing OCD.
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Smith, Alexandra C. "Explaining the Phenomenology of Parental Accommodation: Similarities and Differences Across Childhood OCD and Hoarding". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1546601482680149.
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Bedinger, Jesper, i Mårten Skogman. "Stepped Care - Framtidens vårdform? : En pilotstudie av stegvis behandling av OCD vid Ångestenheten, Karolinska universitetssjukhuset, Solna". Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Psychology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-26168.
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Den vård som har starkast evidens vid behandling av tvångssyndrom, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), är kognitiv beteendeterapi (KBT), innehållande exponering och responsprevention. Idag är tillgången till denna vård begränsad främst på grund av för få behandlare. Tidigare forskning pekar på att personer med OCD kan bli hjälpta av mindre terapeutintensiva behandlingar. Att leverera vård stegvis med ökande behandlingsintensitet; Stepped Care, kan vara ett sätt att öka tillgängligheten av KBT. Denna pilotstudie har undersökt Stepped Care för OCD i form av tre steg, på Ångestenheten, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset. Det primära syftet har varit att bidra till kunskapsinsamlingen kring Stepped Care vid OCD. Sammanlagt 19 vuxna patienter ingår i pilotstudien. 8 blev förbättrade efter självhjälp, 5 efter gruppbehandling, 2 efter individualterapi samt 4 bortfall. Av dessa behöll 7 av självhjälps-, 3 av grupp- och ingen av individualpatienterna sina framsteg vid en uppföljning 12 veckor efter avslutad behandling. Totalt tog behandlingen 244 terapeuttimmar i anspråk, vilket är mer än en halvering mot traditionell individualbehandling. Resultaten tyder på att Stepped Care är ett intressant alternativ för att effektivisera och öka tillgängligheten av vård för OCD-patienter.
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Mathieu, Sharna. "An examination of maternal rearing and the development of inflated responsibility beliefs in paediatric OCD". Thesis, Griffith University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/393958.
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OCD in children and adolescents is a severe and debilitating clinical disorder, typified by time consuming and distressing obsessions and/or compulsions. Unfortunately, the sufferer is often beset by considerable psychosocial impairment, distress and comorbidities. The family of children and adolescents with OCD is especially impacted, with parents often engaging in family accommodation of symptoms, as well as maladaptive rearing strategies. Of note, cognitive behavioural theories of OCD propose that obsessional beliefs about inflated responsibility for preventing harm may have their origins during childhood, as a consequence of such rearing processes. However, research into rearing behaviours in paediatric OCD is limited relative to the broader literature examining rearing processes associated with childhood anxiety disorders. This gap exists despite the significant family dysfunction, heightened parental distress, and aberrant parent-child interactions observed in these families when compared to other clinical comparison groups.
The current program of research aimed to address current gaps in the literature and is comprised of three empirical studies. Study one aimed to test current theoretical models of the origins of responsibility beliefs by examining the associations between perceived parental rearing behaviours, inflated responsibility/threat beliefs, and OCD severity and impairment in a sample of children (aged 7 – 12 years; n = 79) and adolescents (aged 13 – 17 years; n = 57) with primary OCD. Results indicated that, across age groups, greater child perceptions of overprotection and anxious rearing were associated with increased inflated responsibility beliefs. For adolescents, an indirect association between anxious rearing and OCD-related impairment via inflated responsibility beliefs was also found. Results support theoretical accounts and highlight the role of specific rearing behaviours associated with inflated responsibility biases and OCD-related impairment.
Measurement of parental rearing is often challenging. Currently there are few well-validated concurrent measures of both child and parent perceived rearing behaviours, and none of which have been validated for paediatric OCD specifically. Therefore, study two aimed to examine the factor structure of the EMBU child and parent versions in a sample of children and youth with OCD (n = 176), and their mothers (n = 162). This study also reported on the associations between factors and clinical correlates of OCD. For mothers, a 4-factor model (overprotection, anxious rearing, rejection and emotional warmth) provided the best fit. For children and adolescents however, a higher order model was the best fit, with child perceptions of overprotection and anxious rearing loading onto a broader ‘control’ dimension. Greater mother and child perceived negative rearing behaviours (e.g., rejection) and lower perceived positive behaviours (e.g., emotional warmth) were associated with increased OCD severity, comorbid symptoms (i.e., externalising symptoms, depressive symptoms) and impairment. The EMBU-C/P provides a useful and meaningful measure of multi-informant perceptions of parental rearing within paediatric OCD.
Study three aimed to examine differences in observed mother-child behaviours during a problem-solving discussion task, to determine the quality of rearing associated with paediatric OCD. This study advanced previous research by incorporating a large clinical sample and non-clinical comparison group, examined differences across age ranges (children relative to adolescents), explored associations between self-report and observed rearing behaviours, and examined associations between observed rearing with OCD-related symptoms. The large clinical sample was comprised of 111 youth with primary OCD (n = 55, aged 7 – 11 years; n = 56, aged 12 – 17 years), and a non-clinical comparison of 66 children (n = 35, aged 7 – 11 years; n = 31, aged 12 – 17 years). Relative to non-clinical mothers, mothers of children with OCD were observed to be more aversive in the OCD dyads irrespective of child age. Furthermore, mothers of adolescents with OCD were observed to be significantly less autonomy granting than mothers of adolescents with no clinical diagnoses, whereas mothers of children with OCD enhanced their child’s responsibility for problem solution more so than comparisons. Both child and parent observed behaviours (e.g., autonomy granting, warmth, aversiveness, confidence, reassurance giving) were associated with a number of clinical variables (e.g., impairment, severity, family accommodation).
This thesis provides a clearer understanding of the nature of maternal rearing in paediatric OCD, and its’ associations with key clinical variables such as inflated responsibility beliefs, comorbid symptoms, and OCD symptomatology. Findings are discussed in relation to the complexity of assessing rearing in OCD, and in providing possible avenues for enhancing current best-practice treatments of paediatric OCD. Namely, via addressing parental rearing behaviours (i.e., overprotection, anxious rearing, autonomy granting) and improving parent-child interactions within the home. Furthermore, based upon the current findings, it appears useful to focus on changing mothers’ expectations regarding child responsibility for coping with problems within the realms of what is developmentally appropriate for their developmental stage. That is, to avoid placing enhanced responsibility on younger children too early, yet, to ensure parents flexibly adapt their expectations for an adolescent’s increasing independence and allow older offspring greater autonomy and opportunity to develop coping skills. A greater understanding of the developmental-familial context within which paediatric OCD occurs is important in future endeavours targeted at prevention and intervention.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Applied Psychology
Griffith Health
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Walters, Sasha. "Doctorate in Clinical Psychology : main research portfolio". Thesis, University of Bath, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.675709.
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Merling, Lori Francesca. "Exploring the ‘Little Engine’ Effect: The Role of Self-Efficacy in Approaching Contamination". Thesis, NSUWorks, 2018. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cps_stuetd/116.
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Self-Efficacy (SE) has been explored extensively within the field of psychology. Despite a rich literature demonstrating its positive effect on various behavioral outcomes, including psychological treatment outcomes, little is known about the impact of SE on outcomes related to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). To fill this critical gap in the literature, the aim of the present study was to determine whether increasing SE may improve engagement in exposure-based interventions for contamination fears. Nonclinical participants (N = 120) were randomly assigned to complete a contamination-related behavioral approach task (CR-BAT) immediately following either a SE-boosting exercise or a non-SE related control. Results demonstrated that there were no differences between conditions in contamination-related SE or approach behavior during the CRBAT, indicating that the manipulation was ineffective in boosting SE. Interestingly, however, participants in the SE-boosting condition reported lower levels of anxiety during certain phases of the CR-BAT than did those in the control condition, suggesting that the manipulation was effective in reducing subjective distress. Furthermore, SE was positively correlated with approach behavior during the CR-BAT, thus corroborating past research linking SE to behavioral outcomes. Future research, using more effective methods to manipulate SE, is required to examine the causality of this relationship.
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Keeling, Charlotte. "What is the role of magical thinking in OCD? : is magical thinking a function of perceived threat?" Thesis, University of Southampton, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.442810.
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O, Jiaqing. "The incongruence model of OCD symptomatology : the relevance of superstitiousness and stress reactions from an evolutionary perspective". Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/151157.
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An array of theoretical formulations has long been advanced in the literature in bids to elucidate obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), a disabling mental condition that has profound adverse consequences on the personal, familial, and societal fronts. However, while many of these theories have been successful in explicating, to varying degrees, the processes underlying the maintenance of OCD symptoms, none has yet been capable of presenting a persuasive and empirically-validated account of why OCD came about in the first place (which would be crucial for preventative efforts). In view of these, the thesis sought to propound a novel evolutionary formulation which highlighted the important roles of prehistorically-adaptive coping strategies (e.g. superstitiousness and certain stressor-reactions) with regards to the origin of OCD as a result of the mismatch between the prehistoric world and the modern environment (termed the incongruence model); and to subject it to a series of examinations. Correspondingly, a meta-analysis of every published study investigating the superstition-OCD relationship from the year 1990 (inclusive) to the year 2012 (inclusive) was first conducted; with the resultant findings suggesting that OCD was indeed intricately linked to superstitiousness. In addition, a cross-sectional research design employed in Study 1 to appraise the influence of proposed stressor-reactions and superstitions on subsequent OCD symptoms has suggested that the condition was a consequence of superstitious coping by individuals who have typically reacted to uncertain stressors with intolerance and avoidance. Study 2 then proceeded to delve into the incongruence model's contrastive notion pertaining to the adaptiveness of these OCD-associated coping strategies (e.g. avoidance and superstitions) by means of mediation and moderation analyses. The findings suggested a lower risk of work distress, subsequent sleep disturbances and poor subjective health among avoidance-inclined persons who have engaged in considerable amount of superstitions as compared to their counterparts. Further, the model's proposition that the nature of a person's superstitiousness was instrumental in clarifying the conflicting outcomes of superstitious coping, was tested in Study 3 by means of a moderated mediation paradigm. The findings suggested that infrequent engagement of superstitions across fewer life domains (but not perceived acceptance of superstitiousness) among superstitious individuals would potentially be detrimental to well-being (e.g. more OCD symptoms, greater number of health ailments, and fewer off-springs); vice versa. Overall, results from this program of research have provided appreciable, albeit preliminary, endorsement for the incongruence model's account in relation to the origin of OCD. Such findings have potentially huge relevance for OCD risk-reduction efforts, which are conceivably more beneficial than post-affliction treatments. Complementarily, these results have also afforded the stress-coping literature with an explanation concerning the origin of humans' differing reactions to stressors; and have also contributed an evidence-based interpretation of the contradictory findings in the superstition literature.
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Domènech, Salgado Laura 1989. "A Comprehensive multiomics approach towards understanding obsessive-compulsive disorder". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665800.
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To date, very little progress has been made towards elucidating the genetic causes of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). In this project we have performed rare variant association study (RVAS) transcriptomics and metagenomics analyses to focus on areas relatively underexplored in OCD. We have identified and replicated an enrichment of rare variants in TMEM63A, a gene that encodes for a calcium-permeable cation channel, through whole-exome sequencing, RVAS and targeted resequencing analyses. Moreover, we have observed an overrepresentation of genes enriched in rare variants in OCD cases related to calcium signalling. Transcriptomic studies have identified differential expression of genes involved in neuronal development and function in OCD patients. Integration of our RVAS and transcriptomic results also uncover a possible role of semaphorins and axon guidance in OCD. Finally, metagenomics studies have confirmed the previously reported increase of the Rikenellaceae bacterial family in the gut microbiome and have shown a significant higher Actinobacteria/Fusobacteria ratio in the oro-pharyngeal microbiome of OCD cases. Our results actively encourage further research in these areas.Fins a dia d’avui, s’ha avançat molt poc a l’hora d’elucidar les causes genètiques del trastorn obsessiu compulsiu (TOC). En aquest projecte hem realitzat estudis d’associació de variants rares (RVAS) i anàlisis de transcriptòmica i metagenòmica per centrar-nos en àrees relativament poc explorades del TOC. Hem identificat i replicat un enriquiment de variants rares a TMEM63A, un gen que codifica un canal catiònic permeable per calci, a través d’anàlisis de seqüenciació de l’exoma complet, RVAS i reseqüenciació dirigida. A més, hem observat una sobrerepresentació de gens enriquits en variants rares en casos de TOC relacionats amb la senyalització de calci. Els estudis de transcriptòmica han identificat una expressió diferencial de gens involucrats en el desenvolupament i la funció neuronal en els pacients de TOC. La integració dels resultats dels nostres estudis de RVAS i transcriptòmica també revelen un possible paper de les semaforines i del guiatge axonal al TOC. Finalment, els estudis de metagenòmica han confirmat el increment prèviament reportat de la família bacterial Rikenellaceae en el microbioma intestinal i han mostrat una relació significativa més alta d’Actinobacteris/Fusobacteris en el microbioma de l’orofaringe dels pacients de TOC. Els nostres resultats fomenten activament la recerca en aquestes àrees.
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Farrell, Lara J., i n/a. "Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Across the Developmental Trajectory: Clinical Correlates and Cognitive Processing of Threat". Griffith University. School of Applied Psychology, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040513.132648.
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Controlled scientific research into obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in adulthood has considerably progressed over the past two decades; however, current research into childhood OCD is still in its infancy by comparison. As a result, current psychological conceptualisations of OCD during childhood, including approaches to treatment, are almost entirely based on adult models of the disorder. Previous research however, examining the clinical phenomenology of OCD has provided some evidence that OCD might be associated with different clinical correlates at different stages of development. In particular, there appears to be a bimodal distribution in terms of the age of onset of the disorder, a male predominance during childhood and adolescence compared to adulthood, stronger familial aggregation of OCD in early onset cases, and differences in the types of symptoms and the patterns of comorbidity across age groups. The first study aimed to assess the developmental continuity in clinical correlates of OCD across 3 distinct age groups, including; children (n = 40), adolescents (n = 44) and adults (n = 41). It was hypothesised that the sample of children would be predominantly male, and would have a higher familial aggregation of OCD and/or anxiety/depression in first-degree relatives. It was further hypothesised that there would be significant age-related differences in terms of specific symptoms, patterns of comorbidity, OCD severity, functional impairment, and level of insight and distress. The results of this study supported the developmental heterogeneity hypothesis, with significant differences occurring across age groups on a number of clinical features of OCD including age at onset, symptoms experienced, comorbidity, severity, insight and impairment. The recognition of developmental differences in clinical features of OCD will assist in the accurate assessment and diagnosis of the disorder, and will allow for refinement of current treatment strategies to ensure treatments effectively target features of the disorder as it presents at different developmental stages. While the cognitive theory of OCD is one of the most widely accepted accounts of the maintenance of the disorder in adults, no study to date has systematically evaluated this theory across children, adolescents and adults with the disorder. Until empirical investigation examines the applicability of this theory to children and adolescents, we know very little about the cognitive processes associated with OCD during childhood or adolescence. The second study investigated developmental differences in the cognitive processing of threat in a sample of children (n = 34), adolescents (n = 39) and adults (n = 38) with OCD. Using an idiographic assessment approach, as well as self-report questionnaires, this study evaluated cognitive appraisals of responsibility, probability, severity, thought-action fusion (TAF), thought-suppression, self-doubt and cognitive control. It was hypothesised that there would be age related differences in reported responsibility for harm, probability of harm, severity of harm, thought suppression, TAF, self-doubt and cognitive control. Results demonstrated that children with OCD reported experiencing fewer intrusive thoughts, which were less distressing and less uncontrollable than those experienced by adolescents and adults with OCD. Furthermore, responsibility attitudes, probability biases and thought suppression strategies were significantly higher in adolescents and adults with OCD, compared to children. Cognitive processes of TAF, perceived severity of harm, self-doubt and cognitive control were found to be comparable across age groups. These findings suggest that some cognitive biases associated with OCD in adults, are in fact also associated with OCD during childhood and adolescence, however there remains some discontinuity across specific cognitive processes. For a developmentally sensitive theory of OCD, further investigation is clearly warranted into other possible age related maintenance factors of this disorder. Implications of these 2 empirical investigations are highlighted and directions for future research are discussed.
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Farrell, Lara J. "Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Across the Developmental Trajectory: Clinical Correlates and Cognitive Processing of Threat". Thesis, Griffith University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366531.
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Controlled scientific research into obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in adulthood has considerably progressed over the past two decades; however, current research into childhood OCD is still in its infancy by comparison. As a result, current psychological conceptualisations of OCD during childhood, including approaches to treatment, are almost entirely based on adult models of the disorder. Previous research however, examining the clinical phenomenology of OCD has provided some evidence that OCD might be associated with different clinical correlates at different stages of development. In particular, there appears to be a bimodal distribution in terms of the age of onset of the disorder, a male predominance during childhood and adolescence compared to adulthood, stronger familial aggregation of OCD in early onset cases, and differences in the types of symptoms and the patterns of comorbidity across age groups. The first study aimed to assess the developmental continuity in clinical correlates of OCD across 3 distinct age groups, including; children (n = 40), adolescents (n = 44) and adults (n = 41). It was hypothesised that the sample of children would be predominantly male, and would have a higher familial aggregation of OCD and/or anxiety/depression in first-degree relatives. It was further hypothesised that there would be significant age-related differences in terms of specific symptoms, patterns of comorbidity, OCD severity, functional impairment, and level of insight and distress. The results of this study supported the developmental heterogeneity hypothesis, with significant differences occurring across age groups on a number of clinical features of OCD including age at onset, symptoms experienced, comorbidity, severity, insight and impairment. The recognition of developmental differences in clinical features of OCD will assist in the accurate assessment and diagnosis of the disorder, and will allow for refinement of current treatment strategies to ensure treatments effectively target features of the disorder as it presents at different developmental stages. While the cognitive theory of OCD is one of the most widely accepted accounts of the maintenance of the disorder in adults, no study to date has systematically evaluated this theory across children, adolescents and adults with the disorder. Until empirical investigation examines the applicability of this theory to children and adolescents, we know very little about the cognitive processes associated with OCD during childhood or adolescence. The second study investigated developmental differences in the cognitive processing of threat in a sample of children (n = 34), adolescents (n = 39) and adults (n = 38) with OCD. Using an idiographic assessment approach, as well as self-report questionnaires, this study evaluated cognitive appraisals of responsibility, probability, severity, thought-action fusion (TAF), thought-suppression, self-doubt and cognitive control. It was hypothesised that there would be age related differences in reported responsibility for harm, probability of harm, severity of harm, thought suppression, TAF, self-doubt and cognitive control. Results demonstrated that children with OCD reported experiencing fewer intrusive thoughts, which were less distressing and less uncontrollable than those experienced by adolescents and adults with OCD. Furthermore, responsibility attitudes, probability biases and thought suppression strategies were significantly higher in adolescents and adults with OCD, compared to children. Cognitive processes of TAF, perceived severity of harm, self-doubt and cognitive control were found to be comparable across age groups. These findings suggest that some cognitive biases associated with OCD in adults, are in fact also associated with OCD during childhood and adolescence, however there remains some discontinuity across specific cognitive processes. For a developmentally sensitive theory of OCD, further investigation is clearly warranted into other possible age related maintenance factors of this disorder. Implications of these 2 empirical investigations are highlighted and directions for future research are discussed.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Applied Psychology (Health)
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Kelly, Jeremy MacLaren. "Exploring Retrospective Biases In Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: An Experience-Sampling Study". OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2212.
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Standard methods of assessment for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) involve retrospective report of symptoms over a prior period of interest (e.g., a week, a month, etc.). However, such accounts may be subject to recall biases, leading to inaccurate assessments of symptoms. Recall biases present in two domains of symptom severity (distress and interference) were examined. The following study applied experience-sampling methods (ESM) to OCD symptom assessment. Using a modified form of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, twenty-one adults with a primary diagnosis of OCD rated distress and interference of their principle obsession and compulsion four times daily for approximately one week. At the end of the experience-sampling period, participants provided retrospective estimates of distress and interference of principle obsessions and compulsions experienced during the course of the ESM period. Results found that participants retrospectively overestimated OCD ratings, compared to their real-time ratings. Two proposed reasons for such overestimates (peak-end evaluation and symptom variability) were examined though not supported based on current study results. Implications and future directions are discussed.
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Duba, Sauerheber Jill, i James Robert Bitter. "Anxiety and Obsessive Compulsive Disorders". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5222.
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Book Summary:
Psychopathology & Psychotherapy: DSM-5 Diagnosis, Case Conceptualization, and Treatment, Third Edition differs from other psychopathology and abnormal psychology books. While other books focus on describing diagnostic conditions, this book focus on the critical link between psychopathology and psychotherapy. More specifically, it links diagnostic evaluation, case conceptualization, and treatment selection to psychotherapy practice. Research affirms that knowledge and awareness of these links is essential in planning and providing highly effective psychotherapy.
This third edition incorporates detailed case conceptualizations and treatment considerations for the DSM-5 diagnoses most commonly seen in everyday clinical practice. Extensive case studies illustrate the diagnostic, case conceptualization, and treatment process in a way that makes it come alive. Written by practicing clinicians with expertise in specific disorders, this book will be an invaluable resource to both novice and experienced clinicians.
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McKenzie, Matthew L. "Investigating the role of Emotion Regulation in paediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): associations with symptoms and treatment response". Thesis, Griffith University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/389848.
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Cognitive-behavioural (CB) theories that explain Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) have largely focused on the role of maladaptive belief biases as drivers of the individual’s experience of anxiety or distress, pathological avoidance behaviours and compulsions. One potential limitation of current CB models is the limited focus on the extent to which deficits in emotion regulation (ER) may account for a reliance on maladaptive regulatory processes (avoidance and neutralising compulsions), which also serve to maintain OCD symptomatology. Recently, researchers have begun to examine the potential role of ER in adult and paediatric OCD. However, of the limited number of studies completed to date most have utilised community rather than clinical samples and there are even fewer studies involving youth with OCD. Moreover, there are no studies to date examining the role of ER strategies in cognitive-behavioural treatment of paediatric OCD. Accordingly, this thesis aimed to elucidate the role of ER in OCD symptom expression and treatment by using a combination of self- and parent-report measures of ER to examine the relationship between ER, symptoms and associations with treatment response in relatively large, well-defined clinical samples of children and youth with a primary diagnosis of OCD. These studies represent the most comprehensive examination of the role of ER in paediatric OCD to date, and aim to inform current theoretical models of OCD, as well as inform treatment advances. The first study of this PhD explored whether youth with OCD who experience deficits in emotional control (as indexed by parental report on the Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function, n = 137) differed in their OCD symptom expression, comorbidity and response to evidence-based treatment, relative to youth with OCD who had greater emotional control (n = 68). The findings indicated that those lower on emotional control (n = 69) had significantly greater OCD severity, famil y accommodation, internalising and externalising symptoms, an d were less likely to respond favourably to treatment. The second study involved a clinical sample of 72 youth (aged 7 to 17 years) with a primary diagnosis of OCD and examined self-reported parent perceptions of child ER and associations with family accommodation (FA), as well as explored potential child and parent variables that predicted negative parental perception of child ER ability. The findings of this study revealed that child externalising symptoms and parental depression uniquely predicted negative parental perception of their child’s ER ability. Furthermore, while negative parental perception of child ER was moderately and positively correlated with FA, it was not found to be a unique predictor of FA after controlling for previously established predictors. The third and final study built on the findings of the first study by examining a wide range of specific adaptive and maladaptive ER strategies among youth with a primary diagnosis of OCD (n = 65, aged 7 to 17 years), both before and after treatment, and the degree to which changes in ER strategies following intensive cognitive-behavioural treatment predicted a treatment response at post-treatment and three months following treatment. The findings of this final study indicated significant improvements in four adaptive and five maladaptive ER strategies. Additionally, pre- to post-treatment increases in Acceptance and decreases in Suppression were significant unique predictors of OCD severity at post-treatment, and increases in Acceptance and decreases in Self-Blame were significant unique predictors of OCD severity 3 months following treatment. Taken together, the findings from the three empirical studies reported herein indicate that deficits in ER form a part of the clinical picture of OCD in youth and may be associated with several clinical correlates known to be associated with a poorer treatment response. For instance, deficits in ER are associated with greater externalising symptoms in youth with OCD, and together with parental self-reported depression may be associated with parents having more negative perceptions of their child’s ability to regulate their emotions. Furthermore, given that Acceptance was found to be a particularly strong predictor of favourable treatment response over time, emphasising Acceptance in evidence-based cognitive-behavioural treatment for OCD or augmenting such treatments with an ER training component may potentially enhance the efficacy of evidence-based treatments and ultimately improve treatment response.Thesis (Professional Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy in Clinical Psychology (PhD ClinPsych)
School of Applied Psychology
Griffith Health
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